Hadi Atlasi: "There must be a leader, otherwise the Muslim community will split." Tatar intellectuals: Hadi Atlasi

Formulation of the problem. Contemporary Russian society is going through a difficult process of rethinking its history. Against the background of these changes, the internal need of historical science itself is manifested to recreate the historical truth about the past of the peoples of Russia, including the Tatar people. Therefore, it is essential to appeal to the work of the glorious representatives of the Tatar historical school, who successfully developed the problems of their native land and played a significant role in the spiritual revival of their nation. Comprehension of the scientific heritage of thinkers of the past allows you to select valuable ideas that need to be further developed and used in practical activities! sti. In this regard, the undoubted scientific interest presents the study of the creative laboratory and the historical heritage of the prominent Tatar scientist and public figure Mukhammadhadi Miftahutdinovich Atl-lasov (1876-1938). The most significant pages of Russian history are reflected in his biography.

Relevance of the research topic. The dissertation research is devoted to the study of the life and creative activity of H. Atlasi - a famous historian, teacher and public figure. The need for a comprehensive study of H. Atlasi's work is due to the poor study of his historical heritage, the inadequacy of determining the specific contribution of the scientist to the formation of Tatar historical thought. His peculiar understanding and original coverage of the history of the Tatar people, determination of its place and role in the development of Eurasian civilization have not lost their significance at the present time. H. Atlasi's scientific works provide an opportunity to better understand the history and fate of the Tatars, contribute to a better understanding of the current state of society. Proceeding from this, the appeal to the scientific heritage of the historian is both timely and relevant.

Certain aspects of the scientist's work attracted the attention of historians. However, until now in the Tatar scientific thought there is no monographic study dedicated to H. Atlasi.

The degree of study of the problem. The historiography of the issue as a whole is very few. Chronologically, it can be classified as follows:

2) publications that date from the mid-1980s to the present day. During this period, the main historical works of H. Atlasi were republished. After a long oblivion, the process of gradual restoration of historical justice in relation to the scientist began. :

Researchers first started talking about the work of H. Atlasi after the publication of his main works in 1913. In the journalistic articles of various authors, mainly biographical information was given, an attempt was made to highlight the pedagogical, social and scientific activities of the historian. Among the first publications it should be noted in the Muslim calendar - "Zaman calendar" an article by an anonymous author, in which H. Atlasi was considered as one of the prominent figures of Jadidism.

In 1914, a long article was published in the Yulduz newspaper under the pseudonym Altai, in which the work Syuyunbike was characterized as a study vividly recreating the life of the famous statesman and a national heroine. 3

The historical works of H. Atlasi were considered at that time by the beginner, and later became the world famous Turkologist A.-Z. Validi.

1 Zaman calendar.-1913.-B.58

2 Most likely this is the pseudonym of G.B. Batgal.

His review was somewhat critical. He did not share the assessment of H. Atlasi regarding the reasons for the fall of the Kazan Khanate. According to A.-Z. Validi, the main reasons for the historical tragedy of the Kazan Tatars were objective. However, the reviewer generally praised the scientist's attempts to create a scientific history.

H. Atlasi's historical works attracted the attention of Russian orientalists. Academician V.V. Barthold in his review, written in 1916, explained that H. Atlasi objectively assessed the activities of Russian statesmen of the 15th-16th centuries, respectively, giving them a positive assessment. V.V. Barthold called H. Atlasi a Tatar patriot, since the scientist spoke with pain in his heart about the loss of statehood by the Tatars in the second half of the 16th century.5

In general, in the pre-revolutionary period, the assessment of H. Atlasi's creativity was in the nature of reviews and was not a thorough and comprehensive study of the historical works of the Tatar scientist.

In the Soviet period, at the beginning of the 1920s, H. Atlasi's study "Kazan Khanate" was republished, which was highly appreciated by historians. In his famous essays, Jamaletdin Validi wrote about Hadi Atlasi as a prominent scientist who devoted himself to the study of national history.6 The works of the scientist, primarily the Kazan Khanate, were highly appreciated by Gaziz Gubaidullin. According to G. Gubaidullin, the work is a serious scientific study, valuable and remarkable for the fact that Hadi Atlasi was the first among historians to widely attract new materials, for example, the khan's label Sahib-Girey. In general, G. Gubaidullin assessed the works of H. Atlasi as a new phenomenon in the Türko-Tatar historiography.

4 Validy A.-3. Seenbike // Sembike, - 1914, - No. 4, - B.7-11; - No. 5, - B.5-6

5 Notes of the Eastern Branch of the Russian Archaeological Society. - 1916.-T.2-3, issue Z-4.-P.421-422.

6 Validi J. Essays on the history of education and literature of the Tatars. - M.-P., 1923.- S. 146.

7 Gubaidullin G.S. The development of historical literature among the Türko-Tatar peoples // First All-Union Türkological Congress. - Baku, 1926.- p.48

Since the late 1920s, due to accusations of anti-Soviet activity, the work of H. Atlasi was undeservedly forgotten for a long time. In fact, it is these works of J. Validi and G. Gubaidullin that the historiography about H. Atlasi of the Soviet period is limited to.

A new stage in the study of H. Atlasi's creativity began only in the mid-80s. After many years of silence, in December 1986, a large article by prominent Tatar scientists-professors Ya.G. Abdullina, M.A. Usmanov and I.R. Tagirova.8 The publication was timed to coincide with the 110th anniversary of the birth of the Tatar historian. It covered the life of a scientist, analyzed the socio-political, pedagogical and scientific activities H. Atlasi, his creative heritage is worthy of appreciation. Famous Tatar scholars described it as a major historical figure... The article was the first important step to restore the good name and legacy of Hadi Atlasi.

Shortly thereafter, an article by the same authors was published in the Nauka newspaper (July 24, 1989), which was named The Truth About Hadi Atlasi. Later in 1995, the same article was included in the book by Y. G. Abdullin "Millat Yazmyshy" ("The Fate of the Nation"), 9

In the 1990s, in the study of H. Atlasi significant contribution introduced by Professor B; F. Sultanbekov. Using the rich archival material of the multivolume Atlasov Case, he recreated the tragic periods of the scientist's life.10 The works of BF Sultanbekov contain important information for studying the socio-political and historical views of H. Atlasi on topical issues of domestic and international life.

Of great importance for the study of the scientific works of Hadi Atlasi were

8 Abdullin Ya.G., Gosmanov M.A., Tairov I.R. Nadi Atlasi turenda // Kazan utlary.-1986.-№ 11.-B. 172176.:

9 Abdullin Ya.G., Gosmanov M.A., Tairov I.R. Sadi Atlasi - galim em demagat eshlekles // Abdullin Ya.G. Millet ulcers. - Kazan, 1999.-B.103-112.

10 Sultanbekov B.F. The Hadi Atlasov case in the context of the political atmosphere of the 1930s // His Same. Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev: Fates. People. Time. - Kazan, 1991.-P.72-100 Soltanbekov B.F. Sadi Atlasi kisete // His. Tarikh serlere achila.- Kazan, 1994.-B.13-23. doctor's work historical sciences S.Kh. Alishev, who at the beginning of the 90s headed a group of Tatar scientists to republish the works of the historian. S.Kh. Alishev wrote an introductory article to the collection of republished works of the scientist "History of Siberia", "Syuyunbike", "Kazan Khanate". 11 According to S.Kh. Alishev, these works for the first time at the scientific level highlighted the true history of the Tatar people ...

Peru, a prominent Tatar scientist, academician A.G. Karimullin, wrote the article "Ladi Atlasi Em Ansch" Seen-bike "se" ("Hadi Atlasi and his" Syuyunbike "), published in the newspaper" Sheri Kazan "(" City of Kazan ") in 1991. A.G. Karimullin thoroughly covered the scientific activities of H. Atlasi, noted a wide range of sources attracted by the scientist, including in foreign languages. The academician wrote that H. Atlasi's historical works are permeated with a deep feeling of love for his nation.

In the preface to the reprinted reprint of "Syuyunbike" (1992) Academician M.A.Usmanov noted that the work of H. Atlasi occupies a special place in Tatar science, since his works are distinguished by purposefulness and consistency.12 The strength of this work, according to the academician, is is the condemnation of the Tatar feudal lords for greed and insatiability in relation to power and wealth. M.A.Usmanov pointed out that H.Atlasi in his work made the most of the opportunities available at that time to attract source material for a more truthful presentation of the life story of Syuyunbike. ;

Professor of Kazan University A.L. Litvin in his publications, based on rich archival documents, highlighted recent years

13 life of a scientist, showed its tragic ending. Articles by A.L. Litvin ha

11 Alishev S.Kh. Tatars tarikhchysy adi Atlasi // Atlas II.Ceoep tarikhy. Seenbike. Kazan khanlygy.-Kazan, 1993.-B, 3-15.

