In this review I will try to collect information about contemporary Russian (and not only) historians. In my opinion, today there are three large pseudo-historical camps: the Black Hundred (monarchist, crunchy), Stalinist and liberal. Outside of these three groups, there are writers who, even if they do not actually belong to academic science, quite fall into the category of popular science, or into the category of writers in the genre of history. Finally, there is academic science, which, however, is also torn apart by ideological squabbles. You can get acquainted with a general list of historians by citation rating.
Stalinist camp
Dugin, Alexander Nikolaevich (not to be confused with the famous imperial) - named a candidate in a number of media outlets historical sciences, associate professor. However, I could not find an alma-mator or university where he is now an assistant professor. Author of the books "The Unknown Gulag", "Stalinism: Legends and Facts". I have not found any traces of this man in academic journals. In relation to Tukhaechvsky, I was caught manipulating sources. Moderate Stalinist.
The Vanguard of Historical Liberation
Polyan, Pavel Markovich - (b. 1952) Ph.D., works at the IG RAS. And academic history is indirectly related to the education of a geographer. Author of books on the topic of conscientious prisoners of war and ostarbeiters and the Holocaust. Moderate liberal.
History writers
Syanova, Elena - (real name Terentyeva, Elena Evgenievna, b. 1965) professional perivodnik. Author of a number of fiction novels on the life of the elites of the Third Reich and a historical and journalistic book " Small tragedies of a big history "(Moscow: Vremya, 2015). Not a professional historian. Feels confident on the air of both radio" Echo of Moscow "and radio" Moscow says ". She caused streams of hatred and curses with her position on Katyn, which he considers to be Khrushchev's falsification Moderate patriot.
Kolpakidi, Alexander Ivanovich - (b. 1962) writer, author of numerous books on the history of special services. Has nothing to do with academic science, but a historian by education. At the moment he is the editor-in-chief of the Algorithm publishing house. Occasionally appeared on Echo of Moscow (http://echo.msk.ru/guests/600705-echo/) but apparently did not come to court. Often appears on the program of Leornid Volodarsky (radio says Moscow). Ideologically, the author can be attributed to the moderate leftist patriotic camp. The author does not have the schizosity ala-Kurginyan, who abandoned the Armenians. The author in the books repeatedly expounds the opposite point of view and often points to the propaganda background of both Soviet and post-Soviet publications. In short, the author is not a renegade and not a liberal, but quite a digestible writer in the genre of history. Moderate leftist patriot.
Academic historians (patriotic wing)
Academic historians (liberal wing)
In order not to be gullible. Khlevnyuk, as an example of connivance at corruption under Stalin, likes to cite the Azerbaijan case of 1948, where Stalin, according to him, after the abuses of the position of senior officials of the Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan SSR were revealed "gave the order to stop all this, and this check was turned off"... In its "very scientific biography"Stalin Khlevlyuk writes that you want" only slightly
chided the Azerbaijani leaders. "The most interesting thing is that Khlevnyue accompanied this open nonsense with references to documents! In particular, to the Decree of the Politburo on the audit of the financial and economic activities of the Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan SSR dated July 30, 1948 (book of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and regional party committees. M .: ROSPEN, 2004, pp. 113-120) Do you know what, in the opinion of the liberals, “turn everything down and scold”? This is the removal of ministers and deputy ministers from their posts, the liquidation of republican bodies (azsnabbyt), the confiscation of dachas (in fact, mini-businesses) of major officials ... Bagirov was not touched, and the members of the Audit Commission were reprimanded and punished for arbitrariness (maybe not deserved, read the details), but only a complete liberalist can call the execution of the Azerbaijani elites by the term "chided".
The GULAG was, it is indisputable historical fact, and it must be studied, like every historical phenomenon, and understand its causes, mechanisms, and consequences. To begin with, you need to at least truthfully diagnose its scale, outline more or less accurate figures. This research is carried out by the historian Alexander Nikolaevich Dugin (not a "geopolitician"!), The author of the books "The Unknown Gulag", "Stalinism: Legends and Facts." He shares his results in the article "If not in a lie: Do the now-widespread notions of the Gulag correspond to the truth?" (Literaturnaya Gazeta, Moscow, May 11-17, 2011, No. 19/6321 /, p. 3: Present past):
Where did the "Gulag land" come from?
One of the first publications on this topic in the West was a book by I. Solonevich, a former employee of the Izvestia newspaper, who was imprisoned in camps and fled abroad in 1934. Solonevich wrote: “I do not think that the total number of all prisoners in these camps was less than five million people. Probably a little more. But, of course, there can be no question of any accuracy of the calculation. "
Replete with numbers and the book of emigrants from Soviet Union prominent figures of the Menshevik Party D. Dalin and B. Nikolayevsky, who claimed that in 1930 the total number of prisoners was 622257 people, in 1931 - about 2 million, in 1933-1935 - about 5 million. In 1942, according to them, there were between 8 and 16 million people in prison.
Other authors cite similar multimillion-dollar figures. S. Cohen, for example, in his work dedicated to N. Bukharin, referring to the works of R. Conquest, notes that by the end of 1939 the number of prisoners in prisons and camps had grown to 9 million people compared with 5 million in 1933-1935 ...
A. Solzhenitsyn in the "GULAG Archipelago" operates with figures in the tens of millions of prisoners. R. Medvedev adheres to the same position. An even greater scope in her calculations was shown by V.A. Chalikova, who claimed that from 1937 to 1950 more than 100 million people were in the camps, of which one in ten died. A. Antonov-Ovseenko believes that from January 1935 to June 1941 19 million 840 thousand people were repressed, of which 7 million were shot.
Concluding a cursory review of the literature on this topic, it is necessary to name another author - O.A. Platonov, who is convinced that as a result of the repressions of 1918-1955, 48 million people died in places of detention.
We note once again that we have given here a far from complete list of publications on the history of criminal law policy in the USSR, but at the same time the content of the overwhelming majority of publications by other authors almost completely coincides with the views of many current publicists.
Let's try to answer a simple and natural question: what, in fact, are the calculations of these authors based on?
On the reliability of historical journalism
So, were there really many tens of millions of repressed, about whom many modern authors speak and write?
This article uses only genuine archival documents that are stored in the leading Russian archives, primarily in the State Archives of the Russian Federation (former TsGAOR of the USSR) and the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (former TsPA IML).
Let's try, based on the documents, to determine the real picture of the criminal law policy of the USSR in the 30-50s of the XX century. To begin with, two tables compiled from archival materials.
Let us compare the archival data with those publications that have appeared in Russia and abroad. For example, R.A. Medvedev wrote that “in 1937-1938, according to my calculations, from 5 to 7 million people were repressed: about a million party members and about a million former party members as a result of the party purges of the late 1920s and the first half of the 1930s. ; the remaining 3-5 million people are non-partisan, belonging to all strata of the population. Most of those arrested in 1937-1938 ended up in forced labor camps, a dense network of which covered the entire country. "
Assuming that R.A. Medvedev is aware of the existence in the GULAG system not only of forced labor camps, but also correctional labor colonies, let us first dwell in more detail on the forced labor camps he writes about.
