Silentium! ("Be quiet, hide and thai ...")
Madness ("Where with burnt earth ...")
"Far from the sun and nature ..." (to a Russian woman)
"The great day of Cyril's death ..."
Spring waters ("The snow is still white in the fields ...")
Spring thunderstorm ("I love a thunderstorm in early May ...")
"From sea to sea ..."
Two Unities ("From the cup overflowing with God's wrath ...")
"There are two forces - two fatal forces ..."
Day and night ("Into the mysterious world of spirits ...")
"The soul would like to be a star ..."
"There is in the autumn of the original ..."
"There is in the lightness of autumn evenings ..." (Autumn evening)
"The snow is still white in the fields ..." (Spring waters)
"The sight of the earth is still sad ..."
"I still yearn for longing desires ..."
"The day was still making noise ..."
"Greetings with lively sympathy ..."
"Winter is not without reason angry ..."
"Both the sea and the storm shook our boat ..." (Dream at sea)
"And there is no feeling in your eyes ..."
"From the cup overflowing with God's wrath ..." (Two Unities)
"So, I saw you again ..."
To N. N. ("You love! You know how to pretend ...")
KB ("I met you - and everything is old ...")
"As a pillar of smoke brightens in the sky! .."
"As over hot ash ..."
"How good you are, O night sea ..."
"When in the circle of murderous worries ..."
"When there is no God's consent ..."
"When the last hour of nature strikes ..." (The last cataclysm)
Sea horse ("Oh zealous horse, about sea horse ...")
Swan ("Let the eagle behind the clouds ...")
"Lazy noon breathes lazily ..." (Noon)
Leaves ("Let the pines and ate ...")
"I love your eyes, my friend ..."
"I love a thunderstorm in early May ..." (Spring thunderstorm)
"Love, love - legend says ..." (Predestination)
"Be quiet, hide and thai ..." (Silentium!)
"Moscow, and the city of Petrov, and the Konstantinov city ..." (Russian geography)
"On the mysterious world of spirits ..." (Day and night)
"Over the old Russian Vilna ..."
"We are not given to predict ..."
"Do not believe, do not believe the poet, maiden ..."
"You don't know what stairs are for human wisdom ..."
"I don't know if grace will touch ..." ()
"Not what you think, nature ..."
"Reluctantly and timidly ..."
"No, measure is patience ..." (On the occasion of the arrival of the Austrian Archduke at the funeral of Emperor Nicholas)
"Oh, how in our declining years ..." (Last love)
"Oh, how murderously we love ..."
"Oh zealous horse, about sea horse ..." (Sea horse)
"What are you howling about, night wind? .."
"She was sitting on the floor ..."
"The Roman orator spoke ..." (Cicero)
Autumn evening ("There is in the grace of autumn evenings ...")
The answer to the address ("Yourself, friends, you are fooling yourself rudely ...")
"The flame burns, the flame burns ..."
On the occasion of the visit of the Austrian Archduke to the funeral of Emperor Nicholas ("No, measure is patience ...")
Noon ("Lazy midday breathes hazy ...")
The last cataclysm ("When the last hour of nature strikes ...")
Last love ("Oh, as in the declining years ...")
Predestination ("Love, love - legend says ...")
"Let the eagle behind the clouds ..." (Swan)
"Let the pines and spruce ..." (Leaves)
Russian geography ("Moscow, and the city of Petrov, and the Konstantinov city ...")
Russian woman ("Far from the sun and nature ...")
"With what him, with what longing in love ..."
"A kite has risen from the clearing ..."
"Yourself, friends, you fool yourself rudely ..." (Reply to the address)
"Human tears, oh human tears ..."
"Look like a living cloud ..." (Fountain)
Sleep at sea ("Both the sea and the storm rocked our boat ...")
"Where the mountains are, running away ..."
"Where with burnt earth ..." (Madness)
"The gray shadows blended ..."
"Quiet night, late summer ..."
"You like! You know how to pretend ... "(To N. N.)
"The mind cannot understand Russia ..."
Fountain ("Look like a living cloud ...")
Cicero ("The Roman orator spoke ...")
"What did you pray for with love ..."
("I don't know, will grace touch ...")
"These poor villages ..."
"I met you - and everything is old ..." (K.B.)
"Bright snow shone in the valley ..."
