Roman magistrates. Notes Honorary guard of officials in rome

In ancient Rome, an honorary guard for senior officials

First letter "l"

Second letter "and"

Third letter "k"

The last beech letter "p"

The answer to the question "In Ancient Rome - an honorary guard for senior officials", 6 letters:
lictor

Alternative crossword questions for the word lictor

Consul assistant

Bodyguard (Ancient Rome)

Defender of the consul in antiquity

"man of the retinue" among the ancient Romans

Official, member of the personal honor guard of Roman dignitaries

Honorary Guard in ancient Rome

Definition of lictor in dictionaries

Dictionary Russian language. D.N. Ushakov The meaning of the word in the dictionary Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
lictor, m. (Latin lictor) (history). In ancient Rome - a person accompanying a representative of the highest administration, carrying a bundle of rods with an ax stuck into it. Consuls accompanied by lictors. Lictors are driving the unfortunate people. Pushkin. transfer Bursa student, ...

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova. The meaning of the word in the dictionary New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T.F. Efremova.
m. A person who accompanied a representative of the highest administration and wore a bundle of rods with an ax as a symbol of the power and punishability of a crime (in ancient Rome).

Wikipedia Definition of a word in the Wikipedia dictionary
Lictor There are two versions of the origin of the word: According to the first of them, in front of the ancient Roman king were ministers who pushed the crowd with sticks. They were ready to immediately bind anyone whom the king pointed out to them. "To bind" sounded like "ligare" in Latin, ...

Examples of the use of the word lictor in literature.

Trumpeters and heralds, riding in a scatter in front, hurriedly rebuilt into a column of three, flanking the procession lictors turned out to be very close to Delia, and Svarog easily managed to fall behind.

The leader of the gladiators got off his horse and lictors in front, accompanied by Krix, Granik and Enomai, he began to bypass the front of the two German legions, which formed the first corps.

Enter Cicero, Cato, Catulus, Antony, Crassus, Caesar, lictors and the people.

Enter lictors, Cicero holding letters in his hands, Cato, Quintus Cicero, Caesar, Crassus, Silanus and the senators.

Enter lictors, praetors Pomtinius and Flaccus, Cicero, Silanus, Caesar, Cato, Crassus and senators.

Province - lit. “Defeated Country” is a territory outside Italy ruled by a Roman governor.

Filoromei - literally, "loving the Romans", a title that was borne by some monarchs servile to Rome.

Mine is a monetary unit in Ancient Greece, consisting of 100 drachmas; 60 minutes was one talent. The purchasing power of this money was very high - on one drachma, a family of five could live a whole day.

Chiton - men's and women's clothing of other Greeks, a kind of shirt, often sleeveless.

Centurion is the head of the centuria, i.e. hundreds; centurion in the Roman army.

The tetradrachm is a large silver 4 drachma coin.

Obol Charon is a copper coin that was placed in the mouths of the freeborn Athenians as payment to Charon, the mythical transporter of souls to the underworld.

Hades - in Greek mythology, the god of the underworld of shadows, as well as the name of this kingdom itself.

The ancient Greeks were counting the time from the Olympics. The third year of the 161st Olympiad corresponded to 134 BC.

Consul is the highest public office in the Roman Republic, elected for a period of one year. There were two consuls, in peacetime both ruled the state in Rome, in wartime they commanded troops.

Praxitel is an ancient Greek sculptor; Timomakh is an antique painter.

Numenius is the first day of each month when slaves were brought to Athens for sale.

Eranos is a friendly interest-free loan.

Lutherium is a large earthen basin for washing.

Agora is a market square in Athens.

City Praetor - an official who was in charge of court cases and kept order in the city. In the absence of both consuls, he was considered the head of Rome.

Tunic is an ancient Roman underwear that looked like a long shirt with short sleeves. Was worn under a toga.

Ptolemy YIII was married to his sister Cleopatra II and her daughter Cleopatra III.

