The first three years in an educational institution are an important stage in the independent life of any child. The first is the period when the baby is happy with success, gets the opportunity to become an energetic participant in the educational process. He begins to realize his actions, evaluate his actions, predict, make decisions, express an opinion. And with the help of teachers, each child takes small but confident steps to the truth.
Primary school is of great importance in human life. Grade 1 is the time when it is important to observe the psychological rise of the child as a person in order to direct his development to the main areas of life, such as aesthetics, emotionality, physical fitness, and much more. Teachers, where possible, guide children and instill in them the idea of \u200b\u200bdoing something better than others. This encourages the child to study to the best of his ability.
Evaluation system
Primary grades, namely the first and second, have a non-judgmental system. This allows the baby to gain self-confidence and become self-critical. In the future, the student can go through life more boldly, avoid mistakes, but even if he makes them, then thanks to self-criticism, without discouragement, he will try to correct them. Teachers are confident that such an assessment system is more effective, since the formation and development of a small person's personality is impossible without recognition of his successes, achievements and good results.
In order to accurately understand and learn the special abilities of each child, the teacher must study well his abilities, interests, inclinations. Therefore, teachers in primary grades They closely monitor the planned development and formation of the child in order to develop individual abilities in him. The main principle is the development of independence in the student.
Adaptation work
At the present stage, almost all schools are implementing the "Program for the prevention of maladjustment of future first graders." At this stage, the child begins to meet with future teachers, communicates with a psychologist, speech therapist, doctor, and so on. It is possible to find out how the future student is developed. Specialists identify his individual abilities, adapt him to school. This subsequently makes the learning process at school painless. Training starts in May and towards the beginning school year the guys are already familiar with teachers, doctors and each other.
FSES at the present stage of development
The goal is to direct the child to personal development, to identify his abilities, and to develop his personality in the learning process. There are three main requirements for the educational process:
- the result of education;
- organization of the educational process by the school;
- personnel, finance, government support.
The Federal State Educational Standard for primary classes puts the following conditions at the fore:
- requirements for the results of the study of the main educational program of primary education;
- requirements for the structure of the main educational program of primary general education;
- requirements for the conditions for the implementation of the main curriculum
The new FSES differs from the old one in that earlier the emphasis was placed on the development of the child's qualities, instilling in him love for the Motherland, respect for the family, society, etc., and the modern FSES allows you to focus on personal development. The system abandons traditional outcomes such as knowledge and skills. The main requirement is now focused on personality.
The new standard draws attention to the shortcomings of the old. And when it comes to first grade students, a number of shortcomings in the old educational process... A six-year-old child (and this is the level when a child goes to school) is prone to strong physical activity, so the school should have equipment that helps the teacher organize his work in such a way that it is possible to work with all children at the same time, so that each child participates in educational process.
The educational process of the 2nd grade in Russia
Since in Russia there is no single educational standard, every school, even every class, has its own study plan. Some work with teaching aids, others with textbooks. Each of the selected systems has its own pros and cons.
Primary school (grade 2) involves a comprehensive consolidation of the material of the first grade, such subjects appear in educational process, as fine art, labor, physical education, the simplest ensuring the safety of life.
In the second grade, it is necessary to develop the child psychologically. It is necessary to individually approach each student, inform him about the diversity of the world, conduct educational conversations, involve him in class and extra-curricular games, reading, in various circles where they develop and develop their activities. In the second grade, the child begins to form interests in this or that activity. Some children have an aptitude for math and physics. Some of the guys are drawn to humanitarian subjects. The attention of loved ones, relatives and the huge work of the teacher help to identify these areas.
The educational process of grade 4 in Russia
Primary school makes a huge contribution to personal development. Grade 4 is a summing up of the results of the first three years of study. You can also talk about the initial perception of life and society as a whole. Here, through observation, the intellectual and personal sphere, the level of readiness for the transition to secondary school is revealed. To the formed system of relations and social behavior, a characteristic is also given to the parents, who bear a certain responsibility for the child, a psychological characteristic is given to the student, his readiness to move into a more independent and adult life.
Primary classes - the foundation of education
Primary grades, grade 4 in particular, are the foundation of education. On this way small man begins to know himself, the world, the environment. For full-fledged development, his relationships with peers play an important role. A child's attitude to the world, to people is largely formed from the well-being around him, self-esteem, the positive coming from others.
