Give an assessment of the natural resources of the Far East. Development of natural resources in the Far East Assessment of natural resources of the Far East table

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

To improve the skills of analyzing and assessing reserves of PR, the role in human life.

Develop the ability to independently work with various sources of geographic information.

Equipment: Physical, climatic maps of Russia

Stroke lesson

I. Organizing time

Geographic digital dictation

Assignment: assign numbers to natural complexes, if the attribute corresponds to the complex.

Complexes:Chukotka, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Commander Islands, Ussuri taiga.

Signs:

1. Here grow: Amur velvet, Manchurian nuts, Amur grapes, etc.

2. Discovered this territory of Dalny.

3. This is the coldest part of the Far East.

4. There are many active volcanoes in the Eastern Ridge.

5. The origin of the ridge is volcanic.

6. The population uses thermal waters as a recreational resource. “Everything here is not like ours. All the same, but not that. Squirrels are not red, but black. Magpies are blue. "

I visited the island here.

The highest peak of the Far East is Klyuchevskaya Sopka.

10. The researchers of this natural complex are a famous traveler and writer.

11. Here they say "12 months are winter, and the rest of the time is summer."

12. The attraction of this PTC is a grandiose fir grove.

13. There are large seals rookeries here.

14. Lake Khanka is the largest lake in the Far East.

15.In 1995, an earthquake destroyed the city of Neftegorsk.

16. Natural unique of the Far East - the Valley of Geysers is located in this PTC.

17. This territory is one of the first in Russia in terms of the number of endemics.

18. Here, most of the territory is occupied by the subzone of coniferous-birch park forests with a predominance of stone and Japanese birches.

19. The population grows rice, soybeans.

20. Vitus Bering is buried in one of them.

Answers:

Chukotka - 3, 11.

Kamchatka - 2.4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 18.

Sakhalin-8, 15.

Commander Islands - 5, 13, 20.

Ussuri taiga - 1, 7, 10, 14, 17, 19.

The form of work is an independent assessment of the natural resources of the Far East using maps, text of the textbook and filling out the table:

Resource type		Estimates of the resource and the possibility of its use
Mineral	Tin in Chukotka in the ridge. Sikhote-Alin. Tungsten, mercury, lead-zinc ores - Sikhote-Alin. Coal - Berechinskiy, Suchanskiy basin. Oil, gas - Sakhalin. Gold - Kolyma, Chukotka, Sikhote-Alin, lower reaches of the Amur.	They are rich, but there are problems in the north: undeveloped territories, lack of population, lack of roads. Unfavorable natural conditions (cold winters, polar night in Chukotka, permafrost)

Natural resources of the Far East (continued)

Resource type	Resource location in the Far East	Assessment of the resource and the possibility of its use
Agroclimatic	In the south of the Far East Amur region, Primorye.
	Rivers - Amur, Zeya, Burel, Ussuri	For hydroelectric power plants, navigable. Flood problem.
Energy		Weakly used
Biological	Forests. Fur animals, fish - herring, salmon, halibut, pollock, etc. Crabs.	Rich reserves, valuable timber. The Pacific Ocean provides the main fish catch.

At the end of the lesson, the table and the output against the table are evaluated.

IV Homework

Topic: Natural resources of the Far East

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

Consider the natural resources of the Far East - types, location, possibility of use.

To form knowledge about the environmental problems of the Far East.

Develop the ability to work with different sources of geographic information.

Equipment:Physical, climatic maps of Russia and the Far East; maps of natural areas; tectonic map, zoogeographic map (R .: p. 159), herbarium, collection of rocks.

During the classes

I. Organizing time

II. Reiteration. Homework check

Working in pairs or groups

Hear a comparison of two natural-territorial complexes of the Far East.

The task of the listeners is to identify the resources of the natural complex and to determine (evaluate) the living conditions of a person in this NTC.

Work on the map.To show on the map.

Option I:Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, Shelikhov Bay, Sakhalin Island, Cape Dezhnev, Kuril Islands, Sredinny Range. Koryak Upland, Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano, Dzhugdzhur ridge, Khanka lake, Amur river, Zeya river.

// option:Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan, Bering Sea, Kunashir Strait, Nevelsky Strait, Commander Islands, Chukotka Peninsula, Peter the Great Bay, Ratmanov Island, Sikhote-Alin Ridge, Chukotka Upland, Ussuri River, Anadyr River.

III. Learning new material

The Far East stretches from north to south for 4 thousand kilometers. In the north of the Far East - the Chukotka Peninsula - there is snow almost all year round, and ice floats in the seas, on the surface of the tundra, and permafrost under the ground.

Residents of Chukotka say: "We have 12 months of winter, and the rest is summer."

In the south of the Far East, located at the latitude of the North Caucasus (Vladivostok lies at the latitude of Sochi), warm, humid summers. Heat-loving trees also grow here - Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, Amur grapes, relict endemic plant ginseng and tender lotus.

Remember in which natural complex of Russia, besides Lake Hanga, does a lotus grow? (In the Astrakhan nature reserve in the Volga delta.)

The Far East is washed by the seas of two oceans. Name the seas. (Chukotka, Beringovo, Okhotsk, Japanese.)

The territory of the Far East is the most remote from the European part of Russia, from the capital of Russia - Moscow. It is not very easy to populate and master it. For the development of the Far East, the longest road in the world, the Siberian Railway, has been laid here, the rails of which break off in Vladivostok on the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan.

Why are we developing this part of Russia? What does the Far East give Russia? What resources were used by the indigenous population of the Far East?

We will determine today what natural resources the territory of the Far East is rich in, what is the possibility of using resources in the Far East.

Mineral resources of the Far East

Let's get acquainted with the mineral resources of the Far East. What cards will give us information about this kind of resource? (Tectonic, physical maps.)

The main mineral in the Far East is gold. Find deposits on maps, name them. (These are the Selemdzhi river basin, the Sikhote-Alin slope, the lower reaches of the Amur river, the Chukotka peninsula, the Kamchatka river.)

The second place is occupied by non-ferrous metal ores, lead, zinc, mercury, and tin. The famous "tin belt" runs here in the east of Asia.

Tin occurs in Chukotka, in the Sikhote-Alin ridge, in the Bureinsky ridge, in the south of the Kolyma Upland. The Sikhote-Alin ridge contains deposits of tungsten, molybdenum, lead and zinc (Tetyukhinskoe deposit of lead-zinc ores). Iron ores are mined in the south of the Far East - in the Amur region, the Bureinsky ridge.

So, we have identified large mineral deposits in the Far East. Guys, what do these minerals have in common? What do they have in common? (These are ore minerals.)

True, why are there many deposits of ore minerals in the Far East? (This is a mountainous area, a folded area, composed of igneous rocks, which are dominated by ores.)

Are there nonmetallic minerals in the Far East? (There are coal deposits - the Bureinsky basin, and in the south of Primorye the Partizanskoye deposit, on Sakhalin Island, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Oil and gas are produced in the north of Sakhalin Island.)