Marcus Porcius Cato - Roman censor, initiator of the destruction of Carthage.

Sestertius is an ancient Roman silver coin from the times of the republic, which went along with silver denarii and copper ases.

Lictors are an honorary guard of senior officials who carried out all their orders. For the praetor, it consisted of six people, holding a bundle of rods on their shoulder, tied with a red strap, as a symbol of state power, for the consul - of twelve. In the provinces, an ax was stuck in the fascia.

A client is a poor or ignorant person who surrendered himself under the protection of a rich or well-born patron, obliging, in turn, to remain faithful and obedient, to help if necessary and give him his vote in elections.

Lupercalia is a holiday in honor of the god Faun-Luperk, during which cleansing sacrifices were made in the Lupercal cave at the foot of the Palatine Hill, where, according to legend, a she-wolf (in Latin - "magnifying glass") lived, nursing Romulus and his brother Rem.

Veto - say, "I forbid!": The right of the people's tribune to cancel an already adopted decision, sentence or law, if, in their opinion, they run counter to the interests of the people.

Augurs are priests who predict the future of the state by the flight and behavior of sacred birds.

Quaestors - in Dr. Rome officials, whose main function was to manage the state treasury.

Blossius is a stoic philosopher from Qom, educator and friend of Tiberius Gracchus.

Kykeon is a mixture of wine with barley flour and grated cheese, the favorite drink of the Greeks.

Somata is part of the Athenian market where slaves were traded.

Pericles is the Athenian statesman of the Y century BC, the period of the highest prosperity of Athens.

The felt hat on the slave's head meant that the merchant did not vouch for his behavior.

Sarmatians are nomadic tribes who lived in the region of the Azov Sea.

The procurator is the general manager and overseer of the slaves in the house.

Ergasterium is a slave prison in a Roman house.

Meteki - freedmen from slaves or strangers who moved to Athens from other lands and cities; they were in an unequal, humiliated position.

The Trier is an ancient Greek vessel with three rows of oars.

Parasites are people who lived in Athens by handouts and went to visit without an invitation.

Gynekeye is the female half of the ancient Greek house.

Quirite - so the citizens of Rome proudly called themselves.

Oinohoya - a vessel for wine; crater - a vessel for mixing wine with water.

Mine - 18 percent per annum.

Istrichida is a long rawhide scourge with thorns woven into it, leaving splinters in the body.

Kelevst is the chief of rowers on Greek ships.

Acrostole is the tip of the ship's bow, decorated with the heads of gods, animals or fish.

Pentera is a vessel on which rowers, unlike a three-tiered trimer, are arranged not in three, but in five rows.

Stages - 184.97 m.

Dolon is the small front sail of the ship.

Mithra is an Asia Minor deity, whose head was often depicted on coins.

Decuria is a squad of ten people.

Tantalum is mythological. Asia Minor king who committed a terrible crime. He killed his son and, wanting to know if the gods were omniscient, offered them the meat of his child. In the underworld, he was tormented by eternal hunger and thirst. Hence the expression - "tantalum flour".

Danaids - according to the myth, 50 daughters of the Argos king Danae, who, at the instigation of their father, killed their husbands, for which they had to pour water into a bottomless barrel in the underworld forever.

Milliarium is a pillar or stone installed every thousand steps.

Calendars are the first day of every month in the Roman calendar.

Olvia - "Happy", an antique city on the banks of the Dnieper-Bug estuary, located south of the present village of Parutino near Nikolaev.

Gnomon is a sundial.

Clepsydra is a water clock.

Hygieya is the goddess of health; Panakeya (Panacea) - "healer".

Moiraes are the goddesses of fate.

Thasos is an island in the Thracian Sea inhabited by Greeks.

Borisfen - this was the name of the Dnieper in antiquity.

Village - lit. "Field, cornfield" (old-style).

"The King's Friend" is one of top positions at the court of the eastern monarchs.

Astarte is a goddess whose cult was especially revered in Asia Minor.