From table 1 it follows that as of January 1, 1937, there were 820,881 people in forced labor camps, on January 1, 1938 - 996,367 people, as of January 1, 1939 - 1,317,195 people. But it is impossible, automatically adding these numbers, to get the total number of those arrested in 1937-1938.
One of the reasons is that every year a certain number of prisoners were released from the camps after serving their sentences or for other reasons. Let us cite these data: in 1937, 364,437 people were released from the camps, in 1938 - 279,966 people. By simple calculations, we find that in 1937 539,923 people entered the forced labor camps, and in 1938 - 600,724 people.
Thus, according to archival data, in 1937-1938, the total number of prisoners newly admitted to the GULAG labor camps was 1,140,647 people, not 5-7 million.
But this figure says little about the motives of the repression, that is, about who the repressed were.
It should be noted the obvious fact that among the prisoners were those arrested for both political and criminal matters. Among those arrested in 1937-1938 were, of course, both "ordinary" criminals, and those arrested under the notorious Article 58 of the RSFSR Criminal Code. It seems that, first of all, it is precisely these people arrested under Article 58 that should be considered victims political repression 1937-1938 years. How many were there?
The archival documents have an answer to this question as well (see table 2). In 1937, under Article 58 - for counter-revolutionary crimes - there were 104,826 people in the gulag camps, or 12.8% of the total number of prisoners, in 1938 - 185,324 people (18.6%), in 1939 - 454,432 people (34, five%).
Thus, the total number of those repressed in 1937-1938 for political reasons and in forced labor camps, as can be seen from the above documents, should be reduced from 5-7 million by at least ten times.
Let us turn to another publication of the already mentioned V. Chalikova, which gives the following figures: “Based on various data, calculations show that in 1937-1950 there were 8-12 million people in the camps, which occupied vast spaces. If we accept a lower figure out of caution, with a camp mortality rate of 10 percent ... that would mean twelve million deaths in fourteen years. With a million shot "kulaks", with victims of collectivization, hunger and post-war repressions, this will amount to at least twenty million. "
Let's turn to archive table 1 again and see how plausible this version is. Subtracting from the total number of prisoners the number of those released annually at the end of the sentence or for other reasons, we can conclude: in 1937-1950, about 8 million people were in forced labor camps.
It seems appropriate to remind once again that not all prisoners were repressed for political reasons. If we subtract murderers, robbers, rapists and other representatives of the criminal world from their total number, it becomes clear that about two million people passed through forced labor camps in 1937-1950 under "political" articles.
About dispossession
Let us now turn to the consideration of the second major part of the Gulag - the corrective labor colonies. In the second half of the 1920s, a system of serving sentences was formed in our country, providing for several types of imprisonment: correctional labor camps (which were mentioned above) and general places of detention - colonies. The basis for such a division was the term of punishment to which this or that prisoner was sentenced. When sentenced to short terms - up to 3 years - the sentence was served in common places of imprisonment - colonies. And when sentenced to more than 3 years - in forced labor camps, to which several special camps were added in 1948.
Returning to Table 1 and bearing in mind that, on average, 10.1% of convicts for political reasons were in correctional labor colonies, we can get a preliminary figure for the colonies for the entire period of the 30s - early 50s.
During 1930-1953, 6.5 million people visited the correctional labor colonies, of which about 1.3 million people under "political" articles.
Let's say a few words about dispossession. When they call the figure of 16 million dispossessed people, apparently they use the GULAG Archipelago: “There was a stream of the 29-30s, into the good Ob, which pushed fifteen million peasants into the tundra and taiga, but somehow not more.”
Let us turn again to the archival documents. The history of special resettlement begins in 1929-1930. On January 18, 1930, G. Yagoda sent a directive to the permanent representatives of the OGPU in Ukraine, Belarus, the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth - the White Guard element is relied on for eviction. "
Based on the results of this “work”, a certificate of the Department of Special Settlements of the GULAG of the OGPU was compiled, which indicated the number of evicted in 1930-1931: 381,026 families, or 1,803,392 people.
Thus, relying on the above archival data of the OGPU-NKVD-Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, an intermediate, but, as it seems, a very reliable conclusion can be drawn: in the 30-50s, according to "political" articles, 3,4- 3.7 million people.
Moreover, these figures do not mean at all that there were no real terrorists, saboteurs, traitors to the Motherland, etc. among these people. However, to solve this problem, it is necessary to study other archival documents.
Summing up the results of the study of archival documents, you come to an unexpected conclusion: the scale of the criminal law policy associated with the Stalinist period of our history does not differ too much from similar indicators modern Russia... In the early 90s, there were 765 thousand prisoners in the system of the Main Directorate of Correctional Affairs of the USSR, and 200 thousand in jail. Almost the same rates exist today. "
REFERENCE: Dugin, Alexander Nikolaevich. Born in 1944 Graduated from the Moscow State Institute of History and Archives. He taught at the Graduate Correspondence School of Law. Candidate of Historical Sciences (1988), thesis topic “ Bodies of the Moscow city police in 1917-1930».
APPENDIX 1.
O. V. Lavinskaya Extrajudicial rehabilitation of victims of political repression in the USSR in 1953-1956 "... Candidate of Historical Sciences (2007).
A number of works contain digital calculations on the number of rehabilitated people, while there is a serious scatter in the data: from 258 322 people in 1952-1962 (1) to 737 182 (2) and even 800 thousand people (3). According to the calculations of the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office in 1954-1960. 530 thousand convicted in the 30s were rehabilitated, including more than 25 thousand repressed by extrajudicial bodies (4). Not relying on documentary data, researchers sometimes overestimate their number. Thus, in the "Black Book of Communism" we read that "in 1956-1957, about 310,000" counter-revolutionaries "left the Gulag (5). According to V.P. Naumov's calculations, as a result of the work of the commissions in 1956, “hundreds of thousands of prisoners in the camps were released as political criminals and returned to their homes.” (6) In another place, he spoke about a million prisoners and exiles who were freed after XX congress (7). Although according to archival sources, the number of political prisoners in the camps as of January 1, 1956 was "only" 113,735 people (8), and during March-October 1956, 51,000 people were released from the camps (9)
1. From an interview with the head of the Department of Rehabilitation of the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office Merchant. // Moscow news. 1996 March 24-31. P.14.
2. XX Congress of the CPSU and its historical realities. M. 1991.P.63
3. Book of memory of victims of political repression. Kazan. 2000.
4. Massacre. Prosecutor's fates. M., 1990.S. 317.
5. The Black Book of Communism. M. 1999.S. 248.
6. Naumov V.P. NS Khrushchev and rehabilitation of victims of political repression. // Questions of history. 1997. No. 4. P.31.
7. Naumov V.P. On the history of the secret report of N.S. Khrushchev. // New and recent history. 1996. №4.
8. The data are taken from the report of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Central Committee of the CPSU on April 5, 1956. In the book: GULAG: Main Department of Camps. 1918-1960. M. 2000.S. 165.
9. See: GA RF. F. R-7523. Op. 89. D. 8850. L. 66. Rogovin, referring to the publication in No. 4 of the "Historical Archive" for 1993, calls the figure - 50 944 people. See: V. Rogovin Uk. op. P.472.
APPENDIX 2:
In the Russian Federation, since 1992, about 640,000 people have been rehabilitated by decision of the commissions.