Let's evaluate the resources of minerals and the possibilities of their use.

In the Far East, there are various minerals - both ore and combustible. But some of the deposits are located in undeveloped areas where there are no roads. In addition, the natural conditions are unfavorable - polar night, cold winters, permafrost, mountainous terrain, and a high probability of earthquakes. There are especially great difficulties in the development of deposits in the north of the Far East.

Agroclimatic resources

-Agro-climatic resources are necessary for agriculture, this is moisture and heat supply. It is determined by the availability of heat according to the annual sum of temperatures, i.e. average daily temperatures above + 10 ° C.)

Agroclimatic map (R .: p. 102, rice, 46).

The south of the Far East has favorable conditions for agriculture, there is enough warmth for plant growth, and precipitation occurs in a monsoon climate.

In the summer, which makes it possible to engage in agriculture without irrigation and sprinkling. Autumn in the Far East is dry (the rainy season ends), which is convenient for harvesting.

The most favorable conditions are in the Amur region and in the lowlands of Primorye. Even heat-loving crops grow here: soybeans, rice, tomatoes, cucumbers and even grapes.

Water resources

Let us estimate the availability of fresh water in the Far East, that is, a dense or sparse river network, the presence of large lakes. (The river network is dense, because the eastern slopes receive a lot of precipitation. The rivers are full in summer. They freeze in winter.)

Large rivers - Amur with Zeya, Bureya, Ussuri - in the south of the Far East. Mountain rivers have hydropower resources, that is, they can be used to build hydroelectric power plants. Navigable rivers of the Far East. (Cupid, Zeya, Boorhea, Ussuri.)

It is true that the Selemdzha and Amgun rivers are also navigable. What are the possibilities of using rivers? (Rivers can also be used for householdneeds, and for the construction of hydroelectric power plants, and as transport routes. But in summer, floods and floods are possible.)

Energetic resources

In the Far East there are special inexhaustible types of resources that are still used to a very small extent by humans for energy. Name them. (This is energyinternal heat of the earth- hot springs of Kamchatka, and the energy of the ebb and flow, in the Shelikhov Bay in the Penzhinskaya Bay the highest tides are up to 13 meters.)

The Pauzheyskaya geothermal station operates in Kamchatka; hot water is used to heat buildings and greenhouses. In Penzhinskaya Bay - there was a project for the construction of a tidal power plant, and it was marked on the maps as under construction, but on later maps this station was not marked.

Output:Energy resources are poorly used.

Biological resources.

The biological resources of the Far East are very rich.

The indigenous population of the entire Far East has long been engaged in hunting and fishing. The inhabitants of Chukotka were engaged in the fishing of whales, walruses, seals, and fur seals.

There is still a tradition in Chukotka: the sea whale fishing ended with the delivery of the whale to the shore. The whole village gathered, young and old, to get a piece of the still-warm whale liver. It is a remedy for scurvy.

30 fur animals are used as a hunting object. And young antlers of spotted deer (deer-flower) and red deer are used for the production of a valuable medicine - pantocrine.

The fish resources of the Pacific seas are of great importance. Salmon are especially appreciated - salmon, chum salmon, pink salmon, chinook salmon. There are a lot of herring, pollock and saury caught in the seas. Crabs, shrimps, shellfish, seaweed - kelp are harvested. Forests are rich in valuable wood species.

Biological resources are rich and the possibility of using them is not bad. The problem is in the ice cover of the seas in winter, since the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk was filled with ice in June and the movement of ships is possible only with the help of icebreakers.

Recreational resources. Students evaluate recreational resources independently. The result of the lesson should be a completed table:

Natural resources of the Far East

*Mineral resources*	Gold, tin, iron ores, non-ferrous metals, coal, oil, mercury, mineral springs.
*Agroclimatic resources*	Favorable conditions for farming
*Water resources*	Dense river network, transport routes, hydroelectric power plants
*Energetic resources*	Energy of rivers, energy of ebb and flow, hydro-thermal springs of Kamchatka
*Biological* *resources*	Valuable fish species, marine animals, timber, medicinal plants
*Recreational resources*	Exotic valleys of Kamchatka, Ussuri region, beaches in the Nakhodka region

Homework:B .: §43; Make a short description of one of the PTC in Russia for the recognition of this PTC by students.

The natural conditions of the Far East are distinguished by a sharp contrast, which is due to the huge extent of the territory from north to south. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains and high plateaus. The average height of the mountains is 1000-1500 m.The lowlands are located only in relatively small areas along the river valleys. Permafrost is widespread in a significant part of the region, which complicates the construction and development of agriculture. There are more than 20 active volcanoes in Kamchatka, many geysers. The largest of the volcanoes is Klyuchevskaya Sopka with a height of 4750 m.

The Far East has a rich and varied mineral resource base. Explored in the area of \u200b\u200bdeposits of diamonds, gold, tin, mercury and tungsten. There are huge fuel resources, a variety of ore raw materials and building materials. The region occupies a leading place in the country in terms of tin reserves, the main deposits of which are located in the Republic of Sakha (Deputatskoye) and in the Magadan region (Nevskoye, Iltinskoye). Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk are rich in tin. Polymetals (lead, zinc, arsenic, silver, cadmium) are found in admixture with tin. Large deposit of polymetallic ores - Tetyukhe in the Primorsky Territory. Mercury deposits have been found in Chukotka, in the northeastern part of Yakutia and in the Koryak Upland (Kamchatka Region). Tungsten deposits are located in the Magadan region (Iultinskoe tin-tungsten deposit) and in the Primorsky Territory (Armu-Imansky district).

There are raw materials for ferrous metallurgy in the Far East. Iron ores are concentrated mainly in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, in the Amur Region and the Republic of Sakha. The Malokhingan iron ore region is located on the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region. The largest deposit in this area is Kimkanskoye. Manganese ores are also found here, mainly in the south of the Small Khingan. In the south of the Sakha Republic in the basin of the river. Aldan is the South Aldan iron ore region. The largest iron ore deposits in the region are Taezhnoye and Pionerskoye.

Not far from the South Aldan iron ore region, there are large deposits of coking coal - the South Yakutsk (Aldan) coal-bearing area, which favors the creation of ferrous metallurgy in the Far East in the future.

The Far East is well provided with fuel and energy resources. The main coal reserves are concentrated in the Kivda-Raichikhinsky brown coal region, the Bureinsky, Svobodnensky, Suchansky, Suifunsky, Uglovsky regions, as well as the Lensky and South Yakutsk basins. The Far East has oil and gas resources. In the Republic of Sakha, the Lena-Vilyui oil and gas province has been discovered, which has great prospects. The most significant gas fields are Ust-Vilyuyskoye, Nedzhelinskoye, Sredne-Vilyuyskoye, Badaran and Sobo-Khainskoye. Sakhalin has the largest oil and gas resources.

