Just as Peter I was a great reformer, a powerful statesman who pushed Russia forward on a grand scale, so much was Pushkin the Peter the Great of Russian literature. Peter's theme is a “cross-cutting” theme in Russian literature in general, in the work of Pushkin in particular.
An interest in historical topics, including the era of Peter, arose in Pushkin in the 1820s and especially after December 14, 1825. Historical events for Pushkin are not valuable in themselves, he always tried not only to show the great victories and deeds of the reformer, but also to reveal their results, influence on the fate individuals... The giant figure of Peter, undoubtedly, admired the poet, Pushkin dear to everything that Peter accomplished - Petersburg, "the young city of the Full-Day countries is a beauty and wonder" - and at the same time Pushkin could not reconcile himself with the tyranny and despotism of Peter, critically assessed the results and methods his activities. This duality in the evaluation criteria determined the duality in the image of Peter, which manifested itself in his works. For A.S. Pushkin, Emperor Peter is the only initiator of reforms. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe socio-economic conditionality of the reformation at that time could not arise.
“The insignificant heirs of the northern giant, amazed at the brilliance of his greatness, imitated him with superstitious accuracy in everything that did not require new inspiration. ... Peter I was not afraid of people's freedom, the inevitable consequence of enlightenment, for he trusted his power and despised mankind, perhaps more than Napoleon. " (« Notes on Russian history of the 18th century ")
We have already noted that throughout A.S. Pushkin is interested in the personality of Peter the Great, analyzes his historical significance. Therefore, the image of Peter is quite often found in Pushkin's work.
One of the first poems dedicated to the theme of Peter is the poem "Stanzas", written in 1826. This time is the beginning of the reign of Nicholas I - a new, yet unknown tsar. Pushkin's poems are a kind of instruction to Nikolai. At the same time, Pushkin perceives Peter the Great as an almost ideal monarch and sets him up as an example for Nicholas. The poet praises Peter:
Autocratic hand
He boldly sowed enlightenment,
I did not despise my native country:
He knew her purpose.
According to Pushkin, Peter - "now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter" - was an "eternal" worker, busy, active person. Pushkin would like to see Nicholas the same ideal monarch as Peter was. In the last stanza, the poet gives instructions to the new king:
Be like the ancestor in everything:
How indefatigable and firm he is,
And memory, like him, is not evil.
Seeing the similarity in the beginnings of the reigns of Peter and Nicholas, Pushkin writes: "... I look ahead without fear: the beginning of Peter's glorious days was darkened by revolts and executions ..." Pushkin recalls the Decembrist uprising. The similarity with the beginning of Peter's rule, apparently, justifies Nicholas and allows us to hope for "glory and good"
IN the poem "Poltava" A.S. Pushkin creates the image of Peter, a brilliant commander who attracts ordinary Russian soldiers with his activities. The appearance of the king is remarkable. Before the decisive battle of Poltava with the Swedes, the whole appearance of Peter speaks of his readiness for a decisive battle. God Himself directs his actions:
Then something inspired from above
Peter's sonorous voice rang out:
"To the cause, with God!"
Describing the tsar-commander, Pushkin uses antonyms at the same time, thus showing a "storm of God" for the Swedes and a wise military commander for Russian soldiers:
…Peter comes out. His eyes
Shine. His face is terrible.
The movements are fast. He is beautiful,
He's all like a storm of God.
Immediately during the Battle of Poltava, Peter himself takes part in the battle: "he raced before the regiments, mighty and joyful as a battle", inspiring the regiment with his personal example.
After the battle, the Russian tsar feasts, celebrating the victory, and in this episode, Peter is once again beautiful with his spiritual generosity:
At the clicks of his army,
In his tent he treats
Their leaders, foreign leaders,
And caresses the glorious captives,
And for their teachers
A healthy cup raises.
So, analyzing the text of Pushkin's poem "Poltava", we see that the poet is attracted by the military leadership gift of Peter I, his desire to strengthen the borders of Russia and show everyone, especially the Swedes, military force their country. Peter in the poem is the personification of a military genius. And for A.S. Pushkin is important here not only the specific historical personality Russian autocrat, but also his victory for the good of the fatherland:
In the citizenship of the northern state,
In her warlike destiny,
Only you erected, hero of Poltava,
A huge monument to myself.
Also A.S. Pushkin in the poem "Poltava" describes the victory, maturation and glory of Peter I, and Russia.
There was that vague time
When Russia is young
In struggles straining strength,
Courage with the genius of Peter ...
The battle of Poltava was won. The lessons of good teachers went into the future. "And proud and clear // And glory is full of his gaze." In the tent, which Peter left before the battle, the victor is now feasting, he treats "his leaders, foreign leaders, and caresses glorious captives." The winner is generous, he raises the cup for the health of those who taught him to fight, lose with dignity and win with honor:
A hundred years have passed - and what is left
From these strong, proud husbands,
Passions so full of will?
Their generation has passed -
And with him the bloody trail disappeared
Efforts, disasters and victories.
But already in this poem we can feel that Pushkin is interested not only in the merits of Peter 1, but also in his human qualities. We learn about the hot temper of Peter, the tsar and the man, from the story of Mazepa, who recalls how his hatred for Peter began, which does not prevent the old man from objectively assessing the strength of the Russians and foreseeing the defeat of Charles.
Here, in the image of Peter 1, not only inspiration from above is important - the combination of the beautiful and the terrible leads to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe spontaneous unbridledness of his character, which bears evil: the reason for Mazepa's betrayal is the insult inflicted on him by Peter in a fit of not entirely justified anger.
The next stage in understanding the personality of Peter 1 was the poem "Bronze Horseman", written in 1833. The Bronze Horseman is a special poem in relation to other Pushkin's works related to the Peter's theme, where essentially the same view of Peter as an ideal monarch is consistently developed. In the same poem, the problem is presented in a slightly different perspective.
If in previous works Pushkin praises Peter, then in the poem the poet for the first time raises the question: is Peter really so ideal? The city he founded is certainly needed by the Russian state. But he is in an insecure place. And because of the dangerous location of St. Petersburg, people suffer. Having built the city, Peter did not think about the people, he did everything for the state. Peter is "an idol on a bronze horse." In the poem, Peter is the conqueror of the elements. His image changes significantly in comparison with previous works. Peter essentially becomes a negative hero.
Perhaps this variability is due to the very theme of the work. Pushkin does not give a direct answer to the question: what is Peter the First really like? The poet only allows one to see this figure in a new quality.
A. Pushkin's dual approach to the assessment of history, the awareness of the irreconcilable contradiction between the historical necessity of state building and the destinies of the people, personal destinies was the basis for the ideological content of the poem "The Bronze Horseman".
The foundation of St. Petersburg, according to Pushkin, is motivated by the need for the state:
"From here we will threaten the Swede
Here, on new waves
All flags will visit us "
Open a "window to Europe" for us "Nature is destined."
But the fate of Eugene, the historical ruthlessness of the reforming activity of Peter I, becomes in The Bronze Horseman a terrible reproach to the whole business of the reformer.
In Pushkin's unfinished novel "Arap of Peter the Great" the double vision of this historical personality is also clearly marked.
And, finally, in the historical work of the writer about Peter's time - "Stories of Peter" Pushkin did not confine himself to collecting and systematizing the material, the entire text of the "history" is permeated with author's digressions and notes - approving, critical, ironic - showing Pushkin's attitude to Peter and his activities: "Peter boasted of his cruelty ...", "he himself was a strange monarch", "On July 1, Peter fell ill (with a hangover?)", "... the decree is very prudent, with a small admixture of autocracy ..."other.
