Basic principles of the education system functioning. Modern education system in russia

Education today is one of the main and important spheres of human life and society. It is an independent branch of social and economic sphere... The educational system in our country has been repeatedly changed.

Education concept

As a rule, education refers mainly to the pedagogical sphere, and within the framework of this area of \u200b\u200bscience, its concept is as follows: it is a process aimed at education and training in the interests of a member of society, during which he masters the body of knowledge. Thus, the educational process can be characterized by several criteria: purposefulness, organization, controllability, completeness and compliance with the quality requirements set by the state.

The origin of education in Russia

Education and literacy have always been widespread in Russia, as evidenced by the found birch bark letters dating back to the 1st millennium.

The beginning of ubiquitous education in Russia was laid by Prince Vladimir when he issued a decree to take children from the best families and teach them "book learning", which was perceived by the ancient Russians as savagery and aroused fear. Parents did not want to send their children to study at all, so students were enrolled in schools by force.

The first large school appeared in 1028 through the efforts of Yaroslav the Wise, who was able to collect 300 children and issued a command to "teach them books." Since then, the number of schools has started to increase. They were opened mainly at monasteries and churches, and not only in cities, but also in rural settlements.

It is worth noting that the princes Ancient Rus were educated people, so they paid increased attention to teaching children and books.

Education and its level grew up until the Mongol-Tatar invasion in the XIII century, which was catastrophic for Russian culture, since almost all centers of literacy and books were destroyed.

And only in the middle of the 16th century, the rulers began to think about literacy and education again, and already in the 18th century, education began to occupy a special place in the history of Russia. It was then that an attempt was made to create state system education. Schools were opened and specialists in various sciences were invited from abroad, or Russian teenagers were sent to study abroad.

Only under Peter I, education and enlightenment, as well as their development, the opening of schools of various specializations (mathematical, geographical) became an important state task. Thanks to this, a system arose in Russia vocational education.

With the death of Peter I, Russian education fell into decay, since his successors did not pay due attention to the sciences.

But if earlier only children of nobles and other noble families and families were allowed to study, then from the second half of the XVIII century everything has changed dramatically. Catherine II put in the concept of "education" a completely different meaning - the upbringing of the people.

The Ministry of Public Education was first created in 1802 by decree of Tsar Alexander I, the types of educational institutions were established: parish and district schools, gymnasiums and universities. Continuity was established between these institutions, the number of grade levels increased to 7, and it was possible to enter the university only after graduating from the gymnasium.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, questions of reform began to be raised school education, which very soon became the center of public attention. During this period, the Russian school, despite various difficulties and contradictions, experienced a period of growth: the number of educational institutions increased, the number of students in them, a variety of forms and types of education, as well as its content, appeared.

History of the development of education in the XX century

The destruction of the education system that existed at that time began after the 1917 revolution. The structure of school administration was destroyed, private and religious educational institutions were closed, and the screening of "unreliable" sciences and teachers began.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe Soviet school was a unified system of free and shared general education. Benefits for enrollment in classes were given to peasants and workers, a system of socialist education developed, and schools were separated from churches.

The laws adopted in the 1940s on education in Russia have actually survived to this day: teaching children at school from the age of 7, the introduction of a five-point grading system, final exams at the end of school, and awarding medals (silver and gold) to excellent students.

Reform of Russian education

IN modern history Russian Federation education reform began in 2010 with the signing of a bill on a set of measures to modernize the education system. The official start was given in 2011 on January 1.

The main measures taken to reform education include:

Introduction of a single state examination (EEG) instead of the "unfair", in the opinion of legislators, the examination system that has been operating in Russia for many decades.
Implementation and further development higher education several levels - bachelor's and master's degrees, aimed at convergence russian education with European. Some universities have retained five-year training in some specialties, but today there are very few of them.
A gradual reduction in the number of teachers and educators.
Reduction of the number of higher education institutions through their complete closure or reorganization, as a result of which they join stronger higher education institutions. This assessment was given to them by a special commission created by the Ministry of Education.

The results of the reform will not be summed up soon, but opinions are already divided. Some say that as a result of these changes, one of the highest quality and most fundamental educational systems in the world collapsed. Since government subsidies have become much smaller, it all boiled down to the commercialization of education at all levels of educational institutions. Others say that thanks to European standardization, Russian students have a chance to work abroad, and the number of fraudulent exam results in schools has decreased.

