15 million people became victims of the terror of the Bolsheviks
Oleg Fedotov, in the Chronicle of Terror, recalls that from the very first days of Soviet power, massive repressions began in the country for political, religious and social reasons. In total, over the years of terror and repression, about 15 million people were arrested, exiled, deported or killed, and this number does not include those killed during the hostilities and convicted under criminal articles, including articles for embezzlement ("the law on three ears of wheat" ) and harsh articles for being late for work or absenteeism.
The Red Terror of 1918-1923.December 7, 1917, the Bolsheviks create Extraordinary Commission (Cheka) to fight counter-revolution. Felix Dzerzhinsky becomes the head of this organization. Vladimir Lenin calls for open terror against counterrevolutionaries. Enemies are identified by class. Soon the executions of representatives of the bourgeoisie, clergy and officers began. At the same time, millions of peasants become victims of famine due to the forced confiscation of food. In total during the so-called. "Red Terror" killed about 140 thousand people.
Collectivization 1929-1931 With the beginning of forced collectivization agriculture in the USSR, war was declared against the kulaks (wealthy peasants). In a short time, the authorities evicted hundreds of thousands of families to remote regions of the country. More than half a million people (mainly children) died during resettlement or in the first year of being in exile. Millions of people have starved to death. The total number of dispossessed people was about 1.8 million people.
Gulag 1930-1956 The Bolsheviks created the first concentration camp during the Civil War. In 1930, the General Administration of Camps (GULag) was formed. Millions of those convicted under Article 58 (counterrevolutionary activity) have passed through the system of such "correctional institutions" Due to the harsh conditions, such camps have become a grave for many innocently convicted people. Most of the prisoners in Soviet concentration camps were there in the position of disenfranchised slaves. The total number of deaths in the Gulag is approximately 1.6 million.
Great terror of 1937-1938 A wave of mass arrests and executions begins in the country. Under the pretext of fighting espionage and "enemies of the people", repressions are unfolding against the most diverse strata of the population. Those arrested are brutally tortured. Victims of reprisals become like supreme officials states and casual people. The verdict is passed by special "troikas". Among others, Efim Evdokimov and Fyodor Eikhmans were shot. And a little later (in 1940) and Nikolai Yezhov. But not for extrajudicial executions, but for "espionage", "anti-government conspiracy" and "counter-revolutionary activities." The number of those shot during this period is about 700 thousand people.
Deportations 1937-1945 In 1937, the first case of mass deportation on ethnic grounds occurs. FROM Of the Far East 170 thousand Koreans were evicted. Soon, other peoples of the USSR were subjected to merciless universal deportations: the Germans, crimean Tatars, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Karachais, etc. The total number of the deported is 2.46 million people.
Repressions in the western territories 1937-1941 The annexation of the western regions of Belarus and Ukraine to the USSR, as well as the Baltic states, led to the natural beginning of repression and deportation in these territories. Thousands of "socially alien" representatives of the bourgeoisie, kulaks and clergy were exiled or shot. In total, 260 thousand people were arrested during these repressions.
Well, their followers.
Great Siberian Ice Campaign - the official name of the retreat Eastern Front army of Admiral Kolchak to the east in the winter of 1920. In the course of the operation, in the harshest conditions of the Siberian winter, an unparalleled in length, almost 2,000-kilometer horse-and-foot crossing from Barnaul and Novonikolaevsk to Chita was completed. This campaign was officially named in the White Army "Great Siberian campaign"With the unofficial addition" Ice ".
The commander-in-chief of the Eastern Front led the campaign General Staff Lieutenant General Vladimir Oskarovich Kappel. After his death on January 26, 1920, General Sergei Nikolaevich Voitsekhovsky took command of the troops.
Hike history
The retreat began after the White Army left Omsk on November 14, 1919. The army, led by General Kappel, retreated along the Trans-Siberian Railway, using the available echelons to transport the wounded. The Red Army was advancing on its heels from the west. The situation was complicated by numerous mutinies in the rear cities and attacks by scattered partisan and bandit detachments. The transition was further aggravated by severe Siberian frosts.