The final concept of Peter, formulated in the History, is as follows:
“The difference between government agencies Peter the Great and his temporary decrees. The former are the fruit of a vast mind, full of benevolence and wisdom; the latter are cruel, capricious and seem to be whipped. The former were for eternity, or at least for the future; the latter escaped from the impatient, autocratic landowner. Note: To bring this into the history of Peter, after thinking it over. Here Pushkin reveals the duality and contradictoriness of Peter's activity, this "difference" is understood by him as a contradiction between the goals and means of the reformation. But this statement can also be interpreted as a generalization of the contradictory character of Peter himself: "a vast mind, full of goodwill and wisdom" and, at the same time, "an impatient autocratic landowner."
The information obtained can be summarized in the form of a table:
| Historical period | mid XVIII century | late 18th century | early 19th century |
| Literary direction | classicism | sentimentalism | romanticism, realism |
| Genres | Ode, poem, fable, tragedy, comedy | Story, ode, romance, message, novel | Poem, poem, story |
| The authors | Kantemir A.D., Lomonosov M.V., Sumarokov A.P., Trediakovsky V.K., Kheraskov M.M. | Derzhavin G.R., Dmitriev I.I., Fonvizin D.I. Radishchev A.N., Karamzin N.M. | Zhukovsky V.A., Pushkin A.S., Batyushkov K.N. |
| Literature objectives | Approval of the cult of science, reason, enlightenment; glorification of the Russian state, development of patriotism; improvement of artistic language | Show the ordinary life of a person; education of natural sensitivity and virtue to build an ideal state | Reflection of reality; formation of the concept of "national character" |
| Literary hero | Enlightened monarch or ideal citizen | A noble hero seeking harmony with nature | An educated person looking for his place in this imperfect world |
| Interpretation of the image of Peter I | Deification as a reformer king | Assessment of Peter I as a person | Diverse view of the personality of Peter I |
| Examples of | In the bloody fields, Mars feared, His sword in Petrov's hands in vain, And with trepidation, Neptune fancied, Looking at the Russian flag. | Leaving the scepter, throne, palace, Being a wanderer, in dust and sweat, Great Peter, like a god, Shone with majesty in work. | ... and the one who stood motionless in the darkness as a copper head, the one whose fateful will Under the sea the city was founded ... He is terrible in the surrounding darkness! What a thought on your forehead! What power is hidden in him! ... ... O powerful lord of fate! Aren't you right above the abyss At a height, with an iron bridle, you raised Russia on its hind legs? |
Conclusion
Thus, having analyzed the selected works related to the understanding of such a grandiose, ambiguous personality like Peter I, I achieved my goal - to consider how the Russian writers and poets of the 18th - early 19th centuries interpreted the image of Peter I. Each task was solved in stages. I met with historical information about the reign of Peter 1, about the development of society, culture and science in the 18th and early 19th centuries, which allowed me to understand the reasons for the different views on the same person. Acquaintance with works of art, analysis of the interpretation of the image of Peter I and artistic means, with the help of which each author expresses his attitude to the depicted, helped to build a picture of how the vision of the first Russian emperor changed over time.
We can say that the authors interpreted the personality of the reformer tsar differently, which is associated with the tasks of literature in a specific historical period... Someone paid more attention to the features of the tyrant emperor, who, through the reforms, turned Russia to an “alien”, European course of development, but still, most of the masters of the pen admired his greatness and his transformative activities, which literally “awakened” Russia, and understood how much this figure was important in the development and formation of our country. In many ways, Peter and everything connected with him became a red thread, a cross-cutting theme of the literature of the 18th-19th centuries.
I can use the acquired knowledge and skills in literature and history lessons.
List of used literature
1. A. N. Radishchev on the significance of Peter I in the history of Russia (article) // Russian literature. 2000. No. 1.
2. A.S. Pushkin Selected Works, Gorky Regional State Publishing House, 1949
3. Gukovsky G.A. Russian literature of the 18th century. M .: Aspect Press, 1999 4. Lotman YM .. At the school of the poetic word. M., "Education", 1988
5. Makogonenko G.P. A.S. Pushkin's creativity in the 30s L., "Fiction"
Municipal autonomous educational institution
secondary school № 1
The image of Peter I XVIII -beginning XIX centuries
Research work on literature
student of grade 7
Transportation on Darin
Consultant:
Paikova Elena Yurievna,
teacher of Russian language
and literature.
bor
2016
Content:
Introduction ……………………………………………………………… .3
Selection of literary texts …………………………… ..5
Preparing for research ……………………………………… .5 1.1 Peter 1 as a historical person ………………………… ..5
Conducting research ………………………………………… 6
The image of Peter 1 in the work of poets and writers of the mid-18th century ………………………………………… ..6
2.2 The image of Peter 1 in the work of poets and writers of the second half of the 18th century ………………………………………… 13
The image of Peter 1 in the works of A.S. Pushkin………………17
Conclusion …………………………………………………………… .23
List of used literature ………………………………… 24
Appendices …………………………………………………… .. …… 25
Introduction.
Topic: The image of PeterI in the works of Russian literatureXVIII-beginningXIX centuries.
Relevance of the chosen topic: The leading topic in the study of works fiction in the 7th grade there is a historical theme. One of the students' tasks is to learn how to analyze the information provided by the authors in the texts, to assess the degree of its reliability and the author's own attitude to a particular event and historical character. The image of the first Russian emperor PeterI occupies an important place in the literatureXVIII- XIX centuries, but we only see it in enough famous works... I decided to see how the perception of this person changed in the work of writers and poets over time.
Object of study: works of art
Subject of study: the image of PeterI in works of the middleXVIII- the beginningXIX centuries
Research goal: consider how the image of Peter was interpretedI Russian writers and poetsXVIII- the beginningXIX centuries
Tasks: 1) to study historical information about the personality of Peter 1 and the time of his reign, about the development of Russia during the periodXVIII- the beginningXIX centuries;
2) get to know the artistic works of the authorsXVIII- the beginningXIX centuries, where the image of Peter 1 is present;
3) consider what assessment the authors give to the personality of Peter 1 and with the help of what artistic means this is expressed.
Research methods:
reading and comparative historical analysis of works of fiction;
observation and comparison of the image of Peter 1 in the works of different authors;
generalization and systematization of the obtained data.
Theoretical significance: The theoretical significance of the study is due to the fact that the studied theoretical material is important from the point of view of understanding the reasons that influence the choice of themes, genres of works of art in a specific time period.
Practical significance research is the ability to use the acquired knowledge and skills in further work in the lessons of literature and history.
Preparation for research
1.1 Peter 1 as a historical figure
Peter I is the greatest historical figure who literally turned the whole of Russian life upside down.The main result of the policy of Peter I was the transformation of the country into a powerful military power, without taking into account the interests of which the balance of the alignment of political forces in Europe could no longer be achieved. Success in the Northern War (1700-1721), made possible by the creation of a new regular army and navy, provided Russia with access to the Baltic coast. This opened the way for the free development of trade and economic relations with Western Europe... The construction of St. Petersburg with the subsequent transfer of the capital of the Russian state there marked the irreversibility of the ongoing transformations. During the 1st quarter of the 18th century. the structure of administrative management of the country and the procedure for legal proceedings have changed qualitatively. The system of orders gave way to collegia, and the Senate took the place of the Boyar Duma.By the introduction of the Holy Synod and the destruction of the institution of the patriarchate in 1721, Peter I finally removed the church from interfering in the prerogatives of secular power. Thus, the church ended up completely devoid of the influence that it had earlier in the cultural and ideological sphere. The country is covered by a network of manufactures. The situation in the field of education is also radically changing: secular schoolspreparing personnel for the navy, army and industry. The active sending of young noblemen to study abroad is combined with an equally active policy of attracting specialists from Europe to Russia. The opening of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg in the year of Peter I's death, as it were, crowned the monarch's titanic efforts to spread enlightenment in the country.