Structure

The education system in Russia consists of several components:

State requirements and educational standards developed at the federal level.
Educational programs consisting of different types, directions and levels.
Educational institutions, as well as teaching staff, students themselves and their legal representatives.
Educational authorities (at the federal, regional and municipal levels) and bodies of an advisory or consultative nature created under them.
Organizations dedicated to providing educational activities and assess its quality.
Various associations working in the educational field (legal entities, employers, public structures).

Legislation and legal regulation of education

The right to education for citizens of our country is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 43), and all issues related to this are under the jurisdiction of the state and its subjects.

The main document regulating the education system is the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation".

According to the document, decrees, orders, resolutions and other documents in the educational sphere can be adopted not only at the federal, but also at the regional and municipal levels, as additions to the main national laws.

Education Standards and Requirements

All training standards are adopted at the federal level and are designed to provide:

Single educational process throughout the Russian Federation.
Continuity of the main programs.
Diversity of the content of programs at the appropriate level, the formation of programs of various orientations and complexity, taking into account the needs and abilities of students.
The guaranteed level and system of education quality within the framework of the uniform mandatory requirements of educational programs - according to the conditions and results of their study.

In addition, they are the basis on the basis of which the quality of education of students is assessed, and the terms of training of a particular type of education are established.

Compliance with standards and requirements is a prerequisite for the implementation of basic education programs in preschool and other organizations conducting educational activities.

State standards include, among other things, the requirements for basic educational programs:

For students with disabilities there are special requirements and standards that exist at the level of vocational education.

Education management in Russia

Management of the education system takes place at several levels: federal, regional and municipal.

At the federal level, management is carried out by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, whose functions include the development of public policy and legal regulation in the educational sphere. Documents are accepted at the level of the President and the Government of the Russian Federation.

The Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science (Rosobrnadzor) is engaged in licensing, certification of educational institutions, certification of researchers and teachers of universities, certification of graduates, confirmation of educational documents.

Education management at the regional level is under the jurisdiction of ministries and education departments formed in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Rosobrnadzor controls the implementation of federal and regional legislation in the field of education.

At the municipal level, education management, as well as the execution of federal, regional and municipal laws and requirements, are dealt with by departments, administrations and departments of education located on the territory of municipalities.

Types of education systems and forms of education

The modern education system in Russia is subdivided into several types.

The system of preschool education (nursery, kindergarten).
Primary (kindergarten, school).
Basic (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, cadet corps).
Secondary (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, cadet corps).

Professional:

The system of secondary specialized education (vocational schools, colleges, technical schools);
Higher education system - bachelor's, specialty, master's degree and training of highly qualified personnel (universities, academies).

Additional means:

Specialized education for adults and children (palaces of children's creativity, art schools for adults and children).
Professional education (training institutes). It is carried out, as a rule, by scientific organizations and institutions.

Education is divided into 3 main forms of study: full-time, or daytime form; part-time (evening) and part-time.

In addition, education can be obtained in the form of external studies, that is, self-study and self-education, and family education. These forms also entitle students to final appraisals in educational institutions.

The new forms of education that have emerged as a result of the reforms include: the networked education system (education through several educational institutions at once), electronic and distance learning, which is possible with the use of remote access to training materials and passing final certifications.

Education and its teaching and methodological support

The information base is the main tool for organizing the educational process. It reflects not only the ways of building the educational process, but gives a complete picture of the volume of training content that is subject to assimilation.

The main goal pursued is the implementation of the requirements of state educational standards to provide all students complete set educational and teaching materials for all forms of education.

The issues of educational and methodological support of the education process are supervised by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. It also approves the federal list of textbooks and their content. According to the order of the department, all school textbooks should also have an electronic version containing multimedia and interactive elements.

Well-established educational and methodological support allows you to systematize methodical, normative materials; analyze and improve efficiency and quality training sessions; to build an objective system of assessing the knowledge of students and graduates.

Education expenses

IN last years the system of general education in Russia, its renewal and improvement is one of the highest priority tasks of the state, despite the economic difficulties. In this regard, subsidies allocated by the Government are growing from year to year.

So, for example, if in 2000 more than 36 billion rubles were allocated for the development of education, then in 2010 - 386 billion rubles. budgetary injections. At the end of 2015, the budget for education expenditures was executed in the amount of 615,493 million rubles.