There are reserves of diamonds, especially in the Republic of Sakha, where the Mir, Aikhal and Udachnaya kimberlite pipes have been explored. The production is carried out in an open way. In the basins of the Vilyui and Aldan rivers, there are deposits of Icelandic spar and rock crystal. The largest fluorspar deposit in Russia was discovered in Primorye (settlement Yaroslavsky). The Far East occupies an important place in the country in terms of the reserves of mica - phlogopite. Its main deposits are Timptonskoye and Emeldzhanskoye. From chemical raw materials in the region there is table salt and sulfur. Salt occurs in the Republic of Sakha (Olekminskoye, Kempendyayskoye and Peleduyskoye deposits), and sulfur - in Kamchatka (Vetrovo-Yamskoye). Primorye and Priamurye are rich in cement raw materials. Deposits of graphite have been identified in the Jewish Autonomous Region.

The climate of the coastal strip in the southern part of the Far East is relatively warm and humid, monsoon. As you move inland, it becomes sharply continental. The climatic conditions of the region have a great impact on economic development.

The Far East has a rather dense river network. The largest rivers are Lena and Amur with many tributaries. It should also be noted the rivers of the extreme northeastern part of the region - Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma. The rivers are used as transport routes. In addition, they are exceptionally rich in hydropower resources. Vilyuiskaya, Zeyskaya and Bureyskaya hydroelectric power stations were built.

In the southern part of the region, typical crops of the Pacific regions of Asia are widespread - soybeans and rice. In the north, huge areas are occupied by tundra and forest-tundra. The trees are intertwined with lianas, which makes the Ussuri taiga look like the forests of the subtropics. The Far East exports timber and wood products to the countries of the Pacific and Indian oceans. The forests are rich in valuable fur-bearing animals (ermine, sable, fox, squirrel, Siberian weasel), which are of commercial importance.

According to the level of economic development, the vast territory of the Far Eastern region can be divided into three zones: southern, middle and northern.

The southern zone of intensive development includes the Primorsky Territory, the southern parts of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur and Sakhalin regions. This is the most economically developed part of the Far East. The basis of the economy of the southern zone is formed by sea, timber and mining complexes. At present, development is underway along the path of combining leading industries with service industries and agriculture.

The middle zone includes the northern regions of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur and Sakhalin regions, and the southern part of the Sakha Republic. This zone is characterized by relatively high rates of development. The main specialization is the mining industry, and the service industries are poorly developed. Its economic axis is the Baikal-Amur Mainline, which has made great changes in the territorial structure of the economy of this zone: the industrial belt of the region is being formed. The main tasks of the economic development of the zone, in addition to the construction of the second exit to the Far East, are the development of new deposits of minerals, and the creation of a potential in the BAM region for the development of the northern part of the region. The economic development of the Baikal-Amur Mainline zone is associated with the formation of the South Yakutsk and Komsomolsk TPK.

Magnetite quartzites have been explored in the basins of the Olekma and Chara rivers. This makes it possible to create in the future a large base for ferrous metallurgy in the Far East.

Significant deposits of apatite, large deposits of mica, corundum, shale and other minerals have been identified in the zone of the South Yakutsk mineral complex.

A new BAM-Tynda railway and its continuation to Berkakit provide the Yakut coals at the BAM and the Siberian Railway. High-quality coking coals of the South Yakutsk basin will be supplied in significant volumes to the southern regions of the Far East to metallurgical plants and exported to Japan. For their export to Japan in the Wrangel Bay, the first stage of a new large port, Vostochny, was built.

In the future, in addition to coal, it is envisaged to involve the region's iron ore resources in operation in order to create a raw material base here for the full cycle of ferrous metallurgy. Agriculture has a patchy character.

In the northern zone of the Far East, focal development is characteristic not only of agriculture, but also of industry. Extractive industries are more intensively developed based on selective use of minerals. In the northern zone, several industrial centers can be distinguished, which, from small settlements with mining and ore industries, are transformed into territorial production units of the forestry, food industry, machine repair, fishing and hunting.

In the economy of the Far East, an exceptionally large and diverse role is played by the seas (Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese). There are highways running along the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan that connect Russia with Japan, the DPRK, the Republic of Korea, China, and the United States. Here they catch herring, flounder, cod, salmon, mackerel and a number of other valuable commercial species. Crabs, trepangs, seaweed and seaweed are also harvested in the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan. The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is one of the first in terms of fish stocks among the seas washing the shores of Russia. In the total catch of fish, the main mass is made up of salmon species and herring. Crabs are caught in large numbers off the western shores of Kamchatka, seals and whales are hunted in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, fur seals live on the islands, the fishing of which is regulated by an international convention. Every year the Bering Sea acquires more and more economic importance due to the growth of traffic along the Northern Sea Route. Here valuable species of fish are caught (coho salmon, chinook salmon, chum salmon, pink salmon). Whaling is developed off the coast of Kamchatka. The Far East region accounts for 60% of the fish catch in Russia.

The analysis of the territorial structure of the Far Eastern region showed that the scale and structure of the region's industry are characterized by great differences and indicate the uneven distribution of industry. The construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline and the creation of new territorial-production complexes made great changes in the territorial structure of the region.

The Far East has sufficiently developed interregional and international economic ties. Its role is especially great in foreign trade relations with the countries of the Pacific Rim. Dozens of countries carry out trade operations through the territory of the region, and its export functions are of exceptional importance. More than half of the goods imported into the regions from foreign countries are in transit in the western direction.

The development of foreign trade relations entails an improvement in the district's transport system, economic performance indicators, an improvement in the structure of freight turnover and interregional transport links.

If until recently the import of goods to the Far East was four times higher than their export, now the structure is changing. Freight turnover is growing at a very high rate, and exports are growing faster than imports. This indicates an increase in the efficiency of the economic complex of the region.

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INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….… ... 3

1. NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION ... ... ... ...... 4

1.1 The concept of “natural resources” ………………………………….… 4

1.2 Economic classification of natural resources …………… .7

2. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION …………………… .. …………………… 15

2.1 Economic assessment of the natural resource potential of Russia …………………………………………………………………… .15

2.2 Environmental protection for certain types of resources ……………………………………………………………… ..22

3. PROBLEMS AND FORECASTS OF FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE FAR EAST …………………………………………………… ..… 36

CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………… ... 41

LIST OF USED SOURCES ……………………… .... 42

INTRODUCTION

Nature is the habitat of man and the source of all the benefits he needs for life and production. Man is a part of nature, its product, he can only produce using its resources, and live only in those natural conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity, atmospheric composition, etc.) to which he is genetically adapted.

For many years striving to conquer nature and dominate it, man unexpectedly found himself on the verge of an ecological catastrophe. "Greenhouse effect", "ozone hole", "acid rain", lack of clean water and food, raw materials and energy crises, pollution of the World Ocean - all these problems have faced man, threatening death and demanding an immediate solution.