The awareness of the presence of positive historical trends in Peter's activities was vividly reflected in the fact that the theme of Peter 1 - his life, his work - became the leading one for the entire 18th century for historians, poets, painters, sculptors, that it organically entered folk art.
1.2 Selection of literary texts
Having found out that Peter I was an interesting, complex person and that this was especially attractive to many poets and writers, I set about selecting the works I needed for analysis.
After studying the material on the development of literature in the first thirdXVIII century, I found out that interest in understanding the deeds of Peter I is manifested even during the life of the emperor himself, after a number of military victories that are most important for the state.But for the most partpurely historical or journalistic materials than fiction. For example, the treatise by P. P. Shafirov "Discourse on the Causes of the Sweyskoy War" or "Daily Journal of Tsar Peter I from 1709 to 1710" by Baron G. Huyssen, or " A short story about the death of Peter the Great ... "Feofan Prokopovich. Although already here we see attempts to assess the reforms of Peter 1, to express the attitude of people of different classes to the personality of the sovereign.
The next stage of my work is the study of the literary process of the middleXVIII century. This is the time of the reign of classicism as literary direction, when the cult of science, reason, enlightenment is established. Literary creativity is becoming more widespread, and the main characters are an enlightened monarch or an ideal citizen. Here, the image of Peter I perfectly meets the tasks of the literature of that time: the establishment of the glory of the Russian state, the development of ideas of enlightenment, the introduction of the traditions of ancient art. From this point of view, the most interesting works by M.V. Lomonosov and A.P. Sumarokov, primarily their odes.
At the end of the century, important literary authors were G. Derzhavin, I. Dmitriev, D. Fonvizin, A. Radishchev and N Karamzin. The main character works of the last thirdXVIII century - a common personseeking harmony with nature, believing that moral improvement and sensitivity will help build an ideal state. But comprehension of the role of historical figures and events in the development of Russia has not lost its relevance. Peter I as a literary hero appears in the works of Derzhavin, Radishchev and Karamzin. It was them that I took for further work.
The image of Peter 1 in the work of poets and writers of the mid-18th century
Conducting research
A new level of artistic understanding of the personality of Peter I is established in the poetry of classicism and falls on the period of the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. The accession to the throne in November 1741 of the daughter of the great reformer once again reminded of the prospects of state building, indicated by the reforms of the beginning of the century, when the tasks of enlightening the country, which were solved by Peter I, came to the fore. V. Lomonosov and A. P. Sumarokov. The championship, however, belonged toLomonosov , for it was he who during this period was the main ideologue of the concept of "enlightened absolutism" in those forms of its implementation that were given by Peter's reforms. The spirit of these transformations retained its vitality in Lomonosov's poetry. The statehood of the pathos of the creative position permeated literally all aspects of Lomonosov's ideological program, artistically embodied in his solemn odes, and in his words of praise to the monarchs, and in the poem "Peter the Great", and other works. This was especially evident in the solemn odes. He not only created the structural canon of the genre of the Russian solemn ode, but managed to give the odic genre that kind of sublime solemnity, which fully corresponded to the strengthening of the power of Russian statehood and the strengthening of Russia's political authority in the system of European states after the victory of Peter I over Sweden in the Northern War. The activity of Peter was in Lomonosov's odes the initial basis of those criteria with which the author approached the assessment of the personality of monarchs, turning his odes into a platform for the expression of public opinion. Here is a typical example for Lomonosov of using the genre of ode to glorify the vitality of the politics of Peter I - the beginning"Odes to the bright and solemn holiday of the birth of Her Majesty and for the all-joyful birth ... of the Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna ... December 18, 1757".
Flaunt many peoples:
The Lord multiplied the House of Petrov.
Fields, forests, shores and waters!
He is alive, hope and cover,
He is alive, looks to all countries,
It renews its Russia,
Shelves, laws, ships
Builds himself; rules and leads,
The spirit surpasses nature -
A hero in the seas and on land.
Oh divine pledge! O tribe!
Than our life has been renewed
Returned to Petrovo time ...
It is clear that the proclamation of the return of the times of Peter I ("Petrov's time has been returned ...") by no means reflected the actual state of affairs, but was only an expression of the author's hopes, a kind of Lomonosov program for the living empress, set out in the form of wishes to her possible successor - a newborn the grand duchess... In these lines, Lomonosov actually creates a concise, but unusually expressive portrait of the great tsar, containing a listing of all the main spheres of his activities to transform the country. Before us is the concept of the reign of Peter I and the definition of his place in the history of Russia. The ode becomes a kind of tribune, which the poet seeks to use in order to direct the activities of the monarch along the path indicated by Peter I.
MV Lomonosov revered Peter - the great gatherer of lands, a tireless worker and a learned husband.
Born to the scepter, stretched out his hands to work,
He hid the power of the monarch in order to reveal the sciences to us,
When he built the city, took down labor in wars,
He was in distant lands and wandered in the seas,
Collected artists and trained soldiers
He defeated those at home and external adversaries ...
"Inscription 1 to the statue of Peter the Great" 1743-1747
Indicative in assessing the activities of Peter 1and "An ode to the day of her Majesty Empress Elizabeth Petrovna's accession to the all-Russian throne in 1747". The glorious deeds of Elizabeth lead the author of the ode to memories of her father, Peter I, whose successor the poet thought of the new queen:
He sent a Man to Russia,
What has been unheard of for centuries.
Through all the obstacles he lifted
Head, crowned with victories,
I will trample Russia with barbarism,
Raised to heaven with me.
Lomonosov considered Peter I a great reformer, an enlightened monarch and a genius military leader - a true national hero. Talking about him, the poet resorts to personifications associated with the images of ancient mythology. So, for example, Mars and Neptune denote the concepts of war and the sea. Such imagery, along with the widespread use of Slavicisms, rhetorical questions, exclamations and addresses, creates a particularly solemn "high" style of the ode, corresponding to the subject of its depiction. This is very clearly seen in the description of Peter I, his military victories, which strengthened the power of Russia:
Mars feared in the bloody fields,
Your sword in Petrov's hands in vain,
And with trepidation, Neptune fancied
Looking at the Russian flag.
For Lomonosov, as later for Pushkin, Peter I was also the great builder of the northern capital, which opened new development paths for Russia:
Suddenly fortified within the walls
And surrounded by buildings,
Doubtful Neva ad:
“Or am I now forgotten
And she bowed down the path,
Which before did I flow? "
It is quite logical after this description to develop the idea that under Peter I
... divine sciences
Through mountains, rivers and seas,
Hands extended to Russia ...
Then, Lomonosov moves on to the next part of the poem: he again turns to modernity and expresses the hope that Elizabeth will follow the example of her father and will patronize the sciences, contribute to the strengthening and prosperity of Russia. He wants to see Elizabeth as an enlightened queen who cares about the welfare of the fatherland, and further in his ode presents her with a kind of "program of action" that should provide further development countries.
The undoubted merit of Lomonosov should be considered his attempt to preserve the appearance of Peter I in the epic for posterity. On the advice of Count I.I. Shuvalov at the end of the 1750s. he refers to creationthe poem "Peter the Great". Lomonosov is interested in two topics in this work: it is important for him to show what huge obstacles Peter had to overcome in the struggle to achieve his goals and what prospects opened up for Russia as a result of his activities. Lomonosov idealized the personality of Peter: he never once spoke about the burdens that Peter's reforms fell on the shoulders of the people. Peter appears in it as a king who fortified the country, defeated enemies, and most importantly, as an enlightener.