Development of the education system

The concept is set forth by the Government of the Russian Federation in the Resolution of 23.05.15 No. 497 "On the Federal Target Program for the Development of Education for 2016-2020".

The program is aimed at creating a number of conditions for the effective development of education in Russia, aimed at providing affordable quality education that will meet the modern requirements of a socially oriented society as a whole.

The tasks for achieving this goal are:

Formation and integration of structural and technological innovations in secondary vocational and higher education.
Development and implementation of a set of measures for the development of an effective and attractive system of additional education for children, scientific and creative environment in educational institutions.
Formation of such an infrastructure that would provide conditions for the training of highly qualified personnel in the modern market.
Formation of a demanded system for assessing the quality of education itself and its educational results.

The implementation of the Program is divided into 2 stages:

2016-2017 - approbation and implementation of measures begun since the start of the Federal Education Reform.
2018-2020 - changes in the structures of education, the spread of new educational programs, the introduction of new technologies and much more.

Consequences of the reform and problems of education development in Russia

Russian education, which was underfunded in the 90s and has undergone fundamental changes since 2010, according to many experts, began to lose much in quality. A number of problems can be identified here, due to which education not only does not develop, but slides down.

First, the social status of teachers and lecturers has decreased. This applies not only to the degree of respect for such work, but also to the level of remuneration and social state guarantees.

Secondly, there is a powerful bureaucratic system that prevents young and talented scientists from obtaining scientific degrees and titles.

Third, the elimination of educational criteria and standards that have been built for decades, and therefore have become transparent and understandable to all interested.

Fourth, the introduction of the EEG as an exam, which is reduced only to the assessment of the student's memory in certain subjects, but in no way contributes to the development of logic and creative thinking.

Fifth, the introduction of new types of training systems: bachelor's (4 years) and master's (6 years). Withdrawal from specialty training programs (5 years) has led to the fact that now programs designed for 5 years have been cut to a minimum, and master's programs are replete with additional and often completely unnecessary subjects for the training of a future master's student.

The education system is formed by the state, which determines its structure as a whole, the principles of its functioning and directions (prospects) of development. The leading role in education is played by public policy principles, which regulate the activities of all educational institutions and educational authorities in the country. The principle of state policy in the field of education is reflected in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" (version 2004): 1) the humanistic nature of education, the priority of universal values, human life and health, free development of the individual. Education of citizenship, hard work, respect for human rights and freedoms, love for the surrounding nature, homeland, family; 2) the unity of the federal, cultural and educational space. Protection and development by the educational system of national cultures, regional cultural traditions and characteristics in a multinational state; 3) the general availability of education, the adaptability of the education system to the levels and characteristics of training students, pupils; 4) the secular nature of education in state and municipal educational institutions; 5) freedom and pluralism in education; 6) the democratic, state-public nature of education management. Autonomy of educational institutions.

The implementation of the goals and objectives that are put forward by modern society in the field of education and training are unthinkable without an appropriate educational system. The system itself took shape gradually. At the beginning, it included only educational institutions that spontaneously emerged and closed. The teaching material was the result of the creativity of the teachers themselves. They taught what they knew and how they imagined it. There was no system of control over the quality of teaching in these schools and, moreover, there was no centralized system for selecting the content of the taught disciplines.

With the strengthening of statehood, the authorities tried to take control of the existing schools. For this, special (national and local) governing bodies of educational institutions were created. Thus, the education system began to include two types of institutions: educational institutions and governing bodies of educational institutions. In this form, the education system in Russia existed until the entry into force of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" in 1992.

With the adoption of the new law, government agencies began to play a significant role in the education system. educational standards, which, along with government bodies, began to regulate the activities of educational institutions and determine the general parameters of the entire education system as a whole. Therefore, since 1992, the education system has been replenished with another component - educational programs built on the basis of state educational standards. Moreover, educational standards have become the leading characteristic of the education system.

Today education system in the Russian Federation is a set of interacting:

- state educational standards, educational programs;

- networks of educational institutions;

- educational authorities.

Educational programsdetermine the content of education at each specific level of education in a given educational institution and consist of two parts. First partis formed on the basis of the federal component of the educational standard (more than 70% of the content of the program): this is the so-called mandatory minimum content educational program. The second part ofthe educational program is created on the basis of the national-regional component of the educational standard and is mandatory only for Russian citizens living in this region. All educational programs of the Russian Federation are subdivided into general education and professional.