Control over the railway was in the hands of the Czechoslovak Corps, as a result of which General Kappel's units were deprived of the opportunity to use the railway. Therefore, the white troops plunged into sledges and moved on them. The armies, therefore, were gigantic sled carts.
With the approach of the White Guards in Krasnoyarsk, an uprising of the garrison began, led by the chief of the garrison, General Bronislav Zinevich. General Zinevich, deciding to make peace with the Bolsheviks, began to persuade Kappel by telegraph to do the same. General Kappel did not agree to peace and then ordered to drive Zinevich's garrison out of the city. After a series of skirmishes (January 5-6, 1920) about 12 thousand White Guards, bypassing Krasnoyarsk from the north and crossing the Yenisei, moved east, about the same number of people surrendered to the Krasnoyarsk garrison. These actions of a part of the White Guard were associated with fatigue from the already completed campaign and the uncertainty of the further path.
The retreat after Krasnoyarsk broke into several columns. The column under the command of Konstantin Sakharov went along the Siberian tract and the railway, and Kappel's column headed north along the Yenisei, then along the Kan River to Kansk, where it joined with Sakharov's column. Part of the second column moved further north along the Yenisei until its confluence with the Angara, then along the Angara to the mouth of the Ilim River, along which it headed to Ilimsk, after which it headed across Baikal to Ust-Barguzin and Chita.
The crossing along the Kan River turned out to be one of the most difficult parts of the trip. Historian Ruslan Gagkuev describes this episode of the campaign as follows:
During the transition, General Kappel fell into a wormwood and froze his legs. The amputation of the legs and inflammation of the lungs caused by hypothermia severely undermined the general's strength and on January 26, 1920, Kappel died, transferring control of the troops to General Voitsekhovsky. The troops, who continued the campaign, took Kappel's body with them.
January 21 in Irkutsk Supreme ruler Russian Admiral Kolchak was extradited by the Czechoslovakians to the Bolsheviks. On January 23, in Nizhneudinsk, at the council of the army headquarters, assembled by the dying General Kappel, it was decided to take Irkutsk by storm, free Kolchak and create a new front in Transbaikalia to fight the Bolsheviks.
The Red Army men who seized power in Irkutsk tried to stop the Whites by sending red detachments from Irkutsk to meet them, which occupied the Zima station. On January 29, after a stubborn battle, units of the 2nd Army of Voitsekhovsky captured Winter.
The movement of the White Army to Irkutsk was delayed. Fearing that the Kappelites would still take Irkutsk and free Kolchak, Lenin directly authorized the execution of Kolchak, which was carried out on February 7, 1920.
Upon learning of the execution of Kolchak, General Voitsekhovsky did not carry out the now unnecessary assault on Irkutsk. The Kappelevites bypassed Irkutsk in two columns and headed for the village of Bolshoye Goloustnoye. It was planned to cross Baikal from there and reach the Mysovaya station of the Trans-Baikal railway. There the troops of Ataman Semyonov and medical trains were already awaiting the Kapelevites.
In mid-February 1920, the Kappelites crossed Baikal, which, along with the crossing along the Kan River, became one of the most difficult sections of the route of the Great Siberian Campaign. A total of 30-35 thousand people crossed Lake Baikal. At Mysovaya station, the wounded and sick Kappelevites, as well as women and children, were loaded onto trains, and the healthy ones continued their march (about 600 km) to Chita, which they reached in early March 1920.
When the campaign ended, General Voitsekhovsky instituted the Badge of Distinction of the Military Order "For the Great Siberian Campaign" (the title of the award put it on a par with the Order of St. George of the Russian Imperial Army). The badge was awarded to all soldiers and officers who passed the Great Siberian Ice March.
First, about the state of the Kolchak army:
D.V. Filatyev The Catastrophe of the White Movement in Siberia: Eyewitness Impressions <Париж, 1985>:
What was at that time what they continued to call the "army", which Kolchak and Sakharov, sitting in the cars, counted on as a force, that at some point it would stop and, going over to the defensive, would put up stubborn resistance to the Reds , and in the spring will start the offensive again?