« I cry to you, wisdom is endless,
Shine your ray to me, where sincerity is heart
And full of jealousy the spirit is in a hurry
Peter the Great reads the universe aloud
And show how he is above man
Took work for us unheard of for centuries ... "
(ode to "Peter the First", Lomonosov)
In this respect, a position similar to Lomonosov's glorification of Peter I as the enlightener of his people was taken by another famous cultural figure of this era, a poet and playwrightA.P. Sumarokov. He also wrote"A commendable word about the sovereign Emperor Peter the Great ..." (1759 ), in which the commonality of position with the views of Lomonosov in assessing the significance of Peter's reforms is clearly perceptible: “Until the time of Peter the Great, Russia was not enlightened with a clear concept about things, nor with the most useful knowledge, nor profound teaching; our mind was drowning in the darkness of ignorance, the sparks of wit were extinguished and had no power to ignite.<...> Peter was born, his infancy began. The harbinger of the Sun, the crimson Aurora, ascended the gloomy horizon.<...> The great Peter matured, the Sun rose, and the darkness of ignorance was scattered. " Similar motives develop in other works of Sumarokov, dedicated to the theme of Peter I, for example, inthe poem "Russia is happy with Peter ..." or in "Ode to Tsar Peter the Great" . For Sumarokov, the importance of Peter I in the rise of Russian statehood was also indisputable, and he repeatedly responded to the coverage different aspects the policy of Peter I. But in the scale of the disclosure of Peter's historical merits in the spread of enlightenment in Russia and in the activity of affirming the ideals of his policy, Lomonosov undoubtedly exceeded Sumarokov. In what, however, they were unanimous, it was in the inviolability of faith in the future prosperity of Russia, linking it precisely with the transformations of Peter. A vivid example of such political prognosticism is Sumarokov's poem “Dithiramb "(1755 ), an enthusiastic anthem of Russia, awakened by Peter's reforms to a glorious future:
I see future eyelids -
My spirit is raptured into the sky.
Play Russian countries, rivers!
The distant ocean is confused ...
Where the animals dwelt
Ross dwelled.
Where the birds did not fly
The whole edge is covered with hail.
Where the snow never melts
Science is flourishing there.
Opens up to me more
Heights of heavenly view.
Peter the Great to us ottole
Looks with a joyous face.
Behold, full of joy
In the world, Peter, your successes!
Thus, we see that in the middle of the 18th century, the image of Peter 1 appears somewhat idealized, there are no critical perceptions. This is due to the worldview of educated people in general, with the ideas of enlightenment, with the predominance of classicism in literature. At that time, poets sang praises of monarchs because they personified the state, heroes because they served the state, the world because it contributed to the prosperity of the state.
2.2 The image of Peter 1 in the work of poets and writers of the second half of the 18th century
The noted features of the poetic interpretation of the personality of Peter I as a working tsar after Lomonosov became in the odes of the 18th century. common place. They can be found in the same A.P. Sumarokov, A.A.Rzhevsky, M.M.Kheraskov. This motive was developed in a peculiar wayG.R.Derzhavin.
For Derzhavin, everyday life becomes a poetic theme, and phraseological units, vernaculars and folk sayings begin to enter the odic dictionary. And that is why the theme of Peter I itself does not constitute the leading motive of his work, as in Lomonosov's, but arises along the way, in the aspect of humanizing the appearance of monarchs. It is precisely the democratic character of Peter that attracts Derzhavin, being reflected in his poetry. In 1776 Derzhavin wrote two"Drinking songs" - "Peter the Great" and "Monument to Peter the Great" , sustained in the stanza style and were a response to the project of creating a monument to Peter I in 1882. The content of both "drinking songs" carries in itself the continuation of the Lomonosov tradition associated with the incarnation of the "worker on the throne" in the guise of Peter, who does not spare himself for his subjects and the fatherland, and thereby ensured his immortality.
«
Although death raises its scythe
Equally to the rulers of the earth;
But forever the memory abides
In the hearts of human kings are good.
Your virtue will abide
Oh, Peter! kind to all ages;
Keep, keep always, Saudetel,
You are his successors to us!
IN ode "Grandee" (1794) we see that the greatness of the reformer monarch is determined by his human qualities of a simple worker leaving the throne for the good of the fatherland:
Great Peter, as a kind of god,
By the way, the enthusiastic attitude towards Peter I in connection with the monument erected by Catherine II expressedin "Letters of a Russian Traveler" N. M. Karamzin almost ten years after its discovery. He remembered the monument in letter 89 (Lyon, March 9, 1790) describing his stay in Lyon. There, in the square, he sees a bronze statue of Louis XIV, “the same size as the monument of our Russian Peteralthough these two heroes were not quite equal in the greatness of their spirit and deeds. " Comparing further the merits of the two monarchs, Karamzin gives Peter I a clear preference: “The subjects glorified Louis: Peter glorified his subjects - the first partly contributed to the success of enlightenment: the second, as a radiant god of light, appeared on the horizon of mankind and illuminated the deep darkness around him - during the reign of the first thousands of hardworking Frenchmen were forced to leave their fatherland: the second attracted skillful and useful foreigners to his state - I respect the former as a strong Tsar: I respect the latter as a great husband, as a Hero, as a benefactor of humanity, as my own benefactor. " Characteristic is Karamzin's subsequent remark regarding the symbolic interpretation of the decision he found by the sculptor to erect the statue of Peter I on an almost untreated rock made of wild stone. Karamzin finds this idea beautiful, "for this stone serves as a striking image of the state of Russia in which it was before the time of its reformer."
Another tradition of artistic and publicistic comprehension of the figure of Peter I in this era was formed in the second half of the century, when some negative aspects of Peter's reforms emerged. Now in public opinion there is a tendency to critically re-evaluate certain aspects of the great reformer's activity and the methods by which his reforms were carried out. A similar rethinking of the existing myth took place not without the influence of the latest trends in European educational historiography of the 2nd half of the XVIII century, when hopes for the omnipotence of the legislative genius of such rulers as Peter I began to wane. The indisputability of Peter's authority in the eyes of the leaders of Russian culture continued to remain unshakable. But in the context of disputes about the fate of the Russian nobility, about the thoughtless imitation that swept the upper strata of the ruling class, about the loss of the originality of Russian culture and mores, the attitude towards certain aspects of the policy of Peter I has now changed. These changes were reflected in the views of M.N. Muravyov, and in the statements of Princess E.R. Dashkova, and in the writings of Prince. M. M. Shcherbatov, A. N. Radishcheva, N. M. Karamzin.