General education programsare aimed at the formation of a general culture of the growing person, his adaptation to life in society and the creation of a basis for the created choice and development of professional programs. General education programs include the following:

Preschool education;

Primary general education (grades I - IV);

Basic general education (grades V - IX);

Secondary (complete) general education (X - XI grades).

Professional programs are designed to train specialists with relevant qualifications by consistently improving the professional and general educational level of students. Professional educational programs include:

Initial vocational education;

Secondary vocational education;

Higher professional education;

Postgraduate vocational education.

In addition to basic educational programs, an educational institution can implement additional educational programs (electives, courses at the request of parents and students, programs of children's art palaces, and so on).

Institutions that carry out the educational process are called educational institutions, that is, they implement one or more educational programs and (or) provide the content and upbringing of students, pupils.

According to their organizational and legal forms, educational institutions can be state, municipal, non-state (private, institutions of public and religious organizations).

Due to the fact that educational institutions implement various educational programs and work with students of different ages, levels of training and abilities, educational institutions of several types are distinguished:

1) preschool;

2) general education (primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education);

3) institutions of primary vocational, secondary vocational, higher vocational and postgraduate vocational education;

4) institutions additional education adults;

5) special (correctional) for students, pupils with developmental disabilities;

6) institutions for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);

7) institutions of additional education for children;

8) other institutions carrying out the educational process.

In Russia, in addition to ordinary general education institutions (schools), there are other types of educational institutions. Such types as gymnasiums, lyceums, schools with in-depth study of individual subjects, author's schools, private schools, sunday schools, educational complexes, family schools, "kindergarten-school", "school-university" and others.

Gymnasium is a type of general education institution focused on the formation of a well-educated intelligent personality, ready for creative and research activities in various fields of fundamental sciences. It functions in various V-XI classes. Education in the gymnasium is given on a broad humanitarian basis with compulsory study several foreign languages.

Lyceum can only be opened on the basis of a specialized higher educational institution... Together with the university, the lyceum forms an educational complex. High school students study in it. The lyceum is intended for the implementation of advanced training in individual subjects, early profiling of students and the preparation of graduates for a conscious choice of a profession, independent creative learning at the university.

Comprehensive school with an in-depth study of individual subjects, it provides an extended, in-depth education in individual subjects of one selected field of knowledge and carries out early profiling of the corresponding field of knowledge. For the implementation of the developed educational program, the school can involve the teaching staff of universities, employees of research institutions, cultural institutions. Such a school includes all three levels from I to XI grades.

In pedagogical science and practice, the desire to comprehend the integral pedagogical process from the standpoint of the science of management, to give it a rigorous scientifically grounded character, is increasing more and more. It is true that many domestic and foreign researchers claim that management is real and necessary not only in the field of technical production processes, but also in the field of social systems, including pedagogical ones.

Management generally refers to activities aimed at making decisions, organizing, controlling, regulating the controlled object in accordance with a given goal, analyzing and summing up based on reliable information... The objects of management can be biological, technical, social systems. One of the varieties of social systems is the education system of a city or district. The subjects of management of the education system in this case are the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the education department of a republic, territory, region or city, as well as district education departments.

One of distinctive features modern education system - the transition from state to state-public management of education.Its main idea is to unite the efforts of the state and society in solving educational problems, to provide teachers, students, parents with more rights and freedoms in choosing the content, forms and methods of organizing the educational process, in choosing various types of educational institutions. The bodies of public administration of education include the Board of Trustees and Management Boards, and School Boards.

Board of trustees - a self-government body of an educational institution, created in order to assist in organizing the statutory activities of an educational institution, public supervision over the financial and economic activities of an institution and strengthening its material and technical base.

The Board of Trustees is a permanent collegial body on a voluntary basis at an educational institution. The main goal of the Board of Trustees is to assist the educational institution in the implementation of its tasks stipulated by the charter, as well as to attract additional financial resources to strengthen the material base of the educational institution and improve the quality of the services it provides. The Board of Trustees does not have the right to interfere with the current operational and administrative activities of the administration of an educational institution. The board of trustees interacts with the pedagogical council of the educational institution: a representative of the board of trustees can participate in the work of the pedagogical council. Members of the Board of Trustees carry out their activities free of charge and without interruption from their main activities.

