Everyone who studied at school is familiar with the work of teachers. Over the years of their work, they manage to do a lot of things: conduct lessons, check notebooks, organize various instructive conversations. And this is not the whole list of teachers' responsibilities, which they must follow from year to year. Most of the time teachers spend writing a whole mass of paper documents.
The most important and crucial moment in the teacher's activity is methodical work. To make it pass at the proper level, instructional and methodological letters 2017... Thanks to the correct methodical work, students receive a sufficient amount of knowledge, and the teachers themselves understand how to conduct training correctly and what techniques are best used in this important matter.
the main objective
Instructive and methodological letters that are distributed on the territory of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus are echoes Soviet Union, when total control over all spheres of life was practiced.
Especially the board controlled studying proccess and made sure that only the necessary knowledge was put into the heads of the students. It's hard to say how useful this system is, because in many ways it is an atavism. But it is impossible to completely abandon the recommendations, because they carry, indeed, noble goals.
The modern educational process moves according to a strictly established order, which was approved by the “top” of the formed system. But, if you take, for example, a school, a kindergarten or a vocational school, then here they do not stop only at studying subjects and transferring scientific knowledge.
Most often, educational and extracurricular work is also practiced in these institutions. Thanks to the approved methodological guidelines, the national educational and educational process is regulated, as well as the labor enthusiasm of teachers increases, which can be directed to the development of certain qualities in teachers and their students.
Suggestions from above, as a rule, relate to a number of problems faced by modern society. It can be love for the Motherland, patriotism, aesthetic education, humanism, respect for nature and living beings, etc.
In addition, instructional and methodological letters help develop the moral education of the younger generation and allow them to show the following qualities:
- Love for creative activity
- Erudition
- Respect for elders
- Military-patriotic training
- Interest in knowledge
- Compliance with all safety rules
Besides, guidelines relate to the problems of assessing knowledge, design of the school territory and corners, work with difficult teenagers, the introduction and development of circles and libraries. Such letters are received even in juvenile colonies, because the educational process is also conducted in these places.
Innovations in methodological support
With the advent of 2015, there were some changes in the methodological cover letters, and these changes were supported by an order. The provisions of this document state that all textbooks must have their own electronic version. There is an established list that is mandatory. It should be noted that the electronic version must be completely identical to the printed one.
Such an innovation will help government programs Russia is quicker to switch to the tablet method of education. This is very convenient and practical, according to officials from the Ministry of Defense, because the student at any time can synchronize the tablet with an interactive whiteboard, textbook on another subject or reference book.
Such an approach will help not only speed up the learning process, but also save paper, and also develop children more informationally. One tablet holds a hundred books, so the price gain is excellent. In addition, students do not have to carry heavy bags behind their backs that affect the child's health, including posture.
But this technique also has the other side of the coin. Nothing can replace the magical energy and special meaning of the book, which helps to remember the material covered for a long time. Anyway, reading from a paper edition is much more pleasant.
Breath of the era
In recent years, a totalitarian revival of patriotism has been practiced in Russia. The slogan “We defeated Hitler - we are the best!” Is actively spreading in the society and the media. Now Victory Day is the most important holiday in the state, residents go to parades, dress up in costumes of those times and do their best to support the veterans, who are already few.
Old traditions are also being revived in schools: veterans are invited to lessons, perform "Zarnitsi", sing "Darkie". In the instructional letters for 2017, a special chapter will be allocated to this topic. The military theme can be used in various subjects: in literature, in history, in drawing, in music, in geography.
What are we waiting for?
The new 2017 will bring a lot of new and interesting things. An ordinary teacher will have to face a number of requirements and instructions, which will sometimes go against his personal beliefs. Letters will be sent to all schools, and teachers will have to follow all orders. At any time, a check may come to the city, which will require a detailed report on the work done.
To instill in children knowledge and love for the Motherland, it is not necessary to pile up educational institutions with a huge number methodological literature... After all, no orders will help a student to become better if he does not want to. The country should encourage conscientious educators who sacrifice their personal lives for the good of the country.
Despite all the difficulties and problems that exist in the educational system, every year in Russia there are more and more first-class and versatile teachers who are ready to make every effort to make their students worthy citizens of their Motherland. And each of them hopes that the years of study will not be in vain and soon our country will reach a completely different level of life.
Curriculum - a document that defines the list, labor intensity, sequence and distribution of academic subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), practice, other types of educational activities and forms of intermediate certification of students by periods of study.
The curriculum is part of the educational program of a general education organization. General educational organizations develop educational programs in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard and taking into account the corresponding approximate basic educational programs.
The procedure for accepting the curriculum involves:
- adoption by the self-governing body of a general educational institution in accordance with the Charter of the educational institution;
- approval by the director of a general education institution indicating the number and date of the order;
- examination of the approved curriculum by the founder according to certain parameters.
Formation of curricula for the 2019/2020 academic year
Federal level
Regulations
1. Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ "On education in Russian Federation» (with changes as of 07.06.2016)
2. Federal basic curriculum approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated 09.03.2004 No. 1312
3. Federal component of the state standard general education, approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated 05.03.2004 No. 1089 "On approval of the federal component of state standards for primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education" (forV - XI (XII) classes)
4. Federal state educational standard of primary general education, approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated 06.10.2009 No. 373(with changes)
5. Federal state educational standard of basic general education, approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of December 17, 2010 No. 1897 (forV-VI classes of educational organizations, as well as forVII-VIII classes of educational organizations participating in the approbation of the FSES of basic general education in the 2015/2016 academic year)(with changes)
6. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of 08.13.2013. No. 1015 "On approval of the procedure for organizing and implementing educational activities on basic general education programs - educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education ".(with changes)
Methodical letters
1. Letter of the Department of General Education of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 05/12/2011. No. 03-296 "On the organization of extracurricular activities in the introduction of the federal state educational standard of general education"(When applying the document, it should be borne in mind that the letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 12/14/2015 N 09-3564 sent Methodological Recommendations for the organization of extracurricular activities and the implementation of additional general educational programs in educational institutions.)
2. Letter of the Department of State Policy in the Field of Education of Children and Youth of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated 12/14/2015. No. 09-3564 "On extracurricular activities and the implementation of additional educational programs."
3. Letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 04.03.2010. No. 03-413 "On methodological recommendations for the implementation elective courses»
Regional level
Orders, instructional and methodological letters, recommendations
1. Order of the Committee for Education of St. Petersburg dated 03.23.2016. No. 846-r "On the formation of curricula educational institutions Petersburg, implementing the main general education programs for the 2016/2017 academic year. " ... (Word format). Location address: (pdf format).
2. Letter of the Committee on Education of St. Petersburg dated 15.04.2016. No. 03-20-1347 / 16-0-0 "On the direction of the instructional-methodological letter" On the formation of curricula of educational organizations of St. Petersburg, implementing the main general education programs, for the 2016/2017 academic year. " (Word format). Location address: (pdf format).
3. Letter of the Committee on Education of St. Petersburg dated 05/10/2016. No. 03-20-1643 / 16-0-0 "On the direction of instructional and methodological writing" On the formation of curricula of educational organizations of St. Petersburg, implementing the adapted basic general education programs for the 2016/2017 academic year. "Part 1.Part 2.(Word format). Location address: (pdf format).
4. Letter of the Committee on Education of St. Petersburg dated 02.06.2015 No. 03-20-2216 / 15-0-0 "On the direction of the instructional and methodological letter" On the organization of the work of educational organizations of St. Petersburg, implementing the basic general educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education, providing in-depth study of academic subjects, subject areas "
5. Letter of the Education Committee of St. Petersburg dated 05.21.2015 No. 03-20-2257 / 15-0-0 "On the direction of the instructional and methodological letter" On the organization of extracurricular activities in the implementation of federal state educational standards primary general and basic general education in educational institutions of St. Petersburg "". (it is possible to use the recommendations in the 2016/2017 academic year)
6. On the choice of elective subjects in the development when developing the curriculum of an educational organization for the 2014/2015 academic year (materials of the open meeting of the ENMS APPO with the participation of the General Education Department of the Committee on Education, staff of the APPO and IMC districts)(it is possible to use the recommendations in the 2016/2017 academic year)
Base of elective courses SPb APPO
7. Letter of the Education Committee dated June 10, 2014 No. 03-20-2420 / 14-0-0 "Methodological recommendations for organizing the study academic subject "Technology" in educational institutions in the 2014/2015 academic year. "
8.M methodical recommendations of the Committee on Education dated July 11, 2014 No. 03-20-2913 / 14-0-0 "Methodological recommendations for organizing the study foreign languages in state educational organizations that implement basic educational programs "(can be used in the 2016/2017 academic year).
9. Information letter from SPb APPO about textbooks on the subject "History and Culture of St. Petersburg"
10. Methodological recommendations "On the organization of extracurricular activities in educational institutions of St. Petersburg, implementing general education programs of basic general education in the context of the introduction and implementation of the Federal State Educational Standard for the 2015/2016 academic year." ...
11. Letter of the Education Committee dated 18.03.2016 N 03-20-859 / 16-0-0
About direction guidelines on the implementation of the IKS requirements in the transition to a linear model of the study of history.
Department of Education of the Administration of the Nevsky District
1. Consultation materials on the formation of curricula for deputy directors for OIA of educational institutions. ..
2. The layout of the curriculum for the 2016/2017 academic year. .
3. Order of the Administration of the Nevsky District of St. Petersburg
Normative documents for the formation of the teaching materials of a general educational organization
1. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of 12/14/2009 No. 729 "On approval of the list of organizations that publish textbooks that are allowed to be used in the educational process in educational institutions that have state accreditation and implement educational programs of general education" (as amended by Orders of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of 13.01 .2011 N 2, dated 16.01.2012 N 16)
2. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of March 31, 2014 No. 253 "On approval of the federal list of textbooks recommended for use in the implementation of state-accredited educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education."(with changes)
3. Letter of the Department of State Policy in the Sphere of General Education of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 08-548 dated 04.29.2014 "On the Federal List of Textbooks"
4. Letter of the Education Committee dated 11.03.2016 N 03-20-758 / 16-0-0
About the direction of methodological recommendations for the choice of teaching materials in mathematics.