The number of troops was not known to anyone, it was taken at random at 60 thousand people; in fact, there were hardly 30 thousand, at least only twelve thousand reached Transbaikalia, and about the same number remained voluntarily near Krasnoyarsk, a total of about 25 thousand, which, however, could not at all be called soldiers. The peasants who rode on the sleigh in groups of two or three, although they had rifles with them, were ready to use them without getting out of the sleigh. Nobody wanted to leave the sleigh under any circumstances - everyone knew that you would get off - they would not wait and leave them to their own devices. This was the psychology of the "traveling". I experienced it myself: at night a horse fell under me and crushed me into a snowdrift; Hundreds of sledges with soldiers passed by, and not one responded to the cries for help, and some answered: "We have no time for you"; fought for half an hour, until he managed to get out from under the horse, and then to raise it. There were no guns at all, no machine guns either, with the exception of two or three preserved by the Votkinskites. While we were driving along the tract near the railway, the army headquarters had the opportunity to telegraph the commander-in-chief on the train and from day to day they reported the same thing: "Such and such an army, after a stubborn battle with the enemy in excellent numbers, withdrew to such and such a line." This line was always 25-30 versts from the previous overnight stay. But since there were stubborn battles every day, then there should have been losses, the severity of which was aggravated by the fact that the troops had neither medical personnel nor bandages. Inexperienced in the service, Sakharov and his staff calmly marked on the map the new lines of the disposition of the troops, made reports for Kolchak and filed telegrams to the case. I once advised Quartermaster General Burlin to ask the army about losses and what is being done to relieve the wounded. Despite many repetitions, there was no response from any army. Wishing later, when the headquarters of the commander-in-chief united in the foot movement after Krasnoyarsk with the headquarters of the third army, to clarify this question, I asked the officers why they did not give an answer to the request for losses. In response I heard: yes, we did not have any losses, except for typhus, there were no battles. We walked in a completely peaceful manner, stopped for the night in the villages, cooked breakfast in the morning, then harnessed and drove on. The Reds spent the night following us at our previous stop. Sometimes they rose before ours, approached us by three versts and began firing machine guns. Then we immediately harnessed and left. Once one of our regiment commanders decided to warn the Reds and he himself was the first to open fire on the Reds' overnight stay. They immediately took off and retreated, and we came and ate the breakfast they had prepared.
So it went up to Krasnoyarsk, the head of the garrison of which, General Zinevich, decided to make peace with the Bolsheviks and persuade Kappel to do the same. Kappel, of course, did not agree to this and refused to go on a date to Zinevich in Krasnoyarsk.
Since it was clear that the headquarters train would not be allowed through Krasnoyarsk, at the last station in front of the city we got out of the carriages and transferred to a sleigh. Along the canvas was the 2nd Army of General Voitsekhovsky, whom Kappel instructed to drive the rebellious garrison out of the city.
The troops were moved by three columns, but none of them reached the city, frightened, as the leaders of the columns explained, of an armored car that appeared on railroad west of Krasnoyarsk. The armored car turned out to be Polish (the Poles were at the tail of the Czech echelons), did not open fire and was only a pretext for canceling the attack, into which the troops did not rush.
The next day, January 5, Kappel decided to lead the offensive himself. And here we got an unforgettable picture that could give a complete idea of \u200b\u200bwhat the Siberian army was like as a force.
From Krasnoyarsk, to block our path, half a company of infantry with machine guns was sent, which occupied the heights to the north-west of the city about three versts from it. On the opposite plateau several thousand sledges have gathered with our "army" sitting on them. Immediately on horseback was Kappel and several horsemen with him. The Krasnoyarsk half-company could be driven out by a detour to the left and a blow to the forehead. However, not a single soldier wanted to get out of the sleigh. Then a company of the officer school is sent, it opens fire outside the reality of the shot, the red ones, of course, do not leave from under such fire and also continue to shoot in the air. "Opponents" freeze against each other until dark, and at night everyone who wanted to walk freely around Krasnoyarsk and even through the city itself. These turned out to be, together with the 3rd Army, marching to the south, about twelve thousand people, who later received the name "Kappelevites". Approximately the same number surrendered voluntarily to the Krasnoyarsk garrison, not out of conviction, of course, but because they were tired of endlessly retreating and moving into the unknown.