The theme of relationships with classmates and friends during this period come to the fore. To make it easier for a child to adapt in society, he must be able to find points of contact with others. This implies the development of skills and abilities to adapt to their environment.
Cons of a modern approach to education
Children are all different. Accordingly, one cannot expect the same results from them either. However, they have to learn to listen to the same teachers one at a time. Often, at the same time, the phrase is pronounced that this student is capable, this one is not. Which, in its essence, is wrong, since at the initial stage the school must maximize the unique abilities of the child.
It is worth remembering that every child has a penchant for a particular area. One kid will be interested in history, the other in physics and mathematics. The task of teachers is to discern the talents of every little student. Children should not be deprived of attention from their parents as well. The future life of a member of society depends on how productively the years in primary school pass.
Summarize
Primary classes are the most important stage in the life of every kid. A child can easily adapt in modern society if he is not deprived of the attention of teachers in primary school, as well as relatives and friends. It is worthwhile to notice the gaps in the education of each child. It will be much easier to solve the problem early.
The series of simulators fully complies with the federal educational standard (second generation) for primary schools. The simulator is intended for the formation and development of important mathematical skills of third graders. Its main goal is to develop skills for quick and error-free counting within 1000. The system of various tasks will help children learn the practical techniques of adding and subtracting numbers within 1000, multiplication and division. The simulator in their work can be used by teachers, teachers additional education... These simulators will help parents of students organize independent work for the successful development of the program of the course of mathematics in the 3rd grade. This simulator provides 12 examples on the indicated topic.
Subject: Mathematics
This resource can be used at home and in mathematics lessons in order to consolidate and self-control on the topic "Tabular multiplication and division".
Purpose: to test students' knowledge on the topic "Tabular multiplication and division."
1) Systematize knowledge of the studied topic.
2) Develop self-control skills when working on an assignment on a personal computer.
3) Create conditions for increasing interest in the studied subject.
Subject: Mathematics
Didactic material for the lesson "Numbers from 1 to 100. Addition and Subtraction. Part 1" was created using the "Keyboard Crossword" technique for grade 2 students. EMC any.
Subject: Mathematics
Target audience: for grade 2
This resource was created for students in grade 2. EMC any. The presentation uses the template of A. N. Komarovsky. You need to enable macros.
We select "Include this content" and "OK".
Important: after the completion of the work, do not save the changes.
I use this resource not only to test the knowledge of students, but also as a simulator.
Objective: control computational skills.
Tasks: check the knowledge of students on the topic "Addition and subtraction within 100"; develop self-control skills; foster interest in the subject.
Subject: Mathematics
Target audience: for grade 2
The series of simulators fully complies with the federal educational standard (second generation) for primary schools. The simulator is intended for the formation and development of important mathematical skills of third graders. Its main goal is to develop skills for fast and error-free counting within 1000. The system of various tasks will help children learn the practical techniques of adding and subtracting numbers within 1000, multiplication and division. The simulator in their work can be used by teachers, teachers of additional education. These simulators will help parents of students organize independent work for the successful mastering of the mathematics course program in the 3rd grade. This simulator provides 16 examples on a designated topic.
When working with a presentation, the transition to the next slide is a click of the mouse
Subject: Mathematics
Target audience: for grade 3
The task was created for the lesson of the Russian language in the 3rd grade "Parts of speech". The card can be used as a non-standard homework or in a lesson in individual and pair work.
Purpose: formation of the ability to distinguish parts of speech
Tasks:
- improve the ability to accurately identify parts of speech;
- develop oral and written speech;
- to foster interest in learning Russian.
Expected results:
- learners will learn to accurately identify parts of speech;
- work with information in a non-standard form.
Subject: Russian language
Target audience: for grade 3
Dictionary words are words whose spelling does not correspond to pronunciation and does not obey any known rules of the Russian language, therefore, in order to write correctly, the spelling of these words has to be memorized. Spelling vocabulary words always causes a lot of difficulties for students.
Purpose: control of the formation of spelling skills.
Objectives: to increase the efficiency of learning the Russian language; develop mental operations; foster interest in the subject.
Target audience: for grade 3
The task was created for the lesson of the Russian language in grade 3 "Spelling of words with dividing solid and soft signs". The card can be used as a non-standard homework or in the lesson in individual and pair work.
goal: formation of the ability to distinguish between words with dividing and soft signs
Tasks:
Improve the ability to accurately write down words with learned spelling;
Develop speaking and writing;
Raise interest in learning Russian.