The state nature of the education system means, first of all, that the country is pursuing a unified state policy in the field of education, which is enshrined in the law of the Russian Federation "On Education". The organizational basis of state policy is federal program development of education, adopted by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation for a certain period of time. The program contains three main sections - analyticalcovering the state and development trends of education; conceptual, setting out the main goals, objectives, stages of program activities and organizational, defining the main activities and criteria for their effectiveness.

The state nature of education management is also manifested in the observance by the management bodies of the guarantees of the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation to education, regardless of race, nationality, language, sex, age, health status, social, property and official status, social origin, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs. The task of educational authorities is not only to formally provide guarantees for education, but also to create conditions for self-determination and self-realization of the individual.

For the consistent implementation of state policy in the field of education in the country, state bodies education management:

Central - the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and other federal bodies related to the education system;

Departmental, republican (republics within the Russian Federation);

Regional, regional, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, autonomous regions, autonomous districts.

The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Education and Science of Russia) was formed on March 9, 2004. The Ministry of Education and Science of Russia is a federal executive body responsible for the development of state policy and legal regulation in the following areas: education, scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities, the development of federal centers of science and high technologies, state scientific centers and science cities, intellectual property; youth policy, education, custody and guardianship, social support and social protection of students and pupils of educational institutions. The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation coordinates and monitors the activities of the Federal Services for Intellectual Property, Patents and Trademarks, the Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science, the Federal Agency for Science and Innovation and the Federal Agency for Education, which are under its jurisdiction.

The jurisdiction of the federal education authorities includes the following issues:

Development and implementation of federal and international programs development of education;

Establishment of federal components of state educational standards;

Development and approval of standard regulations on educational institutions, establishment of the procedure for their creation, reorganization and liquidation;

Establishment of lists of professions and specialties for which professional training and vocational education;

Establishment of the attestation procedure teaching staff state and municipal educational institutions.

The educational authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation determine the specifics of the implementation of federal laws and regulations in their regions. They are in charge of:

Formation of legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of education;

Development and implementation of republican, regional programs for the development of education;

Establishment of national and regional components of state educational standards;

Formation of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of spending on education, the establishment of local taxes on education, and so on.

An educational institution in its activities implements one or several educational programs. However, the forms of mastering an educational program by a citizen of the Russian Federation may be different. In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", the development of an educational program is allowed:

1) in the form of full-time, part-time (evening), part-time;

2) in the form of family education, self-education, external studies.

The first form is characterized by the fact that in the course of education there is a constant relationship "learner - teacher". This connection can be carried out in the course of direct communication (with full-time and part-time training) or through test papers (for distance learning).

In the second form of mastering the educational program, the student only takes exams for certain parts of the educational program. At the same time, teachers do not follow the process of its preparation. All responsibility for the quality of mastering the educational program lies with the parents of the student and himself.

The first and second forms of education are fundamentally different, but the law allows a combination of these forms. Consequently, any child attending school from any class can be transferred to the second form of education for a period of one, two or more years. This requires only the desire of the parents and the execution of the relevant documents. In 2007, the Law of the Russian Federation on compulsory secondary (complete) general education regardless of the forms of its receipt.

Under general education system means the totality of preschool education institutions, general education schools, boarding schools, orphanages, institutions for educational work with children, as well as all institutions of higher education and secondary vocational education.

Principles of building the education system in Russia

1. The relationship of education with specific conditions and goals of state policy in the transition to market relations.

2. Maintaining the main provisions that have developed in the Russian school: the priority of the educational sphere, the secular nature of education, joint education and upbringing of persons of both sexes, a combination of collective, group and individual forms of the educational process.

3. Professional self-determination of young people, taking into account social needs, regional, national and general cultural traditions of the peoples of Russia.

4. The diversity of educational institutions, the diversity of forms of education in state and non-state educational institutions with and without interruption from production.

5. The democratic nature of the education system.

The established education management system performs regulation, coordination and control functions at federal, regional and local levels.

All educational governing bodies are under control To the Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Russian Federation, including educational institutions subordinate to him.

State administration bodies carry out licensing and accreditation of both state and non-state educational institutions, substantiate targeted financial and other costs for the needs of the development of regional education systems, direct financing of the activities of educational institutions, develop standards for their financing, form the structures of educational systems, develop a list of professions and specialties for which vocational training is conducted in the country.