Dromos is the busiest street in Athens.

Work - slavery (Old Church Slavonic)

Baliy is a doctor (Old Church Slavonic).

Glamor is medicine.

Fifth - shackles on the legs, chains (Old Church Slavonic).

Sisyphus - in Greek. mythology, the king of Corinth, who managed to deceive death and return from the kingdom of the dead to earth. For this, he was forced to forever roll a heavy stone up the mountain, which, having barely reached the top, rolled down, and all the work had to start again. Hence the expression "labor of Sisyphus".

Roman magistrates

(from lat. magistratus dignitary, chief)

officials of Ancient Rome during the era of the Republic (509-30 BC). Distinguished magistrates ordinary - regularly elected by the popular assembly, and extraordinary - elected or appointed in extraordinary circumstances curule and non-cultural, as well as higher magistrates, elected in the centuriate comitia, and lower - in the tributary. The highest ordinary magistrates were censors who conducted a census of citizens and followed their morals and behavior, consuls, praetors. The lower ordinary magistrates - the aediles, responsible for order and improvement in the city of Rome, the quaestors in charge of the treasury, etc. A special position among ordinary magistrates was occupied by the tribunes of the people, who controlled the activities of all authorities and protected citizens from their arbitrariness. The highest extraordinary magistrates - the dictator, the chief of the cavalry, etc. By virtue of their power, the magistrates had the right, in matters within their competence, to issue edicts that were binding before the expiration of their term of office, to administer a court, impose fines, and make auspices. The highest magistrates, excluding the censors, had supreme power (empire), which gave the right to lead the army, exercise criminal jurisdiction and have an honorary guard (lictors). The magistrates with the empire and the tribunes of the people convened the Senate and the People's Assembly and presided over their meetings, had a legislative initiative and the right to subject citizens to arrest. In their activities, the magistrates relied on assistants and advisers from among the civil servants assigned to them (Apparitors), as well as their relatives, friends, clients, slaves and freedmen. Roman magistracy (positions) were collegiate, excluding the dictator and the chief of the cavalry, gratuitous, accountable and annual (except for a six-month dictatorship). It was not allowed to concentrate several master's degrees at the same time on one person. Decisions of magistrates could be canceled either by their colleagues, or by magistrates of a higher rank, or by the tribunes of the people (with the exception of the decisions of the dictator). The magistrate had to make important decisions by discussing them in advance in his council or in the senate. The citizen could appeal against the verdict of the magistrate in the people's assembly (the right of provocation). A free-born Roman citizen from the equestrian estate who had served at least 10 years in the cavalry or 20 years in the infantry could run for magistrates. But from the 1st century. BC e., after the emergence of a professional army, military service from applicants for master's degrees was no longer required. The law of Willius (180 BC) established the order of passing the magistracy (ladder of positions): questura, praetor and consulate, and it was forbidden to hold higher magistracy, bypassing lower ones. From the former magistrates, starting with the quaestor, the senate was recruited. Former consuls and praetors headed the administration of the provinces in the capacity of provincial magistrates; formally, the magistrates' power was limited by the popular assembly, in fact by the senate. The master's system was driven by state system Roman civil community, excluding the monarchical and bureaucratic nature of government. In the era of the empire (30 BC. 476 AD), the extraordinary magistrates disappear, and the ordinary are elected by the senate under the control of the emperor. The magistrates are still surrounded by honor, but they are gradually losing real power, which is concentrated in the emperor and the officials appointed by him - prefects, procurators, governors of the provinces, etc.

Political Science: Reference Dictionary. comp. Prof. I. I. Sanzharevsky. 2010 .

Political science. Dictionary. - RSU... V.N. Konovalov. 2010.