Expected results:
Students will learn to write down words with the learned spelling accurately;
Work with information in a non-standard form.
Subject: Russian language
Target audience: for grade 3
The series of simulators fully complies with the federal educational standard (second generation) for primary schools. The simulator is intended for the formation and development of important mathematical skills of third graders. Its main goal is to develop skills for quick and error-free counting within 1000. The system of various tasks will help children learn the practical techniques of adding and subtracting numbers within 1000, multiplication and division. The simulator in their work can be used by teachers, teachers of additional education. For parents of students, these simulators will help organize independent work for the successful mastering of the mathematics course program in the 3rd grade. This simulator presents 24 examples on the indicated topic.
When working with a presentation, the transition to the next slide is a click of the mouse
Subject: Mathematics
Target audience: for grade 3
This presentation can be used in the classroom around the world. Purpose: the formation of ideas about changes in the life of plants in winter and familiarization with the methods of determining tree species in winter by external distinctive features.
Subject: The world around
Target audience: for grade 2
"February 23" Intellectual game is intended for primary school children and can be used on class hours, extracurricular activitiesdedicated to February 23. The presentation consists of 15 questions by February 23 and will "revive" any event, add interest to the topic.
Tasks: To form in children the image of the defender of their state. To instill love for the Fatherland and native land. Raise feelings of pride in the history of the country's formation and the need to defend the Motherland.
Target audience: for grade 4
Didactic material using the "Keyboard Crossword" technique for students in grades 1-4. EMC any.
Purpose: creating conditions for learning and consolidating vocabulary words
to help improve the effectiveness of learning the Russian language;
practice the skill of spelling dictionary words;
foster interest in the subject and the need for use and application computer programs in teaching.
This resource can be used for group and individual work.
Working with the presentation is carried out using the control buttons.
Subject: Russian language
Target audience: for grade 2
Literary reading generalization on the section “I love Russian nature. Spring". 2nd class of educational complex "School of Russia".
Purpose: expanding knowledge about spring
- introduce the signs of spring;
- develop an interest in the world around;
- develop the ability to observe the signs of spring.
The resource can be used for individual, group and frontal work with the class.
Subject: Literary reading
Target audience: for grade 2
The series of simulators fully complies with the federal educational standard (second generation) for primary schools. The simulator is intended for the formation and development of important mathematical skills of third graders. Its main goal is to develop skills for fast and error-free counting within 1000. The system of various tasks will help children learn the practical techniques of adding and subtracting numbers within 1000, multiplication and division. The simulator in their work can be used by teachers, teachers of additional education. These simulators will help parents of students organize independent work for the successful mastering of the mathematics course program in the 3rd grade. This simulator provides 20 examples on a designated topic.
When working with a presentation, the transition to the next slide is a click of the mouse
Education in the elementary Lomonosov school is a combination of classical traditions russian education with modern and effective educational technologies.
Children receive education from zero (preparatory) to grade 4.
At the age from 6 to 11, children develop an internal attitude towards acquiring knowledge as acquiring the key to the fascinating world of research and discovery. That is why primary school focuses on developing children's learning skills. The development of educational skills and, at the same time, the preservation and development of the child's unique individuality - this is the goal of the work of the teachers of the elementary Lomonosov school. They have developed a system into which both the educational process and extracurricular activities are integrated.
Design and research activities, in which children participate, starting from the kindergarten, orients them to an independent search for solutions, develops creative and analytical abilities.
Working hours:
- a five-day school week with a sixth developmental day;
- the duration of a lesson in kindergarten is 25 minutes, in grade 1 - 35 minutes, in grades 2-4 - 40 minutes.
Vacation: autumn, winter, spring, May and summer (for 0 and 1 grade - additional in February)
Food: 5 meals a day with a choice of dishes (1st breakfast, 2nd breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner). Replacement of meals and dietary meals are possible.
Location and infrastructure
- The building, which is owned by the Lomonosov Educational Holding, is located in a landscaped protected area in an ecologically friendly area of \u200b\u200bMoscow.
- On the territory - 2 sports grounds with a coating for outdoor games, 2 children's playgrounds, a sports complex, a labyrinth for team or individual intellectual games, gazebos for relaxation or outdoor lessons.