Dugin Alexander Nikolaevich, born in 1980, citizen of the Russian Federation.
Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Management, Candidate economic sciences, assistant professor.
The degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences was awarded by the Dissertation Council of the Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy on April 21, 2006 (No. 10) and approved by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation on September 22, 2006 (No. 34k / 47).
The academic title of Associate Professor at the Department of Accounting, Analysis and Audit was awarded by order of the Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science of April 15, 2009 No. 773/437-d.
AREA OF SCIENTIFIC INTERESTS
Economic efficiency of the functioning of pedigree cattle-breeding organizations, analysis of the financial condition of commercial organizations, economic assessment of the effectiveness of investment projects.
EDUCATION
Graduated in 2002 from the Faculty of Economics of the Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy as an economist with a degree in Accounting and Auditing.
JOB
The total work experience and experience of scientific and pedagogical work is 13 years.
Has 31 scientific and 10 educational and methodical publications with a volume of about 54 printed sheets.
TRAINING
In 2009, he passed refresher courses at the Belarusian State Agrarian University under the program "Organization of agribusiness".
In 2010, he passed refresher courses at the Nepetsino DDO of the Administrative Department of the President of the Russian Federation on the topic "Preparing a teacher for working with gifted children and youth" within the framework of the All-Russian conference of students "National Treasure of Russia".
In 2011, he completed a short-term training at the Institute of Additional vocational education "VSHU AIC" RGAU-Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev on the topic "Problems and prospects for the implementation of basic educational programs in the direction of" Management "in agricultural universities."
In 2013 he attended a certified course "1C: Enterprise 8". Using the "Enterprise Accounting" configuration (user modes) Ed. 2.0 in the Certified Training Center of Yarosoft LLC.
In 2013 passed full course training "Consultant Plus Technology PROF within the framework of the workshop" Using the Consultant Plus System in the educational process and successfully completed the test of the "Professional" level.
In 2015, he took courses to master the possibilities of using the accounting reference system "System Glavbuh" and the GARANT aero system.
TEACHING DISCIPLINES
Statistics;
Accounting and analysis.
(slided \u003d Achievements)
(slided \u003d List of Scientific Papers)
|
Name of work, its type |
Form of work |
Output |
||||
|
Article "Efficiency of milk production in agricultural enterprises of the Yaroslavl Municipal District" |
Printed |
Socio-economic problems of the agro-industrial complex and humanization of society: materials of the international scientific conference. - Yaroslavl: YAGSKhA, 2003. - p. 145 - 151 |
||||
|
Article "Financial and economic efficiency of the functioning of livestock breeding agricultural enterprises" |
Printed |
Socio-economic problems of the agro-industrial complex and humanization of society: materials of the international scientific conference. - Yaroslavl: FGOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2004. - p. 149 - 158 |
||||
|
Article "The effectiveness of intensification of pedigree dairy cattle breeding" |
Printed |
Socio-economic problems of the agro-industrial complex and humanization of society: materials of the international scientific conference of young scientists. - Yaroslavl: FGOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2005. - p. 32 - 37 |
||||
|
Article "Marginal analysis of the economic efficiency of livestock production in livestock breeding enterprises of the Yaroslavl region" |
Printed |
Agro-industrial complex: state and development prospects. Sat. scientific. tr. "Interregional scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor A. K. Ermolaev" - Velikiye Luki: FGOU HPE "Velikie Luki State Agricultural Academy", 2005. - p. 389 - 395 |
||||
|
Article "State of the regional market of pedigree young cattle" |
Printed |
Actual problems of increasing the efficiency of reforming in the agro-industrial complex and humanization of society. - Yaroslavl: FGOU VPO YAGSKhA, 2006. - p. 44-48 |
||||
|
Article "Problems of increasing the efficiency of pedigree cattle breeding organizations" |
Printed |
Social partnership in the educational sphere: experience, problems and development prospects: Sat. articles of conference participants / Fourth international scientific and practical conference "Social partnership in the educational sphere: experience, problems and development prospects." Third book. Yaroslavl, April 20, 2007. // Under the scientific editorship of Professor O.I. Zatsepina. - Yaroslavl, YaF AT and SO, 2007. - p. 70-78 |
P.I. Dugin |
|||
|
The article "Technical and technological and economic processes in the system of realizing the interests of agricultural producers " |
Printed |
Information bulletin of the information and consulting service of the agro-industrial complex of the Yaroslavl region, the department of the agro-industrial complex of the Yaroslavl region. - Yaroslavl: GOU YAO "Information and Consulting Service of the agro-industrial complex, 2007. - No. 12 (125) - p. 25-27, 2008. - No. 1 (126) - p. 21-25. |
P.I.Dugin, T.I. Dugin, S.A. Ivani-khin, S.M. Borovitsky |
|||
|
Organizational and economic mechanism for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of livestock breeding enterprises |
Printed |
Monograph - |
P.I.Dugin, T.I. Dugin |
|||
|
Problems of increasing the efficiency of functioning of pedigree cattle breeding organizations (methodological issues of theory and practice) |
Printed |
Monograph - Moscow: FGOU VPO RGAU - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazeva, 2007. |
P.I. Dugin, T. I. Dugina |
|||
|
Article "Budgetary efficiency of the functioning of pedigree cattle breeding organizations of the Yaroslavl region (tax aspect)" |
Printed |
Bulletin of the agro-industrial complex of the Upper Volga region. - - No. 3 (7), September 2009 - pp. 34-46. |
||||
|
Article "State support of pedigree cattle breeding organizations of the Yaroslavl region" |
Printed |
Bulletin of the agro-industrial complex of the Upper Volga region. - Yaroslavl: FGOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2010. - No. 1 (9), March 2010 - p.21-30. |
||||
|
Article "Budgetary efficiency of the functioning of livestock breeding organizations" |
Printed |
Collection of abstracts of the participants of the IV All-Russian conference of students "NATIONAL HERITAGE OF RUSSIA". - National Assembly "Integration", State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, ROSKOSMOS, RANS, RIA, RAO, 2010 - 1056 p. (p. 1008-1009) |
||||
|
Problems of the effectiveness of innovative development of dairy cattle breeding |
Printed |
Monograph - M .: "Center modern education, 2010. |
Dugin P.I., Dugina T.I., Berdyshev V.E., Borovitsky M.V., Barakhoeva L.R., Borina S.A., Borovitsky S.M., Vasilieva G.L., Rychagova M .AND. |
|||
|
Article "Methodology for deterministic factor analysis of the cost of production of pig products" |
Printed |
Bulletin of the agro-industrial complex of the Upper Volga region. - Yaroslavl: FGOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2010. - No. 4 (12), December 2010 - p.11-18. |
Ippolitova S.A. |
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|
Article "Deterministic factor analysis of the economic profitability of agricultural organizations in the Yaroslavl region" |
Printed |
Bulletin of the agro-industrial complex of the Upper Volga region. - Yaroslavl: FGBOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2011. - No. 4 (16), December 2011 - pp. 9-17. |
Kuznetsova Ya.V., Skorobogatova I.O. |
|||
|
Development of typical models of innovative clusters in the agro-industrial complex on the example of the Yaroslavl region |
Printed |
Final report: FGBOU VPO YAGSKhA, Yaroslavl, 2012. |
Golubeva A.I., Dugin A.N., Dorokhova V.I., Shumatbaeva Yu.V. |
|||
|
Article "Assessment of the impact of the cost of young cattle on the level of solvency of an agricultural organization" |
Printed |
Bulletin of the agro-industrial complex of the Upper Volga region. - Yaroslavl: FGBOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2012. - No. 3 (19), September 2012 - pp. 13-19. |
Kozel I.S. |
|||
|
Article "Efficiency of the formation and use of biogenic resources of dairy cattle breeding" |
Printed |