See what "Roman magistrates" are in other dictionaries:

The magistrates, the senate, and the people formed the three main branches of government in the Roman republic. In the hands of the magistrates were concentrated the executive power, the right of legislative initiative and (jointly with the Senate) a significant part of the administrative ... ... Collier's Encyclopedia

In ancient Rome, government positions, as well as persons who held these positions; see Master ... Big soviet encyclopedia

- (lat.Magistratus) in Dr. Rome honorary states. positions, as well as persons who held these positions. See Master ... Soviet Historical Encyclopedia

MASTERS (from Latin magistratus dignitary, chief), officials of Ancient Rome in the era of the Republic (509 30 BC). There were distinguished ordinary magistrates who were regularly elected by the people's assembly, and extraordinary ones who were elected or ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Changes in the territory of the Roman state over time. Province (Latin provincia, pl. Provinciae) in Ancient Rome is a unit of administrative territorial division of lands outside the Apennine Peninsula. Before the reforms of Diocletian (c. 296) was the most ... ... Wikipedia

S; g. collect. 1. In some countries Western Europe: a set of officials of justice performing judicial functions. // In Russia before 1917: officials of the judicial department who had the rank of judges. 2. In ancient Rome: the totality of all persons, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from Lat. magistratus chief) 1) in dr. Rome is a public office. For more details see Art. Roman magistrates; 2) The system of judicial departments. Political Science: Dictionary Handbook. comp. Prof. Paul Sanzharevsky I.I .. 2010 ... Political science. Dictionary.

Western Mediterranean in the III century. BC e. The conquest of Italy by Rome - If in the V and even in the IV century. BC e. West Mediterranean knot of contradictions was determined, first of all, by the ongoing struggle between Carthage and the Western Hellenes, then in the III century. a new force emerges in the Mediterranean arena, a growing ... ... The World History. Encyclopedia

Contents: I. R. Modern; II. History of the city of R .; III. Roman history before the fall of the Western R. Empire; IV. Roman law... I. Rome (Roma) the capital of the Italian kingdom, on the Tiber river, in the so-called Roman Campania, at 41 ° 53 54 north ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

General trends and features

In none of the ancient Eastern and ancient states, neither the police itself, nor the police activity itself have clearly stood out from other state bodies and functions.

This was the case in Ancient Babylon, China, India and the Greek states, Rome and in other countries. As a rule, all the tasks of protecting the state from external enemies and maintaining internal order were assigned to professional army units. At the same time, the conduct of special police actions was most often necessary only when organizing mass entertainment events and during large-scale popular performances. For example, the book by the Greek historian Xenophon mentions mastigophores (whip-bearers), police agents and guards of the Persian king Cyrus II (558-530 BC): “They stood there with whips and lashed everyone who wanted to squeeze through the crowd. "

Another curious feature was that in many of the most ancient government systems (ancient oriental, ancient) the role of the police was mainly performed by foreigners, often from the dependent or even slave class.

Under normal conditions, at the grassroots, local, level, order was ensured by the forces of the rural territorial communities themselves, whose life was based on the strict requirements of ancient customs, on the principles of mutual responsibility and collective responsibility.

Ancient india

In ancient India, under the king, there were officials making official reports. The highest government posts were held by dignitaries-mahamatras. Under the Mauryas and in earlier states, there were two types of mahamatras: senayanaks (in charge of protecting the state) and vohariks (in charge of law and order). In addition, King Ashoka introduced special categories of these officials: rajavachanika (executing royal decrees), mahamatras for special assignments, and mahamatras for religious affairs (in charge of dharma). There was a special police apparatus represented by pradeshtars (officials in charge of maintaining public order and punishing criminals).

Ancient Egypt

Of all the countries of the Ancient Eastern world, the most complex and centralized police system was created in Ancient egypt in the XVI-XII centuries. BC. The basis of these bodies was made up of special militarized formations, staffed mainly from Libyan mercenaries. Alone army squads were the personal guard of the pharaoh, others were supposed to suppress popular uprisings inside the country, and still others guarded order on the streets of the capital, bridges, canals and granaries. In the era of the New Kingdom, special detachments began to form to perform their own police functions. Such small military-police units were attached to tax collectors and were attached to temples that traditionally served as a judicial-presence place.