It is hardly possible to name today a more important global problem than the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection. Its solution is possible only on the basis of environmental knowledge.

Russia is a country richly endowed with a wide variety of natural resources. In terms of reserves of many of them, Russia holds the first place in the world. Foreign travelers, scientists and diplomats have long admired the fabulous wealth of Russian mineral resources. The main wealth of Russia is its generous nature: endless forests, fields, seas. These are its regions, each of which plays an irreplaceable role in the life of the country, giving it some oil and gas, some machines and scientific discoveries.

The purpose of this course work is to reveal the solution to the global problem of rational use of the country's natural potential and the state of the environment, to give an economic assessment of natural resources.

The paper also considers the problems and forecasts of further development on the example of the Far East.

1 NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION

The concept "pnatural resources "

"Natural resources" is one of the most frequently used terms in the literature. In the Concise Geographical Encyclopedia, this term denotes “... elements of nature used in the national economy, which are the means of subsistence of human society: soil cover, useful wild plants, animals, minerals, water (for water supply, irrigation, industry, energy, transport ), favorable climatic conditions (mainly heat and moisture), wind energy ”.

More general is the definition given by A. A. Mints: "natural resources ... bodies and forces of nature, which at a given level of development of productive forces and knowledge can be used to meet the needs of human society in the form of direct participation in material activities."

Natural resources - space-time category; their volume is different in different regions of the world and at different stages of the socio-economic development of society. Bodies and natural phenomena act as a certain resource in the event that a need arises for them. But needs, in turn, appear and expand with the development of technical capabilities for the development of natural resources.

The territorial expansion of the sphere of economic activity of human society and the involvement of new types of natural resources in material production caused various changes in nature, a kind of response in the form of various natural-anthropogenic processes. In pre-capitalist social formations, these processes of change were not widespread and were concentrated in separate regions - the centers of world civilization (Mediterranean, Mesopotamia and the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia). And although at all times the development of natural resources by man was of a purely consumer, and sometimes openly predatory nature, it rarely led to serious large-scale ecological disasters. The intensity of the development of natural resources and the volume of natural resources involved in economic activity began to increase sharply in the era of the emergence and development of the capitalist social order. The use of machine technology was accompanied by a significant increase in the volume of recoverable raw materials (wood, minerals, agricultural products, etc.). At the same time, new types of natural resources were being developed. Lands that were previously considered unsuitable for plowing (swampy, saline or suffering from moisture deficiency) are being reclaimed, new types of minerals are being developed (oil, natural gas, uranium, rare metals, etc.). In the process of development, natural resources are subjected to deeper and more complex processing (production of oil products, synthetic materials, etc.). However, the method of production based on expanded material reproduction, on obtaining the maximum momentary profit, does not take into account the peculiarities of the formation of natural resources, the volume of their natural renewal, and primarily uses the highest quality and conveniently located reserves.

In the second half of the XX century. resource consumption has grown immeasurably, covering almost the entire land and all currently known natural bodies and components. Scientific and technological progress directly affected the practice of resource use. Technologies have been developed for the development of such types of natural resources, which until recently were not included in the concept of "natural resources" (for example, desalination of saline sea waters on an industrial scale, the development of solar or tidal wave energy, nuclear energy production, oil and gas production in water areas and much more). The idea of potential resources or resources of the future.

Of great importance in the development of natural resources are economic forces, determining the profitability of their economic use. So, until now, oil, ferromanganese nodules, lying at great depths of the bottom of the World Ocean, are not considered as real, available resources, since their extraction turns out to be too expensive and economically unjustified.

Not all natural resources "lie on the surface" and can be easily calculated and taken into account. So, the volume of groundwater, many types of minerals, raw materials for various chemical industries are determined and refined as a result of complex, often expensive scientific or technical research. With the development of scientific and technological progress, our knowledge and ideas about them become more accurate. In a number of cases, the technology for extracting or processing natural raw materials is already known, but only at the stage of experimental rather than industrial development. This is the case with the extraction of oil from bituminous sandstones and shale, with large-scale desalination of saline sea waters. The raw materials obtained in this case are too expensive and uncompetitive, therefore it is impossible to build economic calculations based on their use.

Natural resource needs are often completely blocked. the technological impossibility of their development,for example, energy production based on controlled thermonuclear fusion, regulation of climatic processes or phenomena, etc. The technical and technological imperfection of many processes for the extraction and processing of natural resources, considerations of economic profitability and a lack of knowledge about the volumes and quantities of natural resource reserves to allocate several of their categories according to the degree of technical and economic accessibility and knowledge.

1. Available, or proven, or real reserves are the volumes of a natural resource identified by modern methods of exploration or survey, technically available and economically viable for development.

2. Potential, or general, resources (English - potential resources) are the resources established on the basis of theoretical calculations, reconnaissance surveys and including, in addition to precisely established technically recoverable reserves of natural raw materials or reserves, also that part of them that is currently being developed it is impossible for technical or economic reasons (for example, brown coal deposits at great depths or fresh water conserved in glaciers or deep layers of the earth's crust). Potential resources are called the resources of the future, since their economic development will become possible only under the conditions of a qualitatively new scientific and technological development of society.

Economic classification of natural resources

Due to the ambiguous nature of the concept of "natural resources", reflecting their natural origin, on the one hand, and economic and economic significance, on the other, several classifications have been developed and widely used in special and geographical literature.

I. Classification of natural resources by origin... Natural resources (bodies or natural phenomena) arise in natural environments (waters, atmosphere, vegetation or soil cover, etc.) and in space form certain combinations that vary within the boundaries of natural-territorial complexes. On this basis, they are divided into two groups: resources of natural components and resources of natural-territorial complexes.

1. Resources of natural components. Each type of natural resource is usually formed in one of the components of the landscape envelope. It is governed by the same natural factors that create this natural component and affect its characteristics and territorial distribution. According to their belonging to the components of the landscape envelope, resources are distinguished: 1) mineral, 2) climatic, 3) water, 4) plant, 5) land, 6) soil, 7) animal world. This classification is widely used in domestic and foreign literature.

When using the above classification, the main attention is paid to the regularities of the spatial and temporal formation of certain types of resources, their quantitative, qualitative characteristics, the peculiarities of their regime, and the volumes of natural replenishment of reserves. A scientific understanding of the entire complex of natural processes involved in the creation and accumulation of a natural resource makes it possible to more correctly calculate the role and place of a particular group of resources in the process of social production, the economic system, and most importantly, it makes it possible to identify the maximum volumes of withdrawal of a resource from the natural environment, avoiding its depletion or deterioration in quality. For example, an accurate representation of the volume of annual growth of wood in the forests of a particular area allows you to calculate the allowable felling rates. With strict control over the observance of these standards, depletion of forest resources does not occur.

