The "great reforms" of the 60s-70s of the XIX century, despite their incompleteness, created conditions for Russia for a "post-reform leap" towards the market
economy. The country lived on their reserves until the beginning of the 20th century. During this time, there was a restructuring of the economy from agrarian to agrarian-industrial
and the transformation of Russia into a medium-developed country with the highest
the rate of development of industry (10 percent growth per year) and agriculture
farms (6 percent). At the same time, the post-reform modernization of the economy was accompanied by the impoverishment of a significant part of the population, especially
peasantry.
Despite the accelerated economic modernization, Russia remained
peasant country. According to the first All-Russian census of 1897, 93 million people belonged to the peasant class.
(74 percent). Of these, seven million people permanently lived in cities,
where they made up 43 percent of the population. In rural areas in 50 provinces of European Russia, 81.4 million peasants lived, but of them only 69.4 million, or 74 percent, were engaged in agriculture. The other 12 million considered the commercial and industrial
or other activity, that is, they ceased to be peasant farmers.
By 1905, already 17 million peasants were not engaged in agricultural
labor.
By the end of the 19th century, the peasant question in Russia acquired an extraordinary
sharpness. The efforts of the ministers-industrializers (N. Kh.Bunge, I.A.
the purchasing power of most of the rural population. Significant
Treasury funds were spent on eliminating the consequences of crop failures, arrears grew
on various taxes and duties of the peasants, therefore the main issue of the agrarian problem in the government was the question of land.
At first glance, this contradicted the successes achieved by the Russian
village by the beginning of the twentieth century: Russia ranked first in the world in terms of total volume
produced agricultural products. She gave 50 percent of all
world harvest of rye, about 20 percent of wheat, in general a quarter of the world
harvesting grain and a quarter of its world exports. The net average annual harvest (gross harvest minus seeds) of bread and potatoes from the 1870s to the early 20th century increased by 85 percent. Net fees per capita increased from 3 to 3.7 quarters (1 quarter - 8 poods). The sugar harvest grew even faster.
beets, flax, all industrial crops. The number and productivity of livestock increased. The role of the peasant economy in agricultural
production of the country, reaching 88 percent of the gross harvest at the beginning of the 20th century
grain and 78 percent of marketable grain (in the 60s years XIX century - 68 percent).
What then caused the concern russian government? A business
in the fact that the development of agricultural production proceeded at the expense of the entrepreneurial landlord farms and the wealthy part of the peasantry.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were about two million such out of 12 million existing peasant households. It was they who produced 30-40 percent of the gross grain harvest and up to 50 percent of all marketable products.
agriculture, concentrating 80-90 percent of private ("merchant") peasant lands and almost half of the leased. Later they became
called kulaks, but by the end of the 19th century the word "kulak" referred only to
to the rural usurers. Most of the well-to-do households were
in Novorossiya, Ciscaucasia, Trans-Volga region, Siberia. In prosperous peasants
farms concentrated almost all improved agricultural tools and mechanisms, the production and import of which
in Russia at the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century increased at a phenomenal rate, strong owners actively bought landlord lands, applied fertilizers, used hired labor. The yield on such farms was one and a half to two times higher.
The situation in the central agricultural region was different. Here the stratum of wealthy peasants was very insignificant. The materials of the government commissions studying the situation in the villages of the central provinces spoke of the "impoverishment of the countryside", "the decline of peasant farms",
expressed in the depletion of the soil, in the transition from a three-field farming system to an even more archaic one - two-field, a reduction in the number of livestock, and the destruction of forests. The main reason for the "impoverishment of the center" was called the land scarcity of most of the peasant households and the interlacing of allotments
lands fragmented due to population growth into small areas located 8-15 versts from villages. Under customary law
the land and property of the family in the Great Russian village after the death of the head of the family was divided equally among all sons - in contrast to Western Europe and Japan, where only the eldest son inherited a plot of land (thus creating more favorable conditions for the emergence of
sustainable farms that accumulate wealth from generation to generation).
As a result, half of the peasants of the central provinces in the twentieth century had land
allotments below the subsistence level, since they did not have the means to buy land. The forced sale by the poor of a part of the produced goods led
to the degradation of most of the peasant households in the central provinces of Russia.
In the villages, the stratum of landless peasants increased.
The conservation of archaic forms of agriculture was largely
associated with the preservation of the peasant community. The community was land
economic union, the most important function of which was the distribution
and the use of allotments, and the administrative-fiscal unit. Periodic redistribution of land, the special nature of allotment land ownership and land use (forced crop rotations, striped land, "far-land"),
mutual responsibility (until 1904), communal regulation of all peasant
life determined the development of the peasant economy. Being a kind of institution of social protection, contributing to the survival of the impoverished part of the village, the community actually prevented wealthy peasants from developing their economy on the basis of new forms of agriculture, practically excluding for them
the possibility of becoming independent owners-owners.
In the ruling spheres of the country, the question of providing individual peasants
the right to leave the community was first set by the Minister of Finance S. Yu. Witte in 1898. In 1902, Nicholas II created a Special Meeting
on the needs of the agricultural industry under the leadership of S. Yu. Witte. The main result of his activities was the proposal to allow free
exit from the community to all who wish, who after leaving it could create their own farms on the basis of private ownership of land. Parallel
since the beginning of the twentieth century, the same issue has been considered in three ministries: finance,
internal affairs and agriculture. The outbreak of the revolution, mass peasant uprisings in the fall of 1905 accelerated the implementation of the agrarian reform.
S. Yu. Witte, becoming the first prime minister in the history of Russia on October 19, 1905, drew up and on November 3, 1905 signed with Nicholas II a Manifesto abolishing the collection of redemption payments from peasants (from January 1, 1907). This document radically changed the order of allotment land tenure: peasants
became full owners of their allotments. By April 1906, Witte's cabinet had developed a program of reforms in the Russian countryside,
the main provisions of which formed the basis of the agrarian reform, which received
the name of Stolypin. P.A.Stolypin, becoming Minister of
Internal Affairs, and from July 8 of the same year at the same time the Chairman of the Council
ministers, gave the reform an economic, political and social character. The prime minister was a representative of an old noble family, a large landowner and zealous owner, who knew agriculture and its problems
by hearsay. He has established himself as an experienced and strong-willed administrator at
posts of the Kovno district (since 1889), and then - the provincial leader
nobility (1899). In 1902 he was appointed governor of Grodno and a year later Saratov governor. His decisive actions in the Saratov province, aimed at suppressing the revolutionary movement, drew the approval of the right-wing conservative bureaucratic and landlord circles. With another
hand, being a graduate of St. Petersburg University, he declared himself
as a supporter of the modernization of the peasant economy, he had a reputation, if not
liberal, then a person who is not alien to cooperation with liberal circles that
fueled the hopes of the liberal opposition.