12 Usmanov M.A. Avyr tarihnisch mozla kaytavazy. // Atlasov L. Seenbike.-Kazan, 1992.-B.64-71.

13 Litvin A.L. Milletcheler eshe // Kazan utlary.-1993.-№4; Its the same. Operation Nationalists // Ban on Life. - Kazan, 1993.-P.42-60 are characterized by the use of new sources, in particular, we are talking about the letter of H. Atlasi to Stalin. The article contains the last word of the scientist at the court session in 1938, after which H. Atlasi was shot. !

In connection with the 120th anniversary of Hadi Atlasi, the magazine "Kazan utlary" published the first article "Ut echengde kalgan kugerchen kebek" ("Like a dove caught in the fire"), the authors of which were S.Kh. Alishev, Doctor of Historical Sciences and Candidate of Historical Sciences RG Galliamov.14 In this article, the authors highly appreciated the journalism of H. Atlasi, in particular the historian's brochure: "Yatsa nizam ve golyamalarymyz" ("New law and our i ulema"). It also contains the text of this work in Russian with comments from the authors of the publication. Modern Tatar scientists believe that the work "Yatsa nizam ve golyamalarymyz" is relevant to this day, and many of the thoughts expressed in it are consonant with our reality15.

The jubilee conferences (1996, 2001), held in Bugulma and Kazan under the auspices of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, played a significant role in understanding the creative heritage of H. Atlasi. At one of these conferences, Academician I.R.Tagirov highly appreciated the activities of Hadi Atlasi as a historian. He emphasized the originality of H. Atlasi's views on the history of the Tatar people, called the scientist a true historian16.

Certain aspects of the creative activity of H. Atlasi are highlighted in the monograph by D.M. Usmanova "Muslim faction and the problems of" freedom of conscience "in the State Duma of Russia (1906-1917).” 17 The monograph contains materials on the activities of Muslim deputies of various convocations State Duma early XX century.

14 Alishev S.Kh., Gallyamov R.G. Ut echende kalgan kugerchen kebek // Kazan utlary.- 1996.- №12.-Б.157-158.

15 Ibid. |

16 Tagirov I.R. The land of Almetyevskaya is the birthplace of outstanding figures of Tatar culture // Materials of the scientific-practical conference. -Almetyevsk, 1999, November 23-25. - S.25-29

17 Usmanova D.M. Muslim faction and problems of "freedom of conscience" in the State Duma of Russia (1906-1917) .- Kazan, 1999.

The book contains a summary table of the members of the Muslim faction I-IV of the State Duma. The sixth number in this table is Atlasov Hadi Miftahutdinovich. 18

In the last decade of the XX century, the life and work of H. Atlasi were actively studied1 in the context of research on biographies outstanding people Almetyevsk region, where the scientist worked at one time. Detailed information about the prominent Tatar researcher should be included in the forthcoming "Almetyevsk encyclopedia". In particular, it will present interesting information about the activities of H. Atlasi in the State Duma.19;

Considering the Tatar historiography of the late XIX - early XX centuries, Professor R.U. Amirkhanov noted the oriental and Turkic studies

20 the direction of H. Atlasi's creativity.

In 1996, the public of the city of Bugulma created the H. Atlasi Foundation. This fund established a prize, which is awarded annually to those who have made the greatest contribution to the development of Tatar science and culture. Famous scientists and cultural figures have already become laureates of the H. Atlasi Prize: R. Fakhrutdinov (1996), M. Usmanov (1997), G. Dautov (1998), F. Idelle (1999), Z. Zainullin (2000), etc. ...

The author of the thesis does not support the point of view expressed by the Russian historian VV Trepavlov in his work "History of the Nogai Horde". V.V. Trepavlov, characterizing the works of Tatar enlighteners of the last quarter of the XIX - early XX century, including the works of H. Atlasi, pointed out that they “have no scientific value and serve as evidence of a certain (initial) stage in the formation of national histories. riography. ”21 In the stated position, in our opinion, traces

18 Usmanova D.M. Muslim faction and problems of "freedom of conscience" in the State Duma of Russia (1906-1917). -P.129.

19 Her. State Duma deputies from the south-eastern region of Tatarstan. // From the history of the Al-metyevsky region.-Almetyevsk, 1999.-Issue 1.-С. 183.

20 Amirkhanov R.U. Tatar historiography: oriental and turkological aspects. // Scientific Tatarstan.-2000.-№3.-P.70-74.

21 Trepavlov V.V. History of the Nogai Horde.- M., 2001.-P.9. There is a definite attempt to consider the historical science of the past from the point of view of the present day, the current state of science. Such an approach cannot but raise a well-founded objection.

Foreign historiography is also few in number, but it gave an objective assessment earlier than the domestic one. The biography of H. Atlasi was included in one of the encyclopedias published in 1970 in Turkey.22 It contains information that is not available in domestic publications. For example, it is said about the participation of H. Atlasi in 1920 in Baku in the Congress of Eastern Peoples, material is given about the work of the scientist on the work "Altyn Urda tarikhi" - "History of the Golden Horde". However, this encyclopedia contains certain inaccuracies. They concern the year of birth and death, the place of birth and death of the scientist. The publication, in particular, states: HADI ATLAS I (SIMBIR 1875-SOLOVKI 1940) - Hadi Atlasi (Simbir 1875-Solovki 1940).

Biographical information is available in the writings of a well-known scientist

23 hoturkologist Ahmet Temir, one of H. Atlasi's relatives.

In general, noting a certain degree of study of the biography of the thinker, it can be concluded that the work of Hadi Atlasi as a historian in Russian historiography has not yet been sufficiently considered. His historical views were not subjected to a holistic and systematic study. therefore this topic needs further development. The process of formation of the historical concept of H. Atlasi, his multifaceted scientific and social activities deserve close attention of scientists.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the historical works of H. Atlasi, to determine his place and role in the development of Tatar historical science. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set:

22 Ansiklopedik s6zlfik.-Ankara, 1970.-C.272.

23 Turk kulturu ara§tirmalan.-Ankara, 1993.-C.20-37.

1. Trace the main milestones in the life of Hadi Atlasi.

2. Consider the process of formation and development of H. Atlasi as a historian.

3. To highlight the views of the scientist on the early period of development of the Tatar people, the history of the Siberian Khanate and the Kazan Khanate.

4. Describe his pedagogical and socio-political activities:

The object of this research was the creative activity of H. Atlasi, a famous Tatar scientist of the late 19th - first third of the 20th centuries. His historical work became the subject of a dissertation study.

Chronological framework the works cover the period of the last third of the 19th century - the end of the 30s of the 20th century. At this time, the life activity of X: Atlasi, the formation and development of his historical views fell. ;

To write a dissertation, the author used the methods scientific researchused in modern historical science. Methodological framework This work was such principles as comprehensiveness, objectivity, historicism. They made it possible to consider historical phenomena in organic connection with the conditions that give rise to them, the mutual conditionality of historical events and facts. The dissertation research was carried out taking into account the unity of internal and external, objective and subjective factors in the development of the historical process.

Objectivity as a scientific principle presupposes a presentation of this or that event or phenomenon as close as possible to the historical truth. A prominent Tatar scientist of the early XX century R. Fakhretdin noted: “Since those who write history have friends and enemies, they can sometimes depict white as black, black as white. However, history itself has neither enemies nor friends. Before her, all peoples and states are equal. Her path consists of truth and she does not stray from it and therefore cannot look at people with different eyes. " The use of the principle of objectivity allowed the dissertation author to more clearly present the creative laboratory of Hadi Atlasi, analyze the formation and development of his historical views.

The dissertation candidate proceeded from the methodological position of H. Atlasi's contemporary - the famous Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky, according to which history acts not as a teacher, but as an overseer,

25 punishes for ignorance of the lessons of the development of society. It follows from this that one must not make mistakes that have taken place in the past, so as not to repeat such mistakes in the present and the future. The true spiritual and cultural revival of the people, which Tatar thinkers dreamed of in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, implied a new rise in national consciousness, and this is really impossible without taking into account the past, the characteristics of the present, and forecasting the future.