At the same time as the officer company was moved forward to drive off the Reds, in the rear of the latter was our cavalry division of Prince Kantakuzin, which had passed Krasnoyarsk somewhat earlier. Despite the fact that the division consisted of only 300-350 horsemen, it cost nothing to drive the red half company, if only by designating an attack to the rear. But such activity did not even occur to the head of the division.
It is possible that he knew the price of his division well. Two days later, on the first day of Christmas, this division camped in the village of Barabanovo and was warmly received by the residents. I'm with the gene. Ryabikov rode a sleigh with this division. At 9 o'clock in the evening, when we were going to bed, suddenly there were separate shots from a nearby grove. The head of the division ordered to knock the shooters out of the grove. A command is issued "to a foot battle, such and such a platoon forward", and ... not a single soul moved. The division saddled its horses, harnessed the sled, and moved wherever they looked.
It was clear that the soldiers' nerves could no longer withstand the sound of shots, and those writers of everyday life who talk about some kind of sacred fire that seemed to kindle the hearts of the Kappelites were simply inventing, wanting to pass off as reality what they would like it to be. The soldier, in fact, was not afraid of the enemy, but was afraid to part with the sleigh, because he knew perfectly well that once you get off them, then you will not sit down - they will not wait and they will not think of mutual help. It was no longer an army, but a panicked crowd, stupidly, without any thought, spontaneously striving to the east in the hope of somewhere, beyond some border, to break away from the Reds and feel safe. The moment of animal fear has arrived.
As a curiosity, such a case can be cited. In the taiga (not on the highway), settlements are rare and very small. In one of these villages, some part of them settled down for a day's rest and started brewing tea. The other unit following her knew that they would no longer find a place in the village, everything would be crammed to capacity, and until the next dwelling they had to walk 15 miles and so the commander of this unit, not reaching half a mile to the village, opened fire upward. As soon as shots were heard, the bivouacking unit immediately harnessed and rushed forward. Such is the panic psychology: they knew perfectly well that there could be no Reds in the taiga and that there was a sled stretching its own ribbon for several miles behind, but once they shoot, then harness and leave. I just drove up from behind, when a new part was brewing tea and the officers were laughing about how they cleared out the parking lot ...
well, and a description of the actual Ice hike:
The gold reserves passed to the Bolsheviks. From the former aggregate power of the government of Admiral Kolchak, only one army remained, which, divided into two columns, spontaneously moved to the east, not knowing anything of what was happening in Irkutsk. 2nd Army was on the roads north of the railway, 3rd to the south; The 1st Army was somehow atomized.
Mindful of the Krasnoyarsk experience, Kappel took measures for the 2nd Army if possible, did not meet with the red (!!!), and therefore soon after Krasnoyarsk turned off the road and went along the Kan River. It turned out unprecedented in military history A 110-verst trek across the ice of the river, where in winter neither a raven flies nor a wolf runs, there is a continuous impassable taiga all around. The frost was up to 35 degrees. At one time we got into a critical situation when at the end of the way we came across a hot spring that was running over the ice and turning it into mush. Rows of sledges crowded around this obstacle, since the horses did not pull on the soggy ice, and there was no way to get around it because of the steep banks. They were afraid that the ice would collapse under the weight of so many sleighs and horses, but everything turned out well, we made our way one by one, getting out of the sleigh. The wet felt boots were immediately covered with ice crust. To avoid pneumonia, the last 10 miles across the river I had to walk in pood felt boots. On this transition, Kappel grabbed an erysipelas of the leg and then the lungs and soon died. Those who died during the transition of typhoid were put right on the ice and drove on. How many there were, no one knows, and they were not interested in this, they got used to death.
This legendary Siberian Ice campaign is usually compared to Kornilov's Ice campaign and is even considered more difficult. It must be true to say that such a comparison, although flattering for us, who walked along Kahn, is completely wrong. Our position was immeasurably lighter than Kornilov's, because we did not have an enemy before us, we did not have to "break through," and this radically changed matters. Then bright sun, the complete calmness made it possible to easily endure the frost, and they were dressed, without exception, in felt boots and sheepskin coats, and no one, moreover, walked on foot. Kornilov had a completely different position, and we do not have to be equal to his Ice campaign.