Stolypin set as his goal the abolition of all class restrictions and the rise
the welfare of the entire peasantry of Russia. Realizing that this cannot be achieved in a short time, he considered the creation of
in the village of a wide layer of peasant-proprietors (from the well-to-do part of the village
and strong middle peasants). Stolypin gave individualization to the peasant
land tenure political in nature, advocated active state intervention in the restructuring of the village through administrative measures. Stolypin argued the need to create a strong conservative support of power from wealthy peasant-proprietors who would respect someone else's
property, pay taxes regularly, will become the basis of law and order in the village,
will bring social comfort. On the other hand, independent, strong peasant farms will serve as a model for other peasants, a breeding ground for advanced methods of agriculture and agricultural technology. The government hoped that the revival of the countryside on the basis of the restructuring of land relations and the growth of agricultural productivity would become the basis for a general economic recovery.
countries. "The earth is the guarantee of our strength in the future, the earth is Russia" - in these
the words of P.A.Stolypin expressed the paramount importance of the question of land for
the future of the country. For reform under the condition of peace and tranquility
Stolypin spent 20 years in the country, but the real course of events limited it
term in eight years (1906-1914).
The main content of the Stolypin agrarian reform was to allow peasants to leave the community, to carry out land management to eliminate the striped area, to "plant" private peasant land ownership by providing peasants with preferential state
a mortgage loan through the Peasant Land Bank and the resettlement of peasants with state support to the outskirts of the empire.
The first step towards reform was the elimination of existing restrictions
civil rights for persons of the peasant class. Decree of October 5, 1906
gave peasants the same rights as other estates when applying for
civil service and in educational establishments... The peasants were given
the right to freely obtain passports and choose a place of residence. Canceled
corporal punishment by the verdict of the volost peasant courts, etc. If
before the peasant could leave the community only on condition of payment of redemption payments, but now he was given the right to freely leave the community, albeit without land.
The main state reform act was the decree of November 9, 1906,
allowing peasants to leave the community and consolidate the land as personal property. Since the Manifesto of November 3, 1905 abolished the redemption payments, now the peasant could leave the community with land for free. Allocation of land plots to immigrants from communities was carried out on the following conditions.
1. A peasant could receive his field plots in the same form in which they
used, that is, 5-10-15 bands or more (sometimes up to 100). In this case, he used pastures, forests, hayfields and watering holes together with the community members.
2. The peasant could, with the consent of the community, bring all these strips into one cut, i.e.
e. in one area. Sometimes an amount of land was added to the cut equal to its share
in hay pasture land.
3. A peasant could, with the consent of the community, receive a farm, which included a complete cut with the addition of an estate plot and the transfer of a house and buildings there, while in the first two cases the estate remained in the village. The allotment of land plots to "vydelentsy" was called the strengthening of the land into personal property, and
the allocated peasants - "fortified".
4. Instead of a land plot, the society could offer the peasant leaving the community for the land due to him money at its market value.
In the first case, it was necessary to obtain the permission of the simple majority
rural gathering, and in the second and third cases - the consent of two-thirds of the peasant gathering. For those leaving the community, the land plots that had been in their use since the last redistribution were strengthened. If those leaving the community had surpluses that appeared due to changes in the size and composition of the family, then a payment was made for them, determined by the average
redemption payments forty years ago. Within a month from the date of submission
the statement of the "highlighted" about the withdrawal of the society had to draw up a "sentence"
with a description of the areas to be fortified. If the society for some reason refused to do this, the "division" was formalized by the decision of the zemstvo chief and approved by the district congress of zemstvo chiefs. If within 30 days there has been no refusal to register with an explanation of the reasons (refusal
could be appealed in court), then it was considered that the request of the "highlighted" was satisfied. An important component of the decree was the provision concerning the replacement of family property for all property of a peasant household with the personal property of a householder.
In 1908-1909, the government carried out a number of measures aimed at creating
more favorable conditions for the formation of farms and cuts, the formation
a stratum of peasants who owned plots of the correct configuration that best meet the requirements of rational management. In March 1909 with the aim
to accelerate the process of land management, special “Provisional Regulations” were issued, which provided for “opening up” on farms and cutting entire villages. The law of July 14, 1910 approved the decree of November 9, 1906 and made some additions and changes to it. First, the procedure for the withdrawal of peasants was simplified
from those communities where there was no land redistribution after 1861. In these communities
there was no need to obtain permits from the village gathering, but only an application was required. Secondly, the part of the decree was strengthened, which concerned the allocation of farms and cuts: now those wishing to leave the community needed the consent of only one-fifth of the gathering, and the peasants remaining in the community could
to demand (in order to improve land use) the allocation of all “fortifiers” for cutting.
The widespread opinion that from the beginning of the reform the peasants who left the community became private land owners is incorrect. Peasant personal property (former allotment) differed from private land ownership. "Fortified peasants" could only sell their plots
persons assigned to rural society. The buyers of their land could buy
no more than six full plots (this did not mean the land of six yards, but only
the rate of six male souls). By introducing these restrictions, the government set the goal of preserving the former allotment land in the hands of the peasantry, who provided Russia with agricultural products. P. A. Stolypin believed that the law should impose “restrictions on the land, and not on its owner ...
land cannot be alienated to a person of another class; allotment land cannot
be pledged otherwise than in the Peasant Bank; it cannot be sold for
personal debts, it cannot be bequeathed except by custom. "
In total, in 1907-1915, 3 million 373 thousand applications were filed
(36.7 percent of householders) on leaving the community and fixing the land in personal
own. Approximately a quarter (26.6 percent) of those who submitted their applications received the consent of the gatherings, and some of the “fortifiers” (1,232,000) left the community
on applications to the relevant authorities. Many withdrew the statements as a result of resistance from village gatherings. In fact, 2 million 478 thousand community householders (26.9 percent) left the community. Motives for leaving
the communities were different. First of all, the owners came out, who were on opposite social poles of the village - the most prosperous owners,
who had land surpluses and still tried to buy land, and the rural poor, who could not cultivate the allotments on their own. Among those who
left the community, 914 thousand immediately sold their plots to resettle
to Siberia, move to the city or buy land through the Peasant Bank. Only
during the reform period, the peasants sold 4.1 million dessiatines, that is, about
a quarter of the allotment fund passed into personal ownership. As sellers were 1.2 million "fortifiers" - 40 percent of all those who left
communities.
One of the main motives for leaving the community was the desire of "strong householders" to organize independent farms on farms and cuts. Total
on the allotment lands, one and a half million separate district farms were formed - about 300 thousand farms and 1.2 million cuts. Number of people
of the communities was especially high in the Novorossiysk provinces (up to 60 percent),
on the territory of right-bank Ukraine (up to half) and in a number of central provinces: Samara (49 percent), Kursk (44 percent), Oryol (39 percent), Moscow (31 percent), Saratov (28 percent), i.e., the largest was exit in areas of high development of capitalism and in those land-poor
areas where average plots did not provide a living wage. In other provinces of the black earth center, about a quarter of the households left the community. In most of the non-chernozem provinces, the share of "vydelenets" was small (on average 10 percent), and in the northern and Ural provinces it was
was only four to six percent. The stability of the community in the non-chernozem center and the Urals was largely due to the fact that the overwhelming majority of the peasants here were, as sociologists say, internal migrants. They constantly went to work in industrial
enterprises, returning to the village during field work. I only had
consumer nature, fed the family, which permanently lived in the village. In this case, the community fulfilled its function of social protection.