Biography
Tyutchev Fyodor Ivanovich - a famous poet, one of the most outstanding
Representatives of philosophical and political lyrics. Born on November 23, 1803 in the village of Ovstug, Bryansk uyezd, Oryol province, into a noble family that lived openly and richly in Moscow in winter. In a house “completely alien to the interests of literature and especially Russian literature,” the exclusive dominance of the French language coexisted with an adherence to all the peculiarities of the Russian Old Noble and Orthodox way of life. When Tyutchev was in his tenth year, S.E. Raich was invited to tutor him, who stayed in the Tyutchevs' house for seven years and had a great influence on the mental and moral development of his pupil, in which he developed a keen interest in literature. Having perfectly mastered the classics, Tyutchev was not slow to test himself in poetic translation. Horace's message to the Patron, presented by Raich to the society of lovers of Russian literature, was read at the meeting and approved by the most significant Moscow critical authority at that time - Merzlyakov; thereafter, the work of a fourteen-year-old translator, who was awarded the title of "employee", was published in the 14th part of the society's "Proceedings". In the same year, Tyutchev entered Moscow University, that is, he began to attend lectures with a teacher, and the professors became ordinary guests of his parents. Having received his Ph.D. in 1821, Tyutchev in 1822 was sent to St. Petersburg to serve in the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs and in the same year went abroad with his relative Count von Ostermann-Tolstoy, who added him as a supernumerary official of the Russian mission in Munich. He lived abroad, with minor interruptions, for twenty-two years. Being in a vibrant cultural center has had a significant impact on its spiritual makeup. In 1826 he married a Bavarian aristocrat, Countess Bothmer, and their salon became the center of the intelligentsia; to the numerous representatives of German science and literature who visited here belonged Heine, whose poems Tyutchev then began to translate into Russian; the translation of "Pines" ("From the Other Side") was published in "Aonids" for 1827. There is also a story about Tyutchev's heated disputes with the philosopher Schelling. In 1826, three poems by Tyutchev were published in Pogodin's almanac "Urania", and the following year in Raich's almanac "Northern Lyra" - several translations from Heine, Schiller ("Song of Joy"), Byron and several original poems. In 1833 Tyutchev, at his own request, was sent by "courier" with a diplomatic mission to the Ionian Islands, and at the end of 1837. - already a chamberlain and state councilor, - despite his hopes of getting a place in Vienna, he was appointed senior secretary of the embassy in Turin. At the end of the next year, his wife died. In 1839 Tyutchev entered into a second marriage with Baroness Dernheim; like the first, his second wife did not know a word of Russian and only later learned her husband's native language in order to understand his works. For unauthorized absence to Switzerland - and even while he was entrusted with the duties of an envoy - Tyutchev was dismissed from service and stripped of the title of chamberlain. Tyutchev settled again in his beloved Munich, where he lived for another four years. During all this time, his poetic activity did not stop. In 1829 - 1830 he published several excellent poems in Raich's Galatea, and in Rumor in 1833 (and not in 1835, as Aksakov says, his wonderful Silentium appeared, only much later appreciated. In the person of Ivan Ser. ("Jesuit") Gagarin, he found a connoisseur in Munich, who not only collected and retrieved poems abandoned by the author, but also communicated them to Pushkin for publication in Sovremennik; here during 1836 - In the 1840s, about forty poems by Tyutchev appeared under the general title "Poems Sent from Germany" and signed by F. T. Then, for fourteen years, Tyutchev's works did not appear in print, although during this time he wrote more than fifty poems. Tyutchev's first political article was published - "Lettre a M. le Dr. Gustave Kolb, redacteur de la" Gazette Universelle "(d" Augsburg). "Then he, having previously traveled to Russia and settled the affairs of the service, moved with his family to Petersburg. his official rights and honorary titles were returned and an appointment was given to be on special assignments at the state chancellery; he retained this position even when (in 1848) he was appointed senior censor at the special office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He had great success in Petersburg society; his education, his ability to be both brilliant and profound, and his ability to provide a theoretical basis for accepted views, gave him a prominent position. In early 1849 he wrote an article "La Russie et la Revolution", and in the January book "Revue des Deux Mondes" for 1850 he published - without a signature - another article of his: "La Question Romaine et la Papaute". According to Aksakov, both articles made a strong impression abroad: very few people in Russia knew about them. The number of connoisseurs