At the Zima station, we encountered a red detachment, which, fortunately for us, was attacked from the rear by the Czechs and partly killed, partly taken prisoner. It was sad for the first time to drive past the lying corpses of their own Russian people (of course, already undressed to their underwear, on this score there was no exception) and look at the residents peering out from behind the gates of the village in fright, seeing for the first time civil war and did not understand anything about it.
We got to Irkutsk safely. Here they learned that the admiral had been shot the day before. This eliminated the main motive to attack the city. The Czechs, as in their time with General Sychev, warned that they would not allow the shelling of Irkutsk from the Innokentyevskaya station, where we were. This circumstance did not play a big role, since there were almost no Reds in Irkutsk - they left the day before - and the city could be taken from any side, but at a meeting of the chiefs, the head of the Votkinsk division, General Molchanov, said: “We will enter the city, of course, we will enter, but will we leave it, the big question is, pogrom and robbery will begin, and we will lose the last power over the soldier. " This opinion was decisive, and on the night of February 7-8, they bypassed the city from the south-western side. The Reds sent in pursuit of several artillery shots, and that was the end of the matter. At the end of February, we reached Transbaikalia without incident and finally sighed calmly - now the Japanese stood between us and the Reds.
In Chasty, at least 5,000 people were disarmed and escorted to Krasnoyarsk - this is how the liquidation of the retreating Kolchakites in the village ended
The flight of the Kolchakites from Chastnostrovsky fell on the beginning of January 1920. Colonel Moiseyev writes: “In the fall of 1919, units of the Red Army quickly pushed the Kolchakites to the east. Soviet power was re-established in Krasnoyarsk.
The remnants of Kolchak's army faced a problem - to break through to the east, bypassing the rebellious revolutionary Krasnoyarsk. There was only one way - to bypass the side on country roads. Therefore, from the Glass Factory and Emelyanov, scattered and demoralized columns of white brigades, regiments and divisions turned left and walked along country roads to Serebryakovo-Chastnostrovskoe. Some units managed to cross to the right bank of the Yenisei in the Kubekovo-Esaulovo area, but there it turned out that the right bank was mountainous and it was absolutely impossible to go along it to the east - they had to cross over the ice to the left bank, to Chastnostrovskoe. Thus, in Chastyh two streams of retreating were united ... The first to appear in Chastyostrovskoe were units of the Kappel General Sakharov ... ".
Lieutenant General Vladimir Oskarovich Kappel, by order of Admiral Kolchak on December 12, 1919, was appointed commander-in-chief of the Eastern Front. He was entrusted with an impossible task - to try to somehow organize the disorderly flight of the scattered parts of the “white movement” that had practically ceased to exist near Krasnoyarsk and to bring their remnants to the east.
This exodus was later called the Great Siberian Ice Campaign by its former participants - romantic white émigré officers - in their numerous memoirs published in America and France. In 2004, selected passages of these memoirs were published by the Moscow publishing house "Tsentrpoligraf", and further the author will supplement the memoirs of the colonel Soviet army Konstantin Ivanovich Moiseev's memoirs of the tsarist officers. Moiseev recalls: “On the night of December 25 (January 7 according to the old style), my father, the only Bolshevik who was in Chastnostrovsky in those days, had to urgently run on horseback into the taiga. And in Chastykh, a pandemonium began: the Kappelites who entered the village took away cows and pigs from the population, immediately slaughtered them, transferred them to meat. The women did not leave the stoves for days - they were forced to bake bread and prepare food for soldiers and officers. The men all went into the taiga and hid from mobilization through the captures. The Kappelevites took away all the stocks of hay, oats, flour, took the horses and ran on without looking back ... ”.