The number of applications to leave the community, peaking in 1910, began to decline. The fact is that, for the “fortified men”, if they did not switch to farms and cuts and did not sell the land, all the “charms” of communal agriculture and land use were preserved (striped, far-land, dependence on
community crop rotation and joint use of land). On the other hand, in the community itself, redistributions became difficult and even impossible, difficulties arose with pasture, etc. Consequently, the urgent
the task of the government was land management, which was carried out under
the leadership of the closest assistant of P.A.Stolypin, A.V. Krivoshein, who headed the Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture from 1908 to 1915. At first, land management was thought of as the next stage after strengthening.
registration of divisional farms, then as parallel and, finally, as barely
is it not the primary act that asserted the ownership of the peasants to land. Land management was carried out with the aim of improving land use not only of peasants who left the communities, but also entire communities that remained in the community of groups
householders and individual households, including with the formation of individual plots - cuts. If individual land management eliminated the shortcomings of communal land use, then group land management changed the situation in their economy, regardless of whether they left the community or not (division of land between villages and parts of villages, breaking up communal lands in order to transfer
to a multi-field economy, the widening of a strip of allotment land
with adjoining possessions, etc.). To carry out land management, detachments of land surveyors and land management commissions (county and provincial) were created. Commissions were created for the first time in Russia as collegial bodies headed by representatives of the administration, but with the introduction of representatives
peasant societies and zemstvos, the latter being the majority. It was
done to better accommodate local conditions. Land management work was carried out by the commissions exclusively on the voluntary consent of the peasants.
The law "On land management", adopted on May 29, 1911, incorporating all
the main provisions and the law of June 14, 1910, and the rules of 1908-1910, simplified the transition to precinct land tenure and registration of ownership
right. Now the documents obtained during the allocation of a cut or a farm were recognized as certifying the ownership of the land, and at the same time there was no need for a special statement about leaving the community and strengthening their share of allotted land. Peasants of unrestricted communities were considered automatically
transferred to personal property and could apply for certificates of identification directly to land management commissions, bypassing village gatherings. For the transition to the cut, the whole society needed only a simple majority of the gathering.
Each land management commission was given the right, in the course of the general land management of communities, to allocate individual owners without the consent of the village gathering,
if she believed that such allocation would not violate the interests of the communities. Moreover,
it was established that allotment land, if land purchased from private owners joins it upon leaving the community, it becomes private property, which is fully subject to the right of ownership, use and disposal. This made it possible for any householder who received
in his personal property he allotted by strengthening and land management, having bought
to declare at least a quarter of a tithe of private land, and the former allotment is private property, which had a high price in the land market. After 1911
the land fund of private land began to increase at the expense of personal,
that is, the former allotment, land.
Land management began with the filing of petitions by peasants to change
conditions of land use; then a land management project was drawn up, which was accepted by the population; further, in accordance with this project, land surveying work was carried out. By 1915, 6.2 million applications had been submitted to the land management commissions. This suggests that conditions change
land use was desired by almost two-thirds of the household peasants living in the provinces of European Russia with various historically developed types of land use. By 1916, in the course of land management, 1 million 234 thousand farms and cutting plots were created. It is important to emphasize that
the reform was not limited only to the formation of farms and cuts, but provided
peasants a wide range of choice of economic conditions. The number of individual and group applications was almost equal (49 percent and 51 percent).
The latter prevailed in the central provinces and in the Volga region - where there was
community land use is developed. The peasants' petitions for land management, reflecting their intentions to change the economic conditions, were a sure sign of the adequacy of the reform to the mood of the peasantry, as well as an indicator
capacity of the potential of the transformations undertaken.
The growing stream of petitions was quite unexpected for the reformers themselves, who did not expect such impressive results. Serious efforts were made by the government and despite budgetary difficulties
in the country, the number of land surveyors only under land management commissions increased from six hundred in 1907 to six and a half thousand in 1914, i.e. 11 times for
seven years. Nevertheless, by 1916, land management projects were drawn up
only for 50 percent of applicants, land surveying work was performed for
44 percent and only 34 percent are finalized. As a result, 2.4 million household peasants improved their land use. However, to judge
success only by the number of finally approved projects would be
wrong. The number of deployments made speaks mainly of how
the work of land management commissions was organized and carried out. Recognizing
that the "will of the peasants" to change the traditional way of life far exceeded the government's capabilities in land management, let's try to look at the results of the reformers' activities in a comparative historical context. In Sweden, for example, where land management began in the 19th century and lasted for about 80 years,
by 1913, 18.5 million hectares were allocated - an average of 2.3 million
hectares per decade. In Russia, in seven years (1907-1913) land management was
two million peasant households on an area of \u200b\u200b17.1 million dessiatines (1 dessiatine \u003d 1.1 hectares). Without dwelling on the factors that influenced land management,
note that the efforts of land surveyors were aimed at ensuring that all allocated plots more or less meet the technical requirements, and their process
the allocation was carried out, whenever possible, through a voluntary agreement.
A number of other government measures also met the goals of the reform - the creation of agronomic conferences at the provincial land management commissions, the organization of agricultural warehouses, the development of agricultural education, the construction of elevators, the support of various types of cooperation,
handicraft production, organization of benefits for migrants and migrants to farms and cuts.
One of the most important measures of the reform was the activity of the State Peasant Land Bank. This bank was founded back in 1882
for the issuance of long-term loans to peasants secured by land purchased from private owners. The term for loans issued by the bank was initially set
from 24.5 to 34.5 years old; since 1894 - from 13 to 55.5 years (13, 18, 28 years old, 41 years old, 55.5 years old).
The loan should not have exceeded 80–90 percent of the value of the purchased land.
Loan interest was 7.5-8.5 percent per annum. Unlike other mortgage banks that issued unearmarked loans, the loan of the Peasant Land
the bank had a strictly defined purpose - only for the purchase of land. Funds
to issue loans, the Bank accumulated by issuing mortgage bonds (certificates of the Peasant Bank) and sold them through the State Bank on the stock market.
At the beginning of its activities, in accordance with the government
the policy of conservation of communal-estate institutions, the Bank created the most favorable conditions for the purchase of land by societies or partnerships.
In 1895, at the initiative of the Minister of Finance S. Yu. Witte, the Peasant Bank (the only one of all the mortgage banks of the Russian Empire) was given
the right to buy land sold by nobles, create your own land
fund and then sell this land to the peasants. When purchasing land, the Bank took into account
the interests of both sellers - nobles, and buyers - peasants. In the first case, the bank
was supposed to prevent the transfer of noble lands into the hands of speculative buyers at low prices, which intensified in connection with the agricultural crisis
and help the nobility liquidate their property as break-even as possible. In the second - to help the peasants to buy land plots that would
meet their capabilities and needs. If necessary, the bank could deploy broader activities to arrange peasants who bought plots from its fund, up to the arrangement of settlements and increase the area of \u200b\u200bconvenient
agricultural land. Until 1906 by peasants from the land reserve
bank bought 670.1 thousand dessiatines of land, and in total with the assistance of the bank
nine million dessiatines of land were acquired (62.4 percent of the increase in private peasant land ownership in 1882-1905).