The works of famous scientists of the second half of the XX century S.Kh. Alishev, A.G. Mukhamadiev, I.R.Tagirov, M.A.Usmanov, R.G. Fakhrutdinov, A.Kh. Khalikov played an important role in understanding the place and role of of the Tatar people in the historical development of Eurasia. Thus, the research of I.R.Tagirov "The history of the national statehood of the Tartar people and Tatarstan" allowed the author of the dissertation to trace the evolution of the statehood of the Tatars at various stages of historical development. Another work of I.R.Tagirov "Essays on the history of Tatarstan and the Tatar people (XX century)" made it possible to better represent the historical era, which fell on the main part of H. Atlasi's work.

24 Fakhretdin R. Syngan kutseleme ve yangan yeregeme yuanich. // Gasirlar avazy.-Echo of centuries.-2001.-№3 / 4, -B.60.

23 Klyuchevsky V.O. Notebook with aphorisms. Aphorisms and thoughts about history. - M., 2001.-P.260

When working on the dissertation project, the monograph by MA Usmanov "Tatar sources of the 17th-18th centuries" was used.26 This publication helped the dissertation candidate to classify and characterize the sources associated with the scientific activities of X. Atlasi.

The following range of sources allows to reveal the set goal and objectives of the research:

3. Publications in the periodicals of his contemporaries about the life and work of the historian.

4. Memoirs of Hadi Atlasi's students.

5. Personal documents from the Atlasov family archive.

6. Materials of interviewing the descendants of H. Atlasi.

7. Historical works of contemporaries.

The main sources for writing the dissertation were the published works of H. Atlasi. Many of the historian's manuscripts were confiscated during the years of repression and were irretrievably lost. The bibliography of the scientist's scientific works contains more than 40 titles dating back to the period 1902-1924. These are three monographs, as well as a series of scientific and popular science articles. I

One of the earliest scientific researches of H. Atlasi "Tarikhi ta-bigy" ("Natural history", Kazan, 1902, 31 p.) Was published as school textbook... The publication considered the issues of the training course in natural geography. This book was published in the printing house of I.N. Kharitonov, i who made a significant contribution to the Tatar printing of the late 19th - early 20th centuries.

The scientist's brochure titled "Yatsa nizam ve golyamalarymyz" ("New law and our ulema") was published in Orenburg in 1906. It was directed against the conservative Muslim clergy, I

26 Usmanov M.A. Tatar historical sources HUP-HUSHv.-Kazan, 1976. opposed to new educational ideas in the field of national education. ^

H. Atlasi's works covered a wide range of problems of Tatar linguistics, history and public education. Publicistic articles, published in the magazines Maktep (School), Shura (Council), prevailed among them. Since 1909, H. Atlasi's publications began to dominate the historical theme. In this regard, it is necessary to highlight such articles of the scientist as "Urlar hakynda tarikhi maglumat" ("Historical light

27 28 denya about notch lines ")," Sarkyl sheere "(" City of Sarkel ")," Pro

9Q professor Katanov ile mosekhebe "(" Conversation with Professor Katanov "),

Bashkortlar hakynda berer sus "(" About the Bashkirs "). They revealed the views of the scientist on certain problems of the history of the Turks, including the Tatar people. The above articles, as well as other materials by Hadi Atlasi, have been published in numerous magazines and newspapers in Arabic script ^ Many of them are still not known to the general scientific community.

Historical works "Seber tarikhy" ("History of Siberia"), "Seenbike" ("Syuyunbike"), "Kazan khanlygy" ("Kazan Khanate") were published in 1911-1914 by the publishing house "Umid" of the Akhmadullin brothers and brought the author the greatest fame. At the beginning of the 20th century, this publishing house occupied an important place among the Kazan printing houses specializing in the publication of books in the Tatar language.31 The first study "History of Siberia" was published in 1911 and was never reprinted. The second of the major works "Syuyunbike" was published in 1914. In the first edition of the Magarif Printing Company, the year of issue was not indicated. In the 90s of the XX century, the book "Syuyunbike" was republished in Cyrillic. The monograph "Kazan khanlygy" was published in

27 Shura.-1909.-No.14.-B.432-434.

28 Ibid. -1911.-№9.-Б.273-275.

29 Ibid. -1911.-№23.-B.711-713.

30 Shura.-1913.-No.9.-B.261-263; No.10.-B.297-299.

31 Karimullin A.G. Tatar book of the early XX century.-Kazan, 1974.-p. 120.

1914, and was reprinted twice in 1920 and 1924. The last reprint of the three main works of H. Atlasi was carried out in 1993, which made it possible to return the fundamental works of the scientist to a wide range of modern readers who do not know Arabic graphics. The works of Hadi Atlasi were an important source for studying the history of the Tatar people, analyzing the worldview and views of the scientist.

In addition to monographs, the dissertation studies and analyzes his publicistic works, mainly of the pre-revolutionary period.

The second group of sources on the topic of scientific research consisted of archival materials. A number of important sources are kept in the funds of the National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan. First of all, these are documents relating to the biography, political and social activities of the scientist.

The fund of the Kazan Spiritual Consistory (NA RT.F.4) contains information about the place and date of birth of the scientist, information about the parents of Hadi Atlasi.

F. Karimi's personal fund (NA RT.F. 1370) contains important historical information about the speeches of H. Atlasi in 1906 against the Russification policy of the Russian government, as well as his personal letters to F. Karimi.

The study of the fund of the Kazan Committee for Press Affairs (NA RT.F.420) made it possible to trace the publication time of the scientist's works, determine the circulation of publications and obtain information about the censors of his historical works.

Biographical data of Hadi Atlasi from 1903 to 1920 were preserved in the materials of the Chistopol Revolutionary Tribunal Foundation (NA RT. FR-779). Of particular interest are certificates that belonged to the chairman of the Almetyevsk village council, an employee of the agitation train “Krasny; Turkestan "N. Safargaliev, which gives a brief description of the educational and social activities of H. Atlasi.

Archival materials, as well as eyewitness memories, made it possible to recreate the historical truth about the scientist, to assess the actions and decisions that were made in the difficult years of the revolution and civil war... They refute the information contained in the book "City of Happy Destiny", published by the Tatar book publishing house in Kazan in 1981. The following lines could be read in it: “The Almetyevsk mullah Atlasov played a sinister role in this. According to his lists and instructions in the Almetyevsk and Kichuy volosts, Tatar teachers, activists of the Soviet power in the Tatar villages were almost completely exterminated ”32. The authors of the above publication insulted the people's memory of the outstanding son of the Tatar people, slandered H. Atlasi, attributed to him those actions that he did not actually perform.

In the 1st century BC. the famous Roman orator Cicero formulated the i main requirements for history: “Ne quid falsi audeat, ne quid veri nom audeat historia” 33 (“History should not lie, it should tell the truth”). In our opinion, the actions of people should be based on historical truth and justice, in this case the historical reality has been distorted. ;

The pedagogical activity of the historian in the city of Bugulma is evidenced by documents from the fund of the Bugulma cantonal department of public education (NART. FR-315).

Materials of a multivolume investigative case from the fund of the Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documentation of the Republic of Tatarstan (TsGA IPD RT. F.8233.D.2-9521) contain information about the tragic years of the scientist's life. Based on the interrogation protocols of H. Atlasi, one can show his political convictions, reflect the evolution

32 City of happy destiny. - Kazan, 1981.-P.78

33 Zelinsky F.F. The ancient world and us. - SPb., 1997, - P.86 17 tion of historical views. Undoubtedly, the study of these materials requires a critical approach. The confessions during the multi-day "conveyor" interrogations, which the NKVD officers forced out at H. Atlasi, were organized in advance in the form of theses-answers. At the same time, according to these materials, one can judge his position on issues of national policy, collectivization in agriculture, religion.

The participation of the thinker in the 2nd Muslim Congress of 1917 in the city of Kazan is evidenced by the protocols drawn up by the famous Tatar scientist, public figure - R. Fakhretdin. These documents are kept in the personal fund of the scientist (NA AS RB.F.7) in the scientific archive of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan. According to the fund, the works of H. Atlasi ("Bashkortlar hakynda berer suz", "Kazan khanlygy"), together with R. Fakhretdin's manuscripts, first came to the famous orientalist A. N. Samoilovich, then to the department of manuscripts of the Saltykov-Shchedrin public library. At present, these works are in the scientific archive of the Institute of Oriental Studies in St. Petersburg.