Colonel A. G. Efimov, commander of the Izhevsk cavalry regiment, editor of the "Bulletin of the Society of Veterans" describes the same day differently The great war in San Francisco ", in the publication of 1974:" After a short rest in Drokino, our cavalry regiment moved to the village of Chastoostrovskoe. Dawn broke and the day came on January 7, according to the old style December 25, the feast of the Nativity of Christ. In the evening we settled down for the night in a rich village. The residents celebrated the Great Holiday and made us feel welcome. The food was hearty and tasty. For a long time we have not seen excellent white bread and sweet rolls, fried pigs, geese, ducks and more. Our loyal, hardy horse friends have received plenty of hay and oats. Unfortunately, the rest lasted only four hours. Other parts came up, and it was necessary to clean the place with them. We performed at midnight ... followed the path to the mouth of the Kan River ... ".
And Commander-in-Chief Kappel did not have to sleep that night. “On January 6 or 7, 1920,” writes Colonel V. Vyrypaev in his memoirs, who was moving in one column with the commander-in-chief Kappel, “a meeting of the chiefs of individual units was convened in the village of Chastnostrovskaya.” This meeting took place in the house of the church head Tolstikhin, where Kappel stayed for the night. This house has survived to this day. Now it is the summer residence of the famous Krasnoyarsk vascular surgeon Vladimir Tolstikhin, the great-grandson of the former church head. "Interview local residents established - wrote in 1965 former major general F. Puchkov, - that there is a winter path to the city of Kansk - along the Yenisei and Kan rivers, bypassing the threatened section of the path ... ". “It was decided to make a detour on the ice of the freezing Yenisei,” Colonel Vyrypaev recalled, “this campaign was sometimes delayed by clashes with local rebels. During one of these skirmishes, the commander of the Simbirsk lancers walking a little behind was so nervous that he ordered the regimental banner to be submerged under the ice of the Yenisei before contacting the enemy ... "
Stories of fiery years
“The partisans fired at them from ambushes,” says Colonel Konstantin Moiseev further, “the snowy roads in the direction of Kuvarshin and Barabanov were pierced by the retreating Kolchakites right along the virgin lands 15–20 meters wide. In a few days, at least 20-25 thousand Kappelevites passed through Frequent. They filled all the houses and baths. They burned bonfires right on the streets - warmed themselves. Our residents have endured a lot these days and almost all remained horseless - the horses were requisitioned by the White Guards ... ".
Today's often-island old-timers no longer remember anything about Kolchak's times and the flight of whites through the village. But still, in different variations I was told different people two stories of those fiery years passed down from generation to generation. One sad and truly fiery one: officers staying with a lonely widow got drunk in the evening and raped her young daughter. In the morning, only the charred corpses of officers were found on the site of the widow's house: the widow waited until the drunken officers fell asleep, propped up the door with a stake and set her own hut on fire. Neither the widow herself nor her daughter have been seen since then. As often the residents of the island did not see the broken-hearted soldier who fell in love with a temporary guest and went on the run after him, having played before that stormy wedding.
“And there were no military clashes and casualties in Frequent, - writes Moiseev, - partisan commander Goncharov, apparently, soberly assessed the situation and imagined how a clash in the village could end with a defeated, but still well-armed army. And he avoided contact. He attacked those retreating away from the population, and many thanks to him for not endangering the residents ... ”.
Summing up the short stay of O. V. Kappel in Chastnostrovsky, Quartermaster General F. F. Puchkov wrote in the journal of the American participants of the Siberian ice campaign "Vestnik pioneer" in May 1965: "On the morning of January 7, the Ufa group, headquarters and the north, following the left bank of the Yenisei or, at times, along the ice of the river ... ". General Kappel and most of his army went from Chastnostrovsky to last way, which was determined by the commanders at a night meeting in the house of the church head.
The collapse and disarmament of the Kappelites
Meanwhile, units of the 5th Red Army under the command of Tukhachevsky sat on the tail of the White Guards. And the partisans Kravchenko and Shchetinkina pressed back the retreating along the lines Minusinsk - Achinsk and Minusinsk - Krasnoyarsk. On January 8, 1920, the partisans joined up with the Red Army and entered Krasnoyarsk. And along the streets of Chastykh, the remnants of Kolchak's units, cut off from their pursuers, still fled to the east.
In early January, some of the men who were hiding in the taiga secretly went home.