From the beginning of the Stolypin reform, the Peasant Bank was entrusted with the task of “providing the peasants with broader assistance both by issuing
loans for the purchase of land, and strengthening the operation of acquiring land at the expense of
the Bank's own funds ”. Thus, the Peasants' Bank was supposed to contribute to the "firm planting among the peasant population of the individual
ownership of land as the basis for transforming the economic structure of rural Russia ”. In order to increase the bank's land fund, he was transferred
part of specific and state lands and restrictions on the acquisition of private land for further sale to peasants were lifted. Simultaneously there were
payments of borrowers of the Peasant Bank were reduced and the issuance of loans against
pledge of allotment lands. If before the Peasant Bank preferred
collective buyers of land, then since 1906 the main goal of the Bank's activities in the mainstream of the entire agrarian reform has been the planting of solid individual farms. By purchasing land individually, the peasants had to pay only 10 percent of the loan. In comradely purchases (and community) loan aid
was limited to 80 percent. Landless and land-poor peasants, not
Those who had the funds to pay supplements to loans disbursed in the amount of 90 percent of the special assessment were allowed to issue loans in the full amount of the assessment.
However, this was rather an exception. According to the administration of the Krestyansky
bank, the payment of a part of the purchase value of the land acquired by the peasants had a peculiar "educational" value, as it strengthened the sense of ownership in the peasant-buyers. “It is necessary that the buyer, before becoming the owner of the traded land, cover known part purchased
prices ... Having paid for the land from labor savings, the peasant is imbued with the consciousness that this land is his inalienable property, and, as it were, related to it. "
Buying land from private owners, the Bank was very careful in purchases
estates and carefully weighed the suitability of the land for further sale.
When buying noble lands, the entire aggregate was taken into account
agricultural conditions of the estate: its distance from the nearest shopping center, the suitability of the land for division into plots and the formation of peasant farms, etc. Transformation of the Peasant Bank into the largest
buyer of land in the country, undoubtedly influenced by fluctuations in land prices.
In 1906-1907 - during the period of massive sales of landlord lands - the bank did not
allowed the depreciation of sold private estates. He was
an artificial rise in the sale value of land is prevented when demand
on her side of the peasants rose. In addition, the active role of the Peasant Bank prevented all kinds of speculators from buying land for next to nothing.
On average, prices for land purchased by peasants from a bank were 23 percent lower than in the land market.
"Planting and development of small land tenure in the conditions of individual
property, independent labor of the landowner on his site, demarcated and arranged within permanent boundaries "- these are the principles that have become
the basis of the Peasant Bank's activities in the sale of land to peasants from
own land reserve in 1906-1916. This event, called "liquidation of the bank's land reserve", was carried out in close cooperation with land management commissions. Work on the demarcation of land was carried out by those sent to the disposal of local branches of the bank
land surveyors of land management commissions and land survey technicians from
full-time officials of bank branches. In addition, in cases of need, private land surveyors were involved in the work on free hiring. By 1915, the bank's branches had 106 land surveyors and 40 surveyors' assistants at their disposal
and 146 land survey technicians. During the preparation of land for sale in accordance with
soil conditions were studied with the requirements of land management
and land reclamation work was carried out: construction of wells, construction of reservoirs with dams and bridges, drainage of swamps.
Between 1906 and 1915, 3.7 million dessiatines (60.4 percent of the land reserve) were sold to peasants from the bank's land reserves. Among buyers
banking land was dominated by individual farmers, who accounted for 78.7 percent of the total amount of land sold by the bank. More than half of the land from
land stock of the bank was sold in cuts (54.9 percent), and one-fourth
some - by farms (23.8 percent). By 1915, 7.7 thousand farms and 14.3 thousand cuts were formed on the bank's lands. Additional benefits were introduced for the farmers - the loan was given to them for the full value of the land, and the "otrubniks" had to pay five percent in cash at once. By stimulating
the formation of farms and cuts, the bank not only provided them with benefits in the issuance of loans, but in the absence of free money from the buyer for an immediate deposit of a deposit, leased him a plot for a period of up to three years. Thus, the peasant
the opportunity was given to "get up and collect the money."
Gradually, a certain "turn" began to mature among the peasantry
towards private land ownership. The bank did not impose its land on anyone, on the contrary, buyers were admitted with a careful selection. Refusal of the local population to buy bank sites during the revolution
(1905-1907) over time became a rare phenomenon. If in the first two years after the beginning of the Stolypin reform, the sale of a fully prepared estate stretched out for many months and sometimes required the call of immigrants from other
provinces, then later the plots were sorted out in a few weeks. When compiling a list of land buyers, the bank sometimes had to resort to drawing lots among numerous applicants who met the established requirements for the selection of future owners.
At first, individual buyers avoided banking land
sell their allotments and estates, holding them with the caution inherent in the peasant, just in case. Keeping in touch with the allotment gave hope that if the attempt to strengthen the economy in the new conditions was unsuccessful,
then it will be possible to return to the old place. Three to four years after the start
reforms, looking around at the acquired site, the peasants, if possible
tried to get rid of the allotment and turn the money received from the sale into
economic establishment in a new place.
Daredevils who were not afraid of either the novelty of separate land tenure, or
intimidation (and even a "red cock"), no ridicule from neighbors, appeared on the ground
the first workers of the conditions of independent land use previously unknown to the economic consciousness of the people. By their example, the peasantry saw for the first time that it is possible not only to exist, but also to live well. Peasants settled
on banking lands, they said that they "saw the light."
In addition to loans for the purchase of land from the bank's reserves, the bank issued loans for the purchase of land under transactions concluded by peasants with its participation (by 1916, 126.1 thousand rubles, secured by 5,722.1 thousand dessiatines) and loans secured by land previously purchased peasants without the participation of a bank (14.4 thousand rubles under
pledge 552.4 thousand dessiatines). The Peasant Bank assisted such borrowers in the transition from comradely land ownership to sole proprietorship. In this case, the peasants were withdrawn from the partnership and the
on a farm or a cut of a land share corresponding to them. The householder who left the partnership became the sole borrower of the bank.
Loans on the security of allotment land were issued for only specific purposes: 1) to pay for allotments left by peasants moving to new lands; 2) to replenish that part of the purchase price of land acquired with the assistance of the Peasant Bank, which was not covered by the bank loan issued on the security of the purchased land; 3) to cover the costs caused
improving land use; 4) during the transition from communal ownership to household property; 5) when dividing societies into separate villages and farms, etc.
They were not widely used (10 thousand loans in the amount of 11 million rubles). In total, from 1906 to 1916, the bank issued 352.7 thousand loans
in the amount of 1.071 million rubles, resulting in the ownership of the peasants
passed 10.013 million acres of land. The bank administration, evaluating the buyers of bank land, noted that “the vast majority of them
represents not those village bears who covet at whatever
every now and then seize a piece of "state" land in the hope that then it doesn't matter
will be forgiven, and strong farmers, although they did not have a large wealth,
but imbued with a firm determination to earn it with their own hands. "
Assessing the role of the Peasant Bank in mobilizing land ownership in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, one cannot ignore the remark of the well-known economist of the early 20th century, B.
the selection of buyers, free mobilization has undeniable advantages
compared to the transfer of land from hand to hand in the form of state-legal
act in order to meet consumer needs. Mobilization process
through the Peasant Bank led to the transfer of land from the hands of bad owners
(landlords) not into the hands of every random peasant, but into the hands of those who took
answer to national economy for its proper use ”. So
Thus, the Peasant Land Bank played an important role in the process of restructuring land relations during the Stolypin reform. Of course it is
there was only the beginning of that huge work, which was not destined to be completed. The valuable experience of the Peasant Bank can undoubtedly be used in
reorganization of the modern village.