The third group consists of materials from periodicals in the Tatar and Russian languages \u200b\u200bof the first third of the XX century. They contain some information about the creative activity of H. Atlasi. The study of such periodicals as "Zaman Calendar", "Syuyumbike", "Shura", "Yulduz" made it possible to determine what resonance in scientific circles caused the historical works of the scientist. The social and political activities of Atlasi1 were investigated on the basis of materials from the newspapers Duma (St. Petersburg, 1907), Kazanskoe Slovo (Kazan, 1917), and Tormysh (Life) (Ufa, 1917-1918). j

The fourth group included memoirs of the former students of H. Atlasi - A. Kayumova, M. Rafikova-Mustafina, containing valuable material about the personality of Hadi Atlasi as a historian and teacher. For the pre-Soviet period of H. Atlasi's work, the study of political history was characteristic; the study of socio-economic factors remained outside the author's field of vision. From the memoirs of the thinker's students it is clear that the scientist in the Soviet period paid the most serious attention to the economy, the influence of the objective conditions of the development of the state on all aspects of the social and political life of the people. Unfortunately, the historical works of H. Atlasi, written in Soviet times, were not published, and the manuscripts were later lost. In this regard, it is rather difficult to trace the evolution of the scientist's creativity in full. The development of H. Atlasi's views can be judged on the basis of the memoirs of his students and the materials of the interrogations to which he was subjected in 1936-1938:

The fifth group of sources are documents of personal origin. The dissertation widely uses letters of the scientist to his relatives. About 16 letters have survived, which are currently stored in the city of Bugulma in the Atlasov family archive. It is clear from these letters that H. Atlasi wrote historical works during the Soviet era, which were lost and did not find their readers. The materials from the Atlasov family archive, including private correspondence, made it possible to feel the spirit of the times in which the thinker lived and worked. Information about the Solovetsky period of the researcher's life can be obtained from personal letters sent by H. Atlasi to his sister Halima.

The manuscript of the plan for educational and methodological work, which belonged to the scientist's pen, gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe teaching methodology of H. Atlasi, of some aspects of his pedagogical activity at school No. 12 in Kazan. This source is currently also kept in the Atlasov family archive. ;

The sixth group includes conversations with the son of an outstanding scientist - Ugyz Khadievich Atlasov, during which it was possible to clarify some facts of H. Atlasi's biography, his views on life, attitude to religion. In particular, it is interesting that the scientist was invited to work in the Eastern category of St. Petersburg University during the First World War.

To reveal the research topic, the works of other famous historians of the early XX century in the Tatar and Russian languages \u200b\u200bwere used. They make it possible to determine the real contribution of H. Atlasi to the development of national historical science. When working on the dissertation, the works of V.V. Bartold, M.G. Khudyakov were used. The merit of V.V. Bartold lies in the fact that he provided a wide panorama of the development of various Turkic ethnic groups, which made it possible to better represent the picture of the origin of the Tatars, the formation and development of the Turkic statehood.34

The history of the Kazan Khanate, written by M.G. Khudyakov, repressed in 1936, was a fundamental study that examined and analyzed various factorsconcerning the creation, existence and fall of the largest state

I 35 education of our ancestors. This study is interesting for comparing the historical concepts of two different historians who lived at the same historical time - H. Atlasi and M. G. Khudyakov.

To characterize the historical views of H. Atlasi, to compare his scientific work with the work of his contemporaries, the historical works of G. Akhmarov, R. Fakhretdin, G.-B. Battal, A.-Z. Validi, G.S. Gubaidullin and others were involved. Unlike V.V.Bartold and M.G. Khudyakov, they belonged to the Tatar historical school, based on the traditions of Muslim historical thought. It goes without saying that the approaches of these authors differed in many respects from those of Western European or Russian researchers. I

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the proposed dissertation is the first attempt at a comprehensive study of the scientist's creative heritage. On the basis of numerous sources not previously introduced into scientific circulation, the author tried to highlight a little

34 Bartold V.V. Compositions. Works on the history and philology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples, -M.D968.-T.5.

33 Khudyakov M.G. Essays on the history of the Kazan Khanate.-M., 1991. the studied sides of the creative and personal biography of H. Atlasi.

The practical significance of this work lies in the fact that the obtained results of the study can be used to study topical issues of the development of the Tatar people. It seems possible to use the provisions and conclusions contained in the works of H. Atlasi in the development of problems of history national-state construction, social thought of the Tatars.

The materials of the candidate's dissertation can be used to create popular essays dedicated to H. Atlasi, defining his place and role among prominent representatives of Tatar historical science. The materials of the author's research have significantly replenished the funds of the school museum in the city of Bugulma. The activities of this museum are dedicated to the life and work of its famous countryman.

Structure. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of used sources and literature.

The main findings of the dissertation are as follows:

1. Life and 1 work of H. Atlasi fell on a stormy period of transformations in Russia. These transformations were characterized by modernization national economy, a significant rise in the economy, a significant increase in the spiritual needs of society, the accelerated development of culture and education. H. Atlasi's life coincided with the period of the national revival of the Tatar people. The growth of the economy, the strengthening of the political positions of the national bourgeoisie contributed to the rise in the field of national and historical self-consciousness of the Tatars. It was in these conditions that the creative activity of H. Atlasi flourished, who, along with S. Marjani, stood at the origins of the scientific history of the Tatar people. The pre-Soviet period is characterized as the most fruitful in the scientific work of H. Atlasi. His scientific activity was inextricably linked with his active work in the pedagogical and socio-political spheres.

2. In the system of scientific knowledge H.Atlasi assigned the primary role to history. In his opinion, the main and most important function of historical knowledge is its tremendous educational impact. The scientist emphasized that history should instill in a person a sense of national pride, unite the nation. Through history, every nation accumulates its own historical experience, using this experience for successful state building.

The significance of the historical works of H. Atlasi in the first third of the XX century was that they contributed to the development of more high level national identity of the Tatars. His works contributed to the expansion of the historical horizons of the people, introduced to the cultural values \u200b\u200bof both the West and the East.

3. The formation of H. Atlasi as a historian was determined by the level of development of the historical science of Russia at that time, the system of knowledge, the methods of scientific research that were used by Russian and foreign researchers. The most important achievement of the Tatar historical thought of that time was the accumulation of rich factual material. H. Atlasi's knowledge of the Arabic, Persian, Turkish languages \u200b\u200ballowed him to attract additional source material to develop new approaches to studying the issue of the origin of the Tatars, the place and role of the Tatar people among the Turkic peoples. He was the first Tatar historian to put into circulation a significant amount of materials extracted from Russian monuments of the 15th-16th centuries. The information obtained contributed to the improvement of the narrative method for characterizing the centuries-old history of various Turkic state formations. The result of the scientific research of H. Atlasi is the question of the multi-root origin of the Tatars.

4. In 1911-1914, H.Atlasi created the main works "Seber tarikhi", "Seenbike", "Kazan khanlygy", which have not lost their scientific significance at the present time. The value of the scientist's historical writings lies in the wide coverage of various sources, the conceptual presentation of the material. He managed to approach the study of the history of the Tatar people on the basis of those scientific approaches, which corresponded to the level of development of historical science at that time. According to the scientist, the history of the Tatars should be based on the common Turkic heritage in the person of those early Turkic states that arose and existed in Altai. 1

In the works of the scientist, an attempt is traced to systematize views on the origin of various Turkic peoples, including the Tatars, the desire to characterize certain stages in the development of national statehood. H. Atlasi, characterizing historical development Tatar people adhered to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe continuity of the Kazan Khanate from the Golden Horde. Among the Tatar states, the scientist considered the fate of the Kazan Khanate as key. The historian believed that the tragic fall of Kazan historically caused the death of other Tatar khanates. |

5. H. Atlasi considered the role of personality as the most important factor in the historical development. The scientist considered the history and fate of the Kazan Khanate, the Siberian Khanate from the point of view of significant influence on the events of certain politicians. In particular, highly assessing the importance of Syuyunbike's activities, H. Atlasi expressed regret that she and her associates had failed to prevent military actions of the Russian state against the Kazan Khanate, to avoid the fall of Kazan. H. Atlasi gave a high assessment to the Siberian Khan - Kuchum, considering him as true patriot their homeland. On the other hand, the thinker severely criticized that part of the Tatar society that conspired with Ivan IV and betrayed their national interests. As such historical figures, he called Shah-Ali, the murza of Ka-May.

6. During the Soviet period, H. Atlasi's work was less productive. This was due to objective circumstances: in 1920, 1929, 1936 he was repressed three times. The arrest of 1936 finally interrupted the scientific and pedagogical activities of the scientist. The totalitarian regime did not allow Hadi Atlasi to fully realize his creative potential. However, despite this, he managed to leave a significant mark I in the Tatar historical science. As a historian, H. Atlasi gained fame not only in the social and scientific circles of Russia, but also abroad, primarily in the Muslim world.