The most important function government education authorities is control implementation of the legislative framework in the field of education, implementation of educational standards and the implementation of budgetary and financial discipline.

Control state and municipal educational institution performed by an administrator (manager, manager, director, rector, chief) who is hired, appointed or elected to a managerial position in accordance with the charter of the educational institution.

Manual non-state educational institution is carried out by its founder or, in agreement with him, the board of trustees formed by the founder.

At the present stage of development, the need for new reform Russian education system. Her the main task - to relieve the state of the burden of maintaining schools in all its links, to turn both higher and secondary schools towards the market.

In the field of management, it is planned to significantly expand the rights of municipal bodies and individual educational institutions on the basis of the autonomy of educational institutions and strengthening the public components of control and management. Significant changes are expected in the area of \u200b\u200bfinancing.

Characteristics of documents that determine the content of education.

Education system modern Russia includes:

- preschool educational institutions(kindergarten, nursery school, gymnasium, children's development center, etc.), which are created to raise children from one to six years old, develop their abilities and, if necessary, correct developmental deficiencies;

-educational institutions (general education schools - including those with in-depth study of individual subjects, gymnasiums, lyceums);

-professional educational institutions (technical schools, schools, colleges, universities);

-special (correctional) educational institutions for children with developmental disabilities;

-institutions of additional education(educational institutions, courses, vocational guidance centers, music and art schools, children's art houses, etc.);

-institutions for orphans and children left without parental care;

-other institutions carrying outeducational process.

Educational institutions of all levels can be both public and private.

The variety of educational institutions, concepts, programs and teaching methods in them makes the problem of mutual understanding in society, the interaction of people with different world outlook, different positions and points of view especially acute.

All educational institutions can be subdivided into several types according to the direction and content of their work.

By organizational and legal forms, there are:

1) state;

2) non-state (private, public, religious);

3) municipal educational institutions.

In Russia there are the following types of educational institutions :

1) preschool;

2) mass, public schools (primary, basic and secondary education);

3) institutions of professional education (middle and higher level);

4) boarding schools;

5) specialized schools for children with developmental disabilities, etc.

To preschool educational institutions relate:

1) kindergartens;

2) nurseries;

3) developmental centers, etc.

They are engaged in strengthening, development and the necessary correction of the mental, mental, physical abilities of children aged 1 to 6 years.

Educational institutions are represented by:

1) schools;

2) gymnasiums;

3) lyceums.

In them, students acquire the necessary knowledge, abilities and skills necessary for the further continuation of their education, master the basics of a cultural and healthy lifestyle, etc.

The structure of a general education school includes:

1) initial;

2) medium;

3) high school.

Lyceums and gymnasiums differ from ordinary schools in a more serious approach to the study of a variety of subjects.

Vocational education institutions are divided into the following types:

1) institutions of primary vocational education - prepare specialists in certain professions on the basis of secondary general education;

2) institutions of secondary vocational education - prepare mid-level specialists on the basis of general or primary vocational education;

3) institutions of higher professional education - prepare various specialists on the basis of secondary and secondary vocational education;

4) institutions of postgraduate vocational education - train specialists of scientific, pedagogical qualifications on the basis of higher vocational education.

The system of special correctional teaching and educational institutions created with the aim of training, education and treatment of children and adolescents with various deviations of psychophysical health.

Persons with disabilities are persons with physical and mental disabilities that impede the assimilation of educational programs without creating special conditions for obtaining education.

1) children with hearing impairment;

2) with visual impairment;

3) with speech impairment;

4) with violation of the musculoskeletal system (cerebral palsy);

5) with mental retardation;

6) with mental retardation;

7) with impaired behavior and communication (psychopathic forms, with deviations in the emotional-volitional sphere, early childhood autism);

8) with complex disorders of psychophysical development.

For such students, special conditions for training, education, educational programs, teaching methods, individual technical training aids, medical and social services have been developed.

The education system in the Russian Federation is a set of training programs regulated by state standards education, and educational networks implementing them, consisting of institutions independent from each other, subordinate to the controlling and governing bodies.

How does

The Russian education system is a powerful combination of four cooperating structures.