Bulletin of the agro-industrial complex of the Upper Volga region. - Yaroslavl: FGBOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2013. - No. 1 (21), March 2013 - p.3-20. |
Dugin P.I., Dugina T.I. |
|||
|
Article "Rationale and prerequisites for the creation of sectoral clusters in the agro-industrial complex (on the example of the Yaroslavl region)" |
Printed |
Bulletin of Altai State Agrarian University. - Barnaul: FGBOU VPO "Altai OGAU", 2013. - No. 2 (100). - from. 146 - 153. |
Golubeva A.I., Dorokhova V.I., Shumatbaeva Yu.V. |
|||
|
Article "Assessment of the external environment of the functioning of poultry organizations in the Yaroslavl region" |
Printed |
Bulletin of the agro-industrial complex of the Upper Volga region. - Yaroslavl: FGBOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2013. - No. 2 (22), June 2013 - pp. 15-29. |
Dugina N.E., Ivantsova A.V. |
|||
|
Article "Experience and problems of development of agricultural consumer cooperatives in the Yaroslavl region" |
Printed |
Increasing the competitiveness of stronghold products on the domestic and international markets. Collection of materials V international scientific and practical conference. 13-14 worms 2013 p. Odessa State Agrarian University. - from. 42-44. |
Golubeva A.I., Dorokhova V.I. |
|||
|
Article "The organizational and economic mechanism of the functioning of rural consumer cooperatives (based on the materials of the Yaroslavl region)" |
Printed |
Scientific list of the National University of Bioresources and Natural Resources of Ukraine. Series "Economics, agricultural management, business" / Editorial board: D.O. Melnichuk (vidp. Ed.) And in. - K., 2013. - Vip. 181, part 2. - from. 105-112. |
Golubeva A.I., Dorokhova V.I. |
|||
|
Article "State and prospects for the development of agricultural consumer cooperatives (based on the materials of the Yaroslavl region)" |
Printed |
Bulletin of the agro-industrial complex of the Upper Volga region. - Yaroslavl: FGBOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2013. - No. 4 (24), December 2013 - pp. 8-17. |
Golubeva A.I., Dorokhova V.I. |
|||
|
Systems of innovation clusters in the agro-industrial complex |
Printed |
|||||
|
Organization and functioning of agricultural consumer cooperatives |
Printed |
Parakhin N.V., Dugin P.I., Shilov A.N., Golubeva A.I., Dugina T.I., Voronova L.V., Dorokhova V.I. |
||||
|
Printed |
Bulletin of the agro-industrial complex of the Upper Volga region. - Yaroslavl: FGBOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2014. - No. 3 (27), September 2014 - p. 3-8. |
|||||
|
The article “Scientific heritage of A.V. Chayanov and the problems of the development of agricultural consumer cooperation " |
Printed |
Present and future of the agro-industrial complex of Russia: collection of articles. materials of the V All-Russian Congress of Agricultural Economists, dedicated to the 125th anniversary of A.V. Chayanova (November 21-22, 2013, Moscow): scientific. ed. - Volume II. - M .: FGBNU "Rosinformagrotech", 2014. - 192 p. (article 8-15) |
A. I. Golubeva, Voronova L.V., Dorokhova V.I. |
|||
|
Article "Problems of development of rural areas and the agricultural economy of the region" |
Printed |
Bulletin of the agro-industrial complex of the Upper Volga region. - Yaroslavl: FGBOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2014. - No. 4 (28), December 2014 - p. 3-10. |
Golubeva A.I., Dorokhova V.I., Sukhovskaya A.M. |
|||
|
Article "Assessment of the capital structure of agricultural organizations of the Yaroslavl region" " |
Printed |
Bulletin of the agro-industrial complex of the Upper Volga region. - Yaroslavl: FGBOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2015. - No. 1 (29), March 2015 - pp. 3-7. |
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|
Article "Methodological approaches to the zoning of rural areas based on a set of indicators for assessing the level of sustainability of their development" |
Printed |
Bulletin of Michurinsk State Agrarian University. - Michurinsk: Publishing House of Michurinsk State Agrarian University, 2015. - No. 3 2015 - pp. 142-148. |
Golubeva A.I., Dorokhova V.I., Sukhovskaya A.M. |
|||
|
Regularities of the formation and efficiency of changes in factors and conditions of reproduction in agriculture |
Printed |
Monograph - Yaroslavl: Publishing house of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy, 2015 .-- 532 p. |
N.V. Parakhin, A.I. Golubeva, P.I. Dugin, T.I. Dugin, V.N. Galin, V.I. Dorokhova, L.N. Ivanikhina, M.G. Sysoeva, A.M. Sukhovskaya |
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(slided \u003d List of teaching materials)
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Name of work, its type |
Form of work |
Output |
||||
|
Methodical instructions "Analysis and diagnostics of financial and economic activities of the enterprise" |
Printed |
Yaroslavl: FGOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2004. |
A.I. Golubeva, L.A. Samoilova, N.A. Kuznetsova |
|||
|
Textbook "Organization and methodology of course and diploma design in agricultural economics for students faculty of Economics"With the stamp of the Ministry agriculture RF |
Printed |
Yaroslavl: FGOU VPO YAGSKHA, 2006. |
P.I. Dugin, T.I. Dugina, V.I. Mostovaya, M.G. Sysoeva, I.S. Garin, G.L. Bartseva, M.A. Rychagova, L.R. Barakhoeva, |
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Textbook "Methodology for the development of final qualifying work for students of the Faculty of Economics" with the stamp of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation |
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Yaroslavl: FGOU VPO YAGSKhA, 2007. |
T.I. Dugin, P.I.Dugin, I.I. Pronin, N. Yu. Serov |
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Textbook "Economic efficiency of agricultural organizations" with the stamp of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation |
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Yaroslavl: FGOU VPO YAGSKhA, 2007. |
P. I. Dugin, T. I. Dugina, |
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Methodological instructions for the implementation of course projects on "Economic analysis of the economic activity of agricultural enterprises" |
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Yaroslavl: FGOU VPO YAGSKhA, 2008. |
A.I. Golubeva, L.A. Samoilov |
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Workshop on a comprehensive economic analysis of the economic activities of the enterprise |
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Yaroslavl: FGOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2009. |
A.I. Golubeva, L.A. Samoilov |
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Methodology for the development of final qualifying work by students of agricultural universities full-time and extramural forms training in the specialty "Accounting, Analysis and Auditing" |
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Yaroslavl: FGOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2009. |
A.I. Golubeva, E.A. Korotkova, E.A. Smirnova, T. Ya. Bazlova, T.N. Travnikova, L.A. Samoilova, N.A. Razin |
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Methodological guidelines for writing a term paper in the discipline "Financial and Management Analysis" of the direction 080100.62 - Economics, profile "Finance and Credit", degree - Bachelor of Economics, for full-time and part-time students of the 3 course of the Faculty of Economics |
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Yaroslavl: OOO PKF SOYUZ-PRESS, 2012. |
A.V. Ivantsova |
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Methodology for the development of final qualifying work by students of the Faculty of Economics in the direction of preparation 080100.62 - Economics, profile "Accounting, Analysis and Audit", qualification - bachelor: textbook |
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A.I. Golubeva, E.A. Korotkova, E.A. Smirnova, T.N. Travnikova, L.A. Samoilova, N.A. Razin |
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Textbook on the discipline "Accounting (financial) accounting" for students of the Faculty of Economics in the direction 080100.62 "Economics", qualification - Bachelor of Economics in the profile "Accounting, Analysis and Audit" |
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Yaroslavl: FGOU VPO "Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy", 2014. |
E.A. Korotkova |
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(slided \u003d Students' Scientific Achievements)
In recent years, interest in J.V. Stalin as a politician and a person has flared up with renewed vigor. One of the first publications about the "Stalinist repressions" that came out in the West is a book by a former employee of the Izvestia newspaper, I. L. Solonevich, who was imprisoned in camps and fled abroad in 1934.