of his poetry was also very small. In the same 1850, he found an outstanding and supportive critic in the person of Nekrasov, who (in Sovremennik), not knowing the poet personally and making guesses about his personality, highly valued his works. I. S. Turgenev, having collected with the help of the Tyutchev family, but - according to I. S. Aksakov - without any participation of the poet himself, about a hundred of his poems, handed them over to the editorial board of Sovremennik, where they were reprinted, and then came out as a separate edition (1854). This meeting evoked an enthusiastic response (in Sovremennik) of Turgenev. From that time on, Tyutchev's poetic fame - without, however, going beyond certain limits - was consolidated; magazines asked him for cooperation, his poems were published in Russkaya Beseda, The Day, Moskvityanin, Russkiy Vestnik and other publications; some of them, thanks to anthologies, become known to every Russian reader in early childhood ("Spring Thunderstorm", "Spring Waters", "Quiet Night in Late Summer", etc.). Tyutchev's official position also changed. In 1857, he turned to Prince Gorchakov with a note on censorship, which went from hand to hand in government circles. Then he was appointed to the post of chairman of the committee for foreign censorship - the successor of the sad memory of Krasovsky. His personal view of this position is well defined in the impromptu recorded by him in the album of his colleague Vakar: “We are submissive to the higher order, we were not very perky at the thought of standing on the clock ... - Threatened rarely, and rather not a prisoner, but an honorary one kept guard in front of her ". The diary of Nikitenko - Tyutchev's colleague - repeatedly dwells on his efforts to protect freedom of speech. In 1858 he objected to the projected double censorship - observant and consistent; in November 1866, "Tyutchev rightly noted at a meeting of the press council that literature does not exist for high school students and schoolchildren, and that it cannot be given a children's direction." According to Aksakov, "the enlightened, reasonable-liberal chairmanship of the committee, often at odds with our administrative worldview, and therefore, in the end, and limited in their rights, is remembered by everyone who was dear to live communication with European literature." The "restriction in rights" that Aksakov speaks of coincides with the transfer of censorship from the department of the Ministry of Public Education to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In the early seventies Tyutchev suffered several blows of fate in a row, too heavy for a seventy-year old man; following his only brother, with whom he had an intimate friendship, he lost his eldest son and married daughter. He began to weaken, his clear mind grew dim, his poetic gift began to change him. After the first stroke of paralysis (January 1, 1873), he almost never got out of bed, after the second he lived for several weeks in excruciating suffering - and died on July 15, 1873. As a person, he left behind the best memories in the circle to which he belonged. A brilliant interlocutor, whose bright, well-aimed and witty remarks were passed from mouth to mouth (causing Prince Vyazemsky to want Tyutchevian, "a charming, fresh, living modern anthology", to be compiled on them), a subtle and perceptive thinker, who understood with equal confidence higher questions of being and in the details of current historical life, independent even where he did not go beyond the established views, a person imbued with culture in everything, from external appeal to methods of thinking, he made a charming impression with a special - noted by Nikitenko - “the courtesy of the heart, which consisted not in the observance of secular decency (which he never violated), but in a delicate human attention to the personal dignity of everyone. " The impression of the undivided domination of thought — such was the prevailing impression produced by this frail and ailing old man, always animated by the tireless creative work of thought. The poet-thinker is honored in him, first of all, by Russian literature. His literary heritage is not great: several publicistic articles and about fifty translated and two hundred and fifty original poems, among which there are quite a few unsuccessful ones. Among the rest, on the other hand, there are a number of pearls of philosophical lyrics, immortal and unattainable in terms of depth of thought, strength and conciseness of expression, scope of inspiration. Tyutchev's talent, who so willingly turned to the elemental foundations of being, itself had something elemental; it is highly characteristic that the poet, who, by his own admission, expressed his thought more firmly in French than in Russian, wrote all his letters and articles only in French and spoke almost exclusively in French all his life, to the most intimate impulses of his creative thought could only be expressed in Russian verse; several of his French poems are completely insignificant. The author of "Silentium", he worked almost exclusively "for himself", under the pressure of the need to speak before himself and thus to understand