From among the employees were recruited judicial heralds, police executors, messengers and scribes.

Grassroots police units were recruited mainly from captured Nubians (Ethiopians), who performed mainly the role of overseers over slaves and peasants in the construction of pyramids and temples, irrigation facilities and roads. These formations also ensured the protection of the possessions and estates of the pharaohs and large dignitaries, guarded the tombs from looting, pursued swindlers, forgers of measures and weights, papers and letters, murderers and robbers.

In addition, effective secret police.

The leadership of all the police forces was entrusted to the highest official in the apparatus of the pharaoh and the actual ruler of the country - the jati (vizier).

Athenian state

In the archaic period of Athenian history (VIII-VI centuries BC), for the personal protection of the tyrant rulers (originally Peisistratus and his sons, 560-527 BC) there was a national assembly squad of clubmen. For these purposes, special units of the so-called wolf-legs were also used, created from the tallest and most agile slaves.

This practice was common in the Greek city-states. So, at the very beginning of the tyranny of Dionysius in Syracuse in 405 BC. he created a detachment of bodyguards from foreign mercenaries. With this force, he fenced off from the civilian community and put it under strict police control.

Policing in Republican Athens was inextricably linked to city-wide governance and was carried out by many of the 700 re-elected policy officials annually. In general, the activities of such "police" officials-administrators were supervised by one of the archons. The police not only pursued and detained criminals, tracked down and dispersed secret meetings and gatherings, but also watched feasts and other entertainment and mass events, monitored the observance of moral standards by Athenian citizens and in general by all residents of the city. In this the archon was assisted by ten assessors and the same number of astinomachs.

Astinoma acted as controllers of sea freight carriers, and in case of violations, they imposed fines on the captains of the ships. Agoranomas and metranomas monitored the observance of order in the markets (marking and branding of products sold, their quality, correctness of measures and weights, observance of cleanliness in market places, collection of duties from merchants, control of the repertoire of wandering artists). The control over the prices of bread was also important - it was exercised by sitofilaks (10-35 special bread overseers).

Concern for ensuring and maintaining the special position of citizens in the conditions of their relative small number among the entire population of Athens and a widespread prejudice against the police service, which seemed unworthy of the position of a real citizen, and if we take into account the conditions of constant enmity of various political groups, then it is dangerous - as a possible instrument of settling scores , led to the fact that all grassroots police units were formed from mateks (politically unequal residents of Athens), freedman slaves, also specially purchased for these purposes state slaves - Toxots.

In the fight against ordinary crime, the Athenian police units and the relevant officials of the city government actively cooperated with the College of Eleven, which had jurisdiction over the cases of robbers, night thieves and pickpockets and other highly dangerous criminals, as well as the administration of prisons and the execution of sentences. It was at their disposal that a detachment of toxot archers was at their disposal.

Ancient Sparta

The system of police bodies in Ancient Sparta was built in a somewhat peculiar way. As part of state and social reforms, Lycurgus carried out significant in their importance measures to combat one of the most common types of crime - encroachment on the property of citizens. He replaced all the silver and gold money supply that had been in the state before him with metal coins of extremely low value, but the same bulky in volume. As a result, it became impossible to steal or hide such coins.

Strictly speaking, in Sparta there was no special system of police bodies at all, but the entire state for centuries was mobilized to perform one single police function: suppressing the resistance of the population of the conquered country and all-round oppression of state slaves - helots.

In the conquered lands of the Periecs, living in their communities within the Spartiat polis (dominion status) and mainly engaged in trade, navigation, and various crafts, police order was maintained by the forces of harmostas - special military officials.

In order to prevent the slightest attempts of discontent in the territories of Laconia and Messenia, special or "planned" punitive expeditions were periodically carried out. The greatest organization was received by police actions of intimidation against helots. They were called crypts (ambush, cache).