Few of the problems of pre-revolutionary history cause such acute
controversy, like the Stolypin agrarian reform. The Transformation Controversy
it is so politicized that today the attitude towards it has become almost a matter of faith - either it is accepted or rejected. The author of these lines belongs to
among those historians who believe that, despite the inevitable
the scale of innovation costs, Stolypin's reform marked the beginning of radical changes in the life of the Russian countryside, created prospects for an exit
from the global crisis in which the country's agriculture was.
population produced on January 28, 1897. SPb., 1905.Vol. 1.
Izmestieva T.F. Russia in the European market system. Late 19th - early 20th century
M., 1991.S. 38.
Data are given by books: Agriculture Russia at the beginning of the XX century / Ed.
N.P. Oganovsky. M., 1923; Nifontov A.S. Grain production in Russia in the second
half of the 19th century. M., 1974 ;. Anfimov A.M.
Russia. 1881-1904. M., 1980.
PSZ III. T. XXVI. No. 28528. Decree of November 9, 1906, which bore the modest title "On the addition to The State Duma and Council of State: 1906–1911. M., 1991. S. 177. For details, see: Proskuryakova N. A. Land banks of the Russian Empire. M., 2002.
S. 333–351.
PSZ III. T. XXVI. No. 23468.
Review of the activities of the Peasant Land Bank for 1906-1910. SPb., 1911.S. 24.
In the same place. P. 18.
Review of the activities of the Peasant Land Bank for 1906-1910. P. 44.
Brutskus B. D. Agrarian question and agrarian policy. Pg., 1922, pp. 109–110.
Verification testing by topic
"The first world War... Revolution in Russia in 1917
Option 1
a) in 1906 b) in 1907 c) in 1908
a) wealthy
b) poor
c) poor and wealthy
a) a plot of land that a peasant could receive when leaving the community, with the transfer of a house and outbuildings to it
c) this is a peasant's house, which he built far from the village
7.
a) the desire of the leading world powers to redraw the world map in their own interests
c) the desire of the participating countries to take away colonies from the largest colonial power - Great Britain
b) Germany failed to implement its plan of lightning war
a) the monarchy fell b) there was a dual power
c) the democratization of the country began d) the convocation of the Constituent Assembly took place
b) the democratization of the army began
a) Milyukov's note on the continuation of the war
c) breakthrough at the front of General Brusilov
b) 242 local peasant orders to the I Congress of Soviets
b) representatives of the Bolsheviks and Left SRs
a) it was dissolved by the Bolsheviks
c) it was reorganized into a coalition government
a) persons using hired labor
c) priests
d) all of the above
Option 2
a) the withdrawal of peasants from the community with land
b) resettlement of peasants to new lands beyond the Urals
c) the allocation of part of the landowners' lands to the peasants
d) providing each peasant with a sum of money in the amount of 50 rubles
a) the development of market relations in the countryside intensified
b) the process of social stratification of the peasantry began
a) poor supply of the army with weapons and shells
b) there was a scattered action of the fronts
a) the internal political and economic situation in the country has sharply deteriorated
c) during the war in Russia, the First Russian Revolution will occur
a) demonstration of women in honor of the International women's day
b) the dismissal of 30,000 workers on strike from the Putilov plant
a) Constituent Assembly
b) Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies
c) Provisional government
d) State Council
a) introduced broad civil rights and freedom
b) provided the peasants with land
c) brought Russia out of the first world war
a) decree on peace, on land, on power
c) decree on the separation of church from state
a) VTsIK b) SNKc) Cheka
a) in 1917 b) in 1918... c) in 1919.
a) in the form of the dictatorship of the proletariat
b) in the form of the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie
c) in the form of an alliance of workers and peasants
Option 1
1. When did Stolypin begin to carry out reforms of the PA?
a) in 1906 b) in 1907 c) in 1908
3. What strata of peasants actively left the community?
a) wealthy
b) poor
c) poor and wealthy
5. Give a definition to the concept of "farm":
a) a plot of land that a peasant could receive when leaving the community, with the transfer of a house and outbuildings to it
b) a piece of land that a peasant could take when leaving the community, but could leave his house and buildings in the old place in the village
c) this is a peasant's house, which he built far from the village
7. What are the causes of the First World War?
a) the desire of the leading world powers to redraw the world map in their own interests
b) the desire of the governments of the countries - participants of the war to divert their peoples from the revolutionary struggle
c) the desire of the participating countries to take away colonies from the largest colonial power - Great Britain
9. What was the main outcome of the 1914 military campaign?
a) the signing of a separate peace by Germany and England
b) Germany failed to implement its plan of lightning war
c) Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France
11. When did the February 1917 revolution in Petrograd begin?
13. What are the main results of the February Revolution?
a) the monarchy fell b) dual power arose
c) the democratization of the country began d) the convocation of the Constituent Assembly took place
15. What is the meaning of order # 1?
a) the establishment of dictatorships in the proletariat
b) the democratization of the army began
c) the State Duma was abolished
17. What was the main reason for the April crisis of the Provisional Government?
a) Milyukov's note on the continuation of the war
b) Lenin's speech at the I Congress of Soviets
c) breakthrough at the front of General Brusilov
19. When was the Second Congress of Soviets held?
21. What document was the basis for the Land Decree?
a) 240 proposals of the poorest peasants
b) 242 local peasant orders to the I Congress of Soviets
c) declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia
23. Representatives of which political parties were included in the first Soviet government?
a) representatives of only left-wing parties
b) representatives of the Bolsheviks and Left SRs
c) representatives of only Socialist-Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks
25. What is the fate of the Constituent Assembly?
a) it was dissolved by the Bolsheviks
b) it continued to work during the month of January
c) it was reorganized into a coalition government
b) former employees of the tsarist police
c) priests
d) all of the above
Option 2
2. What concerns the provisions of Stolypin's agrarian reform?
a) the withdrawal of peasants from the community with land
b) resettlement of peasants to new lands beyond the Urals
c) the allocation of part of the landowners' lands to the peasants
d) providing each peasant with a sum of money in the amount of 50 rubles
4. What are the results of Stolypin's agrarian reform?
a) the development of market relations in the countryside intensified
b) the process of social stratification of the peasantry began
c) the main social problems in the village have been smoothed out
6. When did the First World War start?
8. Why did the Russian army fail during the First World War?
a) poor supply of the army with weapons and shells
b) there was a scattered action of the fronts
c) England and France violated the allied agreement
10. What are the results of the First World War for Russia?
a) the internal political and economic situation in the country has sharply deteriorated
b) Russia achieved the goals for which it participated in the war
c) during the war in Russia, the First Russian Revolution will occur
12. What events caused the riots in February 1917 in Petrograd?
a) Demonstration of women in honor of International Women's Day
b) the dismissal of 30,000 workers on strike from the Putilov plant
c) performance by soldiers of the Petrograd garrison
14. What two organs of power appeared in Petrograd during the February Revolution?
a) Constituent Assembly
b) Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies
c) Provisional government
d) State Council
16. What changes were made to the life of Russia by the Declaration of the Provisional Government, adopted on March 3, 1917?
a) introduced broad civil rights and freedoms
b) provided the peasants with land
c) brought Russia out of the first world war
18: When was Russia declared a republic?