his own state. In this regard, he is exclusively a lyricist, alien to any epic elements. With this immediacy of creativity, Aksakov tried to connect the negligence with which Tyutchev treated his works: he lost the scraps of paper on which they were sketched, left the original - sometimes careless - concept intact, never finished his poems, etc. e. The latter indication has been refuted by new research; poetic and stylistic negligence is indeed found in Tyutchev, but there are a number of poems that he altered, even after they were in print. Indisputable, however, remains the reference to "the correspondence of Tyutchev's talent with the life of the author", made by Turgenev: "... his poems do not smell like a composition; they all seem to have been written for a certain occasion, as Goethe wanted, that is, they were not invented, but grew by themselves, like a fruit on a tree. " The ideological content of Tyutchev's philosophical lyrics is significant not so much for its diversity as for its depth. The smallest place is occupied by the lyrics of compassion, presented, however, by such exciting works as "Human Tears" and "Send, Lord, your joy." The inexpressibility of thought in a word ("Silentium") and the limits set to human cognition ("Fountain"), the limited knowledge of the "human self" ("Look, as in the river expanse"), a pantheistic mood of merging with the impersonal life of nature ("Twilight", "So; there are moments in life", "Spring", "The spring day was still rustling", "Leaves", "Noon", "When, what in life we \u200b\u200bcalled ours", "Spring calm" - from Uland), inspired descriptions nature, few and short, but in terms of the scope of the mood, almost unparalleled in our literature ("The storm has subsided", "Spring thunderstorm", "Summer evening", "Spring", "Loose sand", "Not cooled down from the heat", " Autumn Evening "," Quiet Night "," There is in the initial autumn ", etc.), associated with the magnificent proclamation of the original spiritual life of nature (" Not what you think, nature "), a gentle and joyless recognition of the limitations of human love (" The last love "," Oh, how murderously we love "," She sat on the floor "," Predestination ", etc.) - these are the dominions motives of Tyutchev's philosophical poetry. But there is one more motive, perhaps the most powerful and determining all the others; this is the motive of the chaotic, mystical fundamental principle of life, formulated with great clarity and power by the late V.S.Soloviev. “And Goethe himself did not capture, perhaps, as deeply as our poet, the dark root of world existence, did not feel so strongly and did not realize so clearly that mysterious basis of all life, natural and human, - the basis on which meaning is based. the cosmic process, and the fate of the human soul, and the whole history of mankind. Here Tyutchev is really quite original and if not the only one, then probably the strongest in all poetic literature. " In this motive the critic sees the key to all of Tyutchev's poetry, the source of its content and original charm. Poems "Holy night", "What are you howling, night wind", "On the mysterious world of spirits", "Oh, my prophetic soul", "How the ocean embraces the earthly sphere", "Night voices", "Night sky", " Day and Night "," Madness "," Mall "aria" and others represent a unique lyrical philosophy of chaos, spontaneous ugliness and madness, as "the deepest essence of the world soul and the foundation of the entire universe." And descriptions of nature, and echoes love is imbued in Tyutchev with this all-consuming consciousness: behind the visible shell of phenomena with its apparent clarity is hidden their fatal essence, mysterious, from the point of view of our earthly life, negative and terrible. a burning abyss "of the element of unknowable, but felt chaos. Perhaps this gloomy worldview should be associated with a special mood that distinguishes Tyutchev: his philosophical meditation is always clouded with sadness, a dreary consciousness of his her limitations and admiration for the fatal fate. Only Tyutchev's political poetry - as one would expect from a nationalist and a supporter of real politics - is imprinted with cheerfulness, strength and hopes, which sometimes deceived the poet. For the political convictions of Tyutchev, which found expression in his few and small articles, see Slavophilism. There is little original in them: with minor modifications, this political worldview coincides with the teachings and ideals of the first Slavophiles. And to the various phenomena of historical life, which found a response in Tyutchev's political views, he responded with lyrical works, the strength and brightness of which can captivate even those who are infinitely far from the poet's political ideals. Tyutchev's own political poems are inferior to his philosophical lyrics. Even such a benevolent judge as Aksakov, in letters not intended for the public, found it possible to say that these works by Tyutchev “are dear only in the name of the author, and not in themselves; these are not real Tyutchev's poems with originality of thought and phrases, with striking pictures ”, etc. In them - as in Tyutchev's journalism - there