| 1 | Typical curricula for general secondary education for the 2019/2020 academic year | ||
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INSTRUCTIONAL-METHODOLOGICAL LETTER MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS"About the organization in the 2019/2020 academic year educational process when studying academic subjects and conducting extracurricular activities in institutions of general secondary education " |
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| 3 | Appendix 1 . Features of the organization of the educational process AT STAGE I OF GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION. | ||
| 4 | Appendix 2. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of educational subjects "BELARUSIAN MOVA" and "BELARUSIAN LITARATURA". | ||
| 5 | Appendix 3. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of academic subjects "RUSSIAN LANGUAGE" and "RUSSIAN LITERATURE". | ||
| 6 | Appendix 4. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of the subject "FOREIGN LANGUAGE" | ||
| 7 | Appendix 5. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of the subject "MATHEMATICS" | ||
| 8 | Appendix 6. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of the subject "INFORMATICS" | ||
| 9 | Appendix 7. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of the subject "MAN AND THE WORLD" | ||
| 10 | Appendix 8. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the subjects "WORLD HISTORY" and "HISTORY OF BELARUS" | ||
| 11 | Appendix 9. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of the subject "SOCIETY" | ||
| 12 | Appendix 10. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of the academic subject "GEOGRAPHY" | ||
| 13 | Appendix 11. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of the academic subject "BIOLOGY" | ||
| 14 | Appendix 12. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of the subject "PHYSICS" | ||
| 15 | Appendix 13. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of the academic subject "ASTRONOMY" | ||
| 16 | Appendix 14. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of the subject "CHEMISTRY" | ||
| 17 | Appendix 15. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the academic subject "FINE ARTS" | ||
| 18 | Appendix 16. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of the subject "MUSIC" | ||
| 19 | Appendix 17. Features of the organization of the educational process in the study of the subject "LABOR TRAINING" | ||
| 20 | Appendix 18. Features of the organization of the educational process when studying the subject "ART (DOMESTIC AND WORLD CULTURE)" | ... Features of teaching students the basics of life safety |
METHODICAL RECOMMENDATIONS for the pharmaceutical culture of vusnaga and pismovaga maўlennya in ustanovy adukatsy, yakia realizuyu addukatsyyya pragram agulnay serrednyai adukatsy. DOWNLOAD
INSTRUCTIVE-METHODOLOGICAL LETTER "On the activities of institutions of general secondary education, structural units regional (Minsk city) executive committees, city, district executive committees, local administrations of districts in cities exercising state power in the field of education in the 2018/2019 academic year "
Library
materials
FOR PREPARATION FOR WRITING
THE FINAL WORKS
IN THE 2016/2017 ACADEMIC YEAR
FOR TEACHERS OF RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
AND LITERATURE
IntroductionDirection "Sense and Sensibility"
Direction "Honor and dishonor"
Direction "Victory and defeat"
Direction "Experience and mistakes"
Direction "Friendship and enmity"
Literature
INTRODUCTION
Final essay for the 2016-2017 academic year
Guidelines
As thematic areas, graduates are encouraged to reflect on the following polar concepts:
"Sense and Sensibility";
"Honor and dishonor";
"Victory and Defeat";
Experience and Errors;
"Friendship and enmity".
The same source contains Comments to five directions, developed by specialists of FGBNU "FIPI" and agreed with the Chairman of the Council N.D. Solzhenitsyna.
In the program "Opinion" on August 30, 2016 on the TV channel "Russia 24" () Natalia Solzhenitsyna noted: “We propose the topics of directions in the form of a comparison of polar or, at least, contrasting concepts. Such concepts create, as it were, two points, between which a kind of tense space arises, making it possible to compose a huge number of topics. Contrast and opposition, "stir up", hurt, involve the student in the need to make his own choice, to show his position and defend it reasonably ”.
Traditionally, the examination set will include five essay topics from a closed list (one topic from each open topic direction), and the topics will be compiled in accordance with the principles of feasibility, clarity and accuracy of the problem statement. It is noted “ literary centricity of the final essay, driven by tradition russian school, in which reading and studying fiction has always been given an important place. " Special emphasis is placed on the fact that a simple reference to a particular literary text in the final essay is not enough, the graduate must use examples related to the problems and topics of the works, the system of images, composition, etc., and a different level of comprehension of the material of the artistic works: from elements of semantic analysis (for example, plot, characters) to integrated analysis in the unity of form and content.
The Council on the Conducting of the Final Essay under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, chaired by Natalya Solzhenitsyna, President of the Russian Public Foundation Alexander Solzhenitsyn, has repeatedly pointed out that the essay is of a meta-subject nature, that is, it allows one to judge the civil, moral and moral maturity of the student, which is the result of training and education at school.
"Sense and Sense"
Official comment:
The direction involves thinking about mind and feeling as two most important components inner peace a person who influence his aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in harmonious unity and in a complex confrontation that constitutes the inner conflict of the personality.
The topic of mind and feeling is interesting for writers different cultures and eras: the heroes of literary works often find themselves faced with a choice between the dictates of feelings and the prompting of reason.
There are senses that fill and darken the mind, and there is a mind that chills the movement of the senses.
M.M. Prishvin
If the feelings are not true, then our entire mind will be false.
Lucretius
The feeling held captive by a gross practical need has only a limited meaning.
Karl Marx
No imagination can come up with so many conflicting feelings that usually coexist in one human heart.
F. La Rochefoucauld
Seeing and feeling is to be, to think, is to live.
The dialectical unity of reason and feeling is the central problem of many works of fiction in world and Russian literature. Writers, depicting the world of human intentions, passions, actions, judgments, in one way or another relate to these two categories. Human nature is arranged in such a way that the struggle between reason and feeling inevitably generates an internal conflict of the personality, and therefore provides fertile ground for the work of writers - artists of human souls.
The history of Russian literature, represented by the change of one literary direction others, showed a different relationship between the concepts of "mind" and "feeling."
In the Age of Enlightenment, mind becomes a key concept that determines the worldview of a person at that time. This naturally affected the ideas of writers about literary creation, about what the heroes of their works and the personal value system should be like. Feelings and personal interests were relegated to the background, yielding priority to duty, honor, service to the state and society. This did not mean that the heroes are devoid of passions, emotions - often they are very ardent young men, capable of sincerely love. For classicism, another thing is more important - how much the heroes are able to overcome their personal interests and fulfill their sense of duty to the Fatherland with a cold mind.
Comedies are great examples. DI. Fonvizin "The Minor" and A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"... Conversations of Starodum and Pravdin, Starodum and Milon about duty, honor of a person, about his most important spiritual and moral qualities that dictate his actions, ultimately come down to the exaltation of reason over feelings. Or the devotion of Alexander Andreyevich Chatsky to his ideals and convictions associated with the awareness of the need to eradicate the old order of Famus' Moscow, with a change in society and the consciousness of the younger generation - evidence of his rational approach to himself and the surrounding reality.
Thus, in the era of the domination of classicism in literature, unconditional primacy is given to reason, actions are dictated by balanced decisions, life experience, the problems of social sounding come to the fore.
Sentimentalism is replacing classicism, and later romanticism with a radical turn to the category of "feeling".
In the story N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza" the heroine is guided by the experienced feelings of sincere pure love for her chosen one Erast, which, unfortunately, ultimately leads to an irreparable tragedy. Deception leads to the collapse of hopes, the loss of the meaning of life for Lisa.
The hero's feelings, passions and experiences become key aspects of artistic research by romantic writers. V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin in his early works, M.Yu. Lermontov and many other Russian classics portrayed strong characters who were guided by the desire for the ideal, the absolute, realized the vulgarity of the surrounding reality and the impossibility of finding the very ideal in this world. This gave rise to their inevitable conflict with the world, led to exile, loneliness, wandering, and often even death.
Feelings of love, longing for a loved one push Svetlana from the ballad of the same name V.A. Zhukovsky look into the other world to know your destiny and meet your chosen one. And the heroine experiences an endless feeling of fear, falling into that terrible reality filled with demonic forces.
Not the mind, but the command of the heart pushes Mtsyri out of eponymous poem M.Yu. Lermontov to escape from the monastery and return to their homeland in order to find a home, friends, or at least "the graves of relatives." And knowing yourself, your nature inner freedom, the hero understands with reason that he can never become a part of the monastic world, the world of "confinement" and prison, and therefore makes a choice towards death as eternal freedom.
During the period of the extinction of romanticism and the arrival of realism to replace it, many writers acutely felt the need to reflect this process in works of art... One of the methods for realizing this is the clash in the creation of images of heroes, symbolizing different types of personalities - romantics and realists. A classic example is the novel A.S. Pushkin " Eugene Onegin», in which two opposites inevitably collide - "wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire" - Vladimir Lensky and Eugene Onegin. The time of romantics with their dreams and ideals, as Pushkin shows, is gradually passing away, giving way to rationally thinking, pragmatic individuals (in this case, it is appropriate to recall the epigraph to the sixth chapter of the novel, in which the duel between the heroes takes place - “Where the days are cloudy and short , // A tribe will be born that doesn't hurt to die ").
The second half of the 19th century, with the dominance of realism in Russian literature, greatly complicated the dichotomy of the concepts of "reason" and "feeling." The choice of heroes between them becomes much more difficult, thanks to the reception of psychologism, this problem becomes more complicated, often determining the fate of the literary image.
A great example of Russian classics is the novel I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", in which the author deliberately confronts feelings and reason, leading the reader to the idea that any theory has a right to exist if it does not contradict life itself. Yevgeny Bazarov, putting forward rationalizing ideas to change society, the old way of life, gave preference to exact sciences that can benefit the state, society, humanity, while denying all the spiritual components of human life - art, love, beauty and aesthetics of nature. Such denial and unrequited love for Anna Sergeevna leads the hero to the collapse of his own theory, disappointment and moral devastation.
The struggle between reason and feelings is shown in the novel F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment"... Raskolnikov's well-thought-out theory does not cause the hero to doubt his competence, which leads him to commit murder. But the pangs of conscience that pursue Rodion after committing a crime do not allow him to live in peace (a special role in this aspect is assigned to the hero's dreams). Of course, one should not lose sight of the fact that this problem is complicated in the novel due to the emphasis on the religious context.
In an epic novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" the categories "mind" and "feeling" are brought to the fore. For a writer, it is important how much one side or another prevails in the heroes, how they are guided in their actions. In the author's opinion, inevitable punishment deserves those who do not take into account the feelings of other people, who are calculating and selfish (the Kuragin family, Boris Drubetskoy). Those who surrender to feelings, dictates of the soul and heart, even if they make mistakes, but are able to eventually realize them (remember, for example, Natasha Rostova's attempt to run away with Anatoly Kuragin), are capable of forgiveness and sympathy. Undoubtedly, Tolstoy, as a true writer-philosopher, called for a harmonious unity of the rational and the sensible in man.
These two categories receive an interesting embodiment in creativity. A.P. Chekhov... For example, in "The Lady with the Dog", where the all-consuming power of love is proclaimed, it is shown how much this feeling can affect a person's life, literally transforming people to a new life. The final lines of the story are indicative in this regard, in which it is stated that with their minds the heroes understood how many obstacles and difficulties awaited them, but they were not afraid: “And it seemed that a little more - and the solution would be found, and then a new, beautiful a life; and it was clear to both of them that the end was still far, far away and that the most difficult and difficult was just beginning. Or the opposite example is a story "Ionych", in which the hero replaces spiritual values \u200b\u200b- namely the desire to love, have a family and be happy - with material, cold calculation, which inevitably leads to the moral and spiritual degradation of Startsev. Harmonious unity of mind and feeling is demonstrated in the story "Student", in which Ivan Velikopolsky comes to the realization of his destiny, thereby gaining inner harmony and happiness.