2. Resources of natural-territorial complexes. At this level of the subdivision, the complexity of the natural resource potential of the territory arising from the corresponding complex structure of the landscape envelope itself is taken into account. Each landscape (or natural-territorial complex) has a certain set of various types of natural resources. Depending on the properties of the landscape, its place in the general structure of the landscape envelope, the combination of types of resources, their quantitative and qualitative characteristics change very significantly, determining the possibilities for the development and organization of material production. Conditions often arise when one or more resources determine the direction of economic development of an entire region. Almost any landscape has climatic, water, land, soil and other resources, but the possibilities of economic use are very different. In one case, favorable conditions may develop for the extraction of mineral raw materials, in others - for the cultivation of valuable cultivated plants or for the organization of industrial production, a resort complex, etc. On this basis, natural resource territorial complexes are distinguished according to the most preferred (or preferred) type of economic development. They are divided into: 1) mining and industrial, 2) agricultural, 3) water management, 4) forestry, 5) residential, 6) recreational and etc..

The use of only one classification of types of resources by their origin (or "natural classification", as defined by AA Mints) is not enough, since it does not reflect the economic value of resources and their economic role. Among the classification systems for natural resources, reflecting their economic significance and role in the system of social production, classification according to the direction and forms of economic use of resources is often used.

II. Classification by types of economic use. The main criterion for subdividing resources in this classification is their assignment to different sectors of material production. On this basis natural resources are divided into resources of industrial andagricultural productiona.

1. Industrial production resources. This subgroup includes all types of natural raw materials used by industry. Due to the very extensive ramification of industrial production, the presence of numerous industries that consume different types of natural resources and, accordingly, put forward different requirements for them. The types of natural resources are differentiated as follows:

1) energy, which include various types of resources used at the present stage of development of science and technology for energy production: a) combustible minerals (oil, coal, gas, uranium, bituminous shale, etc.); b) hydropower resources - energy of freely falling river waters, tidal energy of sea waters, etc .; c) sources of bioconversion energy - use of fuel wood, production of biogas from agricultural waste; d) nuclear raw materials used to obtain atomic energy;

2) non-energetic including a subgroup of natural resources that supply raw materials for various industries or are involved in production due to technological necessity: a) minerals that do not belong to the group of castobiolites; b) water used for industrial water supply; c) land occupied by industrial facilities and infrastructure; d) forest resources supplying raw materials for the wood chemistry and construction industry; e) fish resources relate to this subgroup conditionally, since at the present time the fishing and processing of the catch have acquired an industrial character (A.A. Mints, 1972).

2. Agricultural production resources. They combine the types of resources involved in the creation of agricultural products: a) agro-climatic - the resources of heat and moisture necessary for the production of cultivated plants or grazing; b) soil and land resources - land and its upper layer - soil, which has a unique ability to produce biomass, are considered both as a natural resource and as a means of production in crop production; c) plant fodder resources - resources of biocenoses, serving as a fodder base for grazed livestock; d) water resources - water used in crop production for irrigation, and in animal husbandry - for watering and keeping livestock.

Quite often, natural resources are also allocated from the non-production sphere or direct consumption. These are, first of all, resources withdrawn from the natural environment (wild animals that make up the object of commercial hunting, wild medicinal plants), as well as resources of the recreational economy, resources of protected areas and a number of others.

Sh. Exhaustion classification. When taking into account the reserves of natural resources and the volumes of their possible economic withdrawal, they use the concept of depletion of reserves. A. Mints suggested calling the classification on this basis ecological. All natural resources are divided into two groups by depletionpy: exhaustible and inexhaustible .

1. Exhaustible resources. They form in the earth's crust or landscape sphere, but the volumes and rates of their formation are measured on a geological time scale. At the same time, the needs for such resources on the part of production or for organizing favorable living conditions for human society significantly exceed the volumes and rates of natural replacement. As a result, natural resource reserves are inevitably depleted. The exhaustible group includes resources with different rates and volumes of formation. This allows them to be further differentiated. Based on the intensity and speed of natural education, resources are divided into subgroups:

1. Non-renewable, which include: a) all types mineral resources or minerals. As you know, they are constantly formed in the depths of the earth's crust as a result of the continuously flowing process of ore formation, but the scale of their accumulation is so insignificant, and the rates of formation are measured by many tens and hundreds of millions of years (for example, the age of coal is more than 350 million years), which is practically they cannot be taken into account in business calculations. The development of mineral raw materials occurs according to the historical time scale and is characterized by ever-increasing volumes of withdrawals. In this regard, all mineral resources are considered not only exhaustible, but also non-renewable. b) Land resources in their natural form, it is the material basis on which the vital activity of human society takes place. The morphological structure of the surface (i.e., relief) significantly affects economic activity, the possibility of developing a territory. Once disturbed lands (for example, by quarries) during large industrial or civil construction in their natural form are no longer restored.

2. Renewable resources, to which belong: a) plant resources and b) animal world. Both of them recover quite quickly, and the volumes of natural renewal are well and accurately calculated. Therefore, when organizing the economic use of accumulated timber reserves in forests, grass stand in meadows or pastures, and hunting for wild animals within the limits not exceeding the annual renewal, the depletion of resources can be completely avoided.

3. Relatively (not fully) renewable. Although some resources are restored in historical periods of time, their renewable volumes are much less than the volume of economic consumption. That is why these types of resources are very vulnerable and require particularly careful monitoring by humans. Relatively renewable resources include very scarce natural resources: a) productive arable soils; b) mature forests; at) water resources in the regional aspect. Productive arable soils relatively few (according to various estimates, their area does not exceed 1.5-2.5 billion hectares). The most productive soils, belonging to the first class of fertility, occupy, according to FAO, only 400 million hectares. Productive soils are formed extremely slowly - it takes more than 100 years for the formation of a 1 mm layer, for example, for chernozem soils. At the same time, several centimeters of the upper, most valuable arable layer can be destroyed by processes of accelerated erosion, stimulated by unsustainable land use. In recent decades, anthropogenic soil destruction has been taking place so intensively that it gives grounds to classify soil resources as “relatively renewable”.

The fact of the practical inexhaustibility of water resources on a planetary scale is well known. However, on the land surface, fresh water resources are concentrated unevenly, and in vast areas there is a shortage of water suitable for use in water use systems. Arid and sub-arid regions suffer especially severely from water shortage, where irrational water consumption (for example, water withdrawal in volumes exceeding the volume of natural replenishment of free water) is accompanied by a rapid and often catastrophic depletion of water reserves. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately record the amount of permissible withdrawal of water resources by region. P. Inexhaustible resources. Among the bodies and natural phenomena of resource value, there are also those that are practically inexhaustible. These include climatic and water resources.