is something rational, - sincere, but not coming from the heart, but from the head. To be a real poet of the direction in which Tyutchev wrote, one had to love Russia directly, to know her, to believe her by faith. This - according to Tyutchev's own confessions - he did not have. Having spent from eighteen to forty years of age abroad, the poet did not know his homeland and in a number of poems ("On the way back", "I see your eyes again", "So I saw again", "I looked, standing over the Neva") confessed that his homeland was not dear to him and was not "his native land for the soul." Finally, his attitude to the popular faith is well characterized by an excerpt from a letter to his wife (1843) quoted by Aksakov (it is about how, before Tyutchev's departure, his family prayed and then went to the Iberian Mother of God): “In a word, everyone happened in accordance with the orders of the most demanding Orthodoxy ... Well then? For a person who joins them only in passing and to the extent of his convenience, there is in these forms, so deeply historical, in this Russian-Byzantine world, where life and worship are one, ... there is in all this for a person equipped with a flair for such phenomena, the greatness of poetry is extraordinary, so great that it overcomes the most ardent hostility ... For to the sensation of the past - and the same old past - a fatal premonition of an incommensurable future joins. This recognition throws light on Tyutchev's religious convictions, which were obviously based on not at all a simple faith, but primarily on theoretical political views, in connection with some aesthetic element. Rational in origin, Tyutchev's political poetry has, however, its own pathos - the pathos of convinced thought. Hence the strength of some of his poetic denunciations (“Get away, away from the Austrian Judas from his grave,” or about the Pope: “The fatal word will destroy him:“ Freedom of conscience is delirium ”). He also knew how to give an outstanding in strength and concise expression of his faith in Russia (the famous quatrain "Russia cannot be understood with the mind", "These poor villages"), in her political vocation ("Dawn", "Prophecy", "Sunrise", " Russian Geography ", etc.). Tyutchev's importance in the development of Russian lyric poetry is determined by his historical position: the younger peer and student of Pushkin, he was an older friend and teacher of lyricists of the post-Pushkin period; it is also significant that most of them belong to the number of his political associates; but it was appreciated earlier than other Nekrasov and Turgenev - and subsequent studies only deepened, but did not increase its importance. As Turgenev predicted, he has remained to this day a poet of few connoisseurs; the wave of public reaction only temporarily expanded his fame, presenting him as the singer of his moods. In essence, he remained the same "unoffending", mighty in the best, immortal examples of his philosophical lyrics, a teacher of life for the reader, a teacher of poetry for poets. The particulars in its form are not perfect; in general, she is immortal - and it is difficult to imagine the moment when, for example, "Twilight" or "Fountain" will lose their poetic freshness and charm. The most complete collection of Tyutchev's works (St. Petersburg, 1900) contains his original (246) and translated (37) poems and four political articles. The main biographical source is the book of the poet's son-in-law, I. S. Aksakov "Biography of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev" (Moscow, 1886). Wed more obituaries of Meshchersky ("Citizen", 1873, Љ 31), Pogodin ("Moskovskie Vedomosti", 1873, Љ 195), M. S. ("Bulletin of Europe", 1873, Љ 8), Nikitenko ("Russian Starina", 1873, Љ 8), anonymous - "Russian Bulletin" (1873, Љ 8), estimates and characteristics - Turgenev (in "Contemporary" 1854, Љ 4), Nekrasov ("Contemporary", 1850), Feta ("Russian Word" , 1859, Љ 2), Pletnev ("Report of the Academy of Sciences", 1852 - 1865 - a note about F. I. Tyutchev, who in 1857 ran, but unsuccessfully, as a member of the Academy), Strakhova ("Notes on Pushkin ", St. Petersburg, 1888 and Kiev, 1897), Chuiko (" Contemporary Russian poetry ", St. Petersburg, 1885), Vl. Solovyov (reprinted in the collection "Philosophical trends in Russian poetry", St. Petersburg, 1896, from the "Bulletin of Europe", 1895, no. 4). Interesting particulars biographical and critical in "Memoirs" of Prince Meshchersky (St. Petersburg, 1897), "Diary" Nikitenko (St. Petersburg, 1893), "Memoirs" by Fet (Moscow, 1890, part II), articles by U - va (" T. and Heine ”, in“ Russian Archive ”: 1875, Љ 1), A. (“ Russian Bulletin ”, 1874, Љ 11),“ A few words about F.I. Tyutchev "(" Orthodox Review ", 1875, Љ 9), Potebnya (" Language and Nationality ", in the" Bulletin of Europe ", 1895, Љ 9)," Life and Works of Pogodin ", Barsukov," Tyutchev and Nekrasov "and" On the new edition of Tyutchev's works ”, V. (“ Russian Archive ”, 1900, Љ 3). Tyutchev's letters, very interesting, have not yet been collected; something was published in the Russian Archive (to Chaadaev - 1900, no. 11), where information about Tyutchev is generally scattered - his famous witticisms, etc.