Concluding the review of responses to the construction and opening of the monument to Peter I, it is important to dwell on the consideration of the position on this issueA.N. Radishchev. Radishchev's perception of the personality of Peter I and the significance that this monarch had in the history of Russia was not unambiguous. Peter attracted his attention both as a legislator and as a politician who strengthened the military power of Russia and gave new impetus to the economic and cultural development of the state. For Radishchev, the measures of Peter I to bring Russia closer to Europe, to create on the banks of the Neva St. Petersburg as the country's new capital were undoubtedly positive. But in assessing the importance of Peter as the monarch-enlightener of the nation, deified already during his lifetime, whose memory is used by the reigning rulers for their own exaltation, Radishchev takes a special position. He expressed it in a publicistic message"A letter to a friend who lives in Tobolsk due to the duty of his title" , written also as a response to the opening of the monument to the great reformer of Russia, built on the initiative of Catherine II. 57 years have passed since the death of the great monarch, and the fact that Peter was no longer alive gave a special meaning to this celebration in Radishchev's eyes. According to the author of "Letters ...", only now the time is coming for a true assessment of the greatness of Peter I, for his political plans to transform Russia have become a reality, and the great reformer embodied in bronze as a symbol of the monarchist idea cannot replace a living person who was far away during his lifetime. not the ideal father of his subjects. The perception by Radishchev's contemporaries of the image of Peter I, the "renovator" of the fatherland, is in the author's eyes just a ghostly deception, far from the truth, the result of the supreme power hypnosis: “... Thousands of spectators on the elevations made for this purpose and a crowd of people scattered over all nearby places and roofs, were looking forward to seeing the image of the one whom their ancestors hated while alive, and mourned after death. Truly there is and is immutable: dignity, merit and virtue often attract hatred of those themselves, for which reasons do not have to hate them ... " ... The true price of the great achievements of the monarchs, according to Radishchev, is not always open to contemporaries of these achievements. This is the dialectic of the perception of the exploits of heroic personalities who think little about people.At the end of the "Letter ..." Radishchev dwells on the question of the legality of including Peter I among the great people of world history.“Peter is admittedly called great, and the Senate is called the Father of the Fatherland. But why can he be called great? " - asks Radishchev. He compares Peter I with prominent figures of the past and present, including in the controversy that was waged in the Enlightenment about the role of the individual in history. Radishchev sees no reason to recognize the greatness of such monarchs as Alexander the Great or Charlemagne, who became famous for their conquests as a sonicide, the Byzantine emperor Constantine, or Henry IV, as "vain and arrogant." Louis XIV and even the Prussian king Frederick II, who was called “great” during his lifetime. "All these rulers ... the great ones had vices." For Radishchev, the right of rulers to be called “great” is determined by their “services to the fatherland,” in which they must surpass the virtues of a private person. The measure of the greatness of monarchs follows from the consequences that their actions have for the destinies of peoples. The last phrases of "Letters ..." are sustained in the spirit of educational love of freedom. Noting the despotism of Peter, "who destroyed the last signs of the wild freedom of his fatherland," Radishchev, the main reproach to the monarch, puts forward a commitment to autocracy, which excludes the personal freedom of citizens of the country: "And I will say that Peter could have been more glorious, ascending himself and lifting up his fatherland, affirming private liberty ... ". Perceiving the personality of Peter in a mythologized form created by the artistic and historiographic tradition of the era, Radishchev simultaneously demythologized the existing legend. He harbored no illusions about the concept of enlightened absolutism, which underlies the mythologization of the figure of Peter I, and therefore was free from tradition.
2.3 The image of Peter 1 in the works of A.S. Pushkin
As far as Peter I was a great reformer, a powerful statesman who pushed Russia forward on a grand scale, so much was Pushkin the Peter the Great of Russian literature. Peter's theme is a “cross-cutting” theme in Russian literature in general, in the work of Pushkin in particular.
An interest in historical topics, including the era of Peter, arose in Pushkin in the 1820s, and especially after December 14, 1825. Historical events are not valuable in themselves for Pushkin, he always tried not only to show the great victories and deeds of the reformer, but also to reveal their results, the impact on the fate of individuals. The giant figure of Peter, undoubtedly, admired the poet, Pushkin is dear to everything that Peter accomplished - Petersburg,"The young city of the Midnight Countries is a beauty and wonder",- and at the same time Pushkin could not come to terms with the tyranny and despotism of Peter, critically assessed the results and methods of his activities. This duality in the evaluation criteria determined the duality in the image of Peter, which manifested itself in his works. For A.S. Pushkin, Emperor Peter is the only initiator of reforms. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe socio-economic conditionality of the reformation at that time could not arise.
“The insignificant heirs of the northern giant, amazed at the brilliance of his greatness, imitated him with superstitious accuracy in everything that did not require new inspiration. ... Peter I was not afraid of people's freedom, the inevitable consequence of enlightenment, for he trusted his power and despised mankind, perhaps more than Napoleon. " (« Notes on Russian history of the 18th century ")
We have already noted that throughout A.S. Pushkin is interested in the personality of Peter the Great, analyzes his historical significance. Therefore, the image of Peter is quite often found in Pushkin's work.
One of the first poems dedicated to the theme of Peter is the poem"Stanzas",
written in 1826. This time is the beginning of the reign of Nicholas I - a new, yet unknown tsar. Pushkin's poems are a kind of instruction to Nikolai. At the same time, Pushkin perceives Peter the Great as an almost ideal monarch and sets him up as an example for Nicholas. The poet praises Peter:
Autocratic hand
He boldly sowed enlightenment,
I did not despise my native country:
He knew her purpose.
According to Pushkin, Peter - "now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter" - was an "eternal" worker, busy, active person. Pushkin would like to see Nicholas the same ideal monarch as Peter was. In the last stanza, the poet gives instructions to the new king:
Be like the ancestor in everything:
How indefatigable and firm he is,
And memory, like him, is not evil.
Seeing the similarities in the beginnings of the reigns of Peter and Nicholas, Pushkin writes: "... I look ahead without fear: the beginning of Peter's glorious days was darkened by revolts and executions ..." Pushkin recalls the Decembrist uprising. The similarity with the beginning of Peter's rule, apparently, justifies Nicholas and allows us to hope for "glory and good"
INthe poem "Poltava" A.S. Pushkin creates the image of Peter, a brilliant commander who attracts ordinary Russian soldiers with his activities. The appearance of the king is remarkable. Before the decisive battle of Poltava with the Swedes, the whole appearance of Peter speaks of his readiness for a decisive battle. God Himself directs his actions:
Then something inspired from above
The resounding voice of Peter sounded:
"To the cause, with God!"
Describing the tsar-commander, Pushkin uses antonyms at the same time, thus showing a "storm of God" for the Swedes and a wise military commander for Russian soldiers:
…
Peter comes out. His eyes
Shine. His face is terrible.
The movements are fast. He is beautiful,
He's all like a storm of God.
Immediately during the Battle of Poltava, Peter himself takes part in the battle: "he raced before the regiments, mighty and joyful as a battle", inspiring the regiment with his personal example.
After the battle, the Russian tsar feasts, celebrating the victory, and in this episode, Peter is once again beautiful with his spiritual generosity:
At the clicks of his army,
In his tent he treats
Their leaders, foreign leaders,
And caresses the glorious captives,
And for their teachers
A healthy cup raises.
So, analyzing the text of Pushkin's poem "Poltava", we see that the poet is attracted by the military leadership of Peter I, his desire to strengthen the borders of Russia and show everyone, especially the Swedes, the military strength of his country. Peter in the poem is the personification of a military genius. And for A.S. Pushkin is important here not only the specific historical personality of the Russian autocrat, but also his victory for the good of the fatherland:
In the citizenship of the northern state,
In her warlike destiny,
Only you erected, hero of Poltava,
A huge monument to myself.
Also A.S. Pushkin in the poem "Poltava" describes the victory, maturation and glory of Peter I, and Russia.
There was that vague time
When Russia is young
In struggles straining strength,
Courage with the genius of Peter ...
The battle of Poltava was won. The lessons of good teachers went into the future. "And proud and clear // And glory is full of his gaze." In the tent, which Peter left before the battle, the victor is now feasting, he treats "his leaders, foreign leaders, and caresses glorious captives." The winner is generous, he raises the cup for the health of those who taught him to fight, lose with dignity and win with honor:
A hundred years have passed - and what is left
From these strong, proud husbands,
Passions so full of will?
Their generation has passed -
And with him the bloody trail disappeared
Efforts, disasters and victories.
But already in this poem we can feel that Pushkin is interested not only in the merits of Peter 1, but also in his human qualities. We learn about the hot temper of Peter, the tsar and the man, from the story of Mazepa, who recalls how his hatred for Peter began, which does not prevent the old man from objectively assessing the strength of the Russians and foreseeing the defeat of Charles.