The literature of the twentieth century also presented many works in which the categories "mind" and "feeling" occupy one of the primary places. In the play "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky - a symbolic embodiment of concepts through a rational realistic understanding of the environment in which a person lives (Satin's reasoning), and illusory ideas about a bright future, instilled in the souls of heroes by the wanderer Luke. In the story "The fate of a man" by M.A. Sholokhov- the bitter disappointment of Andrei Sokolov, who went through the war and lost everything that was most precious in his life, and the role of Vanya in the fate of the protagonist, who gave him new life... In an epic novel "Quiet Don" M.A. Sholokhov- moral torment of Grigory Melekhov regarding feelings for Aksinya and duty to Natalia, dialogism in the choice of power. In the poem "Vasily Terkin" A.T. Tvardovsky - the Russian soldier's awareness of the need to defeat an external enemy, combined with a feeling of boundless love for the homeland. In the story "One Day of Ivan Denisovich" by A.I. Solzhenitsyn - ruthless conditions of detention of prisoners, accompanied by a bitter awareness of the objectivity of reality, and Shukhov's inner intentions, leading to the problem of preserving the human in such conditions.
"Honor and dishonor"
Official comment:
The direction is based on polar concepts associated with a person's choice: to be faithful to the voice of conscience, to follow moral principles, or to follow the path of betrayal, lies and hypocrisy.
Many writers have focused on depicting various manifestations of a person: from loyalty to moral rules to various forms of compromise with conscience, to the deep moral decline of the individual.
Honor is that high spiritual strength that keeps a person from meanness, betrayal, lies and cowardice. This is the core that strengthens the personality in choosing an action, this is a situation when conscience is the judge. Life often tests people, putting them before a choice - to act according to honor and take a blow on themselves, or to be cowardly and go against their conscience in order to get benefits and get away from troubles, possibly death. A person always has a choice, and how he will act depends on his moral principles. The path of honor is difficult, but the retreat from it, the loss of honor is even more painful.
Being a social, rational and conscious being, a person cannot but think about how others treat him, what they think of him, what assessments are given to his actions and his whole life. At the same time, he cannot help but think about his place among other people. This spiritual connection between a person and society is expressed in terms of Honor and Dignity. “Honor is my life,” Shakespeare wrote, “they have merged into one, and the honor of losing is equal to the loss of life for me.”
Moral decay, the fall of moral foundations leads to the collapse of both an individual and an entire people. Therefore, the significance of the great Russian classical literature, which is the moral foundation for many generations of people, is so great.
Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:
Do not get honor by vanity, by the beauty of clothes or horses, or by adornment, but by courage and wisdom.
Theophrastus
Every courageous, every truthful person brings honor to his homeland.
R. Rolland
Shame and honor are like a dress: the more worn, the more careless you are towards them.
Apuleius
True honor cannot tolerate untruth.
G. Fielding
The value and dignity of man are in his heart and in his will; it is here that his true honor is based.
Michel de Montaigne
Never leave the road of duty and honor - this is the only source of happiness.
Georges Louis Leclerc
Code of noble honor on the pages of literary works
The history of the Russian duel of the 11th - 10th century is the history of human tragedies, lofty impulses and passions. The concept of honor in the noble society of that time is associated with the dueling tradition. There was even a code of noble honor. The willingness to pay with life for the inviolability of one's personal dignity presupposed an acute awareness of that dignity. A.S. Pushkin, "The slave of honor", defending the honor of his wife and his honor, challenged Dantes to a duel, who with dubious behavior could discredit the name of the Pushkin couple. The poet could not live "slandered by rumor" and put an end to dishonor at the cost of his own life. M.Yu. Lermontov also fell victim to dishonest and vicious envious people.
Among the duelists, there were not rare breters - people who flaunt their willingness and ability to fight anywhere and with anyone. The brether's risk was ostentatious, and the killing of the enemy was part of his calculations. It was a mixture of posturing and cruelty.
Such negative variants of the duel are depicted in novels by A.S. Pushkin's "Shot". The hero of the story Silvio, "The first brawler in the army", is looking for a pretext for a fight in order to confirm his primacy in the hussar regiment. He boasts of his superiority and luck, demonstrates contempt for death, eats cherries at gunpoint to please his pride. His goal is not to kill, but to prove that he is strong and can rule over people. He is sick with narcissism and selfishness. Leaving a shot behind him, the hero did not kill the count, but was content with making him tremble. The question of honor, as the reader understands, is not even worth it - the hero's courage is also questionable.
Duels often arose for the slightest reason. Unreasonable jealousy Lensky challenges his friend to a duel Onegin.
In the novel M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" Pechorin kills Grushnitsky in a duel, defending the honor of the slandered lady. Grushnitsky's cowardice and cowardice found expression in his dishonorable behavior towards Princess Mary and towards a comrade whom he envied.
In drama M.Yu. Lermontov "Masquerade" Arbenin, defending his honor, kills his own wife, believing in a skillfully woven intrigue. Egoist and villain ruined an innocent soul for the sake of his ambitions. Painful pride and a false idea of \u200b\u200bhonor made him a toy in the hands of ill-wishers and pushed him to villainy.
Also noteworthy is the duel of Pierre Bezukhov with Dolokhov in the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" ... Pierre sincerely trusted his old friend, brought him into his house, helped with money, and Dolokhov dishonored his name. The hero stood up for his honor. But, realizing that stupid, "fake" Helen does not deserve a murder because of her, he is ready to repent not out of fear, but because he is sure of his wife's guilt.
The literary heroes of the 11th-10th century called offenders to the barrier and sometimes went to desperate actions, defending their honor, the price of which was life itself.
Honor as the embodiment of a hero's spiritual strength
Russian literature is characterized by a very serious and close look at the concept of honor and dishonor. But the understanding of honor by heroes can be different. An example of this is "The Captain's Daughter" A.S. Pushkin.
Petr Andreevich Grinev understands honor as an act of conscience. The main component of his honor is a duty to the Empress, to the Motherland, to the Fatherland, and the duty that the love for the daughter of Captain Mironov imposes on him.
AND Shvabrin? He is also a Russian officer. But, breaking the military oath, he went over to the side of Pugachev, betrayed the Motherland. He is selfish and cowardly, cynical and indifferent. He knows no nobility.
A completely different understanding of honor Pugacheva... It is kept exclusively at the level of feelings, mostly friendly. It is this narrow understanding of honor that allows Pugachev to commit atrocities in the plundered conquered villages and fortresses, without feeling reproaches of conscience, and at the same time help Grinev save Masha, remembering his kindness in the old days. "Which of my people dares to offend an orphan?" In a conversation with Pugachev, Grinev admits to himself that between cowardice, betrayal and certain death, he makes a choice dictated by his conscience: "The sense of duty has triumphed in me over human weakness." His straightforwardness will make Pugachev sincerely admire and let the hero go on all four sides.
Another example of Pushkin's work is the story "Dubrovsky". Senior Dubrovsky - a hereditary nobleman, whose honor comes from his position and the history of the family, for TroekurovaIs wealth and power. Have son of Dubrovsky, VladimirLike Grinev's, the main aspect of the honor motive is his duty, first of all, to his father, which makes him take revenge on Kirila Petrovich. Later, the debt to his father is reborn into a debt in relation to the object of his love, the daughter of Troekurov.
Honor, honesty ... Is the consonance of these words with "pure", "purity", "honor" accidental? Honesty, like the purity of the soul, the spotlessness of reputation is one of the aspects of this direction.
"But your honor is my guarantee, and I boldly entrust myself to her," - lines from a letter from Tatyana Larina from the novel A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" , completing a declaration of love, do not just express the hope of a young girl for the decency and dignity of the chosen one. There is also a belief in them that the honor of the heroine herself will not be outraged. For Larina, the concept of honor, moral purity is the basis of her worldview. Guided by her idea of \u200b\u200bduty, she remains faithful to her husband, rejecting Onegin's love. It is possible to sacrifice love, but not to sacrifice honor.
Hero lermontovsky "A Hero of Our Time" Pechorin not a typical character, but an exceptional one. Therefore the honorPechorin - this is a different, exceptional honor. In fact, atPechorin there is no honor in the traditional sense of the word. The glimpses of nobility and kindness, sometimes overshadowing him, are caused by the feeling of the exclusiveness of his own destiny.
Pechorin is in some way a forerunnerRaskolnikov - the hero of the novel by F.M. ... Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" , which one also the concept of honor is very personal and peculiar. It is in no way combined with the public understanding of honor, and sometimes is a deterrent.Raskolnikov does not recognize the laws of society and wants to live only by his own. A different understanding of honorSvidrigailova ... Here, on the contrary, it is not honor that engenders love, as in Pushkin's The Captain's Daughter, but love revives the previously lost concept of honor.
In another aspect, the theme of honor is revealed in the novelF.M. Dostoevsky's "The Idiot" ... On the example of the imageNastasya Filippovna the author shows how human and female honor can be violated. Being by nature a highly moral and pure being, the heroine began to despise and hate herself, although in everything that happened was not her fault. We can say that, having lost her honor, the heroine lost her life.
Grieves deeply N.V. Gogol about the crippled and dyinghuman soul , without honor and conscience: "" And to what insignificance, pettiness, disgusting man could condescend! Could have changed so much! And it looks like the truth? Everything looks like the truth, everything can happen to a person "( "Dead Souls" ) .
And it's impossible not to remember the novel Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace . Bolkonsky - an old aristocratic family. They are rightfully proud of their services to the Fatherland. High concept of honor, pride, independence, nobility and sharpness of mind old the prince passed on by inheritance to his son Prince Andrey . Both despise upstarts and careerists like Drubetskoy, Kuragin, Berg, for whom there is no concept of honor. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky does not think of any other path for his son, except for the path of honor. The pain that the news of the death of Prince Andrey will bring, he will accept. But the news of dishonor ... "I will be ... ashamed!" Think about it: shame is worse than death. For the Bolkonsky family, the category of honor and moral purity is fundamental. Isn't this clean ota makes the look of Princess Marya Lu clean wow?
Another heroine of Tolstoy, living with her heart, sincere, straightforward Natasha Rostova once finds herself one step away from dishonor. Passion for Anatoly Kuragin, preparation for the escape. Why is this story given through Pierre's perception? It is he who sees Natasha angry and cruel, he also takes her letters from Anatole and takes care of preserving the secret of the shameful act. He is trusted by the author to become Natasha's savior. Maybe because Pyotr Kirillovich Bezukhov himself had the misfortune of facing a "vile, heartless breed" and gained strength in resisting the evil and debauchery that the Kuragin sows around them.
Tolstoy shows honor and dishonor by drawing images of two commanders - defender of the FatherlandKutuzov and the invader Napoleon ... The invading enemy cannot be honest. The essence of his action is the capture of someone else's, not belonging to him, and murder.Napoleon depicted in the novel as selfish and narcissistic, arrogant and arrogant. The opposite figure to NapoleonKutuzov . He is depicted as the leader of the fair people's waras a man of honor and high morality.
By no means love for the Motherland (they simply do not have this love!) Are guided byBoris Drubetskoy and Dolokhov . The first learns the "unwritten chain of command" in order to make a career, the second tries to excel in order to regain his officer rank, then receive awards and ranks. Military officer Berg in Moscow, left by residents, buys things on the cheap. War, as Tolstoy shows, severely tests man.