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on December 5, 1803 in the family estate Ovstug of the Oryol province. As was customary in noble families, he received an excellent education at home with a humanitarian and literary bias. His teacher was S.E. Raich (brother of the Moscow Metropolitan Filaret). At the age of 14, Tyutchev became an employee of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. From 1819 to 1821 Tyutchev studied at the verbal department of Moscow University. After completing the course, F.I. Tyutchev joins the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. In 1822 Tyutchev was transferred to serve at the Russian embassy in Munich (Germany). Where he served from 1822 to 1837.
Having settled in Munich, Tyutchev fell madly in love with young Amalia von Lerchenfeld (illegitimate daughter of the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm III and Princess Thurn y Taxis). Nature endowed Amalia with a beautiful appearance and the king's daughter was not against taking any advantageous position in the world. But Tyutchev failed - as soon as he went on vacation, Amalia married her husband for his colleague, Baron Kründer. They say there was even a duel between them on this basis. Tyutchev marries Eleanor Peterson, née Countess Botmer. Tyutchev was only 22, and the Countess had recently become a widow and had four sons, aged from one to seven years, moreover, Tyutchev's chosen one was four years older than him, so they decided to hold the wedding in secret. Tyutchev lived with Eleanor for 12 years. From this union, he had three daughters: Anna, Daria, Ekaterina. Tyutchev's career growth was difficult, the family was large and there was not enough money. The Tyutchevs lived from paycheck to paycheck, often going into debt. In February 1833, Tyutchev went to the ball and met the sister of the Bavarian publicist Pfeffel, 22-year-old Ernestine. Ernestina was married to an elderly man and, by the will of fate, he died a few days after the ball. Tyutchev falls in love with Ernestina. The poet's soul is torn between two women. He wanted to be with his wife and Ernestina, but this was not destined to happen. Ernestine left Munich. Eleanor, having learned about the adventures of her husband, tried to commit suicide, but luckily she remained alive, later she would forgive Tyutchev's betrayal.
From 1837 to 1839 Tyutchev served in Turin (Italy). The poet lived abroad for 22 years, only occasionally coming to Russia. He was engaged in translations (including from G. Heine), his poems and translations were published in Moscow almanacs and magazines. In 1837, Tyutchev's first wife, Eleanor, dies. Two years later, the poet marries Ernestine Dernberg, who adopted his daughters. Subsequently, Ernestina will give birth to Tyutchev two more sons: Dmitry and Ivan. The second marriage cost Tyutchev his career - for the wedding, the poet was forced to leave for Switzerland, which was strictly prohibited. Tyutchev resigned and moved again to Munich, where he lived for another five years, persistently trying to return to service in the Ministry. Tyutchev was an educated and witty person, therefore he enjoyed great success (as later in Russia) among the Munich intelligentsia and aristocracy, he was friends with Schelling, Heine (Tyutchev became the first Heine translator into Russian). In 1844 Tyutchev returned to Russia, was reinstated in rights and titles. In 1848 he returned to the diplomatic service as senior censor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In 1850 Tyutchev falls in love again. His chosen one becomes E.A. Denisieva is a cool lady at the institute where his daughters studied. As before, Tyutchev is torn between two loved ones. Elena Alexandrovna selflessly loved Tyutchev. The children born by Elena Alexandrovna (daughter Elena and son Fedor) were recorded as Tyutchevs, but they were doomed to the sad fate of the "illegitimate" at that time.
Since 1858, Tyutchev headed the Committee for Foreign Censorship. On May 22, 1864, Denisyeva gave birth to Tyutchev's son Nikolai, after giving birth, she begins to develop an exacerbation of tuberculosis and on August 4, she dies in the poet's arms. For a long time, relations with Ernestina were reduced only to correspondence, but then they met and the family was reunited. The last years of the poet's life are overshadowed by heavy losses: his eldest son, brother, daughter Maria die.
On January 1, 1873, Tyutchev, without listening to any warnings, left the house for a walk, to look at his friends. Soon he was brought back paralyzed to the left side. Ernestina did not leave Tyutchev's bed, caring for him. Tyutchev lived for another half a year and died on July 15.