Solonevich wrote: “I do not think that the total number of all prisoners in these camps was less than five million people. Probably a little more. But, of course, there can be no question of any precision in the calculation. " (underlined by me - A.D.).
The book of prominent Menshevik Party leaders D. Dalin and B. Nikolaevsky who emigrated from the Soviet Union is replete with numbers, who claimed that in 1930 the total number of prisoners was 622,257 people, in 1931 - about 2 million, in 1933-1935. - about 5 million, and in 1942, in places of imprisonment, in their opinion, there were from 8 to 16 million people.
Other authors cite similar multimillion-dollar figures: R. Conquest, S. Svyanevich, T. Cliff, P. Juwiller.
In the perestroika years and in the early 90s, this interest was reinforced by myths about the fantastic scale of repressions in the 20s - 50s of the last century. Various foreign and domestic authors literally competed with each other in describing the size of the "bloody lawlessness committed by Stalin and his henchmen." The terrifying figures of those shot, expelled, dispossessed were named - even absolutely unthinkable data appeared about 100 million (!!! ???) repressed citizens of the USSR.
The publication of R.A. Medvedev in Moscow News (November 1988) on the statistics of victims of Stalinism. According to his calculations, for the period 1927-1953. about 40 million people were repressed, including dispossessed, deported, who died of hunger in 1933. In 1989-1991. this figure was one of the most popular in the propaganda of the "crimes" of Stalinism and has become quite firmly entrenched in the mass consciousness.
A.V. Antonov-Ovseenko believes that from January 1935 to June 1941 19 million 840 thousand people were repressed, of which 7 million were shot. Finishing a cursory and far from complete review of the literature, it is necessary to name another author - O. A. Platonov, who is convinced that as a result of the repressions of 1918-1955, 48 million people died in prison.
His contribution to the falsification of the question of the number of prisoners was also made by N.S. Khrushchev, who wrote in his memoirs: "... When Stalin died, there were up to 10 million people in the camps ...".
Even if the term "camps" is understood broadly, including also colonies and prisons, then taking this into account, at the beginning of 1953 there were about 2.6 million prisoners. The State Archives of the Russian Federation (GA RF) contains copies of memoranda from the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs addressed to N. S. Khrushchev with an indication of the exact number of prisoners, including at the time of I.V. Stalin. Consequently, N.S. Khrushchev was well informed about the true number of prisoners and deliberately exaggerated it almost four times.
Later it turned out that all this hype had nothing to do with the real events of our history associated with the name of Stalin. Professional historians were able to show and prove the groundlessness of fabrications about the scale of criminal prosecution in our country during the years of Stalin's rule.
By the way, in the 30s of the last century, the Americans did not begin to make tragedies out of their own, real-life, “GULAG”. On the contrary, they presented it as a kind of charity of the then President Roosevelt. The masses of the unnecessary population were sent to public works. In total, in 1933-1939, not counting prisoners, 3.3 million people were simultaneously employed in the construction of canals, roads and bridges. In total, 8.5 million people went through the womb of the American Gulag of "public works". This American hard labor was headed by the Minister of the Interior G. Ickes. Beginning in 1932, he put about 2 million Americans in camps for unemployed youth. Moreover, from $ 30 of nominal wages, the mandatory deductions were $ 25. In total, $ 5 a month for hard labor.
If in the USSR prisoners were building canals, then the American unemployed "Gulag" in the same years built a number of dams for hydroelectric power stations, in particular the famous dam on Niagara.
A significant contribution to fanning anti-Stalinist hysteria was made by the former head of the party and political apparatus of the Soviet Army, former Army General D.A. Volkogonov. To illustrate the specifics of his work with archival sources, we will be helped by the memoirs of the currently living employees of the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History. Working on his next book of "revelations", these archivists recall, Volkogonov received the unprecedented right to export dozens of volumes of original documents about F.E. Dzerzhinsky.
Time passed, and they received Volkogonov's manuscript for review, which they decided to compare with the content of the documents issued to him. It turned out that after receiving the archives, Volkogonov used in his work the original texts of only the first and last lines of documents. He rewrote the main, substantive part of these documents, on his own behalf. But, his name and his authorship, while not naming.
This is how the perestroika falsification of the Soviet period of Russian history was forged. It is no coincidence that this style of Volkogonov's work was characterized by one of the authoritative Western historians, S. Cohen, as a graphomaniac man with a painful desire to rewrite the history of his country.
The already mentioned R.A. Medvedev, being a candidate of pedagogical sciences in the 80s, was not even shy about the fact that he had never been in the archives. And not only was he not shy, but literally flaunting this circumstance. It would seem that almost a quarter has passed since his first publications about Stalin and R.A. Medvedev should have grown wiser!
In the language of motorists, it was time to put on the brakes ... However ... RA did not become. Medvedev is a serious historian. Having opened his recently published book "Unknown Stalin", we read all the same old insinuations about 1937, when "several million people were arrested and died."
Although, in fairness, it should be noted that not only R.A. Medvedev cannot (or perhaps does not want?) To abandon his previous erroneous assessments of I.V. Stalin as a politician and a person. Some publicists, for example, the writer Edward Radzinsky, do not hesitate even today to voice yesterday's tales about Stalin, which have outlived their scientific and political age.
"Works" of false historians of the level of Volkogonov, Medvedev, Conquest, and many other followers of the consciously sincere, voluntary distortion of Stalin's time have been published and are being published in huge numbers in print media, in radio and television broadcasts. These statements have acquired the level of axiomatic statements in the mass consciousness.