Conclusion

In the conclusion, the main conclusions are drawn on the tasks that were formulated in the introduction. Based on the study of H. Atlasi's creative heritage, the dissertation candidate considers him as a prominent scientist-historian who made a significant contribution to the development of Tatar scientific thought at the end of the 19th and the first third of the 20th centuries.

1. Sources 1. Works of H. Atlasi

2. Tabigy tarikhs. -Kazan, 1902.-31 b.

3. Yana nizam ve golyamalarymyz.- Orenburg, 1906.-14 b.

4. Urlar hakynda tarikhi maglumat. // Shura.-1909.-№14.-432-434 b.

5. Din saklau ve ana liyeket. // Shura.-1909.-№22.-691-692 b.

6. Bai em yarl teller, terekche yugalgan suzler. // Shura.-1910.-№7, -206-208 6. i

7. Yogyshly Renzhu ^ em Tatarlar. // Shura.-1910.-№16.-496-498 b.

8. Without em missionarylar. // Shura.-1910.- No. 17.-527-529 b.

9. Boryngy esh ve boryngy suzler. // Shura.-1910.-№18.-557-559 b.

10. Nadanlik ve anyts yimeshlere. // Shura.-1910.-№19.-604-605 b.

11. Ber Turk is bikechen uzenen, ugylyna eytken ugete. // Shura.-1910, -№22.-70-726.

12. Missionary maktavim. // Shura.-19 Y.-№22.-676-678 b.

13. Beznen tel. // Shura.-1910.-№22.-684-686 b .; No. 23.-711-712 b.

14. Beznetz terekky. // Shura.-1910.-№24.-745-748 b.

15. Sarkyl sheere. // Shura.-1910.-№9.-273-275 b.

16. Tenkyitke tenkyit. // Shura.-1910.-№15.-569-570 b.

17. Professor Katanov ile mosehebe. // Shura, -1910.-№23.-711-713 b.I

18. Seber tarikhy.-KazanD911.-177 b.

19. Achlyk ve meselmannar. // Shura.-1912.-№1.-15-18 b.

20. Beznen maktepleremez. //Mektep .-1913.-№4.-19-20 b.

21. America kitaphanelere. // Maktap-1913.-161-163 b.

22. Bashkalar nichek ukylar. // Maktep-1913.-№19.-123-124 b.

23. Ertkychlyk tugelme? // Maktep-1913.-№10, -157-160 b.

24. Maktaplaremezde igtikad Iem goilem hele kitaplary. // Maktep-1913.-№17.-222-224 b.

25. Erem akchalar. // MaktapL 913.-№20.-292-294 b.

26. Zemstvo ve beznetz maktepler. //Mektep .-1913.-№24.-361-363 b.I

27. Gymnasiums, shelters? // Аts.-1913.-№6.-104-106 б.I

28. Bashkortlar, hakynda berer sus. // Shura.-1913.-№ 9.-261-263 b .; -No 10.-297-299 b.

29. Who is Ghani Bai? // Sheref B. Ghani Bay.-Orenburg, 1913.-230-246 B.I

30. Seen-bike. Tarihi hikeya. -Kazan, 1914. -45 b.

31. Kazan khanlygy. -Kazan: Omet, 1914. -336 b. (Ikenche Basmasy.-Kazan: Magarif, 1920.-344 b.)

32. Igenchelek yam anyn terekkyyate. // Ioldyz, 1914, No. 1144.

33. Bashkort zhirlare. // Yoldyz, 1914, No. 1163.

34. Shibab khezrat by whom ?. // Merl ^ ani me ^ mugasy. (Collection dedicated to the 100th anniversary of S. Mardzhani.) - Kazan, 1915.

35. Seber tarikhi. Seenbike. Kazan khanlygy. -Kazan: Tatar, whale. nash., 1993.-447 6.

36. Yatsa nizam ve golyamalarybyz. // Kazan utlary.-1996.-№12.-158-159 b.2. Archival documents

37. National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan (NA RT) i

38. F.4. / Kazan spiritual consistory /. Op. 177.D.Yu6.D.9222

39. F. 186./Documents from the personal archive of Gasprinskaya-Yusufbeyli Shafiki /. Op.1.D.9

40.F.199. / Kazan Provincial Gendarme Directorate / .Op.1.D.771.j

41. F.420. / Kazan Temporary Committee for Press Affairs / .Op.1.D.173. D-277 |

42. F.1370. / Fatih Karimi's personal fund /. 0p.1.D.5.0p.2.D.32.

43. FR-315. / Bugulma Canton Department of Public Education /. Op. 1, File 106. Op.2.D.85.

44. FR-779. / Chistopol revolutionary tribunal /. Op.Z.D.ZZ.D. 69.

45. FR-1988 / Bugulma City Council /. 0p.1.d. 20.

46. \u200b\u200bFR-2461. / Documents from the personal archive of Gayaz Iskhaki /. On. 1 .D.38.

47. Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documentation of the Republic of Tatarstan. (TsGA IPD RT)

48. F.8233. / State Security Committee / Op.1.D.2-9521.V.1-12 Scientific archive; Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Bashkortostan (NA AS RB)

49. F.7. / Riza Fakhretdin's personal fund / .Op. 1 .D.2

50. Materials from the Atlas family archive

51. Manuscript of the educational plan, compiled by H. Atlasi in 1935

52. Letters from H. Atlasi to sister Halima (1930-1933)

53. Letters of H. Atlasi to his family (1930, 1936).

54. Memories of Husnikomal Atlasova about Hadi Atlasi.

55. Memories of M. Rafikova-Mustafina about H. Atlasi.

56. Publications of contemporaries about H. Atlasiin in the Tatar language)

57. Altai. Seenbike // Yoldyz, 1914, No. 1236.

58. Validy E.-Z. Seenbike // Sembike.-1914.-№4.-7-116 .; No. 5.-5-6 b.

59. Zaman calendar.-1913.-B.58.

60. Kayumova E. Utken yullar, utken yellar. // Miras.-2000.-№6.-73-81.in Russian)

61. Bartold V.V. H. Atlasov "Kazan Khanate" .// Notes of the Eastern Branch of the Russian Archaeological Society. - 1916.-T.2-3, issue 3-4.-P.421-422.

62. Validi J. Essay on the history of education and literature of the Tatars. -M.-P., 1923.-P.144-147.

63. Gubaidullin G.S. The development of historical literature of the Turkic-Tatar peoples // First All-Union Turkological Congress:

64. Verbatim report.-Baku, 1926. -S. 39-49. j 4. Newspapers 1. (in Tatar) 41. Vakyt, 1906-1918.

66. Tormysh, 1917 (November) -1918 (January) 45. Yulduz, 1906-1918.i in Russian) 46. Kazan word, 1917.47. Kazan Telegraph, 1914. I

67. Kama-Volga speech, 1912,1914-1915.5. Magazines in Tatar) 51. Ac, 1912-1918.52. Makten, 1913-1914.53. Megallim, 1913-1914.I55. Ukytu ^ s, 1918.56. Shura, 1908-1917.i1. (In Russian)

68. Maksudi S. The Constitution of the Cultural and National Autonomy of the Tatar People. // Idel. - 1995. - No. 5,61.j

69. Materials and documents on the history of the social and political movement among the Tatars (1905-1917) / comp. Fakhrutdinov R.R./- Kazan, 1992.-128 s \\

70. Complete collection of platforms of all Russian political parties.-М.2001.-130 p. ji! in Tatar) I

71. Bethen Rusia Möselmannarynyts gomumi congresses. Lara's protocol.- Pg., 1917.-476 b. | i1.I. Literature in Russian)

72. Abdullin Ya.G. Tatar educational thought.-Kazan: Tat. book publishing house, 1976. -319 with J

74. Abulgazi Bahadur Khan. Genealogical tree of the Turks.-Kazan, 1906.-336 p.

75. Adji M. Europe, Turks, Great Steppe.-M. : Thought, 1998.-334 p.

76. Alishev S.Kh. Kazan and Moscow: interstate relations in the XV-XVI centuries. -Kazan: Tatars, Prince. publishing house, 1995 - 160 p.