AND)climatic resources. The most stringent requirements for climateshow agriculture, recreational and forestry, industrial and civil construction, etc. Usually, climatic resources are understood as the reserves of heat and moisture that a particular locality or region has. The total reserves of heat supplied per year per 1 sq. surface of the planet are equal to 3.16 x 10 J (the average radiation budget for the planet). Territorially and according to the seasons of the year, heat is distributed unevenly, although the average air temperature for the Earth is approximately + 15 ° C. The land is generally well provided with atmospheric moisture: an average of about 119 thousand cubic meters fall on its surface annually. km of precipitation. But they are distributed even more unevenly than heat, and in spatial and temporal terms. On land, regions are known that receive more than 12000 mm of precipitation annually, to vast areas where less than 50-100 mm falls per year. On average, long-term terms, both the heat reserves and the amount of precipitated atmospheric moisture are quite constant, although from year to year there can be significant fluctuations in the provision of the territory with heat and moisture. Since these resources are formed in certain links of the thermal and water cycles, constantly operating over the planet as a whole and over its individual regions, the reserves of heat and moisture can be considered as inexhaustible within certain quantitative limits, precisely established for each region.

B)Water resources of the planet . The earth has a colossal volume of water - about 1.5 billion cubic meters. km. However, 98% of this volume is made up of salty waters of the World Ocean, and only 28 million cubic meters. km - fresh waters. Since the technologies of desalination of saline sea waters, the waters of the World Ocean and salt lakes are already known, can be considered as potential water resources, the use of which is quite possible in the future. The annually renewable reserves of fresh water are not so large; according to various estimates, they range from 41 to 45 thousand cubic meters km (full river flow resources). The world economy spends about 4-4.5 thousand cubic meters for its needs. km, which is equal to about 10% of the total water storage, and, therefore, subject to the principles of rational water use, these resources can be considered as inexhaustible. However, if these principles are violated, the situation can sharply aggravate, and even on a planetary scale, there may be a shortage of clean fresh water. In the meantime, the natural environment annually "gives" humanity 10 times more water than it needs to meet the most diverse needs.

Thus, natural resources - these are bodies and forces of nature that are used by man to maintain their existence. These include sunlight, water, air, soil, plants, animals, minerals and everything else that is not created by man, but without which he cannot exist either as a living being or as a producer. Natural resources are classified in accordance with the following criteria: according to their use - into production (agricultural and industrial), health care (recreational), aesthetic, scientific, etc .; by belonging to one or another component of nature - to land, water, mineral, flora and fauna, etc.; in terms of replaceability - for replaceable (for example, fuel and mineral energy resources can be replaced with wind, solar energy) and irreplaceable (there is nothing to replace air oxygen for breathing or fresh water for drinking); by exhaustion - into exhaustible and inexhaustible.

2 . ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

2.1 Economic assessment of the natural resource potential of Russia

Economic (or in a broader sense - economic) assessment of natural conditions and natural resources is one of the concepts that have occupied a prominent place in the problems of modern economic geography for a long time. Consideration of this issue led to the conclusion about the urgency of a more in-depth theoretical and methodological development of this problem. In this regard, the question arose about the possibility of defining the very content of the concept of economic evaluation, clarifying the essence of its reflected processes of reality, establishing criteria. The very fact of a naturally determined differentiation of the geographic envelope, in terms of value, is neutral and cannot receive any assessment regardless of the criterion used. When assessing, it is necessary to apply the criterion of value, determined by the nature of the relationship between its subject and object. Economic valuation of natural resourcesinvolves the application of economic criteria, i.e. comparison of the properties of natural factors with the requirements arising from the practical, economic activity of man.

As content the economic assessment of natural resources considers the consideration of the impact of regular territorial differences in the natural properties of these resources and their sources on the productivity of social labor. The uneven spatial distribution of resources also makes it necessary to take into account differences in the volume (reserves, areas, etc.) of the resources of the evaluated objects.

The criterion estimates are proposed to consider the comparative economic efficiency of using a given source of resources or their territorial combination. Differences in efficiency are expressed in the differentiated total costs of living and materialized labor. It is clear that the value of this or that type of natural resources is determined by the national economic effect achieved during its use. The magnitude of this effect, as well as the magnitude of the necessary costs for most types of resources, is territorially differentiated; it reflects the territorial structure of production that has developed at each stage with a specific picture of the correlation between the need for resources and the possibility of their satisfaction.

Economic assessment of mineral resources

Mineral resources, including a very wide (and continuously expanding) range of natural substances of mineral origin, used to obtain energy and materials by extraction and subsequent processing, are among the most important types of natural resources.

United object Mineral resources usually serve as mineral deposits. The deposits theoretically include such areas of the earth's crust in which "as a result of certain geological processes, the accumulation of mineral matter has occurred, in terms of quantity, quality and conditions of occurrence, suitable for industrial use."

The economic (industrial) value of each deposit is determined by an extremely wide range of factors, which, however, in most geological and geological-economic works are reduced to the following groups or estimated parameters:

1. The scale of the deposit, determined by its total reserves;

2. The quality of the mineral (material composition and technological properties);

3. The productivity of the main deposits, which characterizes the degree of concentration of mineral reserves in them;

4. Mining conditions for the operation of the deposit;

5. Economy of the deposit area.

In addition, it is proposed to take into account the scarcity of this type of resources and its national economic importance. According to their national economic importance, mineral reserves are divided into two groups, subject to separate calculation, approval and accounting: balance sheet reserves, the use of which is economically feasible and which must meet the conditions established for calculating reserves in the subsoil; off-balancereserves, the use of which is currently not feasible for technical and economic reasons, but which in the future may become an object of industrial development. The conditions on the basis of which the subdivision into the indicated groups is made are established by the state authorities for each field on the basis of technical and economic calculations, based on the operating conditions of the field, the amount of reserves, value and processing technologies. The conditions reflect the requirements of the industry, based on technical and economic calculations. The assignment of mineral reserves to the balance sheet reflects, along with purely technological considerations, the requirements of the economic efficiency of using the deposit and, therefore, is essentially a stage of the economic assessment of resources.

Economic valuation of forest resources

Forest resources are one of the types of biological resources. Timber resources are of great vital importance: powerful industries and a significant part of the working population are associated with their use.

An important feature of forest resources is the possibility of multipurpose use.

From the point of view of assessment methods, an important property of forests (as well as agricultural resources) is their areal distribution. Some methodological features of forest resources assessment are connected with this. First, the assessment can be carried out at various territorial scales - from small areas within forest blocks to large areas. Secondly, the parallel development of two series of assessments is possible - for natural and for economic units. In the first case, the objects of assessment are technologically homogeneous forest areas with a similar biocenotic structure. In the second case, the units of economic forest use are considered - the territories of forestry enterprises (or forestry enterprises), forest resource bases, forest economic regions, forest resources of economic regions, etc.

The main elements of forest resource assessment should be considered as follows:

1. Volume - total forest area of \u200b\u200bthe evaluated object, total timber stock;

2. Natural properties - concentration of reserves (stock per unit area), quality and structure of stands (composition by species, bonitet, age class);

3. Natural and economic conditions for development.

These elements are related to forestry use, i.e. to deforestation to obtain wood raw materials, since this type of use is of the greatest economic importance.