The highest police supervision over the protection of the established order, including in relation to the conquered population, was carried out annually by five re-elected Ephors. It was they who set the time of the next crypt.

Thus, in the Spartan polis, even in archaic times, a real police state, or rather, a police society, with a well-functioning state control and supervisory system and a powerful repressive machine, was created and functioned effectively.

Ancient Rome

A much more organized system of police bodies took shape in the ancient Roman state. A fairly clear police structure and strictly defined tasks, worked out over the centuries, became a model for such institutions that were subsequently created in medieval states.

It should be noted right away that almost all Roman magistrates (officials and officials of the city and state administration) had administrative and police powers, which stemmed from the following rights:

Personal arrest of the offender, bringing him to trial and imposing a fine on him;

The right to seize any thing belonging to the disobedient to ensure his obedience.

The first official representatives of the police forces were probably the celers ("swift"). According to legend, this was a unit of 300 people, specially created to protect Romulus, as well as to carry out his special assignments. Lictors were the permanent persons who for centuries were entrusted with the protection of the highest bodies of state power of the Roman Republic - the Senate and the supreme magistrates (consuls and praetors), as well as the functions of a kind of honor guard.

The police function of the Roman state was called "the general concern for the protection of the internal civil peace and order." The activities of officials (magistrates) involved in ensuring law and order were controlled by one of the two consuls of Rome.

Four curual aediles kept order in the Roman squares, streets and aqueducts (taking care of "the street and the pavement"), organized games and spectacles, supplying the city with food, distributing it among the poor, combating speculation in food and basic necessities, monitoring the implementation building regulations, fire and sanitary requirements, supervised the condition of roads, etc. The aediles were subordinate to detachments armed with swords and whips.

Some police functions were also performed by quaestors (investigators), who not only managed the treasury and archives, but also dealt with trade disputes, investigated various kinds of abuse and criminal cases.

At the grassroots level, the supervision of order was entrusted to the magistracy, united by the name of the “magistracy of twenty-six husbands”. For other police assignments and escorting those arrested to prison in Rome, there were certain lower officials government agencies - viatores (tMogea).

At the beginning of the imperial period, to protect "peace and tranquility", or rather, to ensure the personal power regime of Emperor Octavian Augustus (63 BC - 14 AD), a special paramilitary formation, the Praetorian Guard, was created. They were formed from the barbarians and the inhabitants of the provinces. Caligula (12-41 AD), having come to power in 37, fearing the strength and unpredictability of the Praetorians, dismissed their cohorts and hired instead of them detachments of barbarian Germans, who themselves immediately began to terrorize the inhabitants of the city. The Praetorians nevertheless regained their importance by killing the emperor himself. In the next 300 years of Roman history, the guard was an integral part of the political struggle, an instrument in the hands of clever conspirators and usurpers. The guardsmen overthrew and elevated the rulers of the empire. In 312, under Constantine the Great (306-337), units of the Praetorian Guard were disarmed and disbanded.

However, the system of public order protection itself originated in ancient times and was carried out initially through the activities of three magistrates, called night triumvirs. They were responsible for ensuring the safety of the people of Rome and for lighting the city itself (although the city has always remained submerged in darkness). They were also responsible for extinguishing fires - a real disaster for the city, with its narrow and densely populated streets. To fight the fires at the Triumvirs, a detachment of 20-30 slaves with the necessary tools consisted.

The general leadership of all police formations of the city, including the vigils (night watchmen), was carried out by the head of the city administration - the prefect of Rome. His powers extended also for 150 km around the Eternal City.

The special attitude of the Romans to the police service can be evidenced by the fact that the dead law enforcement officers were buried at the public expense, and on their gravestones they put the inscription: "They died for the Fatherland."

A source: Ivanov Alexey Alekseevich. History of state and law of foreign countries: textbook. manual for university students studying in the specialty "Jurisprudence". A.A. Ivanov. - M .: UNITI-DANA, - 343 p .. 2012 (original)