On January 8, a meeting of the most reliable and courageous fellow villagers took place in our bathhouse. It was headed by my father. Present: I. S. Moiseev, O. A. Basin, Mikhail Khramov, I. Galkin, Eremey Kuzhlev and ensign G. I. Kiselyov, who was lagging behind the Kolchakites. It was decided to talk to the former front-line soldiers, whom they could rely on and entrust their weapons to. For the day of January 9, battle groups, got in touch with Esaulova, Kuvarshina and the city. The plan to disarm and evacuate prisoners to the military camp was approved. Returning from the city, Kuzhlev reported that he had agreed that the military town would receive the prisoners and guarantee their life and safety. He brought basic instructions and a unified plan of action and, most importantly, said that Kolchak had been arrested in Irkutsk.
It was necessary to act, but how? After all, they could have done with beginners as in Barabanovo with Baryshnikov and Shalygin. The army, though exhausted and demoralized, remains an army. And in their hands are weapons and impunity for actions against the unarmed. By the evening of January 9, Chastnoostrovskoe was again filled with retreating. Our task force walked through the village one by one, listening to the mood of the soldiers. And the mood turned out to be such that everyone was tired of this hopeless flight, and even under the bullets of the partisans. After some consultation, the task force decided to start negotiations. One of the officers by the name of Pirozhkov was standing in our apartment. Here we started with Pirozhkov. When he was informed that Krasnoyarsk was already Soviet and that the taiga was ahead of them, in which there were much more partisans than they had met until now, and Kolchak had already been arrested, he thought. Then we offered to surrender and settle in the barracks of a military town in Krasnoyarsk, where the Red Army command guarantees security for both soldiers and officers. Pirozhkov replied that, in principle, he agreed with both the situation and the conditions, but that he alone could not resolve this issue and he needed to consult with Colonel Geraga. Pirozhkov went with my father and Warrant Officer Kiselyov (dressed in peasant clothes) to Colonel Gerage, who lodged in the house of the blacksmith I. M. Krezhestiak. Geraga listened to the delegation and said that he did not believe in Kolchak's arrest, in the guarantee of life and freedom. And he himself told them how he saw the current situation. But most of the officers, realizing the hopelessness of their situation, agreed to surrender. And only one, going out into the street, shot himself. At 12 o'clock in the morning, the handover of weapons began. Kuzhelev led the first wagon train to a military town. A start was made - 700 people were disarmed. By three o'clock in the morning, the often-island battle groups had gathered. Before handing them weapons, they were instructed not to be looted or killed. For violation - execution. And there and then the father was appointed chairman of the executive committee, and Khramov - the chief of defense, ensign Kiselyov - the chief of staff. PS Koshcheev handed over his powers of the volost foreman to the new chairman of the volost executive committee I. S. Moiseev.
The bell announced the conflict
After the disarmament of the first detachment of whites, Mikhail Khramov smashed all the armed men into platoons: 5–6 platoons of 25 people each, armed with rifles, light and heavy machine guns. Two special groups were created: the first - machine-gun (5-6 heavy machine guns "Maxim"), the second - mounted reconnaissance of 15-20 dashing guys. A round-the-clock observation post was installed on the bell tower with a telephone connected to the outermost house at the bottom - near Lomsky. There was a telephone there too. Contact was also maintained with Esaulova, Kuvarshina and Krasnoyarsk. As soon as the observers noticed the carts moving in the direction of the village, they immediately reported to the headquarters, and at night these tasks were carried out by horse patrols. Horse patrols set out to meet the convoys and, 2-3 kilometers from the village, the chief commander of the Whites was given an ultimatum to disarm and surrender. And the machine-gun team, which was on duty in the outer huts, occupied firing positions. If there was no conflict ahead, then a rare ringing in the middle bell was heard from the bell tower, and everyone knew that the convoy had accepted the terms of surrender. In the event of a conflict, a large bell was to be struck frequently. This is anxiety and we must take the fight.
Vladimir Perminov: General Kappel. - Pravaya.ru - Radical Orthodoxy (unspecified) ... www.pravaya.ru. Retrieved 12 November 2015.