Here, in the image of Peter 1, not only inspiration from above is important - the combination of the beautiful and the terrible leads to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe spontaneous unbridledness of his character, which bears evil: the reason for Mazepa's betrayal is the insult inflicted on him by Peter in a fit of not entirely justified anger.
The next stage in understanding the personality of Peter 1 was the poem"Bronze Horseman"
, written in 1833. The Bronze Horseman is a special poem in relation to other Pushkin's works related to the Peter's theme, where essentially the same view of Peter as an ideal monarch is consistently developed. In the same poem, the problem is presented in a slightly different perspective.
If in previous works Pushkin praises Peter, then in the poem the poet for the first time raises the question: is Peter really so ideal? The city he founded is certainly needed by the Russian state. But he is in an insecure place. And because of the dangerous location of St. Petersburg, people suffer. Having built the city, Peter did not think about the people, he did everything for the state. Peter is "an idol on a bronze horse." In the poem, Peter is the conqueror of the elements. His image changes significantly in comparison with previous works. Peter essentially becomes a negative hero.
Perhaps this variability is due to the very theme of the work. Pushkin does not give a direct answer to the question: what is Peter the First really like? The poet only allows one to see this figure in a new quality.
A. Pushkin's dual approach to the assessment of history, the awareness of the irreconcilable contradiction between the historical necessity of state building and the fate of the people, personal fate was the basis for the ideological content of the poem "The Bronze Horseman".
The founding of Petersburg, according to Pushkin, is motivated by the need for the state:
"From here we will threaten the Swede
«...»
Here, on new waves
All flags will visit us "
Open a "window to Europe" for us"Nature is destined."
But the fate of Eugene, the historical ruthlessness of the reforming activity of Peter I, becomes in The Bronze Horseman a terrible reproach to the whole business of the reformer.
In Pushkin's unfinished novel"Arap of Peter the Great" the double vision of this historical personality is also clearly marked.
And, finally, in the historical work of the writer about Peter's time -"Stories of Peter" Pushkin did not confine himself to collecting and systematizing the material, the entire text of the "history" is permeated with author's digressions and notes - approving, critical, ironic - showing Pushkin's attitude to Peter and his activities:"Peter boasted of his cruelty ...", "he himself was a strange monarch", "On July 1, Peter fell ill (with a hangover?)", "... the decree is very prudent, with a small admixture of autocracy ..." other.
The final concept of Peter, formulated in the History, is as follows:
“The difference between the state institutions of Peter the Great and his temporary decrees is surprising. The former are the fruit of a vast mind, full of benevolence and wisdom; the latter are cruel, capricious and, it seems, are written with a whip. The former were for eternity, or at least for the future; the latter escaped from the impatient, autocratic landowner. Note: To bring this into the history of Peter, after considering it. " Here Pushkin reveals the duality and contradictoriness of Peter's activity, this "difference" is understood by him as a contradiction between the goals and means of the reformation. But this statement can also be interpreted as a generalization of the contradictory character of Peter himself: "a vast mind, full of goodwill and wisdom" and, at the same time, "an impatient autocratic landowner."
The information obtained can be summarized in the form of a table:
Literary heroEnlightened monarch or ideal citizen
A noble hero seeking harmony with nature
An educated person looking for his place in this imperfect world
Interpretation of the image of Peter I
Deification as a reformer king
Peter's assessment I as a person
A versatile look at the personality of PeterI
Examples of
Mars feared in the bloody fields,
Your sword in Petrov's hands in vain,
And with trepidation, Neptune fancied
Looking at the Russian flag.
Leaving the scepter, throne, palace,
Being a wanderer, in dust and sweat,
Great Peter, as a kind of god,
He shone with majesty in his work.
…and that
Who stood motionless
In the darkness, a copper head,
The one whose fateful will
The city was founded under the sea ...
He is terrible in the surrounding darkness!
What a thought on your forehead!
What power is hidden in him! ..
... O powerful lord of fate!
Are you not right above the abyss itself
At a height, with an iron bridle
Has he reared Russia?
Conclusion
Thus, having analyzed the selected works related to the comprehension of such a grandiose, ambiguous personality like Peter 1, I achieved my goal - to consider how the image of Peter was interpretedI Russian writers and poets XVIII- the beginning XIX centuries. Each task was solved in stages. I got acquainted with historical information about the time of the reign of Peter 1, about the development of society, culture and science inXVIII- the beginning XIX centuries, which allowed me to understand the reasons for the different views on the same person. Acquaintance with works of art, analysis of the interpretation of the image of PeterI and the artistic means by which each author expresses his attitude to the depicted, helped to build a picture of how the vision of the first Russian emperor changed over time.
We can say that the authors interpreted the personality of the reformer tsar in different ways, which is associated with the tasks of literature in a particular historical period. Someone paid more attention to the features of the tyrant emperor, who with the reforms turned Russia to a “foreign”, European course of development, but still, most of the masters of the pen admired his greatness and his transformative activities, which literally “awakened” Russia, and understood how this figure was important in the development and formation of our country. In many ways, Peter and everything connected with him became a red thread, a cross-cutting theme of the literature of the 18th-19th centuries.
I can use the acquired knowledge and skills in literature and history lessons.
List of used literature
1. A. N. Radishchev on the significance of Peter I in the history of Russia (article) // Russian literature. 2000. No. 1.
2. A.S. Pushkin Selected Works, Gorky Regional State Publishing House, 1949
3. Gukovsky G.A. Russian literature of the 18th century. M .: Aspect Press, 1999 4. Lotman YM .. At the school of the poetic word. M., "Education", 1988
5. Makogonenko G.P. A.S. Pushkin's creativity in the 30s L., "Fiction"
Introduction
“Any person is contradictory, anyone carries in his soul and manifests in his actions light and darkness, good and evil. Why, then, is there so much controversy about the reformer king? Obviously, because Peter's reforms largely determined the historical path of Russia and, therefore, turning to Peter, we turn in many respects to the sources of our culture, our civilization, trying to understand something very important in ourselves. "
The Petrine time has been fairly well studied by Russian historians. Contradictory assessments of the personality and deeds of Peter the Great attracted the attention of many people, which was the reason for the existence of a mass of scientific, popular science and fiction literature on this topic. In my work, I would like to consider the image of Peter I from different angles, in accordance with the theme of the work
PeterI in historical science
In this section, I would like to reflect several different opinions of the most famous historians.
For example, N.M. Karamzin, recognizing this sovereign the Great, approached the assessment of his activities much more cautiously. He severely criticizes Peter for his excessive enthusiasm for foreign affairs, the desire to make Russia Holland. A sharp change in the "old" way of life and national traditions undertaken by the emperor, according to the historian, is far from always justified. As a result, the Russians educated people "Became citizens of the world, but ceased to be, in some cases, citizens of Russia."
The famous historian S.M. Soloviev. In his books, he showed the organic nature and historical readiness of the reforms: “The need to move on a new path was realized; the responsibilities were determined: the people got up and got ready for the road; but they were waiting for someone; they were waiting for the leader; the leader has appeared "The historian believed that the emperor saw his main task in the internal transformation of Russia, and north War with Sweden was only a means to this transformation.
All these views and assessments have become generally accepted in russian historiography Peter I. They were separated by a student and successor of Soloviev in the Department of Russian History of Moscow University V.O. Klyuchevsky. But, unlike his teacher, Klyuchevsky was much more critical of the results of the reforms, showing the discrepancy between their intention and the results. “Autocracy itself is disgusting as a political principle. He is never recognized by a civil conscience. But you can put up with a person in whom this unnatural force is combined with self-sacrifice, ”he wrote, concluding the characterization of Peter I and, as it were, apologizing for the blunders and costs.