- Own vehicle fleet.
Education
Education in primary school is conducted according to the curriculum, which is drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education (FSES), SanPin.
- The educational process uses a unique author's Educational Technology "Intellect".
- Primary school students speak English fluently, from grade 2 they have certificates of passing the international Cambridge Young Learners exams.
- The Lomonosov School has developed a system for monitoring educational competencies, which allows you to build an individual educational route for each student.
- 0 grade - 18 hours,
- 1st class - 21 hours,
- Grades 2-4 - 23 hours.
The peculiarity of teaching in primary school lies in the fact that in the curriculum, in addition to the basic one, there is a school component, partial integration of life-saving subjects and the World Around is provided.
Philology (languages \u200b\u200band literature)
The goal is to develop the speech of younger students, the formation of reading and writing skills, the ability to listen, tell and explain, use the skills of reading, writing and speaking to understand other areas of reality.
Russian language
- Grade 0 (preparation for literacy training) - 2 hours a week;
- 1st class - 4 hours;
- Grades 2-4 - 5 hours.
Literary reading
- Kindergarten (introduction to fiction) - 1 hour per week;
- 1st class - 4 hours;
- Grades 2-4 - 3 hours.
English language
- Kindergarten - 2 hours a week;
- 1st class - 4 hours a week;
- Grades 2-4 - 6 hours.
Teach english language in the elementary Lomonosov school, they begin with the preparatory class. This is one of the priority areas. To strengthen language practice, teaching in elementary school includes classes with a native speaker, meta-subject Science lessons, bilingual lessons, and reading books in English.
From the 2nd grade, students take the international Cambridge Young Learners exam (Starters, Movers, Flyers). To pass the exam at each level, children take a preparatory one-year course. Lomonosov Primary School is certified by the International Language Link Center and is a certified preparation center for the Cambridge Young Learners international Cambridge exam.
Learning English takes place in the course for children of primary and secondary school age published by MacMillan "Way Ahead" and the textbook of English grammar "Round-Up". The tasks are designed taking into account the interests of the child, his age-related physical and psychological characteristics.
Individual approach and use educational programs for children of different levels of knowledge helps each student to successfully learn English.
Mathematics
The study of mathematics in the kindergarten class is allocated 3 hours a week, in grades 1-4 - 4 hours. The program is integrated with the course "Computer science": in grades 1-4 - 1 hour per week.
Educational activities within the course involve the development of intuitive and logical thinking; elementary mental operations; formation of the ability to operate with sign and symbolic means and move from one language to another. The main idea is to develop an algorithmic style of thinking on the subject material of other training courses that are necessary for subsequent training.
The main task of informatics is the formation of primary concepts about the information activity of a person, about the organization of socially significant resources, about the moral and aesthetic standards of working with information. There is also practical informatics - information technology and information culturethat shapes children's user skills.
Classes at the Computer Club are held from grade 2 in the afternoon.
The course, built in the form of an exciting game, simulates the tasks of real life: it teaches you to pose a problem, look for means and ways to solve it using a computer and other means of information technology.
Primary school education prepares students for active use information resources in the future: voice recorders, multimedia training programs, e-books, reference books and encyclopedias.
The class uses a software shell, which provides information about modern operating systems, local networks, and the Internet.
The special room has everything you need for a successful and interesting learning: a multimedia projector, interactive whiteboard, local network, Internet access, office equipment.
The world
Primary school education includes an integrated course The world around us, Moscow studies, the development of oral speech based on history.
Study objectives:
- students' awareness of a holistic picture of the world and a person's place in it;
- broadening one's horizons;
- acquisition of public speaking skills;
- instilling health skills and rules of behavior in extreme conditions;
- acquaintance with the history of Moscow and the country.
- kindergarten - 1 hour per week;
- Grades 1-4 - 2 hours.
In the afternoon, the study of the surrounding world continues in school scientific community "Rostok"... Every year at a scientific conference, the guys present the results of research and design work.
Physical Culture
Physical education lessons in all classes - 2 hours a week, active and dance breaks. In the afternoon - a dynamic hour, outdoor games while walking on the school grounds.
Tennis court, football and volleyball grounds, sports complex - all this gives every child the opportunity to be active. Guys preparatory group health specialists are trained additionally with a specialist in physiotherapy exercises.