The antithesis of honor and dishonor in 20th century literature
In the literature of the twentieth century, special attention is paid to the military class. After all, the hard times of revolutionary turmoil hit him backhand. What does it mean to remain honest, how to remain faithful to duty if there is confusion and chaos around? Everyone makes their own choice. Rescuing the junkers entrusted to him, Nai Tours perishes. Now we understand: it is no coincidence that Alexei Turbin saw the colonel in a dream in the guise of the Holy Knight. As if obeying the laws of knightly honor, Colonel Malyshev also acts, disbanding the division: “I saved all of mine. I didn't send it for slaughter! I didn't send it to shame! " Nikolai Turbin considers it his duty, a matter of honor, to tell the family of Nai-Tours about the colonel's heroic death and to help his family bury the hero with dignity. How far are Talberg ("a damn doll devoid of the slightest sense of honor!"), The hetman, the staff officers who abandoned the City, and cowards who secretly escaped from them. As if on their behalf, Turbin declares "a small nightmare in a large cage" from a dream: "For a Russian man, honor is just an extra burden." (M. Bulgakov "White Guard") .
The problem of preserving honor is not bypassed by the literature about the Great Patriotic War. Rybak makes a choice to become a coward, dishonor himself with betrayal and continue living with it. He agrees to serve as a policeman, knocks out the support from under the feet of a former fellow soldier and becomes the executioner of the one with whom he fought shoulder to shoulder yesterday. He remains to live and suddenly catches a glance full of hatred. Hatred for him, a coward and a traitor, a dishonest person. Now he is an enemy - both for people and for himself too ... Fate deprives Rybak of the opportunity to commit suicide, he will live with his brand of dishonor (V. Bykov "Sotnikov") .
Russian folklore has kept folk ideas about honor, truth and dignity for many centuries. Heroes of Russian fairy tales who commit betrayal, like the elder brothers of Ivan Tsarevich, invariably experience the shame of exposure. They are driven out of the kingdom. A hero who has passed the test to the end, without losing his dignity, eventually receives a reward. Since ancient times, the concept of honor in Russian culture has been defining for the assessment of a person. Impossible to imagine epic Ilya Muromets, Svyatogor, Mikulu Selyaninovich out of the category of honor. So, in the epic "Ilya Muromets and Kalin Tsar" Ilya Muromets, imprisoned for three years in a cellar by order of Prince Vladimir, although he holds a grudge, but in a moment of danger puts on armor and goes to defend his native land from the enemy. Moreover, being in Tatar captivity, he does not accept the offer to serve Kalin. After all, this means betraying your people, dishonoring yourself.
Continuing folklore traditions, ancient Russian literature connects the concept of honor with the protection of the interests of the native land, one's family, and kind. So, in "The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu" the antithesis of "honor and dishonor" is embodied in the images of the Ryazan prince Fyodor Yuryevich and the "godless Tsar Batu". Fyodor Yuryevich accepts death, refusing to give Batu Princess Eupraxia. Death of martyrdom. But how could he violate the moral law, dishonor his family, give up his wife for desecration? Moral choice is obvious to the hero. The Ryazan people, inspired by the prince, also perform a feat of honor. For five days residents of the city have been fighting against successive detachments of conquerors. Do not give up, do not ask for mercy. Don't trade your honor.
The defender of popular notions of honor and dignity is the merchant Kalashnikov in the famous " The song about the merchant Kalashnikov ... ”M.Yu. Lermontov ... Putting a real event as the basis of the plot, Lermontov fills it with a deep moral meaning. Kalashnikov goes out to fight "for the holy truth-mother", for family values, for honor. Who, if not he, should save his wife from dishonor? Alena Dmitrievna is faithful to her husband, does not hide her misfortune, she asks for protection from shame.
The image of the merchant Kalashnikov is close to the popular ideal. Just like the heroes of folk epics and legends, Stepan fights for honor and justice, defends eternal values. A duel of honor will unfold before all the people. Hearing the merchant's accusations , Kiribeevich was frightened. He went out to amuse himself, and there was a fight to the death. Stepan Paramonovich is calm and ready to accept death, because the honor of his family, the honor of the Kalashnikov family is at stake. It is noteworthy that all his brothers are on the square, ready to follow Stepan to defend the truth-mother. Note that Kiribeyevich delivers the first blow. Daring or meanness again? .. And now the battle is over. The winner holds an answer to the king. The answer, IN CONSCIENCE, touched Grozny. Stepan Paramonovich was executed "with a fierce, shameful death" and buried between three roads, in an unmarked grave. Not like a good Christian at all. But the royal court was at odds with the people's court. Buried as a robber, the merchant Kalashnikov became a truly national hero.
"Victory and Defeat"
Official comment:
The direction allows you to think about victory and defeat in different aspects: socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. Reasoning can be connected both with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with the internal struggle of a person with himself, its causes and results.
In literary works, the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of "victory" and "defeat" in different historical conditions and life situations are often shown.
The opposition of the concepts "victory" and "defeat" is already inherent in their interpretation. In Ozhegov we read: “ Victory - in a battle, a war, full of the enemy. " That is, the victory of one assumes the complete defeat of the other. However, both history and literature provide us with examples of how victory turns out to be defeat and defeat is victory. It is about the relativity of these concepts that graduates are invited to speculate on the basis of their reading experience.
Of course, it is impossible to confine oneself to the concept of victory as the defeat of the enemy in battle. Therefore, it is advisable to consider this thematic area in different aspects.
Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:
Greatest Victory - victory over oneself.
The possibility that we may be defeated in battle should not prevent us from fighting for a cause we believe is just.
A. Lincoln
Man was not created to suffer defeat ... Man can be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated.
E. Hemingway
Be proud only of the victories you have won over yourself.
Tungsten
Socio-historical aspect
Here we will talk about the external conflict of social groups, states, about military operations and political struggle.
Peru A. de Saint-Exupery owns a paradoxical, at first glance, statement: "Victory weakens the people - defeat awakens new forces in it ..." We find confirmation of the fidelity of this idea in Russian literature.
"Word about Igor's regiment" - a famous monument. At the heart of - the Russians, organized by the prince V. The main idea is the idea. The princely feuds, weakening the Russian land and leading to ruin by its enemies, make the author bitterly grieve and lament; the victory over the enemies fills his soul with ardent delight. However, this work tells about defeat, not victory, because it is defeat that contributes to rethinking previous behavior, gaining a new look at the world and at oneself. That is, defeat stimulates Russian soldiers to victories and feats.
The author of the Lay addresses all the Russian princes in turn, as if calling them to account and demandingly reminding them of their duty to their homeland. He calls them to defend the Russian land, to "block the gates of the field" with his sharp arrows. And therefore, although the author writes about defeat, there is not even a shadow of despondency in the Lay. "The Word" is as laconic and laconic as Igor's appeals to his squad. This is the call before the fight. The whole poem is, as it were, turned to the future, permeated with concern for this future. A poem about victory would be a poem of triumph and joy. Victory is the end of the battle, while defeat for the author of the Lay is only the beginning of the battle. The battle with the steppe enemy was not over yet. The defeat should unite the Russians. The author of the Lay is not calling for a feast of celebration, but for a feast-battle. Writes about this in the article "The Word about the campaign of Igor Svyatoslavich" D.S. Likhachev.
The "Word" ends with joy - Igor's return to the Russian land and the singing of glory to him upon entering Kiev. So, despite the fact that the Lay is dedicated to Igor's defeat, it is full of confidence in the power of the Russians, full of faith in the glorious future of the Russian land, in victory over the enemy.
The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in wars. In the novel "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy describes the participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon. Drawing the events of 1805-1807, Tolstoy shows that this war was imposed on the peoples. Russian soldiers, being far from their homeland, do not understand the purpose of this war, do not want to waste their lives senselessly. Kutuzov understands better than many that this campaign is unnecessary for Russia. He sees the indifference of the allies, the desire of Austria to fight with someone else's hands. Kutuzov in every way protects his troops, delays their advance to the borders of France. This is not due to distrust of the military skill and heroism of the Russians, but to the desire to save them from senseless slaughter. When the battle turned out to be inevitable, the Russian soldiers showed their constant readiness to help the allies, to take the brunt of the blow. For example, a four-thousand-strong detachment under the command of Bagration near the village of Shengraben held back the onslaught of the enemy, "eight times" outnumbering him. This made it possible for the main forces to advance. Miracles of heroism were shown by the unit of officer Timokhin. It not only did not retreat, but struck back, which saved the flanking units of the army. The real hero of the Battle of Shengraben turned out to be a courageous, decisive, but modest captain Tushin before his superiors. So, largely thanks to the Russian troops, the Battle of Shengraben was won, and this gave strength and enthusiasm to the sovereigns of Russia and Austria. Blinded by victories, preoccupied with narcissism, holding military reviews and balls, these two men led their armies to defeat at Austerlitz. So it turned out that one of the reasons for the defeat of the Russian troops under the skies of Austerlitz was the victory at Schöngraben, which did not allow an objective assessment of the balance of forces.
All the senselessness of the campaign is shown by the writer when preparing the top generals for the battle at Austerlitz. So, the council of war before the Battle of Austerlitz resembles not a council, but an exhibition of vanities, all the disputes were conducted not in order to achieve a better and correct solution, but, as Tolstoy writes, “... it was obvious that the purpose ... of the objections consisted mainly in the desire to make General Weyrother feel , so self-confident as to schoolchildren-pupils, who read his disposition, that he dealt not with fools alone, but with people who could teach him in military affairs. "
And yet the main reason for the victories and defeats of the Russian troops in the confrontation with Napoleon we see when comparing Austerlitz and Borodin. Speaking with Pierre about the upcoming Battle of Borodino, Andrei Bolkonsky recalls the reason for the defeat at Austerlitz: “The battle is won by the one who firmly decided to win it. Why did we lose the battle at Austerlitz? .. We told ourselves very early that we had lost the battle - and lost. And we said this because we had no reason to fight: we wanted to leave the battlefield as soon as possible. “If you lose - so run!” We ran. If we hadn't said this until evening, God knows what would have happened. We won't say that tomorrow. ” L. Tolstoy shows a significant difference between the two campaigns: 1805-1807 and 1812. The fate of Russia was decided on the Borodino field. Here the desire to save themselves, the Russian people did not have indifference to what was happening. Here, as Lermontov says, “we promised to die, and we kept the oath of loyalty in the Battle of Borodino”.
Another opportunity to speculate about how victory in one battle can turn into defeat in war is provided by the outcome of the Battle of Borodino, in which the Russian troops gain a moral victory over the French. The moral defeat of Napoleon's troops near Moscow - the beginning of the defeat of his army.
The Civil War turned out to be such a significant event in the history of Russia that it could not but find reflection in fiction... The basis for reasoning of graduates can be "Don Stories", "Quiet Don" by M.A. Sholokhov.
When one country goes to war with another, terrible events occur: hatred and the desire to protect themselves forces people to kill their own kind, women and old people are left alone, children grow up orphans, cultural and material values \u200b\u200bare destroyed, cities are destroyed. But the warring parties have a goal - to defeat the enemy at any cost. And any war has a result - victory or defeat. Victory is sweet and immediately justifies all losses, defeat is tragic and sad, but it is the starting point for some other life. But "in civil war every victory is defeat "(Lucian).
The life story of the central hero of M. Sholokhov's epic novel "Quiet Don" by Grigory Melekhov, reflecting the dramatic fate of the Don Cossacks, confirms this idea. War cripples from the inside and destroys all the most precious that people have. It makes the heroes look at the problems of duty and justice in a new way, to seek the truth and not find it in any of the warring camps. Once with the Reds, Gregory sees everything the same as that of the Whites, cruelty, intransigence, bloodlust of enemies. Melekhov rushes between the two warring parties. Everywhere he comes across violence and cruelty, which he cannot accept, and therefore cannot take one side. The result is logical: "Like the steppe scorched by the fires, Gregory's life became black ...".