As V.Ya. Ulanov writes, “the Muscovites did not recognize in Peter either the faithful tsar, or the Russian people, or the Orthodox firstborn of the Russian Church. The opposition could not look directly at the strange deeds of Peter, was not able to embrace and master them with the mind. " Very often in the speeches of Muscovites one could hear that Peter did not look like a real tsar, that his ancestors did not act that way, that he was not a real tsar either. Many accused him of imposture, and some even believed that he was the new-born Antichrist.
But even later, the great reformer did not escape reproaches from his descendants. The most consistent criticism of Peter as the destroyer of national life dates back to the Slavophiles. And in the 20th century, Peter also won many biased views and not always fair critics.
I would like to highlight some of the most prominent opponents of Peter I.
The student of Klyuchevsky P.N. greatly multiplied the critical accents in relation to Peter's reforms. Milyukov. In his works, he develops the idea that reforms were carried out by Peter spontaneously, from time to time, under the pressure of specific circumstances, without any logic and plan, were "reforms without a reformer." He also mentions that only "at the cost of ruining the country, Russia was raised to the rank of a European power."
And another author best known for his accusatory articles against the emperor, I.L. Solonevich. For Solonevich, Peter was the source of all the troubles of Russia, for he, "having broken with the soil and tradition of Muscovite Rus, instead of the previously existing people's monarchy, created the Petersburg noble empire." Instead of the interests of all estates, according to Solonevich, this state expressed the interests of only the nobility. It is impossible not to notice that Peter really did a lot for Russia, just as it cannot be denied that, as Gumilev notes, Peter was a man of his time, who should appear and carry out all his deeds exactly then, and not 100 or 100 years later.
Finishing the topic of criticism, I just want to add that, in spite of everything,
its extremely versatile development and violent, but purposeful activity in almost any spheres of social and state life... The people to this day remember Peter, call him Great, and consider him the closest to the people in spirit than other kings.
It is impossible not to notice that Peter really did a lot for Russia, just as it cannot be denied that, as Gumilev notes, Peter was a man of his time, who should appear and carry out all his deeds exactly then, and not 100 or 100 years later.
PeterI in art
Many portraits of Peter have been drawn by both our and foreign masters: Kneller, Leroy, Karavak.
But I would like to dwell on some reviews about the appearance of Pet I.
“Tall and strong, of an ordinary build, agile, lively and dexterous in all movements; a round face with a somewhat stern expression, dark eyebrows and hair, short-cropped and curly ... He walks with long strides, waving his arms and holding his hand on the handle of a new ax, ”wrote Noumenon in his notes.
And again: “The king is very tall, slightly hunched over, his head is usually lowered. He is dark-haired and has a stamp of severity on his face; possesses an apparently quick mind and quick-wittedness "there is a certain stateliness in manners, but lacks consistency", - an excerpt from the archive of the Vedas. Foreign Affairs of France 1717.
You can see that these two descriptions, created in different places, are very similar to each other and are not far from the truth. Peter in appearance was a handsome man of very tall stature - exactly 2.045 meters, - swarthy - "so swarthy, as if he was born in Africa," says one of his contemporaries, of a strong physique, stately appearance, with some flaws in his demeanor and an annoying soreness that spoils general impression.
Peter dressed sloppily, casually, and often changed his dress, military and civilian, sometimes choosing an extremely strange costume.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude about his appearance with the phrase of the Hungarian cardinal: "There is nothing outstanding in his personality, appearance and manners, indicating a royal origin in him."
PeterI in literature
Many Russian writers and poets turned to the image of Peter in their works, differently understanding and interpreting it: someone paid more attention to the features of the tyrant who ruined Russia with the reforms; some admired his transformative activities.
In the final part of my work, I would like to dwell on the works of Pushkin - "Poltava" and "The Bronze Horseman" and see the differences in the image of Peter in these poems.
For the first time to the image of the great Russian emperor A.S. Pushkin turned in 1828 in his poem "Poltava". The work is based on one of greatest victories Peter and the Russian army - victory at Poltava. Here we see Peter the commander in front of us, leading the troops to victory. The combination of "terrible" and "beautiful", "sonorous voice" - all this makes Peter not just majestic, but endowed with superhuman features, called to the Russian throne by divine power. The image of Peter is a symbol of the rising Russia, therefore it is devoid of any negative traits, shortcomings, praise to the great emperor sounds in all lines:
Only you erected, hero of Poltava,
A huge monument to myself.
This is how Peter I is shown in the poem "Poltava". Later, in 1833, Pushkin created another work on the subject of Peter the Great - the poem The Bronze Horseman. But in it Peter is depicted from a completely different side. Although in the introduction to the poem the emperor is still shown as a far-sighted, clever politician, here one can already feel a certain change in the author's assessment of the personality of the great king. In "Poltava" we see before us a beautiful, living embodiment of divine power, and in "The Bronze Horseman" we also encounter something unearthly, but by no means beautiful, but terrifying:
In the unshakable height
Over the indignant Neva
Stands with outstretched hand
An idol on a bronze horse.
Here it is shown that Peter is not only majestic, but also cruel. He, not thinking about himself, cares only about the people, dreaming, even at the cost of strength, to make it more enlightened.
Oh, powerful lord of fate!
Are you not right above the abyss itself
At a height, with an iron bridle
Has he reared Russia?
From these poems, one can understand Pushkin's attitude to Peter the Great. The poet admires the intelligence, foresight of the brave reformer, but he is also repulsed by the cruelty and mercilessness of the emperor.
Conclusion
Peter the Great is often compared to Napoleon I. “Yes, he was, like Napoleon, an idealist, a dreamer, a great poet of actions, this woodcutter with calloused hands, this soldier-mathematician, endowed with less fancy fantasies, a more robust consciousness of possibilities and more realistic plans for the future. ".
Contemporaries considered Peter to be the best ship master. Under Peter 1, Russia
The image of Peter I in
Russian literature
Completed: group student
FZR-111
Borisova L.P.
2016 year
CONTENT
Introduction.
Peter the First in the history of the state
Russian:
1.1 Tsar Peter the First.
1.2. Reforms of Peter the Great.
Peter the First in Russian literature.
Critics' score.
2.1 M.V. Lomonosov.
2.2 A.S. Pushkin.
2.3 A.N. Tolstoy.
Findings. The image of Peter the Great in Russian literature
Relevance: Peter the First - Who is he: an evil genius or
father of nations? "
Object: Peter the First
Subject: Literature
Purpose: to reveal the powerful, contradictory, constantly
moving forward, the nature of Peter the Great.
Tasks:
1. Why did his image in Russian literature attract
attention of poets and writers?
2. Who is he: a genius or a villain?
3. Why is Tsar Peter the First interesting to modern
to the reader?
Hypothesis: Who is he?
Methods: literary analysis, descriptive method,
contextual analysis. The image of Peter the Great in Russian literature
Around the name of Peter
there were many legends.
Peter the first - figure
contradictory. About him
they said: “The king is a carpenter,
“Peter, who cut through a window in
Europe ”,“ Harsh, but
fair and
democratic". Who was
Peter the Great? Evil genius or
father of the nation? What he was
right and what he was to blame -
here are my main questions
research work. The image of Peter the Great in Russian literature
Peter I the Great was born on May 30 (June 9)
1672 in Moscow in the family of the Russian tsar
Alexei Mikhailovich. Peter was
the youngest son of Tsar Alexei
Mikhailovich.
Peter in childhood loved to listen to different
stories and books with
"Kuishtami", that is, paintings, and
“Funny French or German
sheets ", which were depicted
historical and ethnographic scenes.
Traveling around Russia, Peter often
went to village churches
listen to the service. He usually
headed straight for the choir and
attached his loud voice to
general singing.
Peter the Great did a lot for Russia ...