Classes are taught by teachers of the highest category. Physical education teacher Vladimir Mikhailovich Vinogradov - finalist of the Moscow Teacher of the Year 2007 competition, winner of the 2007 Best Teachers of Russia competition. He was included in the jury of the competition "Teacher of the Year in Russia - 2009, 2010".
Art, technology
Primary school activities are impossible without art and technology, the purpose of which is to develop creative imagination, enrich the sensory, emotional, aesthetic experience of children, and develop artistic and imaginative thinking.
- Fine Arts - 1 hour per week (all classes);
- Technology (art work) - 1 hour per week (all classes);
- Music - 1 hour per week (all classes).
Achievements
Education in primary school includes the achievements of its students in olympiads, competitions, marathons and other competitions of various levels - from school to international. The names of the best are known to the entire Lomonosov community. The guys actively participate in the public life of their favorite school, in the discussion of current tasks, make their proposals to the administration. Winners and awardees are honored by supporting their drive for success and the development of intelligence.
Traditions
Primary school activities are not only modern educational technologies, but also glorious traditions. A common holiday for everyone - birthday of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, November 19. On this day, lessons dedicated to the great scientist are held, and for the first grades there is an excursion around the school museum of Lomonosov, and its fourth-graders lead it. After the excursion, Mikhailo Lomonosov himself initiates first graders into children.
Sun Day - one of the most beloved holidays invented by the psychological service. It takes place in February - the month when everyone is already tired of winter, and the first sunny days are still far away. On the Day of the Sun, all students and staff delight each other with a good mood, bright colors in their clothes. The employees of the cafe are preparing for the holiday. The Cherry Orchard»: Tasty and bright surprises await everyone there.
Every year, at the beginning and at the end, when the weather is good and you want to spend more time outdoors, Health day... All students and staff take part in it. This is usually a game where each class is a team. Most of the tasks are related to sports, but there are those where you need to show your wit, your talents and always - the unity of the team.
It is in elementary school that many children first seriously get to know the book. Each year, in the first school week of January, there is Decade of readingwhich involves students, parents and staff. Participation in the annual "Reading School" campaign is considered very honorable and important. During it, everyone simultaneously opens their books and reads for 10 minutes. Thematic contests of readers are held as part of the action "We read by heart" and the festival "Nonsense Poems" or "Country of the game" - theatrical performance of staged poems.
Another tradition is weekly rulers... They take place every Monday, at the third break. Subject weeks on the line-up open and close, congratulate the winners of Olympiads and sports competitions, honor birthday people, and present personal certificates at the end of the past week. Each student has a personal achievement diary. It collects certificates for academic success, accuracy, assistance in organizing events and even for correct posture.
Primary School I
Primary School
general educational educational institution for children, giving elementary education (basic knowledge of the native language, mathematics, as well as nature and society); in modern systems public education (see. Public education) of most countries N. sh. (primary grades) is the first stage of compulsory education for all (see General education). The age of children entering N. sh. And the terms of study in it are not the same in different countries. In Great Britain, for example, the education of children begins at the age of 5 in the so-called schools for toddlers, from which, after two years of education, children move to N. sh. - classes (4 years). In France, training begins at the age of 6 and is carried out in N. sh. on a single program for 5 years. Elementary schools in the United States accept children from the age of 6, they undergo a 6- or 8-year (in schools in small towns) course of study. In most countries of Latin America, the course of N. sh. Is usually 6 years old, in some countries (Colombia, Peru, the Dominican Republic, Brazil) - 5 years, in N. sh. (classes) children from 6 years old are accepted. In Italy, compulsory for children of 6 years of age are 3-year schools (the first cycle of N. sh.), The full course of study is carried out for 4-5 years. In N. sh. (classes) of socialist countries, the education of children begins at 6 (for example, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic) or at the age of 7 (USSR, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria). The primary education course in most socialist countries is 3-4 years. The first N. sh. on the territory that is now part of the USSR, arose in the 4th century. in Georgia and Armenia, in Russia - in the 9-11 centuries. Schools for teaching children to read and write, read church books and chant were created at churches and monasteries; an important role in the spread of literacy (especially in the 14-16th centuries) was played by literacy masters who taught children in families or created small schools at their homes. In 1701, the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences was founded in Moscow .