Moral, philosophical and psychological aspects
Victory is not only about success in battle. To win, according to the dictionary of synonyms, is to overcome, overpower, overcome. And often not so much the enemy as himself. Let's consider a number of works from this point of view.
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".The play's conflict is a unity of two principles: public and personal. Being an honest, noble, progressive-minded, freedom-loving man, the main character Chatsky opposes the Famus society. He condemns the inhumanity of serfdom, recalling "Nestor of the noble villains," who exchanged his faithful servants for three greyhounds; he is sickened by the lack of freedom of thought in the noble society: "And who in Moscow has not stopped eating lunches, dinners and dances?" He does not recognize respect for rank and sycophancy: "Who needs it: those arrogance, they lie in the dust, and for those who are higher, flattery, like lace, weaved." Chatsky is full of sincere patriotism: “Shall we rise again from the foreign rule of fashions? So that our smart, vigorous people, although by language, do not consider us as Germans. " He seeks to serve "the cause", not individuals, he "would be glad to serve, it is sickening to serve." Society is offended and, defensively, declares Chatsky insane. His drama is aggravated by a feeling of ardent, but unrequited love for Sophia Famusov's daughter. Chatsky makes no attempt to understand Sophia, it is difficult for him to understand why Sophia does not love him, because his love for her accelerates "every heartbeat", although "the whole world seemed to him ashes and vanity." Chatsky can be justified by his blindness with passion: his "mind and heart are out of tune." The psychological conflict turns into a public conflict. Society unanimously comes to the conclusion: "crazy in everything ...". The madman is not afraid of society. Chatsky decides to “look around the world, where the offended feeling has a corner”.
I.A. Goncharov assessed the finale of the play as follows: "Chatsky is broken by the amount of the old force, inflicting a mortal blow on it with the quality of the new force." Chatsky does not abandon his ideals, he only frees himself from illusions. Chatsky's stay in Famusov's house shook the inviolability of the foundations of Famusov society. Sophia says: "I myself am ashamed of the walls!"
Therefore, Chatsky's defeat is only a temporary defeat and only his personal drama. On a social scale, "the victory of the Chatskys is inevitable." The “past century” will be replaced by the “present century”, and the views of the comedy hero Griboyedov will triumph.
A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm".Graduates can reflect on the question of whether Katherine's death is a victory or a defeat. It is difficult to give an unambiguous answer to this question. Too many reasons led to a terrible ending. The playwright sees the tragedy of Katerina's position in the fact that she comes into conflict not only with Kalinov's family morals, but also with herself. The straightforwardness of Ostrovsky's heroine is one of the sources of her tragedy. Katerina is pure in soul - lies and debauchery are alien and disgusting to her. She understands that, having fallen in love with Boris, she has violated the moral law. “Ah, Varya,” she complains, “sin is on my mind! How much I, poor, cried, what I really did not do on myself! I cannot get away from this sin. Can't go anywhere. It's not good, it's a terrible sin, Varenka, that I love someone else? " Throughout the play, there is a painful struggle in the mind of Katerina between the understanding of her wrongness, her sinfulness and the vague, but more and more powerful feeling of her right to human life. But the play ends with Katerina's moral victory over the dark forces that torment her. She expiates her guilt immeasurably, and leaves the only way that was opened to her from bondage and humiliation. Her decision to die so as not to remain a slave expresses, according to Dobrolyubov, "the need for the emerging movement of Russian life." And this decision comes to Katerina along with inner self-justification. She dies because she considers death to be the only worthy outcome, the only way to preserve the higher that lived in her. The thought that the death of Katerina is in fact a moral victory, the triumph of a real Russian soul over the forces of the "dark kingdom" of the Wild and Kabanovs, is also strengthened by the reaction to her death of the other characters in the play. For example, Tikhon, Katerina's husband, for the first time in his life expressed his own opinion, for the first time decided to protest against the suffocating foundations of his family, having entered (albeit just for a moment) in the struggle with the "dark kingdom." “You ruined her, you, you ...”, he exclaims, addressing his mother, before whom he trembled all his life.
I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".The writer shows in his novel the struggle between the worldviews of two political directions. The plot of the novel is based on the opposition of the views of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Yevgeny Bazarov, who are the outstanding representatives of two generations who do not find mutual understanding. Disagreements on various issues have always existed between young people and elders. So here too, a representative of the younger generation, Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov, cannot, and does not want to understand the "fathers", their credo, principles. He is convinced that their views on the world, on life, on relations between people are hopelessly outdated. "Yes, I will pamper them ... After all, this is all pride, lion habits, fadness ...". In his opinion, the main purpose of life is to work, to produce something material. That is why Bazarov has a disrespectful attitude towards art, towards sciences that have no practical basis. He believes that it is much more useful to deny what, from his point of view, deserves denial, than to indifferently observe from the outside, not daring to do anything. “At the present time, denial is most useful - we deny,” says Bazarov. And Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is sure that there are things that cannot be doubted ("Aristocracy ... liberalism, progress, principles ... art ..."). He appreciates habits and traditions more and does not want to notice the changes taking place in society.
Bazarov - a tragic figure. It cannot be said that he defeats Kirsanov in an argument. Even when Pavel Petrovich is ready to admit his defeat, Bazarov suddenly loses faith in his teaching and doubts his personal need for society. "Does Russia need me? No, apparently I don't need it,"He muses.
Of course, most of all a person manifests itself not in conversations, but in deeds and in his life. Therefore, Turgenev, as it were, leads his heroes through various trials. And the strongest of them– test by love. After all, it is in love that the soul of a person is revealed fully and sincerely.
And then Bazarov's hot and passionate nature swept away all his theories. He fell in love with a woman whom he valued highly. "In conversations with Anna Sergeevna, he expressed even more than before his indifferent contempt for everything romantic, and when left alone, he indignantly recognized the romantic in himself." The hero is going through a strong mental breakdown. "... Something ... possessed him, which he did not allow in any way, over which he always mocked, which outraged all his pride." Anna Sergeevna Odintsova rejected him. But Bazarov found the strength to accept defeat with honor, without losing his dignity.
So, did the nihilist Bazarov win or lose?
It seems that in the test of love, Bazarov is defeated. First, his feelings and himself are rejected. Secondly, he falls into the power of the sides of life that he himself denies, loses the ground under his feet, begins to doubt his views on life. His position in life turns out to be a pose in which, however, he sincerely believed. Bazarov begins to lose the meaning of life, and soon loses life itself. But this is also a victory: love made Bazarov look at himself and the world differently, he begins to understand that in nothing life does not want to fit into a nihilistic scheme.
And Anna Sergeevna formally remains the winner. She managed to cope with her feelings, which strengthened her self-confidence. In the future, she will find a good place for her sister, and she herself will marry successfully. But will she be happy?
Crime and Punishment is an ideological novel in which inhuman theory collides with human feelings. Dostoevsky, a great connoisseur of human psychology, a sensitive and attentive artist, tried to understand modern reality, to determine the degree of influence on a person of the ideas of the revolutionary reconstruction of life and individualistic theories popular at that time. Entering into polemics with democrats and socialists, the writer sought to show in his novel how the delusion of immature minds leads to murder, shedding of blood, maiming and breaking young lives.
Raskolnikov's ideas were generated by abnormal, humiliating living conditions. In addition, the post-reform breakup destroyed the age-old foundations of society, depriving the human individuality of the connection with the long-standing cultural traditions of society, historical memory. Raskolnikov sees a violation of universal human moral norms at every step. It is impossible to feed a family with honest labor, so the minor official Marmeladov finally gets drunk, and his daughter Sonechka is forced to sell herself, otherwise her family will die of hunger. If unbearable living conditions push a person to violate moral principles, then these principles are nonsense, that is, they can be disregarded. Raskolnikov comes to approximately this conclusion when a theory is born in his inflamed brain, according to which he divides all of humanity into two unequal parts. On the one hand, these are strong personalities, "super-men" such as Mohammed and Napoleon, and on the other, a gray, faceless and obedient crowd, which the hero awards with the contemptuous name - "trembling creature" and "anthill".
The correctness of any theory must be confirmed by practice. And Rodion Raskolnikov conceives and carries out murder, lifting himself from a moral prohibition. His life after the murder turns into a real hell. A painful suspicion develops in Rodion, which gradually turns into a feeling of loneliness, alienation from everyone. The writer finds a surprisingly accurate expression characterizing the inner state of Raskolnikov: he "seemed to cut himself off from everyone and everything with scissors." The hero is disappointed in himself, believing that he has not passed the test for the role of the ruler, which means, alas, belongs to the "trembling creatures."
Surprisingly, Raskolnikov himself would not want to be the winner now. After all, to win means to perish morally, to remain with your spiritual chaos forever, to pervert in people, yourself and life. Raskolnikov's defeat was his victory - a victory over himself, over his theory, over the Devil, who took possession of his soul, but failed to permanently oust God in it.
M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". This novel is too complex and multifaceted, the writer touched on many topics and problems in it. One of them is the problem of the struggle between good and evil. In The Master and Margarita, the two main forces of good and evil, which, according to Bulgakov, must be in balance on Earth, are embodied in the images of Yeshua Ha-Notsri from Yershalaim and Woland - Satan in human form. Apparently, Bulgakov, in order to show that good and evil exist outside of time and for millennia people live according to their laws, placed Yeshua at the beginning of modern times, in the fictional masterpiece of the Master, and Woland as the ruler of cruel justice - in Moscow of the 30s. XX century. The latter came to Earth to restore harmony where it was violated in favor of evil, which included lies, stupidity, hypocrisy and, finally, betrayal, which flooded Moscow. Good and evil in this world are surprisingly closely intertwined, especially in human souls. When Woland, in a scene in a variety show, tests the audience for cruelty and deprives the master of the head, and compassionate women demand to put her in her place, the great magician says: "Well ... they are people like people ... Well, they are frivolous ... well what the same ... and mercy sometimes knocks on their hearts ... ordinary people ... - and loudly orders: “Put your head on.” And right there we observe how people are fighting over gold pieces that have fallen on their heads.
The novel “The Master and Margarita” is about the responsibility of man for good and evil that occurs on earth, for his own choice of life paths leading to truth and freedom or to slavery, betrayal and inhumanity. It is about the all-conquering love and creativity that raise the soul to the heights of true humanity.
The author wanted to proclaim: the victory of evil over good cannot become end result social and moral confrontation. This, according to Bulgakov, does not accept human nature itself, should not allow the entire course of civilization.
Of course, the range of works in which the thematic direction "Victory and Defeat" is revealed is much wider. The main thing is to see the principle, to understand that victory and defeat are relative concepts.
We easily forget our mistakes when they are known only to us.
Francois de La Rochefoucauld
Take advantage of every mistake.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Shyness can be appropriate everywhere, just not in admitting your mistakes.
Gothold Ephraim Lessing
It is easier to find the mistake than the truth.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe
In all matters, we can only learn by trial and error, falling into error and correcting.
Karl Raimund Popper
As a support in your reasoning, you can turn to the following works.