Forests, unlike minerals, occupy a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe earth's surface and are available for direct observation, they can be taken into account with an exhaustive completeness. In the practice of domestic forestry, a set of interrelated measures is carried out for forest inventory, the study of the natural and economic conditions of forestry in individual regions, the identification of the technical value of forests, their characteristics and requirements from the point of view of forestry, the design of a rational regime for the use and reproduction of forest resources.

Economic assessment of agricultural (land) resources

Agricultural resources, which include a complex complex of components of the natural landscape, are specific combinations of soils, relief, climate (for natural forage lands - vegetation) used for growing crops. They are among the most important ubiquitous natural resources. Agricultural resources, like forest resources, belong to renewable, used continuously under certain conditions. Unlike mineral raw materials or forest land resources, in the most economically important form of their use - agricultural - they become a means of production. In this case, not the resources themselves are removed from nature, but only the plant products obtained with their help.

When using agricultural resources, it is most clearly manifested the interconnectedness of the impact of all natural components.Since the main property of lands used in agricultural production is their fertility, the identification of natural geographical differences in the naturally determined level of productivity is central.

It is extremely important from the point of view of the methodology of economic assessment that the property of land (in a broader sense, territory) is universality its use. It is a universal object, a means of labor, a necessary condition for any type of material production.

The other side of land productivity is its close connection with farming methods. In fact, the ecological fertility of the earth is always observed, in which elements that depend on nature and created by human labor are intertwined. The productivity of agricultural resources can be assessed only relatively, in accordance with the given level of development of technology in agriculture. From the point of view of the tasks of economic assessment, another aspect of the problem of the relationship between the characteristics of resources and the technology used is no less important. The point is that a qualitatively specific technical system of their use corresponds to certain properties of agricultural resources, which consists of a complex of agrotechnical methods.

What is essential is that behind each specific, i.e. The agrotechnical complex, which takes into account the natural properties of this type of land most fully, has certain economic indicators expressed in the amount of capital and current costs per unit of land area.

Economic assessment of water resources

Water resources are of exceptional economic importance. They are considered inexhaustible, but in their location they experience the direct and indirect impact of other components of the natural complex, as a result of which they are distinguished by high variability and uneven distribution.

The originality of natural resources is determined mainly by the continuous mobility of the water involved in the cycle. In accordance with the place in this cycle, the waters on the Earth appear in various forms that have unequal value in terms of satisfying human needs, i.e. as resources.

Water resources are characterized by a strong regime variability in time, from diurnal to secular fluctuations in the water availability of each source. The complex interaction of many factors makes flow fluctuations a random process. Therefore, calculations related to water resources inevitably take on a probabilistic, statistical nature.

Water resources are large the complexity of territorial forms. Many features of water resources result from the originality of the ways to use them. With rare exceptions, water is not used directly to create any materials with transformation into another substance and irrevocable removal from the natural cycle, as is the case with mineral raw materials or forest resources. On the contrary, during use, water resources either remain in natural drainage channels (water transport, hydropower, fisheries, etc.), or return to the water cycle (irrigation, all types of domestic and domestic water supply). Therefore, in principle, the use of water resources does not lead to their depletion.

In practice, however, the situation is more complicated. The use of water for dissolving and transporting useful substances or waste, cooling of heat-generating units or as a heat carrier leads to qualitative changes (pollution, heating) of waste water and (during their discharge) of the water supply sources themselves. When water is used for irrigation, it only partially (and often in a changed qualitative state) returns to the local runoff channels, mainly as a result of evaporation from the soil, it is released into the atmosphere, being included in the ground phase of the cycle in other, usually very remote, areas.

The inexhaustibility of water resources and the peculiarities of their use are associated with their a specific place in the system of economic relations. Until recently, the comparative abundance of water, and the ability in most cases to meet all needs for it, excluded water, like air, from the system of economic relations. The exception was made in arid regions, where water scarcity and the need for large material and labor costs for organizing water supply have long made water an object of complex economic and legal relations.

Due to the rapid increase in water consumption, as water resources become scarce in an increasing number of regions, the situation began to change. The need arose for a mechanism for regulating the use of limited water resources and their distribution among consumers - economic or administrative.

2.2 Environmental protection for certain types of resources.

Protection of atmospheric air from harmful emissions from enterprises and transport

The main anthropogenic sources of air pollution include enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, transport, and various machine-building enterprises. That is, the industrial revolution and urbanization have led to a significant increase in air pollution. The chemical industry developed, in connection with which unknown substances began to be released into the atmosphere.

Day-to-day control over cars is of great importance. All auto enterprises are obliged to monitor the serviceability of the cars produced on the line. With a well-functioning engine, the carbon monoxide exhaust gas should not exceed the permissible level.

City transport management systems. New traffic control systems have been developed, which minimize the possibility of traffic jams, because, stopping and then picking up speed, the car emits several times more harmful substances than when driving uniformly. Streets are expanding between the carriageway and residential buildings.

Highways have been built to bypass cities. So, in Saratov, a highway was built bypassing the city. The road took in the entire flow of transit traffic, which used to be an endless tape stretching along the city streets. Traffic intensity dropped sharply, noise decreased, air became cleaner.

Improvement of internal combustion engines.

Improvement of the fuel combustion process in an internal combustion engine, the use of an electronic ignition system leads to a decrease in harmful substances in the exhaust.

Various types of ignition are created to save fuel. Engineers of the Yugoslav Association "Electronic Industry" have created an electronic system with a service life of 30 thousand hours. Among other things, it regulates fuel consumption. And one of the British firms used a plasma version, which provides easy ignition of a lean combustible mixture. A car equipped with such a system consumes only 2 liters per 100 km of run.

Neutralizers. Much attention is paid to the development of toxicity reduction devices - neutralizers that can be equipped with modern cars.

The method of catalytic conversion of combustion products consists in the fact that the exhaust gases are purified by coming into contact with a catalyst. At the same time, afterburning of incomplete combustion products contained in the exhaust of cars occurs.

The catalyst is either granules with a size of 2 to 5 mm, on the surface of which an active layer with additives of precious metals - platinum, palladium, etc., is applied, or a ceramic block of a honeycomb type with a similar active surface. The design of the neutralizer is very simple. The reactor chamber is enclosed in a metal shell with branch pipes for supplying and removing gas, which is filled with granules or a ceramic block. The neutralizer is attached to the exhaust pipe, and the gases passing through it are discharged into the atmosphere purified. At the same time, the device can act as a noise damper.

Gas instead of gasoline. High-octane, compositionally stable gas fuel mixes well with air and is evenly distributed throughout the engine cylinders, contributing to a more complete combustion of the working mixture. The total emission of toxic substances from cars running on liquefied gas is significantly less than that of cars with gasoline engines. Thus, the ZIL-130 truck, converted to gas, has a toxicity indicator almost 4 times less than its gasoline counterpart.