77. Amirkhanov R.U. 1 Tatar democratic press (1905-1907). -M.: 1. Science, 1988, - 190 pp. I

78. Amirkhanov R.U. Tatar historiography: oriental and turkological aspects. // Scientific Tatarstan.-2000.-№3.-P.70-74.

79. Amirkhanov R.U. Tatar pre-revolutionary press in context

80. East-West "" - Kazan: Tatars, book publishing house, 2002. -259 p.

81. Amirkhanov P.M. Tatar socio-philosophical thought of the Middle Ages.-Kazan, 1993.- 124 p.

82. Andrievich V.k! History of Siberia. SPb., 1889.-4.1.2. - 487 p.

83. Artamonov M.I. History of the Khazars. -L .: Publishing house of the State. Hermitage Museum, 1962, 523 p. |

84. Atlas of the history of Tatarstan and the Tatar people.-M .: DIK, 1999.-64 p.

85. Akhsanov K.G. Introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples.-Kazan: Izd-voi1. DAS ", 2001.-4 ^ 1. -56 p. 1.

86. Akhmarov G.N. Selected Works. -Kazan: Tatars, Prince. publishing house, 1998 238 p. |

87. Akhmarov T.HJ Historical and documentary collection.-Kazan: Heter, 2000.-383 p. "i

88. Babur Z.M. Babur-name. / Babur's notes / .- Tashkent, 1992. -529 s.

89. Barbour I. Religion and Science: History and Modernity.-M., 2000. -430 p.

90. Bartold V.V.jCulture of Islam.-Petrograd, 1918.-112 p.

91. Bartold V.V. Works on the history and philology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples. -M., 1968.- Vol. 5 -757 p.

92. Bartold V.V. Works on the history of Islam and the Arab Caliphate.-M.D966.-Soch. T.6. -784 p.

93. Baskakov N.A1. Introduction to the study of Turkic languages. -M., 1969. -S. 148-183. |

94. Bazilevich K.V. Foreign policy of the Russian centralized state: The second half of the XVb.-M .: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1952.-544 pp. I

95. Bakhtin A.G. The Russian state and the Kazan Khanate: interstate relations in the XV-XVI centuries: Author's abstract of doctoral studies in historical sciences-M., 2001. -43 s. I

96. Bernshtam A.N. Essay on the history of the Huns.-JI., 1951. -256 p.

97. Burganov A. Where and where are you going, Russia.-M .: Insaniyat, 1996.-417 p.

98. Vagnitsky A. Intellectual tradition of pre-revolutionary Russia // Social sciences and modernity. -1991.-No. 1.-P.145-159.

99. Valeev F.T. Siberian Tatars: culture and life. -Kazan: Tatars, Prince. publishing house, 1993.-208 p. I

100. Velyaminov-Zernov V.V. Study about Kasimov kings and princes.-SPb., 1863.-T. 1.2.

101. Vernadsky G. Russian historiography. -M .: Agraf, 1998.-447 p.

102. Volodikhin D.M. Remarkable Russian historians of the XVIII-XIX centuries.-M., 1995. -78 s.

103. World history. Ed. G.B. Polyaka, A.N. Markova. -M., 2000, 726 p. ; i

104. Gainetdinov RB Turkic-Tatar political emigration: early XX century 30s. -Naberezhnye Chelny: Kamsky Publishing House. house, 1997.-159s. |

105. Gallyamov P.P. Causes and consequences of the construction of the Zakamskaya zasechnaya line in 1652-1656 // From the history of the Almetyevsk region. -Almetyevsk, 1999.-4.1.-С.59-78.

106. Garayeva NG "On the date of the adoption of Islam by the Khazars // Languages, spiritual culture and history of the Turks: traditions and modernity. Proceedings of the international conference. Kazan, June 9-13, 1992. -M., 1997. -P.212- 214.;

107. Gasprinsky! Russia and the East: Russian Islam. -Kazan: i

108. Tatars, book. publishing house, 1993.132 p.

109. Garipova F.G. Research on the hydronymy of Tatarstan. -M .: Science, I1991. -S.48-190.

110. Gaffarova F. | Sadri Maksudi in the history of the Tatar people of the early XX century (1906-1924): Author's abstract. ist. nauk.-Kazan: KSU, 1997.-23 p.

111. City of happy destiny. -Kazan: Tatars, Prince. publishing house, 1981.-263 p.

112. Gumilev JI.B. Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe. -M .: Rolf, 1998.-768 s.

113. L.V. Gumilev From Russia to Russia. -M .: Rolf, 2001. -320 s.i

114. L.V. Gumilev. Ethnogenesis and the biosphere of the earth. -M .: Rolf, 2001.-560 s.

115. Davletshin T.j Soviet Tatarstan: theory and practice of Lenin's national policy.-London, 1974. -392 p.j

116. Daulet N. History of the national liberation struggle of the Turkic peoples of Russia. (1905-1917.) - Kazan: Milli Kitap, 1998. -52 p.j

117. XX century: Methodological problems of historical knowledge. Sat. reviews and abstracts. -M .: RAS INION, 2001.-4.1. -236 s.

118. Ancient Kazan1 through the eyes of contemporaries and historians. -Kazan: Publishing house "Fest", 1996. -448 p.

119. Dugin A.G. Fundamentals of Geopolitics. -M .: Arktogeya, 1997.-600 s.

120. Spiritual j culture h Tatar intelligentsia: historical portraits.-Kazan: Magarif, 2000. -160 p.

121. Egorov V.A. The Golden Horde: myths and realities.-M., 1990. -62 s.

122. Emelyanov A.I. A brief review of the Tatar-Muhammadan permanent press for 1914 -Kazan, 1914. -37 p.

123. Zelinsky F.F. The ancient world and us. -SPb: Publishing house "Aletheia", 1997. I347 p. II

124. Ibragim T.K., Sultanov F.M., Yuzeev A.N. Tatar religious and philosophical thought in a general Muslim context.-Kazan: Tatar. Ikn. publishing house, 2002.237 p.j

125. Ivanov V.A. Ancient Magyar Ugrians in Eastern Europe. -Ufa: Gilem, i1999.-123 p. ! I

126. From the depths of centuries. -Kazan: Tatars, Prince. publishing house, 2001.-272 p.

127. The intelligentsia and Russian society at the beginning of the twentieth century. Sat. articles.i

128.SPb .: Branch IRIRAN, 1996. -P. 30-52.

129. The intelligentsia of Tatarstan during the period of reforms and revolutions of the first third

130. XX century.-Kazan: New Knowledge, 1997. -180 p.i

131. History of Bashkortostan from ancient times to the 60s of the XIX century.i1. Ufa: Kitap, 1997.-520 p.

132. History foreign policy Russia. The end of the XV-XVII centuries. (From the overthrow of the Horde yoke to the Northern War) -M., 1999. -447 p.

133. History and historians. Historiographic Bulletin 2002.-M .: Nauka, 2002. -222 s. ;

134. History of thought. Historiography.-M .: University book, 2002. -160 p.

135. The story of the Kazan kingdom. Complete collection of Russian chronicles. T.XIX.-M .: Languages \u200b\u200bof Russian culture, 2000. -328 p.

136. History of public thought of the peoples of Russia and Tatarstan.-Kazan: Publishing house of KSU, 2001.-103 p.

137. History of Russia: Russia and the East.-SPb., 2002. -375 p.

138. The history of the "Scythians" through the eyes of their contemporaries. -Kazan: Magarif, 2001, 175 p. j

139. History of Siberia from ancient times to the present day. JL, 1968. - T.1. -FROM. 353-372! II

140. Kazan branch of IYALI them. G. Ibragimova, 1978.-148 p.

141. Research on source study of the history of Tatarstan in the pre-October period.-Kazan: Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Kazan branch of IYALI them. G. Ibragimova, 1980.-150 p. !

142. Sources on! History of Tatarstan (XVI-XVIII centuries) .- Kazan, 1994, 124 p. :

143. Iskhakov D.M. The Phenomenon of Tatar Jadidism: An Introduction to Sociocultural Understanding. -Kazan: Iman, 1997.-80 p.

144. Iskhakov D.M. On the conceptual problems of the Tatar historical science and the tasks of the magazine "Tatarica" \u200b\u200b// Tatarica. -1997/1998.-No. 1.-P.2-11.