Russian poet, master of landscape, psychological, philosophical and patriotic lyrics, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev comes from an ancient noble family. The future poet was born in the Oryol province, in the Ovstug family estate (today it is the territory of the Bryansk region), on November 23, 1803. By the era, Tyutchev is practically a contemporary of Pushkin, and, according to biographers, it is Pushkin who owes his unexpected glory to the poet, since by the nature of his main activity he was not closely associated with the world of art.
Life and service
He spent most of his childhood in Moscow, where the family moved when Fedor was 7 years old. The boy studied at home, under the guidance of a home teacher, a famous poet and translator, Semyon Raich. The teacher instilled in the ward a love of literature, noted his gift for poetry, but his parents predicted a more serious occupation for their son. Since Fedor had a gift for languages \u200b\u200b(from the age of 12 he knows Latin and translates ancient Roman poetry), at the age of 14 he begins to attend lectures by students of language and literature at Moscow University. At the age of 15, he enrolled in the course of the Literary Department, joined the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. Linguistic education and the degree of candidate of verbal sciences allow Tyutchev to move in his career along the diplomatic line - at the beginning of 1822 Tyutchev entered the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs and almost forever became an official diplomat.
Tyutchev spends the next 23 years of his life in the service of the Russian diplomatic mission in Germany. Poems are written and translated by German authors exclusively "for the soul", with a literary career almost in no way connected. Semyon Raich continues to keep in touch with his former student, he publishes several of Tyutchev's poems in his journal, but they do not find an enthusiastic response from the reading public. Contemporaries considered Tyutchev's lyrics somewhat old-fashioned, as they felt the sentimental influence of the poets of the late 18th century. Meanwhile, today these first poems - "Summer Evening", "Insomnia", "Vision" - are considered one of the most successful in Tyutchev's lyrics, they testify to the already held poetic talent.
Poetic creativity
The first fame for Tyutchev was brought by Alexander Pushkin, in 1836. He selected 16 poems by an unknown author for publication in his collection. There is evidence that Pushkin meant a young novice poet in the author and predicted a future for him in poetry, not suspecting that he had a solid experience.
Tyutchev's poetic source of civic lyrics is his work - a diplomat is too well aware of the cost of peaceful relations between countries, as he becomes a witness to the building of these relations. In 1848-49, the poet, acutely feeling the events of political life, creates poems "Russian woman", "Reluctantly and timidly ..." and others.
The poetic source of love lyrics is in many ways a tragic personal life. For the first time Tyutchev marries at the age of 23, in 1826, to Countess Eleanor Peterson. Tyutchev did not love, but respected his wife, and she idolized him like no one and no one. Three daughters were born in a marriage that lasted 12 years. Once on a trip, the family got into a disaster at sea - the spouses were rescued from the icy water, and Eleanor caught a bad cold. Having been ill for a year, my wife died.
Tyutchev remarried a year later with Ernestine Dörnberg, in 1844 the family returned to Russia, where Tyutchev again began climbing the career ladder - the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the post of privy councilor. But he dedicated the real pearls of his work not to his wife, but to a girl the same age as his first daughter, who was brought together by a fatal passion with a 50-year-old man. The poems "Oh, how murderously we love ...", "All day she lay in oblivion ..." are dedicated to Elena Denisieva and put together in the so-called "Denisievsky cycle". The girl, convicted in connection with a married old man, was rejected both by society and by her own family, she gave birth to three children to Tyutchev. Unfortunately, both Denisyeva and two of their children died of consumption in the same year.
In 1854 Tyutchev was first published as a separate collection, in an appendix to the issue of Sovremennik. Turgenev, Fet, Nekrasov begin to comment on his work.
62-year-old Tyutchev has retired. He thinks a lot, walks in the vicinity of the estate, writes a lot of landscape and philosophical lyrics, is published by Nekrasov in the collection Russian Secondary Poets, gains fame and genuine recognition.
However, the poet is crushed by losses - in the 1860s, his mother, brother, eldest son, eldest daughter, children from Denisieva and herself died. At the end of his life, the poet philosophizes a lot, writes about the role of the Russian Empire in the world, about the possibility of building international relations on mutual respect, observance of religious laws.