20. What Decrees was adopted by the II Congress of Soviets?
a) decree on peace, on land, on power
b) the decree on the creation of the Cheka, the Central Executive Committee, the SNK
c) decree on the separation of church from state
22. What was the name of the first Soviet government?
a) VTsIK b) SNK c) VChK
24. When did the work of the Constituent Assembly take place?
26. When was the first Soviet Constitution adopted?
a) in 1917 b) in 1918 c) in 1919
28. In what form was the Soviet power established?
a) in the form of the dictatorship of the proletariat
b) in the form of the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie
c) in the form of an alliance of workers and peasants
Home\u003e DocumentVerification testing by topic
"World War I. Revolution in Russia in 1917
Option 1
a) in 1906 b) in 1907 c) in 1908 a) well-off b) poor c) poor and wealthy a) a plot of land that a peasant could receive when leaving the community, with the transfer of a house and outbuildings to it b) a piece of land that a peasant could take when leaving the community, but he could leave his house and buildings in the old place in the village c) this is a peasant's house, which he built far from the village 7. a) the desire of the leading world powers to redraw the world map in their own interests b) the desire of the governments of the countries - participants in the war to distract their peoples from the revolutionary struggle c) the desire of the participating countries to take the colonies from the largest colonial power - Great Britain a) the signing of a separate peace by Germany and England b) Germany failed to implement its plan of lightning war c) Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France a) February 23 b) February 24 c) February 27 a) the monarchy fell b) there was a dual power c) the democratization of the country began d) the convocation of the Constituent Assembly took place a) the establishment of dictatorships in the proletariat b) the democratization of the army began c) the State Duma was abolished a) Milyukov's note on the continuation of the war b) Lenin's speech at the I Congress of Soviets c) a breakthrough at the front of General Brusilov 19. When passedII Congress of Soviets? a) February 23, 1918 b) October 26, 1917 c) October 25, 1917. a) 240 proposals of the poorest peasants b) 242 local peasant ordersI Congress of Soviets c) declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia a) representatives of only left-wing parties b) representatives of the Bolsheviks and Left SRs c) representatives of only Socialist-Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks a) it was dissolved by the Bolsheviks b) it continued to work during the month of January c) it was reorganized into a coalition government a) persons using hired labor b) former employees of the tsarist police c) priests d) all of the aboveOption 2
a) the withdrawal of peasants from the community with land b) resettlement of peasants to new lands beyond the Urals c) the allocation of part of the landowners' lands to the peasants d) providing each peasant with a sum of money in the amount of 50 rubles a) the development of market relations in the countryside intensified b) the process of social stratification of the peasantry began c) the main social problems in the village have been smoothed out a) August 1, 1914 b) October 1, 1914 c) December 1, 1915 a) poor supply of the army with weapons and shells b) there was a scattered action of the fronts c) England and France violated the allied agreement 10. a) the internal political and economic situation in the country has sharply deteriorated b) Russia achieved the goals for which it participated in the war c) during the war, the First Russian Revolution will take place in Russia a) Demonstration of women in honor of International Women's Day b) the dismissal of 30,000 workers on strike from the Putilov plant c) speech by soldiers of the Petrograd garrison a) Constituent Assembly b) Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies c) Provisional government d) State Council a) introduced broad civil rights and freedoms b) provided the peasants with land c) brought Russia out of the First World War a) August 1, 1917 b) September 1, 1917c) March 1, 1917 20. What Decrees has been adoptedII Congress of Soviets? a) decree on peace, on land, on power b) the decree on the creation of the Cheka, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars c) the decree on the separation of the church from the state a) The All-Russian Central Executive Committee b) SNKc) Cheka a) February 7-8, 1918 b) January 5-6, 1918 c) March 3-5, 1918 a) in 1917 b) in 1918... c) in 1919. a) in the form of the dictatorship of the proletariat b) in the form of the dictatorship of the bourgeoisieOption 1
1. When did Stolypin begin to carry out reforms of the PA? a) in 1906 b) in 1907 c) in 1908 3. What strata of peasants actively left the community? a) well-off b) poor c) poor and well-off 5. Give a definition to the concept of "farm": a) a plot of land that a peasant could receive when leaving the community, with the transfer of a house and outbuildings to it; b) a plot of land that a peasant could take when leaving the community, but he could leave his house and buildings in the old place in the village c) this is a peasant's house that he built away from the village 7. What are the causes of the First World War? a) the desire of the leading world powers to redraw the map of the world in their own interests b) the desire of the governments of the participating countries of the war to distract their peoples from the revolutionary struggle c) the desire of the participating countries to take away colonies from the largest colonial power - Great Britain 9. What was the main outcome of the 1914 military campaign? a) the signing of a separate peace by Germany and England b) Germany failed to implement its plan for a lightning war c) Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France 11. When did the February 1917 revolution in Petrograd begin? a) February 23 b) February 24 c) February 27 13. What are the main results of the February Revolution? a) the monarchy fell b) a dual power arose c) the democratization of the country began d) the convocation of the Constituent Assembly took place 15. What is the meaning of order # 1? a) the establishment of dictatorships in the proletariat b) the democratization of the army began c) the State Duma was abolished 17. What was the main reason for the April crisis of the Provisional Government? a) Milyukov's note on the continuation of the war b) Lenin's speech at the I Congress of Soviets c) General Brusilov's breakthrough at the front 19. When passedII Congress of Soviets? a) February 23, 1918 b) October 26, 1917 c) October 25, 1917 21. What document was the basis for the Land Decree? a) 240 proposals of the poorest peasants b) 242 local peasant orders to the I Congress of Soviets c) declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia 23. Representatives of which political parties were included in the first Soviet government? a) representatives of only left parties b) representatives of the Bolsheviks and left SRs c) representatives of only SRs and Bolsheviks 25. What is the fate of the Constituent Assembly? a) it was dissolved by the Bolsheviks b) it continued to work during the month of January c) it was reorganized into a coalition government 27. What categories of the population were deprived of voting rights? a) persons using hired labor b) former employees of the tsarist police c) priests d) all of the aboveOption 2
2. What concerns the provisions of Stolypin's agrarian reform? a) the withdrawal of the peasants from the community with land b) the resettlement of the peasants to new lands beyond the Urals c) the allocation of part of the landowners' lands to the peasants d) the provision of each peasant with a sum of money in the amount of 50 rubles 4. What are the results of Stolypin's agrarian reform? a) the development of market relations in the countryside intensified b) the process of social stratification of the peasantry began c) the main social problems in the countryside were smoothed out 6. When did the First World War start? a) August 1, 1914 b) October 1, 1914 c) December 1, 1915 8. Why did the Russian army fail during the First World War? a) poor supply of the army with weapons and shells b) there was a scattered action of the fronts c) England and France violated the allied agreement 10. What are the results of the First World War for Russia? a) the internal political and economic situation in the country has sharply deteriorated b) Russia has achieved the goals for which it participated in the war c) during the war in Russia, the First Russian Revolution will occur 12. What events caused the riots in February 1917 in Petrograd? a) a demonstration of women in honor of International Women's Day b) the dismissal of 30,000 workers on strike from the Putilov plant c) a speech by soldiers of the Petrograd garrison 14. What two organs of power appeared in Petrograd during the February Revolution? a) Constituent Assembly b) Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies c) Provisional Government d) State Council 16. What changes were made to the life of Russia by the Declaration of the Provisional Government, adopted on March 3, 1917? a) introduced broad civil rights and freedoms b) provided the peasants with land c) brought Russia out of the First World War 18: When was Russia declared a republic? a) August 1, 1917 b) September 1, 1917 c) March 1, 1917 20. What Decrees has been adoptedII Congress of Soviets? a) a decree on peace, on land, on power b) a decree on the creation of the Cheka, All-Russian Central Executive Committee, SNK c) a decree on the separation of church from state 22. What was the name of the first Soviet government? a) VTsIK b) SNK c) VChK 24. When did the work of the Constituent Assembly take place? a) 7-8 February 1918 b) 5-6 January 1918 c) 3-5 March 1918 26. When was the first Soviet Constitution adopted? a) in 1917 b) in 1918 c) in 1919 28. In what form was the Soviet power established? a) in the form of the dictatorship of the proletariat b) in the form of the dictatorship of the bourgeoisiec) in the form of an alliance of workers and peasants