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".Raskolnikov, killing Alena Ivanovna and confessing what he had done, does not fully realize the whole tragedy of the crime he committed, does not recognize the fallacy of his theory, he only regrets that he could not transgress, that he cannot now classify himself among the chosen ones. And only in hard labor, the soul-worn hero does not just repent (he repented, confessing to the murder), but takes the difficult path of repentance. The writer emphasizes that a person who admits his mistakes is able to change, he is worthy of forgiveness and needs help and compassion. (In the novel, next to the hero is Sonya Marmeladova, who is an example of a compassionate person).
M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram".The heroes of such different works make a similar fatal mistake, which I will regret all my life, but, unfortunately, nothing can be corrected. Andrei Sokolov, leaving for the front, pushes his wife hugging him away, the hero is annoyed by her tears, he is angry , believing that she "buries him alive", but everything turns out the other way around: he returns, and the family dies. This loss for him is a terrible grief, and now he blames himself for every little thing and with inexpressible pain says: "Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I will not forgive myself that I pushed her away!" The story of K.G. Paustovsky is a story about a lonely old age. The grandmother Katerina, abandoned by her own daughter, writes: “My dear, I will not survive this winter. Come just for a day. Let me look at you, hold your hands. " But Nastya reassures herself with the words: "Since the mother writes, it means she is alive." Thinking about strangers, organizing an exhibition of a young sculptor, the daughter forgets about her only loved one. And only after hearing warm words of gratitude “for taking care of the person,” the heroine recalls that she has a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon ". Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this have happened? After all, I have no one in my life. No and will not be dearer. If only to have time, if only she saw me, if only she would forgive. The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to those close to him "before it's too late."
M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time".The hero of the novel, M.Yu. Lermontov. Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin belongs to to the young people of their era who were disillusioned with life.
Pechorin himself says about himself: "Two people live in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him." Lermontov's character is an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find application for his mind, for his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the state of other people. V.G. Belinsky called him "a suffering egoist" because Grigory Alexandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction.
Grigory Alexandrovich is a very smart and reasonable person, he knows how to admit his mistakes, but at the same time he wants to teach others to confess to theirs, as, for example, he kept trying to push Grushnitsky to admit his guilt and wanted to resolve their dispute peacefully. But the other side of Pechorin immediately manifests itself: after some attempts to defuse the situation in a duel and call Grushnitsky to conscience, he himself proposes to shoot at a dangerous place so that one of them perishes. At the same time, the hero tries to turn everything into a joke, despite the fact that there is a threat to both the life of the young Grushnitsky and his own life. After the murder of Grushnitsky, we see , how Pechorin's mood changed: if on the way to the duel he notices how wonderful the day is, then after tragic event he sees the day in black colors, in his soul - a stone.
The story of the disenchanted and dying Pechorin soul is described in the hero's diary entries with all the mercilessness of introspection; being both the author and the hero of the "magazine", Pechorin fearlessly speaks about his ideal impulses, and about the dark sides of his soul, and the contradictions of consciousness. The hero realizes his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them, his own experience does not teach him anything. Despite the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding that he destroys human lives (“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers,” Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” the fate of others, thus making himself unhappy ...
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".If Lermontov's hero, realizing his mistakes, could not take the path of spiritual and moral improvement, then the experience gained helps Tolstoy's beloved heroes to become better. When considering the topic in this aspect, one can turn to the analysis of the images of A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky stands out sharply from the high society for his education, breadth of interests, dreams of accomplishing a feat, wishes great personal glory. His idol is Napoleon. To achieve his goal, Bolkonsky appears in the most dangerous places of the battle. The harsh military events contributed to the fact that the prince was disappointed in his dreams, realizing how bitterly he was wrong. Badly wounded, while remaining on the battlefield, Bolkonsky is experiencing a mental breakdown. In these minutes, a new world opens before him, where there are no selfish thoughts, lies, but only the purest, highest, just. The prince realized that there is something more significant in life than war and glory. Now the former idol seems to him small and insignificant. Having survived further events - the appearance of a child and the death of his wife - Bolkonsky comes to the conclusion that it remains for him to live for himself and his loved ones. This is only the first stage in the evolution of a hero who not only admits his mistakes, but also strives to become better. Pierre also makes a number of mistakes. He leads a riotous life in the company of Dolokhov and Kuragin, but he understands that such a life is not for him, He cannot immediately assess people correctly and therefore often makes mistakes in them. He is sincere, trusting, weak-willed. These character traits are clearly manifested in the relationship with the depraved Helene Kuragina - Pierre makes another mistake. Soon after the marriage, the hero realizes that he was deceived, and "recycles his own grief alone." After breaking up with his wife, being in a state of deep crisis, he joined the Masonic lodge. Pierre believes that it is here that he "will find rebirth for a new life," and again realizes that he is again mistaken in something important. The experience gained and the "thunderstorm of 1812" lead the hero to drastic changes in his outlook. He understands that one must live for the sake of people, one must strive to benefit the Motherland.
M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don".Speaking about how the experience of military battles changes people, makes them assess their life mistakes, one can turn to the image of Grigory Melekhov. Fighting now on the side of the whites, now on the side of the red, he understands what a monstrous injustice around him, and he himself makes mistakes, gains military experience and draws the most important conclusions in his life: "... my hands need to be plowed." Home, family - that's the value. And any ideology that pushes people to kill is a mistake. A person who is already wise by life experience understands that the main thing in life is not war, but the son who meets at the door of the house. It is worth noting that the hero admits that he was wrong. This is what caused his repeated throwing from white to red.
M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog". If we talk about experience as “a procedure for reproducing some phenomenon experimentally, creating something new under certain conditions for the purpose of research”, then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky for “clarifying the question of the survival of the pituitary gland, and later on its effect on rejuvenation organism in humans ”can hardly be called successful in full.
Scientifically, he is quite successful. Professor Preobrazhensky is performing a unique operation. The scientific result was unexpected and impressive, but in everyday life, it led to the most disastrous consequences. The type who appeared in the professor's house as a result of the operation, "small in stature and unsympathetic appearance", behaves defiantly, arrogantly and arrogantly. However, it should be noted that the emerging humanoid creature easily finds itself in a changed world, but does not differ in human qualities and soon becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the whole house.
After analyzing his mistake, the professor understands that the dog was much more "human" than P.P. Sharikov. Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid hybrid of Balls is more a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: "An old donkey ... Here, doctor, what happens when a researcher, instead of walking parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge." Philip Philipovich comes to the conclusion that violent interference in the nature of man and society leads to disastrous results.
In the story "Heart of a Dog" the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov again turns into a dog. He is content with his fate and with himself. But in life, such experiments have a tragic effect on the fate of people, Bulgakov warns. Actions should be deliberate and not destructive.
The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe writer is that naked progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people and such a mistake will be irreversible.
V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera".Arguing about the mistakes that are irreparable and bring suffering not only to each individual person, but also to the people as a whole, one can turn to this story of the writer of the twentieth century. This is not just a work about the loss of a home, but also about how erroneous decisions entail disasters that will surely affect the life of society as a whole.
The plot of the story is based on a real story. During the construction of the hydroelectric power station on the Angara, the surrounding villages were flooded. Resettlement has become a painful phenomenon for the inhabitants of the flooded areas. After all, hydroelectric power plants are being built for a large number of people. This is an important economic project, for the sake of which it is necessary to rebuild, not to hold on to the old. But can this decision be called unambiguously correct? Inhabitants of the flooded Matera move to a non-human-built village. The mismanagement with which huge money is spent painfully wounds the soul of the writer. Fertile lands will be flooded, and in the village, built on the northern slope of the hill, nothing will grow on stones and clay. Rough interference with nature will certainly entail environmental problems. But for the writer, they are not so much important as the spiritual life of people.
For Rasputin it is absolutely clear that the collapse, disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with the disintegration of the family. And the reason for this is the tragic mistake that progress is much more important than the souls of old people who say goodbye to their home. And there is no remorse in the hearts of youth.
The older generation, wise with life experience, does not want to leave their native island, not because they cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because for these conveniences they are required to give to Matera, that is, to betray their past. And the suffering of the elderly is an experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, should not give up his roots.
In discussions on this topic, one can turn to history and those catastrophes that resulted from the "economic" human activity.
Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is a tragic experience of previous generations for the edification of us, people of the XXI century.
"FRIENDSHIP AND ENEMY"
Official comment:
The direction aims at reasoning about the value of human friendship, about ways to achieve mutual understanding between individuals, their communities and even entire nations, as well as about the origins and consequences of hostility between them. The content of many literary works is associated with the warmth of human relations or hostility of people, with the development of friendship into enmity, or vice versa, with the image of a person who is able or not able to value friendship, who knows how to overcome conflicts or sow enmity.
The proposed direction can be considered in different aspects:
Friendship between people, the meaning and value of friendly relations in human life;
Friendship and enmity between human communities and generations;
Friendship or enmity between peoples and the consequences of hostile relations;
Friendship of man and animal, etc.
The very concept of "friendship" is one of the fundamental in the human outlook and in the system of human values. This is confirmed by the abundance of proverbs and sayings about friendship, aphorisms and catchphrases. Starting to think about the topic proposed in this direction, students can build their reasoning based on the statements and definitions they know. Here are just a few of them:
Proverbs:
Don't have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
If you don't have a friend, look for it, but you find it - take care
Friend is known in trouble.
Find out a friend - eat a pood of salt together.
The enemy agrees, but the friend argues.
Make new friends, but don't lose old ones.
Good brotherhood is dearer than wealth.
In real friendship, so - disappear yourself, and help your friend out of trouble.
Friendship is strong not by flattery, but by truth and honor.
It's easier to lose a friend than to find.
What kind of friendship you make, such is your life.
A man without friends is like a bird without wings.
Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:
Only a true friend can tolerate his friend's weaknesses.
All will pass - and hope the grain will not sprout,
Everything that you have saved up will be lost for a penny.
If you don't share with a friend in time -
All your property will go to the enemy.
Omar Khayyam
Fulfilling the duties of friendship is somewhat more difficult than admiring it.
Lessing
Friendship should be a solid thing, capable of surviving all temperature changes and all the shocks of that bumpy road along which sensible and decent people make their life journey.
A.I. Herzen
People on earth should be friends ... I do not think that it is possible to force all people to love each other, but I would like to eliminate the hatred between people.
Isaac Asimov
Friendship is like a treasury: you cannot get more out of it than you put into it.
Osip Mandelstam
Vocabulary work can help students think. So, in the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov gives the following interpretation of the words "friendship" and "enmity":
HATE - relationships and actions imbued with hostility, hatred (Irreconcilable enmity; harbor enmity).
FRIENDSHIP - close relationships based on mutual trust, affection, community of interests (Long-standing friendship; friendship of Peoples).
In the dictionary of antonyms, these words are presented as an antonymic pair.
Synonym dictionaries are represented by the following synonymous series:
Synonyms of the word FRIENDSHIP - friendship, friendliness, benevolence, harmony, peace, harmony, familiarity, a short acquaintance, twinning, (good) affection, amikoschonism, love, fraternization, unity, communication; friendship is sincere, hypocritical, doggy, close. Do that out of friendship. Be in friendship, lead friendship, break friendship, make friendship.