Federal standards and educational requirements that define the information component curricula... Two types of programs are being implemented in the country - general education and specialized, that is, professional. Both types are subdivided into basic and additional.

The main general education programs include:

preschool;
initial;
basic;
medium (full).

Major professional programs are categorized as follows:

average professional;
higher professional (bachelor's, specialty, master's degree);
postgraduate vocational training.

The modern education system in Russia involves several forms of education:

within the walls of classrooms (full-time, part-time (evening), correspondence);
intrafamilial;
self-education;
external studies.

A combination of the listed educational forms is also allowed.

Scientific and educational institutions. They function to implement educational programs.

An educational institution is a structure engaged in the implementation of the educational process, that is, the implementation of one or several training programs. The educational institution also provides the maintenance and education of students.

The scheme of the education system in the Russian Federation looks like this:

Educational institutions are:

state (regional and federal subordination);
municipal;
non-state, that is, private.

All of them are legal entities.

Types of educational institutions:

preschool;
general education;
primary, general, higher vocational training and postgraduate vocational education;
military higher vocational education;
additional education;
special and corrective training of the sanatorium type.

ІІІ. Structures performing managerial and control functions.

IV. Associations of legal entities, public groups and public-state companies operating in the education system of the Russian Federation.

Structure

Institutions are the main link in the education system of the Russian Federation. Educational institutions conduct educational work according to specially developed plans and sets of rules.

It is impossible to briefly describe the education system in the Russian Federation, since it is diverse and consists of different components. But all of them are part of a complex designed to carry out the consistent development of individual and professional qualitative indicators of a personality at each educational stage. Educational institutions and all kinds of training form the Russian system continuing educationwhich combines the following types of training:

state,
additional,
self-education.

Components

Educational programs in the pedagogical system of the Russian Federation are integral documents developed taking into account:

Federal State Educational Standard, which accounts for more than 70% of the content of educational programs;
national-regional requests.

FSES - Federal State Educational Standards - contain requirements that must be met for institutions that have state accreditation.

Vocational education

It is impossible to imagine the development of the education system in Russia without full-fledged personality formation, which is achieved by mastering deep knowledge, professional skills, skills and solid competencies in one or several professions. Vocational education reform is designed to ensure progress for every student.

The main directions of improving vocational education include:

strengthening and expanding the material basis of vocational education;
creation of practice centers at enterprises;
attraction of production professionals to the training of personnel;
improving the quality of training for specialists.

The modern education system in the Russian Federation implies the expansion of the professional component.

Regulations

The main document regulating the activities of educational institutions is the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" adopted in 2012. It sets out the attitude to the learning process and regulates its financial component. Since the training system is at the stage of reforming and improving, from time to time new decrees and orders appear, and the list of normative acts is constantly updated, but today it includes:

Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Target program for the development of education.
Federal laws "On higher and postgraduate education", "On amendments to legislative acts on the levels of higher vocational education."
Orders of the Ministry of Education and Science "On the leading universities and organizations", "On the implementation of the Bologna program."
Approximate provisions on the organization of the educational process.
The concept of modernization of the education system in Russia.
Resolution "On cooperation with foreign organizations in the field of education."
Model Provisions for Further Education.

The list also includes laws, regulations, decrees and orders that apply separately to each “floor” of the educational system.

Management of the educational system in the Russian Federation

At the top level is the Ministry of Education and Science, which is engaged in the development of the doctrine of the educational sphere and the drafting of legal and regulatory documents. Further are located federal agencies and performers at the municipal level. Local self-government teams monitor the implementation of the issued acts in education structures.

Any management organization has its own clearly defined powers, which are transferred from top level to the lowest, which does not have the right to implement certain actions in educational policy. This does not mean the delegation of the right to finance certain events without the consent of the higher structure.

Inspection of general compliance with legislative provisions is carried out by the state-public education management system in the Russian Federation. Its member organizations are mainly concerned with the functioning of schools and monitoring the implementation of the principles:

humane and democratic approach to management;
systematicity and integrity;
truthfulness and completeness of information.

For the policy to be consistent, the country has a system of educational authorities at the following levels:

central;
non-departmental;
republican;
autonomous regional;
autonomous district.

The combination of centralized and decentralized management manages to keep administrators and public organizations in the interests of collectives. This creates a springboard for the implementation of administrative regulations without duplication and leads to increased coordination of actions of all divisions of the educational system.