Let us cite, as an example, the recent speech of the young Italian journalist Giuseppe D, Amato in the newspaper Moskovsky Komsomolets. In his article, he writes: “Throughout the communist period, 22 million Soviet citizens were shot or died in the GULAG, as stated by the historian Dmitry Volkogonov, who is familiar with secret documents in Soviet archives. His other colleagues call about the same figure ... ”. This journalist does not even come up with the simple idea of \u200b\u200bchecking the reliability of such figures. Why? Probably because the stereotype about the “bloody maniac Stalin” has already been firmly formed and one does not want to abandon it, and sometimes it is not financially profitable. Remember the circulation of the malicious and unconfirmed fabrications about Stalin by the same Radzinsky. Incidentally, it would be nice for Radzinsky to recall his own participation in the publication of the multivolume collection of archival documents Lubyanka. Stalin and the NKVD ... ", which contains materials that directly confirm the complete inconsistency of Radzinsky's fabrications about Stalin. But, as the saying goes, you can't wash a black dog to white.
I would like to remind you that a significant role in the reassessment of Stalin's political role was played by the political report of N.S. Khrushchev at the XX Congress of the CPSU. It was with great difficulty and surprise that the peoples of the Soviet Union realized Stalin's assessments expressed in this report. But the wrathful indignation of Khrushchev himself with the "cult of Stalin's personality" did not allow doubting the sincerity of the speaker.
Until recently, professional historians have not studied the reliability of the main points of this report. And a few months ago, for the first time in Russian, a monograph by the American philosopher and historian Grover Ferrat was published, in which the author analyzes Khrushchev's report at the XX Congress of the CPSU in 1956 and proves that “... from all the statements of the“ closed ”report, directly "Exposing" Stalin and Beria, there was not a single truthful one.
More precisely, among all those of them that are verifiable, all of them turned out to be false. As it turns out, in his speech Khrushchev did not say anything about Stalin and Beria that would be true. "
According to the available information, the works of domestic specialists on the "history of Stalinist repressions", in which numerous myths of Western researchers about Stalin have been debunked, were considered even by the US Central Intelligence Agency. To their credit, the CIA officers were forced to accept the objectivity of our professionals' conclusions. It would seem that the questions to Stalin about the huge "Gulag Archipelago" have been removed and become a thing of the past.
But, unexpectedly, it turned out that the story with “ stalinist repression”Did not end there. After a short break, more and more publications began to appear, in which the emphasis was shifted from untenable assumptions about the scale of repression to the methods and methods of Stalin building a new state formation - the Soviet Union.
I would like to cite several examples of numerous unscrupulous, cynical insinuations used by unscrupulous opponents of an objective study of Russian history, including that difficult and ambiguous period that is directly connected with the name of Stalin.
Legend of collectivization
Many modern historians, accusing Stalin of all mortal sins, ascribe to him the inhuman idea of \u200b\u200baccelerated industrialization due to the merciless exploitation of the peasants, the confiscation of even seed grain from them, which led to the "multimillion-dollar" victims of famine in the early 30s. This version is nothing more than an invention of incompetent publicists or historians who gouge the one-sided rut of "criminal" Stalinist narrow-mindedness and autocracy.
Indeed, in 1928 - 1932. for the export of grain, the Soviet Union received 442 million rubles, but a significant part of this amount was spent on the purchase of agricultural machinery for the village. As KK Romanenko rightly notes, “in the whole country in 1932, grain export was only 500 thousand tons. That is, with 190 million inhabitants of the USSR - 26 grams per person. "
Then a logical question arises: where did hunger come from? In the late 1920s and early 1930s, not only state but also cooperative bodies were engaged in the purchase of grain. In 1932, the state bought just over 30% of the harvested crop, a significant part of it ended up in private hands; hence the speculative prices and the impossibility of purchasing grain by the population at inflated prices on the black market. Historians, however, with a pre-formulated concept of the "criminal Stalinist regime" in general, modestly downcasting their gaze, omit these problems from their research. In historical science, this approach is called biased.
The legend of Stalin's suspicion
It is very easy to debunk the well-known myth of Stalin's maniacal suspicion, reminding readers of a few lines from the book of the prominent Russian historian Yu.N. Zhukov “Another Stalin”:
“For almost two years after Kirov's assassination, despite the officially put forward a new thesis about terrorism as the main weapon of the former opposition, the security service of the highest officials of the USSR remained unchanged. It was formed in October 1920 as a special department under the Presidium of the board of the Cheka and consisted of only 14 people, headed by A.Ya. Belenky. In 1930. the special department became part of the operational department of the OGPU, having received K.V. Pauker as its chief. And it increased over the entire period of its existence to a little more than a hundred people, which was simply explained. If from the end of 1920, the employees of the special department ensured the safety of only three - Lenin, Trotsky and Dzerzhinsky, then starting from June 8, 1927 - already seventeen: all members and candidates for members of the PB (they are also the leadership of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR). Only with the appointment of Yezhov as People's Commissar of Internal Affairs in the structure of the GUGB on November 28, 1936. formed an independent first (security) department. " And until 1936, Stalin continued to walk from the Kremlin to Staraya Square to numerous party meetings. It took a special decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee for "Comrade Stalin to stop walking."
(Here it would be appropriate, in my opinion, to talk about real attempts on the life of I.V. Stalin - A.D.).
About forged archival documents
Serious, professional historians and even students of historical faculties of universities are well aware of the auxiliary historical science, which is called "source study". This science, so as not to tire readers with details, is designed to answer a simple question: is this or, as the professionals say, “representative” of this or that document, with which researchers in archives work?
Both in our and in foreign archives such "unreliable" documents were discovered earlier, and they are being revealed now. For example, in the early 90s, during the trial of the CPSU, the Constitutional Court of Russia rejected two documents of the plaintiffs as not credible: L.P. Beria's note dated March 29, 1940. on the execution of captured Polish servicemen and the corresponding decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of March 5, 1940.
It should be noted here that in the television program “Witnesses. Secrets of the Kremlin protocols ”Valentin Falin stressed that, wanting to snatch (literally) documents about his participation in the repressions, NS Khrushchev ordered the creation of a special group of 200 KGB officers to seize and forge archival documents. (The program was aired on March 31, 2011 on the Russia 1 channel: 23h 50m - 00h 20m.)
The main impression of new job E. Radzinsky ("Joseph Stalin". M., 2012), dedicated to I.V. Stalin, it is easy to express in a few words: striking in breadth ignorance and deliberate falsification of history, complete contempt for archival documents, inability and unwillingness to work with them, endless hatred and vicious, militant incompetence towards I.V. Stalin as a person and a politician.
Radzinsky gives his entire author's text to a certain Fuji - a childhood friend and future omnipresent ally of Stalin. According to Edward Stanislavovich, in 1976 he received a typewritten text of Fuji's diary entries in Paris. Fuji is a fantastic figure, he is with Stalin everywhere and always: before October 1917 and during October, after the revolution and during civil war, during and after the internal party struggle, in the late 20s and 30s. Fuji is almost a witness to the murder of his father by young Joseph Dzhugashvili, Fuji is like a decoy sexot - in the same cell on the Lubyanka with Bukharin, he is the organizer of the secret meeting between Stalin and Hitler, he controls the execution of Polish officers in Katyn ... I would like to say - “Stalin and Fuji are twin brothers ... ".
And between all these domestic affairs Fuji manages to simultaneously organize in the West an illegal network of Soviet intelligence agents ... Well, Edward Stanislavovich! You have surpassed yourself in terms of the variety of literary genres that you are fluent in, adding to the previous one another - the genre of historical fiction.