The elementary grades of the school consisted of two sequential stages: the "Russian school" (reading and writing) and the "digital school" (counting and the beginnings of arithmetic and geometry). From 1714, digital schools began to be established for children of all classes, except for the peasants. In these schools, children received basic mathematical knowledge, learned to read and write. By the middle of the 18th century. digital schools fell into decay, some of them were merged with garrison schools (See Garrison schools) ,
where the children of the soldiers were trained. Representatives of the progressive part of society (I. T. Pososhkov, V. N. Tatishchev and others) advocated the need for primary education for the children of peasants. In 1782, the Commission for the Establishment of Schools was organized, which, under the leadership of F. I. Yankovich de Mirievo, developed the Charter of Public Schools (1786). According to the charter, in the provincial cities, the main public schools were opened with a 5-year period of study, in the county towns - Small public schools (2 years). The class-lesson system of instruction was introduced, first used in fraternal schools (see Fraternal schools)
Western Ukraine and Belarus in the 16th century. New textbooks and visual aids have appeared. The charter, adopted in 1804, provided for the creation of a single non-class system of general education schools. The system was based on Parish Schools ,
established in cities and much less often in villages, as well as county schools (see. Uyezd school). The charter of 1828 retained these types educational institutions, but they no longer represented a single system, acquired an estate character (parish schools were intended for the lower classes, district schools for the middle classes). The charter directed all the activities of the school to strengthen the foundations of "Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality." The progressive public expressed dissatisfaction with the education system of the people and demanded its reform. The government in the early 60s. 19th century was forced to start developing a school reform project (as an integral part of the bourgeois reforms of the 60-70s). In 1864, the "Statute on the elementary public schools" was approved. Before the N. sh., As before, the task was set to affirm religious concepts among the people and to disseminate initial knowledge. A unified curriculum was introduced, which included the law of God, reading church and civil books, counting (4 arithmetic operations), church singing. Education in schools was allowed only in Russian N. sh. It was declared non-class, it was allowed to open schools for local governments, societies and individuals, to appoint teachers not only men, but also women. All N. sh. under the new Regulations were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education, with the exception of parish schools (see Parish schools) ,
which remained under the jurisdiction of the Holy Synod. For the leadership of N. sh. at the local level, uyezd and provincial school councils were established. N. sh. constituted a special education system for the masses, not associated with secondary school. The social and pedagogical movement of the 60s made a great contribution to the development of primary education. The number of parish schools and so-called Sunday schools has grown significantly (see Sunday schools). By this time, the publication of the books by KD Ushinsky "Native Word" and " Child's world”, Who played a huge role in the formation of Russian. N. sh. Development of N. sh. in the 60-70s. closely connected with the activities of the zemstvo (see. zemstvo). From 1865 to 1874 in 34 provinces, where zemstvos were established, a network of N. sh. increased significantly. Zemsky schools were considered the best in terms of teaching and educational work. They not only taught reading, writing and counting, but also gave information on natural science, geography and history. Zemstvos supplied schools with visual aids and textbooks, books for reading, written by KD Ushinsky, LN Tolstoy and other progressive teachers, showed concern for improving the qualifications of teachers. However, this activity of the zemstvos caused discontent in government circles. In 1874, a new "Statute on Primary Public Schools" was approved, which was in effect until 1917. Zemstvos were not allowed to interfere in the teaching and educational work of schools; their activities in the field of public education were limited to solving economic issues. Since the 80s. the government and the church began to intensively plant parish schools as the most reliable. After the victory of the October Revolution of 1917, the management of schools was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Education, and in the localities - to the departments of public education of the Soviets of Workers 'and Peasants' Deputies. In 1918 the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the separation of church from state and school from church. All expenses for the maintenance of schools were borne by the state. In the early 30s. universal compulsory primary education has been introduced. Initially N. sh. had a 5-year term of study, established by the "Regulations on the unified labor school" (1918). In connection with the creation of a 7-year school in the public education system (1923), the period of study in N. sh. reduced to 4 years; from the end of the 60s. (after a large experimental test) - up to 3 years. N. sh. in the USSR and the corresponding classes of 8-year and secondary schools - an organic part of a single general educational labor polytechnic school. The continuity of all stages of the school is ensured by the complete coordination of curricula and programs and the unity