145. Kazan history, - M.-L .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954. -194 p.

146. Kamalov R. Tatar Socialist-Revolutionaries. // Idel.-1991.-№2.-С.34-36.

147. Karamzin N.M. History of Russian Goverment. -M .: EKSMO-Press Publishing House,! 2002. -1024 p.

148. Karimullin A.G. At the origins of the Tatar book.-Kazan, 1971.-224 p.

149. Karimullin A.G. Tatar book of the early XX century.-Kazan: Tatar, book. publishing house, 1974.-320 p. I

150. Karimullin A! .G. Tatars: ethnos and ethnonym.-Kazan: Tatars, book. publishing house, 1988.-120 p. |

151. D.S. Kidyrniyazov. From the history of the relationship between the Nogai and the Kazan Tatars in the 15th century. // Languages, spiritual culture and history of the Iturks: traditions and modernity. Proceedings of the international conference in 3 volumes, June 9-13, 1992, Kazan. -M., 1997.-е.50-52.I

152. Kislyagina L. G. Formation of socio-political views

153. N.M. Karamzina (1785-1803) .- M., 1976. -199 p. I

154. Klyuchevsky V.O. Russian history course. Works in 9 volumes, -M., 1987, -T. 1.2.i

155. Klyuchevsky V.O. Notebook with aphorisms.-M .: Publishing house EKSMO-Press. 2001.432 p. |

156. Klyashtorny | S.G. About the time of Kazan foundation // Medieval I

157. Kazan: origin and development. Materials of the international scientific conference. -Kazan, June 1-3, 1999 -S.72-78.

158. Klyashtorny S.G., Sultanov G.I. States and peoples of the Eurasian steppe. SPb.,; 2000. - 305 p. I I

159. V.F. Kolomiytsev. Methodology of history.-M .: Russian political encyclopedia, 2001. -191 p.

160. Konrad N.I. West and East.-M .: Main. ed. east literature, 1972.-496 pp. i

161. N.I. Kostomarov Historical monographs and research. -M., 1989.-S.5-118. |

162. Kulpin E. Socio-ecological crises of Eastern Europe in the fate of Kazan .; // Medieval Kazan: origin and development.i

164. Kurbsky A.M. The story of the Grand Duke of Moscow.-M .: Publishing house of the RAO, 2001.-162 p.

165. E. I. Kychanov. j The life of Temujin, who thought to conquer the world.-Genghis Khan: personality and eioha.-M., 1995. -272 s. I

166. Litvin A.L. Operation Nationalists. // Forbid on life. -Kazan, 1993.-P.42-60. !

167. Lyzlov A.I. Scythian history. -M., 1990.-518 s.

168. Lyubavsky! M.K. Historical geography of Russia in connection with colonization.-SPb., 2000. -688 p. I

169. Magomedov M.G. Formation of the Khazar Kaganate. -M., 1983.225 p.

170. Materials on the history of the Tatar people. -Kazan: AN Tatarstan, 1995.-496 p. j

171. O.M. Medushevskaya. Source study. Theory, history and method.-M .: i1. Publishing house of the Russian State University for the Humanities, 1996.-79 pp. I

172. Mezhov V.V. Siberian; bibliography. -SPb., 1891-1892.-T.1-3.

173. Mirzoev V.G. Historiography of Siberia (XVII first half of XIX centuries) .: Author's abstract. doct. history. sciences. -M., 1964.-44 p.

174. Miller F.G. History of Siberia.-M., 1999.-T.1,2.i

175. Myths of the Ancient Volga. ^ -Saratov, 1996.-686 p.

176. Mukhamadiev A.G. Ancient Khazar and Bulgaro-Tatar coins. 1. Kazan, 1986.-164 p. ij

177. Mukhamedyarov Sh. Socio-economic and political system Kazan Khanate (XV-first half of the XVI century) .- Author's abstract. history. sciences. -Kazan, 1958. -24 p. I

178. Nabiev R.F. M.G. Safargaliev as a historian of the Golden Horde: Diss. Cand. history. Sciences, - Kazan, 2000.

179. Nasretdinova D.M. Historian G.S. Gubaidullin (1887-1937). Life and work: Diss. Cand. history. sciences. -Kazan, 1997.

180. Public education among the Tatars in the pre-October period. -Kazan, 1992.-148 p. | i

181. The national question in Tataria of the pre-October period.-Kazan, 1990.-116 p. |

182. Novikov N.I. Ancient Russian vivliofika.-M., 1788.-Ch. 1-4.

183. Nechkina M.V. Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky. History of life and creativity.-Moscow: Nauka, 1974. -638 p.

184. Orlov A.S., Georgiev V.A. Georgieva N.G., Sivokhina G.A. History of Russia from ancient times to the present day. -M .: Publishing house "Norma", 2000.-514 p. : I

185. Orlova I.B. Eurasian civilization.-M., 1998.-280 p.

186. Platonov S.F. A complete course of lectures on Russian history. -Saint Petersburg, 2001.-375 p;

187. S. A. Pletneva. Khazars. -M .: Nauka, 1986. -93 p.

188. G.V. Plekhanov. On the question of the role of personality in history // Selected philosophical works. -M., 1956.- T.2.-S.300-334.

189. V. V. Radlov. Siberian antiquities. -SPb., 1888.-T.1.

190. Development of the culture of Tataria in the pre-October period.-Kazan, 1988.i118С.

191. Rambeau A. Picturesque history of ancient and new Russia.-M .: Sovremennik, 1994. -445 p.

192. Rashid ad-Din. Collection of chronicles. -M., 2002.-T.1,2.

193. Saifulin R.G. The theory of ethnogenesis and the world historical process. (Experience of natural scientific periodization of history) .- Kazan, 2002. -439 p. !

194. Safargaliev M.G. The collapse of the Golden Horde // At the junction of continents and civilizations. -M., 199bDs.280-531.

195. Sverdlova L. M. At the crossroads of trade routes. -Kazan, 1991.-159s. ;

196. Skrynnikov R.G. Ermak. -M., 1986.-148 p.

197. Slovtsov P.A. Historical review of Siberia. SPb., 1886 .-- 364 p.

198. Soloviev S.M. Compositions. History of Russia since ancient times. -M., 1988.-Book 1.3!

200. Sultanbekov B.F. Mirsaid Sultan Galiev: Fates. People. Time.-Kazan: Tatars, Prince. publishing house, 1991.-208 pp. i

201. Sultanbekov B.F. Stalin and the "Tatar trace" .- Kazan: Tatar, book. Publishing House, 1995.-252 p. ! I

202. Sultanbekov B.F. History in faces.-Kazan: Tatars, book. publishing house, 1997.

203. Sultanbekov B.F. ;Do no harm. -Kazan: Tatars, Prince. publishing house, 1999.-183 p. ;

204. Sultan-Galiev M. Selected Works.-Kazan: Gasyr, 1998. -719 p.

205. Sultan-Galiev M. Articles. Speeches. Documents. -Kazan: Tatars, Prince. publishing house, 1992.-518 p.

206. Tagirov I.R. In the struggle for power of the Soviets.-Kazan: Tatars, book. publishing house, 1977.-184 p. |

207. Tagirov I.R. The land of the Almetyevsk homeland of outstanding figures of Tatar culture // Materials of the scientific-practical conference. -Almetyevsk, 1999, November 23-25. -S. 25-29.

208. Tagirov I.R. Essays on the history of Tatarstan and the Tatar people (XX century). -Kazan: Tatars, Prince. publishing house, 1996.-468 p.

209. Tagirov I.R. History of the national statehood of the Tatar people and Tatarstan. -Kazan: Tatars, Prince. publishing house, 2000.-309 p.

210. Tagirov I.R. The hearths are the righteous of the ideas of neopanturkism. // Echo of centuries.-1996.-№3,4;

211. E.R. Tagirov Tatarstan: national-state interests.-Kazan, 1996.-155 p. !

212. Tatishchev V.N. Russian history. Collected works: In 8 volumes.-T.1.-M .: Ladomir, 1994. -500 p.

213. Tatishchev V.N. Russian history. Collected works: In 8-and-to-mah.-T.5,6.-M .: Ladomir, 1996.-784 p.

214. V. V. Trepavlov. History of the Nogai Horde.-M .: Publishing company "Eastern Literature" RAS, 2001. -752 p.

215. Tatars. / Resp. ed. Urazmanova R.K., Cheshko S.V. -M .: Nauka, 2001, -S.41-141;

216. Tosh J. Striving for truth.-M .: Publishing house “Ves mir)), 2000. -296 p.

217. Usmanov M.A. Sources of Book III. Mardjani "Mustafad al-akhbar fi akhvali Kazan va Bulgar". // Essays on the history of the Volga and Ural regions. -Kazan, 1969.- S. 144-155.

218. Usmanov M.A. Tatar historical sources of the XVII-XVIII centuries, -Kazan: Publishing house of KSU, 1976. -223 p.

219. Usmanov M.A. Acts granted by the Juchiev Ulus of the XIV-XVI centuries -Kazan: Publishing house of KSU, 1979. -318 p.