It is probably no coincidence that Fuji begins the very first pages of his diary from the last day of February 1952, when he was at Stalin's dacha, drank tea with him and KNEW that for Stalin “this is his last morning tea”. (p.20) To surprise the reader so, as they say in an adult way !!!
It seems that the author himself realized about his overdoing with the multifunctionality of Fuji and after the publication of the book about Stalin bashfully admitted that Fuji is a collective image. In other words, if the reader of Radzinsky's novel should have understood that all responsibility for Fuji's thoughts and words rests with this person, then after the recent recognition of Edward Stanislavovich himself, we must conclude that Radzinsky's undeniable authorship and, accordingly, his own author's responsibility for everything written in the novel about Stalin.
On the meetings of Stalin and Hitler
Stalin and Hitler never met, although the legends about these meetings have existed for a long time.
The first legend dates back to 1913, when both lived in the same city - Vienna. It makes little sense to dwell on this legend, since it has long been debunked and since Fuji-Radzinsky himself does not write about it.
The second legend is dedicated to the imaginary meeting of Stalin and Hitler in 1931 on the Black Sea coast.
The third legend that Edward Stanislavovich raises from oblivion is the meeting in Lviv of "Comrade Stalin and Comrade Hitler" in October 1939. This legend was released by God's FBI Director Hoover, who reported to the then American President Roosevelt that, according to his information, Stalin and Hitler met in Lvov on October 17, 1939, ostensibly to conclude a new secret military-political agreement.
But, Radzinsky, with straightforward honesty, referring to Hoover's note, misses a very significant conclusion of the FBI director himself: "... it is unlikely that Stalin and Hitler had a need for a personal meeting three weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Friendship with Germany in Moscow."
Moreover, it is completely unclear how such a meeting could be held at all? The fact is that on October 17, according to entries in the visitors' log, Stalin worked in his Kremlin office until 10:30 pm, and the next working day in the Kremlin he began on October 19 at 8:25 pm. That is, it would take him at least 46 hours to meet with Hitler. Seemingly insoluble problem. However, Radzinskaya easily solves it too! How? It's just that our Fuji-Radzinsky sends Stalin from Moscow to Lvov by letter train, and back by plane. And this despite the fact that Stalin's dislike of travel by air is well known.
If Radzinsky-Fuji did what he advises himself (p. 558) and would look at the register of visitors to Stalin's office for October 1939, some other archival documents, and if he asked himself - why would two official leaders of states meet illegally in Lvov , after only a few weeks after the signing of the Soviet-German documents - then, perhaps, he would have removed his next fake from his book.
Let's try to do what we could not, or rather, did not want to do, to make Radzinsky, sincerely decent in his delusions. It should be admitted that Stalin did not really work on October 18, 1939 in his Kremlin office, and he began the next working day in the Kremlin on October 19 and spent more than three hours together with V.M. Molotov.
It is not hard to imagine what Radzinsky would have done if he himself had discovered a very interesting recently declassified document, which we will acquaint our readers with:
CODE TELEGRAM
Lvov: Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) U T. Khrushchev
People's Commissariat for Comrade Molotov
People's Commissariat for Defense to t. Voroshilov
People's Commissar for Internal Affairs Comrade Beria
DIRECTIVE of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR
It was decided in the coming days to liquidate the consulates of England, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia, France and Japan that remained in Lviv. The governments of the respective countries will be notified in a timely manner.
Without waiting for such liquidation, the local military and civilian authorities of the city of Lviv should now refrain from any official relations with the aforementioned consulates, but not bring the matter to any scandals. If the latter apply, it is necessary to indicate to them that they are no longer recognized as representatives of their governments, and that their official functions are considered to have ceased. The consuls of Germany, Lithuania, Estonia and Finland will be specially announced.
Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR
I. Stalin V. Molotov
(RGASPI, f.17, op.167, d.58, l.99)
It is easy to imagine with what spontaneous sarcasm and condescending pat on the shoulder of the reader Radzinsky could use this document in his writings.
“Well, they say, how many times have I already told you about Stalin's treachery. Stalin went to Lvov (well, let not October 17, but a day later - October 18), met there "with Comrade Hitler." I saw that there were too many foreign consulates in Lvov, and immediately upon returning to Moscow, I ordered to shut down these spy centers. ”
I would like to address E.S. Radzinsky with a simple question: really you, one of the authors of the collection of documents “Lubyanka. Stalin and the NKVD ... "(Moscow, 2006), compiled mainly on the basis of the materials of special storage funds, it was difficult to contact the relevant archives with a request to verify the reality of their version of the meeting of" Comrade Hitler and Comrade Stalin on October 18, 1939 in Lvov? And then you could calmly receive an answer about the delirium of the very idea of \u200b\u200bsuch a meeting, about the impossibility technical support the safety of its participants. But, in this case, you would have to inform the readers of the banal news about the work of I.V. Stalin in his country office.
But, after all, this is not at all interesting, really, Edward Stanislavovich! It is much cooler, as lovers of slang literature say, to send Stalin to Lvov on a letter train, after Stalin's arrival in Lvov to shoot all his guards as unnecessary witnesses; then send Stalin back to Moscow by plane and, of course, after arrival, shoot the entire crew of the plane as unnecessary witnesses.
Ay, yes Radzinsky! Ay, well done!
A rather serious newspaper "Top Secret" has recently worked in approximately the same spirit. The newspaper told the astonished reader the top-secret information about the arrival of the second person in the Reich (probably Bormann) to Stalin on May 15, 1941, in Moscow on the Junkers-52 plane to Stalin. And this second man in the Reich managed to dissuade Stalin from the possibility of an imminent German attack on the Soviet Union.
I wonder if the authors of this sensation have at least some objective confirmation of such a "fact"? There is only a good photo of a Junkers-52 aircraft flying over one of the German cities and a transparent allusion to the sharply reduced intensity of discussion of military issues at the Politburo. We looked at the minutes of PB meetings for May 15 - June 21, 1941 (RGASPI, dd. 1040 and 1041) and found that the intensity of discussion of military issues at that time was no different from the usual (before the imaginary arrival of an airplane from Germany with a certain "important") character agenda of PB meetings. (If necessary, the PB agenda for the pre-war weeks can be given in more detail - A.D.).
In conclusion, we will try to answer simple, seemingly, questions: what caused such a keen and so long-term interest in the name and era of Stalin? Why so persistently impose the hierarchy of the division of modern Russian society into "Stalinists" and "anti-Stalinists"?
Let's imagine for a second that some competent authority recognizes Stalin as a criminal, that the Soviet state will be recognized not as one of the winners in the war against fascism, but as an accomplice in the outbreak of the Second World War.
The political and economic consequences of such a decision can be easily foreseen. Our sworn big and small strategic "partners" are just waiting for such a legal pretext to bring territorial claims and trillion-dollar claims to our country, thus shredding The Russian Federation into large and small pieces.
Did the violent death of the Soviet Union teach us anything? ... The American Rand Corporation, which had a professional hand in the collapse of the USSR, believes that it has taught almost nothing!
And what do we ourselves think?
Time will tell.
Time forward!