1. When did L. Stolypin begin to carry out reforms?
a) in 1906b) in 1907 c) in 19082. What concerns the provisions of Stolypin's agrarian reform?
a) the withdrawal of peasants from the community with land
b) resettlement of peasants to new lands beyond the Urals
a) the withdrawal of peasants from the community with land
b) resettlement of peasants to new lands beyond the Urals
c) the allocation of part of the landowners' lands to the peasants
d) providing each peasant with a sum of money in the amount of 50 rubles
3. What strata of peasants actively left the community?
a) wealthy
b) poor
c) poor and wealthy
4. What are the results of Stolypin's agrarian reform?
a) the development of market relations in the countryside intensified
b) the process of social stratification of the peasantry began
c) the main social problems in the village have been smoothed out
5. Give a definition to the concept of "farm":
a) a plot of land that a peasant could receive when leaving the community, with the transfer of a house and outbuildings to it
b) a plot of land that a peasant could take when leaving the community, but he could leave his house and buildings in the old place in the village
c) this is a peasant's house, which he built far from the village
6. When did the First World War start?
a) August 1, 1914
b) October 1, 1914
c) December 1, 1915
7. What are the causes of the First World War?
a) the desire of the leading world powers to redraw the world map in their own interests
b) the desire of the governments of the countries participating in the war to divert their peoples from the revolutionary struggle
c) the desire of the participating countries to take away colonies from the largest colonial power - Great Britain
8. Why did the Russian army fail during the First World War?
a) poor supply of the army with weapons and shells
b) there was a scattered action of the fronts
c) England and France violated the allied agreement
9. What was the main outcome of the 1914 military campaign?
a) the signing of a separate peace by Germany and England
b) Germany failed to implement its plan of lightning war
c) Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France
10. What are the results of the First World War for Russia?
a) the internal political and economic situation in the country has sharply deteriorated
b) Russia achieved the goals for which it participated in the war
c) during the war in Russia, the First Russian Revolution will occur
Answers (keys) to test 1:
1 -a; 2-a, b, c; 3-in; 4-a, b; 5-a; 6-a; 7-a; 8-a, b; 9-6; 10-a.
Zabelin Vladimir Mikhailovich, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of History and Theory of State and Law, NEU HPE "North Caucasian Social Institute", Stavropol [email protected]
To the problem of the withdrawal of peasants from the community
Annotation. The article examines the withdrawal of peasants of the Blagodarnensky district of the Stavropol province from the community under the Stolypin agrarian reform. Specific examples are given, options for the use of land by peasants after receiving it into ownership are considered.
Key words: peasants, owners, rural community, communal lands, redistribution of land.
State reforms always attract the attention of researchers. The study of the Stolypin agrarian reform remains relevant for historians and economists. In the article, we will consider, using the example of Blagodarnensky district of the Stavropol province, how the peasants left the community, consolidating allotment lands into their personal ownership. The peasants received the right to leave the community by the Decree of November 9, 1906. By decree of 15 November. it was supplemented by the permission of the pledge of allotment land in the Peasant Bank, both to individual peasants and to societies and partnerships. After additions, the Decree on November 9, 1906. was approved as Law on June 14, 1910. "Amendments to some resolutions on peasant land tenure." The land management of peasants was finally standardized by the Law of May 29, 1911, which regulated the ways of using plots. He gave the right to open up communal lands for farms and cuts with a simple majority of votes, and not two-thirds, as before. In April 1907. The Committee for Land Management Issues issued a decree on the opening from May 1907. land management commission in the Stavropol province. However, only in May 1910. In 1907, there were 34261 peasant households with 906,581 dessiatins in Blagodarnensky uyezd. allotment land. Of these, in 1910, 5027 peasant households from 66161 dessiatines of land were transferred to personal land ownership, which, in percentage terms, made up 15 to the total number of registered householders. the number of householders who finally transferred to personal land ownership amounted to 6861 households, with 94181 dess. land, or 20%. Next, consider how the exit of peasants from the community in certain settlements of the Blagodarnensky district of the Stavropol province was covered in the periodicals of that period. In the village of Burlatsky, back in
1908 rural society carried out an early redistribution of land, spreading all arable land for 2060 males in small uneven strips in six places. At the end of the year, they left the community according to the law on November 9, 1906. ten householders, and then their number began to increase. Then the society, seeing that "the community is coming to an end" and in order to quickly end the procedure for transferring from community to property and deprive its absent people of the same social rights to receive land, passed on the verdict on February 9, 1909. from communal to household ownership of land, strengthening allotments and all lands into the personal property of householders. So the agricultural society began to consist of owners. a group of 66 people applied to the county land management commission with a petition for the allocation of their cross-strip land for cut plots, on which they counted on starting a more cultural economy, since crop failures and crop failures recent years undermined their well-being. According to the information of contemporaries, there were different situations in the village with leaving the community. There were doubts and fears among the peasants: “the experiments of the neighbors of the pipe workers showed that you cannot brew beer with our huge motley communities ... slovenly manners of land use. At the gathering last year, an indispensable member of the county commission recommended that society switch to cuts, but influential people are against, society rejected. Influential people can rent for a pittance ... referring to the inconvenience of the fragmentation of small strips. " Therefore, in the dacha of a land allotment, lands with an area of \u200b\u200b50,200 dess., Dug by moats, appeared. The land was bought up mainly by the local prosperous grateful, who immediately began to lease it and for the skopshchina. Peasants who sell the land are often quickly left without money. The fellow villagers noted that “the community members look at these squandered“ landowners ”with contempt. But to those owners who, having received allotments, did not sell them, but continue to cultivate them themselves, the community is quite friendly and benevolent. They do not harbor any anger towards them, but only wait to see how the individual economy will differ from the communal one ”.