220. Usmanov M.A. The cherished dream of Khusain Faizkhanov.-Kazan: Publishing house of KSU, 1980.-223 p. j

221. Usmanova D.M. Questions of national state self-determination on the pages of the Tatar periodicals (1917-Apr. 1918): Diss. Cand. ist. nauk.-Kazan, 1994.

222. Usmanova D.M. Muslim faction and problems of "freedom of conscience" in the State Duma of Russia (1906-1917). -Kazan: Master Line, 1999.-163 p.

223. Usmanova D.M. State Duma deputies from the south-eastern region of Tatarstan. ; // From the history of the Almetyevsk region.-Almetyevsk, 1999, -Issue 1.- S. 180-187.

224. Fayzrakhmanov G.L. Ancient Turks in Siberia and Central Asia. -Kazan: Master Line, 2000. -187 p.

225. Fayzrakhmanov G.L. History of Siberian Tatars (from ancient times to the beginning of the XX century) - Kazan: Feng, 2002. -486 p.

226. Fakhrutdinov R.G. History of the Tatar people and Tatarstan. -Kazan: Tatars, Prince. publishing house, 2000.-155 p.

227. Fedorov-Davydov PA. The social system of the Golden Horde. -M., 1973.-180 p. |

228. Khabutdinov A.Yu. Tatar social and political movement in the pre-Soviet period: 1900-1918. In 2 parts.-Kazan, 1997. -62 p.

229. Hakim R.S. History of the ggatar and Tatarstan: methodological and theoretical problems... -Kazan: Panorama-Forum, 1999.-43 p.

230. Khalikov A.Kh. Mongols, Tatars, Golden Horde and Bulgaria. -Kazan, 1994.-164 p. ; i

231. Khalikov A.Kh. Tatar people and their ancestors.-Kazan: Tatar, book. ed

232. Khalikov A.Kh. Tatar people and their ancestors.-Kazan: Tatar, book. Publishing house, 1989.-222 p. |

233. Khamidullin B.L. An unconventional view of the history of the Volga region

234. VIII-first half of the XV centuries // Idel.-2000.-№4.-С.34-40i

235. Khamidullin B.L. Peoples of the Kazan Khanate.-Kazan: Tatars, Prince. publishing house, 2002.-335 p.

236. Khasanov Kh.Kh. Formation of the Tatar bourgeois nation. -Kazan: Tatars, Prince. publishing house, 1977.-279 p.

237. Khairutdinov R.G. Cultural-national autonomy: theory and practice // History of statehood of the Republic of Tatarstan and the present. Materials of the Republican Scientific Conference on December 8-9, 1998 -Kazan, 2000. -P. 34-37.

238. Khotsei A.S. Theory of society.-Kazan, 2002. -621 p.

239. Khudyakov M.G. Essays on the history of the Kazan Khanate. -M .: Insan, 1991.-319 p. ;

240. Chaadaev P. Ya. Complete Works and Selected Letters. -M., 1991. -T. 1.-С.320-434J

241. Shakurov F.N. The development of historical knowledge among the Tatars until February 1917. Kazan: Publishing house of KSU, 2002.-127 p.

242. Shpet G. History as a problem of logic.-M., 2002. -1167 p.

243. Yusupov M.Kh. Shigabutdin Mardzhani as a historian.-Kazan: Tatars, Vol. publishing house, 1981.232 p. ! in Tatar)

244. Abdullin Y., Gosmanov M.A., Tairov I.R. Sadi Atlasi turinda //

245. Kazan utlary. -1986.-No.11.-172-176 b.

246. Abdullin Y. Gosmanov M.A., Tairov I.R. Sadi Atlasi galim emzhemegat eshlekles // Millet yazmyshy. -Kazan, 1999.-103-112 b.

248. G.A. Battal. Kazan terkilere.-Kazan: Tatar, whale. Nashr., 1996.-192 b.

249. Bikkulov K. Tatars of the Hannary.-Kazan, 1911. -34 b.

250. Validi Ehmed-Zaki. Kyskacha terek-tatar tarikhy. -Kazan: Tatar, whale. nash., 1992.-181 b. ;

251. Validi D. Millat ve milliat.-Orenburg, 1914. -50 b.

252. Gabeshi H.-G. Mokhtasar tarikhe kaume terki.-Kazan, 1907. -56 b.i

253. Gobeidullin G.S. Tarihi sekhifelar acylganda.-Kazan: Tatar, whale. Nashr., 1989.-336 6. |

254. Gosmanov M.A. Avyr tarikhnits modly kaytavazy. // Atlasov H. Seenbike.-Kazan, 1992.-64-71 b.

255. Dauletshin G.M. Türks-Tatars ruhi medeniyate tarikhy.-Kazan: Tatars, whale. nash., 1999. -512 b. |

256. Zekiev M.Z. Tartar graters of ethnogenesis. -Kazan: Ficker-Mascau: Insan, 1998.-622 6.!

257. Carimullin E.G. Sadi Atlasi Kom anyts "Seenbike" se // Yazmysh, Yazmysh.-Kazan, 1996.-126-129 b.

258. Carimullin E.G. Without tarikht ezlebez. -Kazan: Tatar, whale. nash., 2000.-463 b. |

259. Merzhani Sh. Mestafadel-ekhbar fi ekhvali Kazan ve Bolgar. -Kazan: I

260. Tatars, whale. Nashr., 1989. -C15 b.I

261. Iskhaki G. Idel-Uralg Yar Chaly, 1992. -48 b.

262. Remiev I. Vakytly ^ Tatars Matbugaty (album) 1905-1925 ellar. -Kazan: -Gezhur, 1926.231 b.

263. Soltanbekov B.F. Khadi Atlasi kisete // Soltanbekov B.F. TarikhIserlere acyla. -Kazan, 1994. -13-23 b.

264. Tairov I.R. Beisezlek baskychlary. -Kazan: Tatar, whale. nash., -1994.-279 6.;

265. F.I. Urmanche Idegei. Nursoltan. Sembike. -Kazan: Tatar, whale. nash., 1997.-174 6.I

266. Fakhretdinov R. Tatardagy deuleatchelek tarikhynyts tep staplary em reveshlare // Miras. -2000.-№2.-59-63b.

267. Fakhreddin R. Altyn Urda Hannary. -Kazan: Tatar, whale. Nashr., 1996. - 127 6.:

268. Fakhreddin R. Bolgar ve Kazan tereklere. -Kazan: Tatar, whale. nash., 1993.-287 6.j

269. Fakhreddin R. Kazan Hannary. -Kazan: Tatar, whale. Nashr., 1995. -189 b.

270. Fakhreddin R. Syngan kutseleme ve yangan yeregeme yuanich. // Gasyrlar avazy.-Echo of the eyelids.-2001.-№3 / 4.-60 b.

271. Fakhreddin R. Utemyshgerey khan ve Seenbike // Miras.-2001.-№10.-37-446. i

272. Ekhmeta ^ anov M. Idel Ural bue Tatarlarynyn, ethnic tarikhynakarata fikerler. // Miras. -2001.-№10.-30-376.11. (In Turkish)

273. Ansiklopedik sozluk.-Ankara, 1970.-S. 272.

274. Turk kulttiru ara§tirmalan.-Ankara 1993.-S. 20-37.1. Reference literature.

275. Brockhaus F.A., Efron I.A. Encyclopedic Dictionary, - Saint I

276. Petersburg, 1897-1905.-T: 5,9,20,24,29,58.

277. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. -M., 1976. -T.23.-S.507-508.

278. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. -M., 1978. -T.30.-S.363.

279. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. -M., 1977. -T.26.-S.466

280. Peoples and religions of the world. Encyclopedia. -M., 1998. -S.239-241, S.520-521. ;

281. Pavich M. Khazar dictionary. The novel is a lexicon of 100,000 words. Women's time. -SPb .: Publishing house "Azbuka", 1996. -382 p. I

282. V. V. Pokhlebkin. Tatars and Rus. 360 years of relations between Russia and the Tatar states in the XIII-XVI centuries, 1238-1598 - M .: International relationships, 2001.-189 p.

283. Soviet Historical Encyclopedia. -M., 1969. -T. 12.

284. Tatar encyclopedic Dictionary.-Kazan: Institute of the Tatar Encyclopedia, 1999.-703 p.

285. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. -M., 1999. -575 p. I

286. Encyclopedia of the Russian monarchy. Great Dukes. Kings i

287. Emperors. Symbols and regalia. Titles.-Yekaterinburg, 2002. -475 p.

288. RUSSIAN STATE COURT R STE G l5! N L BPBLNOTL /; /!