The synonyms of the word ENEMY are antagonism, anger, ill will, dislike, hatred, dislike, hostility, discord, hostility, disagreement. Have a grudge against anyone. Nourish enmity.
Consider various aspects this direction.
Friendship between people, the meaning and value of friendly relations in human life
Reflecting on this aspect, the student can ask many questions. What is real friendship? Who can be considered a true friend? How is friendship manifested? What is the role of friendship in human life and can you do without it? Friendship and betrayal? Was the relationship between the heroes of the work friendship or not?
This topic is widely represented both in poetic and prose works of Russian and foreign literature.
The oldest image of friendship in Russian literature is twinning, "brotherhood of the cross"epic heroes .
Almost all epic heroes enter the "named" or "cross" brotherhood (the ceremony was held together by the exchange of crosses). The "cross" brotherhood was placed above all other relations, even blood relationship.
Brothers take a vow of mutual obedience, but, as a rule, one of the brothers was considered the elder: Ilya Muromets is older than Dobrynya Nikitich, Dobrynya is older than Alyosha Popovich, and when he meets Svyatogor himself, Ilya becomes his younger brother. A number of marital prohibitions were also associated with twinning: the widow of a hero cannot marry the “god-brother” of her late husband, a man cannot marry his “god-sister,” and so on.
A real cult of friendship in Russia, as well as in Europe, appears along with romanticism. Almost all textbook examples of friendship in Russian literature and life in the first half of the 19th century. (Lyceum friendship of A.S. Pushkin, friendship between A.I. Herzen and N.P. Ogarev, relationship between V.G.Belinsky and M.A. Bakunin, etc.) had a distinctly romantic character. At the same time, the normative canon of friendship and individual experiences are quite often intertwined, superimposed on each other.
The evolution of the romantic canon of friendship is especially evident increativity and biography of A.S. Pushkin. The theme of friendship has always occupied an important place in the poet's work, but at different stages of his life and creative path it sounds different.
In the works of the Lyceum period (for example, inpoem "Friends") friendship is described mainly in the Anacreon tones of reckless group fun, interspersed with moods of elegiac melancholy and sadness.
In a poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, dedicated to the Lyceum ("Memories in Tsarskoe Selo" ), the concept of "friendship", which the poet repeatedly uses, has an even broader meaning than "friendship." This concept represents a special circle of friends, which, "like a soul, are inseparable and eternal", these are like-minded poets - the force that, in spite of everything, is able to support a person in the most difficult, sometimes seemingly insurmountable, trials of life. We can see this in poems such as“I.I. Pushchin "," October 19, 1825 "," To Chaadaev "," To Yazykov "," In the depths of Siberian ores ... " ... In these works, a person who is part of the "poetic brotherhood" is ready for self-sacrifice, understanding and forgiveness in any situation, but isn't this an example of boundless friendship and devotion? Poetic creations of A.S. Pushkin are filled with appeals to friends("From André Chénier") :
Sorry about friends!
My homeless ashes
Will not rest in the garden where they saw off
We are carefree days in sciences and feasts
And the place of our urns was appointed in advance.
Pushkin presents to us the world of unity of friends as an indestructible brotherhood, a strong alliance, in which there is no place for petty quarrels and insults, there are no everyday troubles and insignificant things. In the Lyceum Union, everyone moves in one direction, which leads them to a common high goal.
The works written after the Decembrist uprising are filled with a bitter feeling of a dramatically changed situation, the loss of close friends and heavy forebodings. This can be understood: the circle of friends is getting narrower, and nothing can be done about it ("October 19" ):
I am sad: there is no friend with me,
With whom would I drink for a long parting,
Who could shake hands with my heart
And wish you many happy years.
The lyrical hero has a continuous conversation with friends:
As I was before, so I am now:
Careless, amorous.
You know friends
Can I look at beauty without tenderness,
Without timid tenderness and secret excitement.
Alexander Sergeevich presents his attitude to the partnership to the reader through the images of the heroes of the novel"Eugene Onegin" ... Two “friends”, Onegin and Lensky, in their communication show us that a friend is a very ambiguous and contradictory concept. In the end, we even begin to doubt whether Eugene and Vladimir are friends or they are enemies. In the dialogues of the heroes, the presence of the author is felt, he is not just a silent observer, he is a direct participant in the events, we catch his attitude to friendship in the conversations of the heroes. The friendship between Onegin and Lensky came about, in the words of Pushkin himself, "from nothing to do." Indeed, they were completely opposite in character, with different life experiences, with different aspirations:
They converged. Wave and stone
Poems and prose, ice and fire.
Not so different among themselves.
Mutual difference first
They were boring to each other
Then I liked it ...
They were united by their position in the countryside. Both of them were burdened by the imposed communication from their neighbors, both were smart enough (in relation to Lensky, it would be more correct to say that he was educated). Both heroes are young, so they find common topics for conversations. Friends reflect on Rousseau's "social contract", on science, on moral problems, that is, about everything that occupied the minds of the progressive people of that time. But Pushkin stresses the complex relationship between the hero and the society that shaped him. An accidental quarrel (Onegin aroused jealousy in Lenskoye at an evening with the Larins) is only a pretext for a duel. The reason for Lensky's death is much deeper: Lensky, with his naive, romantic view of the world, cannot withstand a collision with life. Onegin, in turn, is unable to resist the generally accepted morality, which says that it is shameful to refuse a duel. Can this kind of relationship be called true friendship?
The peculiar and exclusive attitude to friendship tells us and Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov through the lips of the lyrical heroes of their poems. The main motive of this poet's work is loneliness. It is not easy for the characters of his lyrics to realize their detachment from the world, their eternal oblivion in the world of loneliness. But still, the hero is ready to come to terms with his fate, realizing that he cannot find his like-minded person among the people around him:
I'm used to being alone
I would not be able to get along with a friend,
I won't say goodbye to anyone in my homeland -
Nobody will regret me! ..
In the poem "Stanzas " the loneliness of the lyrical hero is not imposed on him by the world, but is chosen by him voluntarily as the only possible condition souls.
The theme of friendship is also heard in the novel."Hero of our time" ... Is friendship possible in Pechorin's life, and how does the protagonist understand it?
“Friendship, friendship,” we read from V. Dahl in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living great Russian language", - mutual affection of two or more people, their close connection; in a good sense, disinterested, persistent affection based on love and respect ... ”We see such affection in the ingenuous captain - the first who tells us about Pechorin. Despite the fact that Maksim Maksimych considers him a strange person and clearly does not approve of how Grigory acts with Bela, he is attached to Pechorin and considers him his friend: “We were friends,” “there were bosom friends.” Maxim Maksimych's ideas are not justified. Yes, Pechorin does not hide his character from the captain and does not promise friendship: “I am a fool or a villain, I don’t know; ... in me my soul is spoiled by light, my imagination is restless, my heart is insatiable; everything is not enough for me: I get used to sadness as easily as to pleasure, and my life becomes empty day by day. " During the meeting, Pechorin blows so cold, Maxim Maksimych is so offended and upset, for the first time he broke the rules for the sake of the meeting: “Am I really not the same? .. What to do? everyone has their own way ... ".
The meeting between Pechorin and Grushnitsky will take place in a completely different way: “We met old friends,” but from the very first lines of the description it is clear that completely different ones are hidden under friendly relations. Indeed, Grushnitsky is a man whose main pleasure is to “produce an effect” and who “drapes importantly into extraordinary feelings” and plays in the disappointed one. Pechorin, on the other hand, is disappointment itself, it is his illness, and he cannot but feel the cadet's artificiality and for this reason not accept him: "I understood him, and he does not love me for that."
Perhaps the theme of friendship is most clearly revealed in "A Hero of Our Time" in relations with Werner. Perhaps Pechorin could have developed a friendship with the doctor, they are so similar in many ways. From the minute that Werner and Pechorin "distinguished each other in the crowd," their relationship for others is so reminiscent of her. “Werner is a wonderful man,” the main character knows the strengths and weaknesses of the doctor perfectly. What brought the two together? "We are pretty indifferent to everything, except ourselves", "we soon understood each other and became friends." But are they capable of friendship? Grigory denies true friendship, friendship does not exist in Pechorin's life, since it requires self-forgetfulness, openness, trust - everything that the main character of the novel does not have. He says that "of two friends, one is always a slave to the other," and, quite possibly, this is not a conviction, but a desire to hide the inability to let anyone into your heart.
The topic of friendship is very important forLeo Nikolaevich Tolstoy ... Tolstoy's description of the youthful friendship of Nikolai Irteniev and Dmitry Nekhlyudov is absolutely flawless in its psychological accuracy. Hero"Youth" "I involuntarily want to run through the wilderness of adolescence and reach that happy time when again a truly tender, noble feeling of friendship illuminated the end of this age with a bright light and marked the beginning of a new period of youth full of charm and poetry."
Friendship with Dmitry Nekhlyudov, "wonderful Mitya", not only opened the 15-year-old boy " a New Look on life, its purpose and relationships ”, but it was also a symbolic boundary of the beginning of youth. This friendship is exceptionally tender, poetic, sealed by a pact of frankness– "To confess everything to each other", and in order not to be afraid of strangers (both are shy and shy), "never to say anything to anyone about each other." Young men really talk about everything and most of all about themselves, their feelings and experiences.
In an epic novel "War and Peace" friendship appears before us as one of the most important life values. We see the friendship of Nikolai Rostov and Denisov, Natasha and Princess Marya, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. The relationship between the last two characters is the most deeply researched by the writer. With the difference in characters and temperaments, we see the intellectual community of these people, their similar attitude to life. For Prince Andrew and Pierre, internal reflection, the eternal search for truth, the meaning of life are characteristic. They support each other in moments of mental crises. So, Bolkonsky worries about Pierre when he begins to go out with Dolokhov. Pierre also supports Prince Andrew after the death of his wife and his disappointment in “his Toulon”. It is Pierre who tells him that "we must live, we must love, we must believe." Thus, friendship and love, according to the writer, is something worth living for.
In the novel "Fathers and Sons" published in 1862, I.S. Turgenev revealed the image of a new hero of Russian life. Bazarov is a nihilist, a revolutionary democrat. This is a strong personality capable of influencing other people. Bazarov is confident in himself, endowed with a natural mind, educated. In the novel, he is shown accompanied by a younger, naive and simple-minded friend - Arkady Kirsanov. An analysis of the relationship between the two heroes allows us to understand their characters, the strength of beliefs and the strength of friendly affection.
Bazarov is the leader in this pair. He treats Arkady condescendingly, patronizingly. Kirsanov called his friend a mentor; he "was in awe of his teacher", considered Bazarov "one of the most remarkable people." The still unformed nature of Arkady is entirely under the influence of Bazarov, who, although sometimes frank with him, always keeps him on the sidelines. Arkady does not notice this and does not understand. He tells Madame Odintsova about his friend "in such detail and with such enthusiasm that Madame Odintsova turned to him and looked carefully." In disputes with Bazarov, Arkady "usually remained defeated, although he spoke more than his comrade." However, this does not bother him in the least, since he sees in Bazarov a person who "awaits a great future."
The attitude of friends to Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and to Odintsova first gave a crack in their friendship, and then completely led to a break.