The poet died after a serious stroke that struck the right half of the body, on July 15, 1873. He died in Tsarskoe Selo, before his death he managed to accidentally see his first love - Amalia Lerchenfeld and dedicated to her one of his most famous poems "I met you".
Tyutchev's poetic heritage is usually divided into stages:
1810-20 - the beginning of the creative path. In the lyrics, the influence of sentimentalists, classical poetry is obvious.
1820-30 - the formation of handwriting, the influence of romanticism is noted.
1850-73 years - brilliant, polished political poems, deep philosophical lyrics, "Denisievsky cycle" - an example of love and intimate lyrics.
Tyutchev's chronological table covers the most important events in the author's life. Studying the life and work of Tyutchev by dates, one can single out those events that influenced both the formation of the poet's work in general and the literature of the 19th century.
The biography of Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev in a summary will help schoolchildren and students when writing essays on the poet's work, and for teachers it will be an excellent help in preparing for classes. The biography of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev in the table gives the necessary minimum for a quick study of creativity, as well as key events in the life of the famous representative of Russian poetry.
1803, November 23 / December 5 - Fyodor Tyutchev was born into a noble family in the village of Ovstug, Oryol province (now Bryansk region).
1810 - The Tyutchevs moved to Moscow, they hired a teacher - poet and translator S.E. Raich for Fedora. The teacher instilled in Fyodor Ivanovich a passion for literature and poetry, and already at the age of 12 Tyutchev translated Horace.
1812 - During the occupation of Moscow by Napoleon, the Tyutchev family temporarily moved to Yaroslavl, and then returned to Moscow.
1819, autumn - The future great Russian poet enters the Moscow University in the verbal department.
1821 - Tyutchev becomes a candidate of verbal sciences;
he is invited to work in Europe as a supernumerary official.
1822, July - Tyutchev leaves for Munich, where he lives for the next 22 years. In Bavaria, he is actively involved in translating the works of writers such as Heine and Schiller.
1826, March - Tyutchev married Countess Botmer (she was 4 years older than him, and had 4 children from her first marriage). Together they were 12 years old, in this marriage three daughters were born. The salary of Fedor Tyutchev at that time was very modest, they lived in poverty.
1828 - The poem "I love a thunderstorm in early May."
1829 - Poems "Summer Evening", "Insomnia" and "Vision".
1830 - Created a masterpiece of world literature Silentium !, as well as "Autumn Evening".
1833 - I met 22-year-old Ernestine Denberg, the sister of publicist Pfeffel, with whom I fell in love. The legal wife found out about her husband's betrayal and even wanted to commit suicide, but in the end she forgave Tyutchev. This novel was very scandalous, it even came to the point that Fyodor Ivanovich was transferred from Munich to Turin.
1836 - Pushkin in his journal Sovremennik published poems by Fyodor Ivanovich.
1839 - Fedor Tyutchev decides to marry his passion, Ernestina, despite the fact that their romance caused a scandal in society. In marriage, Ernestina gives birth to the poet 2 sons.
1841 - The poet was stripped of the rank of chamberlain, he was removed from public service.
1843 - Tyutchev writes mainly political articles: "Russia and Germany", "Russia and the Revolution";
is working on the work "Russia and the West".
1844 - The poet returned to Russia and began to take an active part in the secular life of the country.
1848 - Political articles restored the emperor's confidence in him;
Tyutchev was again awarded the title of chamberlain and recruited to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg.
1850 - Fedor falls in love with Elena Denisieva, who worked as a class lady at the Smolny Institute, where the poet's daughter was trained. At the same time, continuing to love Ernestina, Tyutchev decides to live in 2 houses. Elena Denisyeva also falls passionately in love with Tyutchev. She gave birth to the poet two sons and a daughter, who later had the tragic life of the "illegitimate" at that time.
1851 - Writes a poem "How cheerful the roar of summer storms", "Oh, how destructively we love."
1854 - The first collection of poems by Fyodor Tyutchev is being published. In addition to Sovremennik, 92 poems of the poet were published;
the poem "The Last Love", dedicated to Denisieva.
1864 - Elena Denisyeva fell ill with tuberculosis and died;
Tyutchev returns to his wife Ernestina.
1868 - The second lifetime collection of Fyodor Tyutchev appears in print.
1873, January 1 - Tyutchev went for a walk, but soon he was brought back, half of his body was paralyzed.
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