The central office was reformedmanagement
Provinces created
A new order of service was introduced,
now people from the ignorant classes could
make yourself a career
Industry begins to develop. Revives
trade
New universities, schools and gymnasiums are opening.
But most importantly, a regular army was created,
Russian fleet, access to the Baltic was obtained.
Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich
Tireless worker"Builder, swimmer, in
the seas hero ", who was in
people thick "between
countless people
many "," receiving "
"The same food" as his
soldiers, always "in sweat, in
dust, smoke, flames ”such is Lomonosov's Peter. Born to the scepter, stretched out in
hand work,
He hid the power of the monarch so that we
discover science,
When he was building the city, he demolished the works
in wars,
In the lands of distant was and
wandered the seas
Collected and trained artists
soldiers,
Conquered home and outside
adversaries ...
M.V. Lomonosov
Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich
“Russia entered Europe asa ship launched from the stocks, -
with the clatter of the ax and the thunder of the guns. "
Peter comes out.
His eyes are shining.
His face is terrible.
The movements are fast.
He is beautiful,
He's all like God
storm.
“O powerful lord of fate!
Are you not right above the abyss itself
At a height, with an iron bridle
Has he reared Russia? " Flaunt, city of Petrov, and stay
Unwavering like Russia
Let it be reconciled with you
And the defeated element ...
The state for which there is so much
Peter the Great worked, got stronger,
gained power and weight among
other European countries. But better
Did ordinary Russians live?
people? Are they happy in
the beautiful city of St. Petersburg? A. Tolstoy in his hero
embodied human feelings
and passion, created a living image
Petra with his love of life.
Peter at A. Tolstoy - earthly
man, not
godlike. The author is often
depicts the emperor as
ordinary worker: with a wheelbarrow on
construction site or with a sledgehammer in
forge. Most often Peter
appears before the reader not in
royal robes, and in military
caftan and in "canvas
soiled shirt with sleeves,
rolled up to the elbow ", or in
sailor jacket.
Karamzin Nikolay Mikhailovich
“We became citizenspeace, but ceased to be
in some cases
citizens of Russia -
the fault of Peter. "
S.M. Soloviev
In his readings, Solovyovdeeply analyzes
the activities of Peter I, its results,
views of Westerners and
Slavophiles on the affairs of Peter
Great. He emphasizes
the enormity of the transformations and
duration of influence
deeds of Peter to historical
development of Russia. Soloviev
takes care of the heritage
Petra, appreciates him
personality as a transformer. The image of Peter the Great in Russian literature The image of Peter the Great in Russian literature
LIST OF SOURCES AND
LITERATURE
1. A.S. Pushkin. Poem "The Bronze Horseman"
"Poltava"
2. A.N. Tolstoy. The novel "Peter the First",
M.V. Lomonosov. Odes.
3. Encyclopedias for children “History
Russia "; critical articles
N.M. Karamzina, S.M. Solovyova.
4. Internet sites.
State budgetary educational institution
Secondary vocational education
Gulkevichsky Construction College
Krasnodar Territory
Report on the topic
The image of Peter I in Russian literature of the 18th-20th centuries.
Is done by a student
group 1SEZ
Kolokolov S.A.
Now an academician, now a hero.
Now the navigator, now the carpenter.
He is an all-encompassing soul
The eternal worker was on the throne.
(A. Pushkin "Stanzas" 1826)
In the history of the XVIII century. Peter I undoubtedly occupies an outstanding place. The personality of Peter I can be viewed in different ways as statesman general historical scale. It is far from unambiguous to assess the reforms and means used by this monarch in the course of fundamental transformations state structure their country. But one cannot deny the outstanding merits of Peter I, thanks to which Russia acquired the status of a great European power.
goal of this report is to show how the role of the great monarch in the history of Russia was interpreted in Russian literature, how representatives of different generations evaluated the activities and policies of the tsar in different ways, and also to reveal the image of Peter the Great as a working Tsar, a Carpenter Tsar.
Powerful, contradictory, constantly moving forward, the nature of Peter I always attracted the attention of Russian poets and writers.
Mikhail Lomonosov revered Peter - the great gatherer of the land, the tireless worker and the learned husband.
Born to the scepter, stretched out his hands to work,
He hid the power of the monarch in order to reveal the sciences to us,
When he built the city, took down labor in wars,
He was in distant lands and wandered in the seas,
Collected artists and trained soldiers
He defeated those at home and external adversaries ...
"Inscription 1 to the statue of Peter the Great" 1743-1747
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin sees his hero a little differently. The poet repeatedly returned to the image of Peter I in his various works: "The Moor of Peter the Great", "The Bronze Horseman", "Poltava". For Pushkin, Peter is an ambiguous figure. In the poem "Poltava" - he is a tsar-worker and a great commander, after whom the Russian troops bravely go into battle and win.
Peter comes out. His eyes
Shine. His face is terrible.
The movements are fast. He is beautiful,
He's all like a storm of God.
"Poltava" 1828
But let's turn to the poem "The Bronze Horseman". On the one hand, Peter is still the same active and far-sighted ruler who wants to "cut a window to Europe ...", and on the other hand, he is a "proud idol" who directs the life of an entire nation with his fatal will.
Over the indignant Neva
Stands with outstretched hand
An idol on a bronze horse.
The Bronze Horseman 1833
The image of Peter I worried Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy for over twenty years. This topic is devoted to: the story "Peter's Day" (1917), the tragedy "On the rack" (1928), the novel "Peter the First" (1945).
Tolstoy began work on the novel in 1929. The first two books were completed by 1934. Unfortunately, the third part was not completed. The novel is as close as possible to real historical events.
“In my novel, the center is the figure of Peter I,” wrote Tolstoy.
How did the writer portray the king? His hero is given in development. We see how during the course of the novel Peter the Great matures and grows from an insecure and fearful teenager into a strong personality.
The leading qualities of Peter in the novel are those inherent in him from
nature will, energy, curiosity, determination and activity. He learned a lot and already in his youth knew 14 crafts. He was a carpenter and mason, blacksmith and plasterer, shipbuilder and shoemaker. But most of all he loved working on a lathe.
"I know fourteen crafts, but it's still bad, I came here for these ..." - Peter says to the German princess.
The most striking character trait that surprised both foreigners and his own is that Peter did not hesitate to deal with common people... Moreover, for the sake of the cause, it was not shameful for him to obey the artisans, who simply called him by his name ... it is a well-known fact that Peter I spent 4 months in the Dutch town of Zaandam, studying ship skills. And all this time he was strenuously hiding his title and his real name. Peter studied not only crafts, but also sciences, arts, especially military science. He knew several foreign languagesby personally examining people sent abroad. No wonder Pushkin wrote about him: "Now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter ...".
The Tsar dreams of making Russia a powerful state, capable of taking its rightful place among European states. Peter succeeds in this, but at the cost of incredible efforts, the exertion of all forces.
The tsar shows remarkable organizational abilities, he rallies around himself the same strong-willed, courageous and initiative people, with whose help he will win military and labor victories in the future. Tolstoy does not embellish his hero, he shows that the tsar does not spare not only himself, but those around him. New and new ones come to replace the dying builders of St. Petersburg, but these sacrifices are not meaningless. Peter, in his own way, cares about people, he demands from Menshikov, the Governor-General of St. Petersburg, to provide people with normal food, clothing, and not destroy people in vain, hiding behind lofty goals... Tolstoy truthfully showed a cruel time when a separate life was worth nothing, especially the life of a peasant.
This is how the traditional portrait of Peter the Great was formed in Russian literature - the tsar-builder, the tsar-carpenter, cruel but just, who managed to turn his country on the path leading from vegetation and isolation to progress, to the introduction of the Russian state into the circle of advanced states as a great power ...