The peasants of the village of Sotnikovsky noted that the exit to the cuts in their village went in several directions. One part passed into the category of owners with the sole purpose of winning the jackpot from the land and ending farming forever. Another group goes to the cut without knowing the essence of the matter, seduced by the freedom to dispose of the land and fantasies about the possibility of having free money, by pledging land, etc. The third category of owners sells land on the basis of the proceeds to buy larger areas in places of resettlement than those that were at their disposal. The last group of owners remains in their places and sits quite firmly. Not only on their own land, but they also buy their lands from dreamers and settlers. This group attracted attention. they began a new cultivation of the land, began to plow deeper, brought black fallow. half of the village came to the cut. The rest of the sotnikovites stopped at the following thought: “All the members of the community decided to strengthen their allotments into personal property, but they are not allocated for the cut, but use the land on the basis of common share ownership, with the preservation of the general cleanup, with the formation of black steam, winter, spring and grass wedge. Then, these same peasants propose to buy several thousand land on a comradely basis, with the help of a peasant bank. ”The press could not do without materials revealing the abuse of officials of land management commissions. Here is what was reported about the activities of those in the village of Sotnikovsky: “At the beginning of the spring of this year (1912. ZV), the land surveyor Ya.M. Artemyev for the production of work on the allotment to the owners of the cutting sites. The owners reached out to Artemyev with an application for a cut. The land surveyor seemed to the peasants to be responsive, intelligent and a good man... He promised to each owner to cut a piece of land where he wanted. He only demanded from each person a written statement indicating the desired place. In view of this, the peasants with great eagerness rushed to the village clerks with requests for the earliest possible drafting of the named statements. It is advisable for everyone to indicate a good, convenient place for the plot. Without saying a word, the clerks were paid 50 kopecks. and a full ruble per application. These owners rarely submit applications to the landlord during the day. More went late in the evening or early in the morning and without fail with the attachment: a sack of flour, a pot of cow's butter, a few pounds of lamb, lard, chopped goose, ducks, chickens, a few dozen eggs, cream, milk, baked bread and even a live goat.
This kind of order continued until August 15th, and the local merchant I.T. Novikov, who bought more than 225 shower plots for himself from our owners. Since that time, a crowd of owners crowded every day at the land surveyor's apartment, a hot feast and revelry was raging to the sound of a gramophone. In such an atmosphere Artemyev spent the spring and summer and did not take the cut-off plots to any of the owners, except for Novikov alone. For Novikov, he made the whole plan for 225 shower allotments. I cut off the land for him. Good and convenient in everything, on both sides of the Buffola river and not far from the village. From ordinary owners he tried to satisfy by cutting cuts 1520 miles from the water and the village. Having looked at these arts, the peasants on August 15 came to the land surveyor with a request to indicate their plots to them , as the time is right for plowing and sowing bread for 1913. The land surveyor hesitates and vaguely announces that the plots are there ... but plowing and sowing, they say, they are not yet possible, the plans, they say, are not finished. Some of the owners resigned themselves, while others, seeing that they were deceived and not wanting to stay for next year without sowing, they filed a petition to the head of the province with a complaint against the surveyor. By the way, the owners apply for the provision of all
the land assigned by the land surveyor to Novikov. Obviously, in connection with this request, on September 20, an indispensable member of the county land management commission arrived from Blagodarny. He questioned four complainants and left without making any definite decisions. The sowing time has already passed, and the peasants are sitting idle, remaining next year without winter grain. But how much did the owners spend on the direct maintenance of the land surveyor, his family and servants? According to the calculation, it comes out about twenty rubles from the allotted soul ... ". On October 23, at an emergency meeting of the Blagodarny district land management commission, a decision was made to dismiss the land surveyor Artemyev and replace him with the land surveyor Dulin.
Provincial periodical press in 1915. began to publish on their pages reports on individual villages on the sale of fortified land by peasants, and the value of transactions. For example:
“In the village of Mirny, the sale of fortified land has been carried out forever since 1911 at the following prices: for one allotment of 6 acres and 160 square meters. soot. In 1911, they paid 250 rubles, in 1912. 300 rubles, in 1913. 400 rubles, in 1914 and 1915. 500 rubles each Mostly poor people were selling their plots, burdened with debts, which for the most part went on sale to workers. The buyers were both their well-to-do peasants and newcomers "Tavrichesk".
“In the village of Alekseevskoye, the sale of allotments forever began only in 1913, as in 1911 and 12. there were no fortifications yet. The prices for one allotment are 6 cm. state tithes existed as follows: in 1913. 400 rubles, in 1914. 550 RUR and in this year 600 RUR the poor people and the Russian subjects of the Germans sold their allotments, and the latter, among the 70 households, sold everything to Kashchenko and went to America. The buyers were also their well-to-do peasants and 10 householders who arrived from the Tavricheskaya province, and especially Kashchenko. ”Leaving the community often took place with the resistance of the peasant community. In the village of Petrovskoye, a situation was created in which the owners could not live in the village, they were not even given water. March 20, 1911 the village gathering decided: "so that the owners should not be given stone, sand and clay, and if someone gives one of the community members, a fine of 25 rubles." At that time, it was decided to take payment from the owners for grazing livestock on public land: for cattle - 5 rubles, for sheep - 3 rubles. Agitated peasants for such a decision S. Fastikov and P. Pavlovsky, for which they were arrested for three months. There are cases when political agitators tried to persuade peasants not to leave the community. Such agitation in the village of Kistinskoye was carried out by a local peasant T.I. Korelin, while handing out leaflets of the Stavropol Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Thus, the withdrawal of peasants from the community in Blagodarnensky district of the Stavropol province took place with different consequences and different public perceptions.
References to sources 1. Survey of the Stavropol province for 1910 / According to the data of the Stavropol province statistical committee. Stavropol: Printing house of the Stavropol provincial government, 1911. 178s.2. Overview of the Stavropol province for 1911 / According to the data of the Stavropol provincial statistical committee. Stavropol: Printing house of the Stavropol provincial government, 1912. 128 p. 3. S. Burlatskoe // Ibid., 1912. No. 345 (May 27). С.3.4. Leaving the community // North Caucasus Territory. 1912. No. 424 (September 1). С.1.5.S. Sotnikovskoe // Ibid., No. 342 (May 24). WITH. 3.6 Owner. Feeding // Ibid, No. 449 (October 5). C.3.7.C. Thankful // North Caucasian Territory. 1912. 478 (November 9). WITH. 3.
8.Cut results // North Caucasian Territory. No. 191 (September 3). WITH. 3.9. New // North Caucasian Territory. 1915. No. 209 (September 26). C.3.10 State Archives of the Stavropol Territory (GASK), F. 101, Op.5, D. 535.