of the principles of organizing teaching and educational work on the basis of the general tasks of communist education of the younger generation. N. sh. are created mainly in small settlements where there are no 8-year or secondary schools. The radius of the served N. sh. district does not exceed 3 km. Children who are 7 years old by the beginning of the school year are admitted to the 1st grade. An experiment is being conducted to organize training from the age of 6. In a number of union and autonomous republics, preparatory classes are being created for children of 6 years of age (especially those who do not speak Russian) in order to prepare them for education in the N. sh. with the parallel study of the native and Russian languages. In N. sh. and in the elementary grades of 8-year-olds and secondary schools, all subjects are taught by one teacher. Compulsory classes per week - 24 academic hours, in national schools (with instruction in the native language and voluntary study of Russian or other national language), an increase in the teaching load by 2-3 hours is allowed. Homework assignments are designed to be completed within: in 1st grade - up to 1 hour, in 2nd - up to 1.5 hours, in 3rd - up to 2 hours. Curriculum provides for the study of Russian (native - in national schools) language, mathematics, natural history, classes in labor, fine arts, music, physical education. The Russian (native) language program includes initial information on grammar and spelling, the formation of coherent oral and written speech, the skills of conscious, expressive reading with a gradual increase in its fluency (up to 80-90 words per minute by the end of the 3rd year of study). Classroom reading is complemented by extracurricular reading (special lessons are held). In reading and grammar lessons, much attention is paid to logical exercises, the development of independent judgments in the student. The program in mathematics includes numbering and arithmetic operations from the first ten to multi-digit numbers within the class of millions, the concept of fractions, the metric system of measures of length and weight, time and its measurement. Geometric material ( geometric figures on the plane) is studied in close connection with arithmetic operations. Particular attention is paid to the development of mathematical thinking. The natural history program provides for acquaintance with natural phenomena, agricultural. labor, basic information on the anatomy and physiology of man, the protection of his health, the protection of nature. The study of theoretical material is combined with experiments, practical work, excursions. In labor lessons, work is carried out with different materials, household items, toys, etc. are made, tasks for technical modeling are gradually becoming more complicated. Visual arts classes include drawing from life, by imagination, on preset themes, decorative drawing, acquaintance with individual works of fine art, etc. Lessons in singing and listening to music (using sound recording) contribute to the formation of vocal and choral skills, artistic taste, and the development of musical abilities in children. Physical education (gymnastic exercises, games, ski training, etc.) is an important means of improving the health of children. Education and upbringing in N. sh. are organized taking into account the mental characteristics of children, their interests and requests. Lit .: Konstantinov N. A., Struminsky V. Ya., Essays on the history of primary education in Russia, 2nd ed., M., 1953; Problems of training and education in primary school. Ed. B.G. Ananyev and A.I.Sorokina, M., 1960; Psychology issues learning activities younger students. Ed. D. B. Elkonin and V. V. Davydov, M., 1962; Zankov L. V., About primary education, M., 1963; Basic questions of primary education. Sat. Ed. A. S. Pchelko, M., 1963; Eight-year school programs. Primary classes (I-III), M., 1972; Essays on the history of school and pedagogical thought of the peoples of the USSR. XVIII century. - per. floor. XIX century, M., 1973. P.V. Zimin. monthly magazine, organ of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR. Published in Moscow since 1933. Designed for teachers in grades 1-3 comprehensive school... The journal publishes materials on the setting of teaching in primary grades and educational work with children (including in small primary schools), on the use of visual aids and technical teaching aids in the educational process, advanced pedagogical experience is promoted. "N. sh. " prints materials to help teachers self-education, conducts discussions on topical pedagogical problems, highlights the experience of elementary schools abroad; there is a section "Criticism and Bibliography". Famous scientists, methodologists, teachers, school leaders, and public educators speak in the magazine. Circulation (1974) over 600 thousand copies. Big soviet encyclopedia... - M .: Soviet encyclopedia.
1969-1978
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See what "Primary School" is in other dictionaries:
In the Russian Federation, the type of general education school for children from 7 (6) years of age in the composition of 1 3 (4) grade. Primary schools are opened in small settlements that do not have 8 (9) summer and secondary general education schools. Graduated ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
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In the Russian Federation, the type of general education school for children from 7 (6) years of age in the composition of 1 3 (4) grades. Primary schools are opened in small settlements that do not have 8 (9) summer and secondary general education schools. Graduated ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
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