Electric car. Nowadays, when a car with a gasoline engine has become one of the significant factors leading to environmental pollution, experts are increasingly turning to the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a "clean" car. As a rule, we are talking about an electric car. In some countries, their serial production begins.

Enterprises of metallurgical, chemical, cement and other industries emit dust, sulfurous and other harmful gases into the atmosphere, emitted during various technological production processes.

Ferrous metallurgy of smelting pig iron and processing it into steel are accompanied by the release of various gases into the atmosphere.

Air pollution by dust during coking coal is associated with the preparation of the charge and its loading into coke ovens, with the unloading of coke into quenching cars and with wet quenching of coke. Wet extinguishing is also accompanied by the release into the atmosphere of substances that make up the water used.

In recent years, enterprises in various industries have put into operation many perfect technological processes, thousands of gas-cleaning and dust-collecting devices and installations, which sharply reduce or eliminate emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The program of converting enterprises and boiler houses to natural gas is being implemented on a large scale. Dozens of enterprises and workshops with dangerous sources of air pollution have been removed outside the cities. All this has led to the fact that in most of the industrial centers and settlements of the country, the level of pollution has significantly decreased. The number of industrial enterprises equipped with the latest and most expensive gas cleaning equipment is also growing.

Of great importance for the sanitary protection of the atmospheric air are the identification of new sources of air pollution, the accounting of designed, built and reconstructed objects that pollute the atmosphere, control over the development and implementation of master plans of cities, settlements and industrial units concerning the location of industrial enterprises and sanitary - protective zones.

Purification of air emissions. Gas cleaning technology has a variety of methods and devices for removing dust and harmful gases. The choice of a method for purifying gaseous impurities is determined primarily by the chemical and physicochemical properties of this impurity. The nature of production has a great influence on the choice of the method: the properties of the substances available in production, their suitability as absorbers for gas, the possibility of recovery (capture and use of waste products) or disposal of the captured products.

To purify gases from sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, neutralization is used with an alkali solution. The result is salt and water.

Direct-flow compact absorption apparatuses are used to purify gases from insignificant concentrations of impurities (no more than 1% by volume).

Along with liquid absorbents - absorbents - for cleaning, as well as for drying (dehydrating) gases, solid absorbers can be used. These include various brands of active carbons, silica gel, alumina gel, zeolites.

Recently, ion exchangers have been used to remove gases with polar molecules from a gas stream. The processes of gas purification with adsorbents are carried out in batch or continuous adsorbers.

Dry and wet oxidizing processes can be used to clean the gas stream, as well as catalytic conversion processes, in particular, catalytic oxidation is used to neutralize sulfur-containing gases of sulfate-cellulose production (gases from the cooking and evaporation shops, etc.). This process is carried out at a temperature of 500-600 ° C on a catalyst, which contains oxides of aluminum, copper, vanadium and other metals. Organosulfur substances and hydrogen sulfide are oxidized to a less harmful compound - sulfur dioxide (MPC for sulfur dioxide is 0.5 mg / m3, and for hydrogen sulfide 0.078 mg / m3).

Protection of water resources of the country and our region

Water is the basis of life on Earth and its homeland. Unfortunately, the abundance of water is only apparent, in reality the hydrosphere is the thinnest shell of the Earth, because water in all its states and in all spheres accounts for less than 0.001 of the planet's mass. Nature is arranged in such a way that water is constantly renewed in a single hydrological cycle, and the protection of water resources should be carried out in the very process of using water by influencing individual links of the water cycle. The demand for water increases from year to year. The main consumers of water are industry and agriculture. The industrial value of water is very high, since almost all production processes require a large amount of it. The bulk of industrial water is used for energy and cooling. For these purposes, the quality of water is not of great importance, therefore, the basis for reducing the water intensity of industrial production is recycled water use, in which water once taken from the source is used repeatedly, thereby “increasing” water resources and reducing their pollution. The largest "water consumers" among industrial sectors are ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, petrochemistry and heat power engineering.

The transition from direct-flow to repeated water supply allows reducing the volume of water consumption at thermal power plants by 30-40 times, at some chemical and oil refineries - by 20-30 times, at the production of ferroalloys - by 10 times. Most of the "industrial" water is used to cool the heating units. Replacing water cooling with air cooling in chemical and petrochemical industries, machine building and metalworking, at thermal power plants and in the woodworking industry would reduce water consumption here by 70-80%. There are great opportunities for reducing wasteful water consumption in the housing and communal services.

Industrial waste water is varied in composition. The contaminants present in them can be in various states of aggregation. For the choice of wastewater treatment methods and equipment, impurities contained in water are divided into four groups.

Group 1 - coarse impurities - particles of soil, sand, clay, emulsions that get into water bodies from industrial enterprises, as well as as a result of soil washout. Pathogenic microorganisms, viruses, radioactive substances can be found on the surface of such particles.

To remove impurities of this group, physicochemical processes are used, which allow, using special substances, to enlarge particles with their subsequent precipitation, to carry out the adhesion process - adhesion of impurities to the surface of inert materials, and also to use the flotation method, that is, to remove impurities into foam, which is specially created in sewage treatment plants.

Group 2 - colloidal impurities that are in water in the form of finely dispersed formations (sols or high molecular weight compounds). Substances of this group change the color of the water. To remove these impurities, coagulants are used - substances that cause adhesion and enlargement of particles.

Group 3 - gases and organic compounds dissolved in water. Substances of this group give water different smells, tastes, color. The most effective cleaning methods are: aeration - blowing water with air, introducing oxidants, which destroy most of the impurities of this group, and adsorption - removing impurities using activated carbon, which absorbs (sorbs) many impurities.

Group 4 - impurities of the ionic degree of dispersion. Salts, acids, bases decompose into ions upon entering water. Purification from impurities of this group is reduced to the binding of ions; freezing and other methods can also be used.

This classification allows you to reasonably and purposefully select and arrange treatment facilities, use computers to solve complex water treatment problems.

Wastewater is purified by mechanical, biological, disinfecting (disinfection) and physicochemical methods.

For mechanical cleaning, grids, sand traps, sedimentation tanks, septic tanks are used. The principle of removing suspended solids is based on the difference in the specific gravity of impurities and water. Sand traps are designed for settling sand, fine gravel and other mineral impurities. Sand traps facilitate the further purification of wastewater from organic contaminants in sediment tanks, digesters and other structures.

Sediment basins are used to separate undissolved mechanical impurities and partially colloidal contaminants of mineral and organic origin from wastewater. Sediments can be used for preliminary wastewater treatment with subsequent biological treatment, as well as as independent structures, if the separation of only mechanical impurities is sufficient for sanitary conditions.

Recently, radial sedimentation tanks have become widespread, which are shallow reservoirs with a diameter of 18 to 54 meters.

Give an assessment of the natural resources of the Far East. Development of natural resources in the Far East Assessment of natural resources of the Far East table

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Economic assessment of water resources

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