Bazarov's powerful, active nature demanded not just friendship, sincere, noble relations, spiritual closeness, but friendship-companionship, the complete subordination of all interests to one common goal. Putting an end to relations with Arkady, he is, perhaps, the only time in everything: throughout the action he speaks without irony or affectation about himself and those around him: "... You are not created for our bitter, tart, bobble life. neither insolence nor anger, but there is young courage and youthful enthusiasm; this is not suitable for our business. Your brother, a nobleman, cannot go further than noble humility or noble boil, and this is nothing. good fellows - and we want to fight. Why, our dust will eat your eyes, our dirt will stain you, but you have not grown up to be us, you involuntarily admire yourself, it is pleasant for you to scold yourself; We need to break others! "
In the novel "Oblomov" I.A. Goncharov created images of two people, each of whom is in many ways a typical representative of a certain circle of people, an exponent of ideas that were close to the corresponding strata of their contemporary society. Andrei Stolts and Ilya Oblomov, at first glance, seem to have nothing in common, except for the memories of childhood games. And yet, no matter how appreciated these characters in Goncharov's novel, it is impossible to deny that they are connected by a sincere, disinterested friendship. What's the matter here?
Indeed Oblomov and Stolz are strikingly different from each other in their way of life. In Stolz's view, the essence of being lies in movement: "Labor is the image, content, element and purpose of life, at least mine." Oblomov, having not yet begun any business, already dreams of peace, which he already has enough: "... Then, in honorable inaction, enjoy a well-deserved rest ...".
For a while Oblomov and Stolz were brought up together - in the school, which was kept by Andrey's father. But they came to this school, one might say, from different worlds: the undisturbed, once and for all established order of life in Oblomovka, similar to a long afternoon nap, and the active labor education of a German burgher, interspersed with the lessons of a mother who struggled to instill to my son love and interest in art.
It is also important to note how Oblomov and Stolz relate to life in general. According to Oblomov's own feeling, his existence is more and more like a fruitless wandering in a forest thicket: no path, no ray of the sun ... "Someone seemed to have stolen and buried in his own soul the treasures brought to him by the world and life." Here is one of Oblomov's main miscalculations - he subconsciously seeks to assign responsibility, his failures, his inactivity to someone else: to Zakhar, for example, or to fate. And Stolz “attributed the cause of all suffering to himself, and did not hang it like a caftan on someone else’s nail”, therefore “he also enjoyed joy like a flower plucked along the way until he wilted in his hands, never drinking his cup to that drop of bitterness that lies at the end of all enjoyment. " However, all of the above does not yet shed light on the foundations of strong friendship among people so different in their habits and aspirations. Apparently, their sincere, warm attitude to each other is rooted in the fact that both Stolz and Oblomov are inherently worthy people, endowed with many high spiritual qualities. They need each other, because they complement each other so successfully, they find one in the other that which is not in oneself.
If you turn to works of foreign literature then it's impossible not to mention the novel A. Dumas "Three Musketeers", whose heroes for many, many generations of the reader have become a symbol of real male friendship under the motto "One for all - all for one"
A. Saint exupery right on the first page of your tale "A little prince" - in dedication. In the author's system of values, the theme of friendship occupies one of the main places. Only friendship can melt the ice of loneliness and alienation, since it is based on mutual understanding, mutual trust and mutual assistance. On earth, the little prince learns the real truth that the Fox revealed to him: people can be not only indifferent and alienated, but also needed by each other, and someone for someone can be the only one in the whole world, and a person's life “will shine like the sun ", If something reminds of a friend, and this will also be happiness.
Separately, we can highlight the theme of friendship and enmity in war.
The titles of many verses K. Simonova speak for themselves: "Fellow soldiers", "Comrade", "Death of a friend", "Distant friend", "House of friends", "My friend died ...", "Real friendship does not grow old ..."... In the works of K. Simonov, a kind of poetic image of friendship, its moral code, friendship is demanding, but faithful, one that "does not sway from the winds during life, ends with the death of one of the two." In the poem A. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" and in many of the poet's lyric works, the theme of friendship, responsibility for comrades, memory is heard.
The theme of the importance of friendship, testing friendship in difficult circumstances, a person's needs for a real friend are heard in many poems
V. Vysotsky: "Not everyone got into our tight circle ...", "So the paths and roads parted suddenly", "If somewhere in a strange unfamiliar night ...", "Song about a friend", "He did not return from the battle" ...
The problem of front-line brotherhood, comradeship, friendship sounds in the stories N. Gogol "Taras Bulba", B. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet ...", M. Sholokhov "They fought for their homeland", etc.
Human animal friendship theme
The relationship of man with nature and with its objects can be harmonious, complementary, and can be destructive, and only man is to blame for this. In many works of Russian and foreign literature, the theme of friendship between man and animal is touched upon.
G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear" ... Bim is a white Scottish setter with a black ear. He lives with a veteran of the Great Patriotic War Ivan Ivanovich, who was once a journalist, but now he is engaged in hunting and sometimes plunges into philosophical reflections. He loves his pet and often takes him hunting. Nothing foreshadowed trouble, but suddenly Ivan Ivanovich was hospitalized due to a splinter in his heart left there from the war. He gives Bim to a neighbor, but the dog runs away and goes in search of the owner. The most different peoplewhich are described by the eyes of a dog. Some are sweet and kind, others are evil and even cruel. Ivan Ivanovich is discharged and arrives at the orphanage in which Bim is. But the two friends are not destined to meet.
A.P. Chekhov "Kashtanka" . This story is familiar to many from childhood. Kashtanka is a dog that has lost its owner Luka Alexandrovich. She tries to find the one to whom she is so devoted, but is exhausted and falls asleep. Kashtanka finds a man who turns out to be a circus clown Mr. Georges. He takes the dog and tries to tame it and teach it different tricks. Kashtanka is getting used to a new environment, which includes Mr. Georges, as well as trained goose, pig and cat. And so the dog finds himself in the circus arena and begins to perform, but suddenly among the audience he sees his former owner and rushes to him. Here is such simple story devotion and friendship with a happy ending.
Daniel Pennack "The Eye of the Wolf"... The polar wolf, which once lost an eye, lives in a locked cage in a Paris zoo. People come to look at him, but he hates them, because they brought only evil. The wolf spends monotonous and boring days, but one day a boy named Africa comes to the zoo. He has a good heart, and he also knows how to tell stories and listen carefully. And this person is not like the others, he will make the wolf angry at all people look at the world with completely different eyes. He will be able to see and feel the goodness that he so dreamed of.
A.I. Kuprin "White Poodle" . The story is that not everything in life can be bought. A wandering troupe of circus performers: grandfather Martyn, boy Sergei and poodle Artaud make their living by performing in the streets. When viewers want to buy Artaud's poodle from the owners, they get a categorical refusal, because they don't sell friends.
The topic of hostility and its consequences
The antithesis to the theme of friendship sounds in Russian and world literature the theme of enmity and its devastating consequences... Enmity is destructive both for individuals and for entire nations. A piercing note sounds the thought of the meaninglessness and uselessness of enmity and war in the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace", in "Don Stories" and " Quiet Don"M.A. Sholokhov, novel "The rout" by A.A. Fadeeva. There is nothing more senseless than enmity between people, no matter how high ideas it may be justified.
Story A.I. Pristavkin "A golden cloud spent the night" about the terrible consequences of the Stalinist deportation of the inhabitants of Chechen-Ingushetia to foreign lands - to Siberia, Kazakhstan. The work is dedicated to the theme of military childhood, homelessness, deportation of peoples at Stalin. The main idea is that the happiness of one nation cannot be built on the misfortune of another. The action takes place in a village under the "Caucasian waters". It was recently Chechen, and now, after the Chechens were evicted from it and Russians, Ukrainians (yes, also, in fact, deported from their native places as "enemies of the people"), are called the village of Berezovskaya. Sasha Kuzmin, one of the twins, is killed by Chechens who managed to escape Siberian exile and hide in the mountains. These people take revenge on those who now occupied their homes and cultivate their land. This sore subject - the tragedy of the deported peoples - vibrates in the book by A.I. Pristavkin with a special sound. But despite hatred and death, ordinary people are ready to help and support each other. So, in Kolka's heart, the place of Sashka's murdered brother was taken by a Chechen boy Alkhuzur. Adults fight among themselves - children fraternize! A. Pristavkin tells about saving, uniting, helping to survive in incredibly difficult conditions in his story.
The enmity has never been constructive, it has never solved either personal or global human problems. IN " Word about Igor's regiment " Svyatoslav pronounces the "golden word", condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which aroused enmity, led to a new attack by the Polovtsi on the Russian lands.
Have A.S. Pushkin in the story "Dubrovsky" a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. Shvabrin's hostile envious attitude more than once threatened the life of Pyotr Grinev, the hero « Captain's daughter» ... Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet the family feud ended with the death of the main characters.
Summing up the analysis of the works presented in this direction, it is worth noting once again that friendship - a kind of stable individual-selective interpersonal relations, characterized by sympathy and mutual affection. Friendship presupposes mutual understanding, frankness, openness, trust, active mutual assistance, interest in each other's affairs and experiences, sincerity and unselfishness of feelings. The strength of friendship depends on the commonality of goals, interests, ideals, intentions, value orientations. Friendship is especially characteristic of adolescence. And although friendship is an intimate-personal system of relations, its formation and development depends on a number of objective conditions: the frequency of contacts, belonging to one social group, joint activities, examples of behavior and communication of other people. friendship has a creative character, while its opposite is enmity - destructive and destructive character.
Literature
Help articles:
Belyaeva N.V. School essay in a new format // Russian language at school. - 2014. - No. 5. - S. 8-13.
Belyaeva N.V. School essay on a new round of modernization of education // Literature at school. - 2014. - No. 10. - S. 20-22.
Pavlovets M. Final essay: thematic directions, criteria, conditions // Russian language. - 2014. - No. 11. - P.59-612.
Dobrotina I.N. On essays as a form of final certification. // Russian language at school. - No. 5. - 2014 .-- p. 14.
Kalganova T.A. We remember how to teach a student to write essays on a literary theme on their own // Literature at school. - 2015. - No. 1.
Karlov I.V. Is it worth composing an essay // РYa.– 2014. - № 12.
Mishlimovich M. Ya. Back to square one, or a new round of the spiral? // Literature at school. - 2015. - No. 2.
New old composition // Literature. - 2014. - No. 11.
In the footsteps of the December composition // Literature.– 2015. - № 2.
L.V. Toropchina The motive of the road in the works of Russian writers of the XIX century // September 1. - 2007. -№6 .
Teachers about the final essay. First impressions // Russian language. - 2015.− No. 2.
Khodyakova L.A., Gero I.K. Preparation for an essay on literature // Russian language. - 2015. - No. 2.
Books to help:
Alekseeva T.V. Composition: theory and practice. - SPb., 2003.
Amelina E.V. We are writing the final essay before the exam. - Rostov-on-Don, 2015.
Kamenskaya L.Ya. School essay on literature. - M., Education, 1994.
Meshcheryakov V.N. School essay genres: Theory and practice of writing. - M., 2001.
Tashlykov S.A. Composition: secrets of the genre. Tutorial... - Irkutsk, 2001.
In Shcherbakova O.I. Types of essays on literature. 10-11 grades. Toolkit for the teacher. - M., Education, 2015.
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