Caption: Alexander Dugin, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, photo by Ruslan Voronoy / "Express newspaper
The leader was given pills of highly toxic dicoumarin with a horse dosage
January 1955 marked the beginning of the "black" mythologization soviet history and the peak of Nikita Khrushchev's struggle for the sole power.
His main competitor, Lavrenty BERIA, has already been accused of high treason, shot and became such a scapegoat that in “Soviet encyclopedic dictionary”Soon they even stopped mentioning his name.
Although in the famous Khrushchev report on the personality cult of STALIN it was named 61 times along with the name of the leader. Many researchers were convinced that Nikita Sergeevich not only slandered prominent statesmen, but also contributed to their death.
But they could not scientifically prove their versions. Recently discovered archival materials allowed the historian Alexandru DUGINU to expose Khrushchev's lies for the first time.
- Alexander Nikolaevich, what new have you found in the archive?
I went to the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History to see what documents on the history of the 1950s were transferred to RGASPI from the archive of the President of the Russian Federation. And I discovered a lot of interesting things.First of all, confirmation of the words of Valentin Falin - he prepared analytical notes for all leaders of the country from Stalin to Yeltsin. He wrote Khrushchev's foreign policy speeches.
And in 2011 he risked publicly declaring that Khrushchev, wishing to seize archival documents about his participation in the repressions, ordered the creation of a group of 200 special employees not only to seize original documents, but also to make forgeries. Secondly, I discovered these fakes in the "Beria case" and realized that among the falsifiers there were also honest officers who left the descendants "beacons" to recognize the fake.
- What are the "beacons"?
There are several of them.
In any case of high treason, of which Khrushchev accused Beria, according to the then Criminal Procedure Code, there should be photographs of the defendants in the case, their fingerprints, and confrontation protocols. But in the materials of the "Beria case" there is not a single photograph of him, not a single fingerprint, not a single protocol of confrontations with any of his "accomplices".
In addition, there is not a single signature of Beria himself on the interrogation protocols, and not a single signature of the investigator of the Prosecutor General's Office for the most important cases of Tsaregradsky. There is only the signature of the major of the administrative service, Yuryeva. And on many of the interrogation protocols of Beria, there are no obligatory clerical "marks": the initials of the typist, the number of printed copies, mailing recipients, etc. But all of the above is only outward signs fakes. - And there were internal signs of forgery?
Sure. One of the handwritten "originals" of Beria's letters, allegedly written when he was already under arrest, bears the date "May 28, 1953" literally screaming "don't believe it!" You can find it at the link: RGASPI, f.17, op.171, d. 463, l.163.
- What exactly do not believe?
The letter is addressed to "To the Central Committee of the CPSU to Comrade Malenkov." In it, Beria speaks of his dedication to the cause of the party and asks his comrades-in-arms - Malenkov, Molotov, Voroshilov, Khrushchev, Kaganovich, Bulganin and Mikoyan: "let them forgive if something went wrong during these fifteen years of great and intense joint work."
And he wishes them great success in the struggle for the cause of Lenin - Stalin. In tonality, it resembles a note to fellow colleagues written by a person who is going on vacation or who has decided to lie down at home for a couple of days because of a cold. And it starts like this: “I was sure that from that great criticism at the Presidium I would draw all the conclusions necessary for myself and be useful in the team. But the Central Committee decided otherwise, I think that the Central Committee did the right thing. " After reading this, I was almost speechless!
The fact is that neither before nor after Stalin's death Beria was subjected to any "big criticism" at any meetings of the Presidium. The first meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, at which serious accusations of anti-state and anti-party actions of Beria were suddenly sounded, as you know, took place on June 29, 1953. That is, the next day AFTER this letter from Beria from the cell.
- You were almost speechless because of the date?
Yes. If the letter were genuine, it would sweep aside the version of a number of my colleagues, which I shared one hundred percent. The fact that Beria was killed at noon on June 26, 1953 in his mansion on Kachalova Street, now it is Malaya Nikitskaya.
- Who was killed?
A special group sent to Lavrenty Pavlovich by order of Khrushchev by the first deputy of Beria for the Ministry of State Security Sergei Kruglov. Lieutenant General Andrei Vedenin, a former rifle corps commander who became commandant of the Kremlin in September 1953, told how his unit received the order to carry out Operation Mansion to eliminate Beria. And how he did it. Then Beria's corpse was taken to the Kremlin and presented to the members of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. After such a "confrontation" the Khrushchevites could, without fear, at the Central Committee Plenum on July 2-7, 1953, accuse Beria of all mortal sins. Win five months to clear the archives to destroy the traces of your crimes.
And to inspire the people with the official version of Khrushchev: they say, the former Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR, the former Deputy Chairman of the State Defense Committee and a member of the Stalinist Politburo was shot for treason on December 23, 1953 by a court decision. And with Beria alive, Khrushchev could not hide the poisoning of Stalin and his complicity in this crime, which I have already described in detail.
Let me remind you, in my opinion, two people were most interested in this double murder - first Stalin, then Beria. The first is the Minister of State Security in 1951-1953, Semyon Ignatiev, to whom Stalin had serious questions in connection with a number of scandalous trials initiated by this man. Including in the "case of doctors" and the murder of Kirov. On March 2, 1953, the Presidium of the Central Committee should have already considered the issue of removing Ignatiev from office.
The second interested person is Khrushchev, the curator of Ignatiev, who since 1946 held the most important post of deputy head of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks) for checking party organizations and who carried out all the repressions against the leadership of the party and the state. In case of failure of his ward, Khrushchev, too, would have thundered to the fanfare. At 22.30 pm on March 1, Stalin was found unconscious on the floor. After his death, Beria analyzed Stalin's archive and, studying the history of his illness, he could have suspected the named couple.
There was a double in prison
- What exactly was Stalin poisoned with?
Commenting on the medical data published in the recently published book by Sigismund Mironin “How Stalin was poisoned. Forensic medical examination ", the chief toxicologist of Moscow, honored doctor of Russia Yuri Ostapenko said that, probably, the leader was poisoned with pills with an increased dose of a drug that reduces blood clotting. Since 1940, Dikumarin was the first and main representative of anticoagulants; in case of vascular problems and thrombosis, it was recommended to use it in small doses constantly, as today aspirin. However, due to its high toxicity, it was withdrawn from use at the end of the last century.
Prophylactically drink it once a day, in the afternoon. It cost nothing for the NKVD-NKGB-MGB laboratories to make tablets with an increased dosage and put them in a regular package. After all, Ignatiev himself supervised Stalin's personal security. - But someone should have seen Beria alive in the cell to confirm the version that he was in prison for five months, awaiting execution?
He had several doubles. And, mind you, the funds of Molotov, Zhdanov and a number of other addressees of Beria's "letters" are in the public domain, but there are still no funds for Khrushchev and Beria. And in the official collection "Politburo and Beria's Case" there is not a single fact confirmed by documents that could be qualified as treason. But I managed to find an important document from Stalin's personal archive.
He confirms that Khrushchev, accusing Beria of voluntary service in the Musavat counterintelligence, which fought against the labor movement in Azerbaijan, knew perfectly well that he was lying. This document, dated November 20, 1920, reports that Beria was introduced to the counterintelligence censorship department on the instructions of the Azerbaijani Communist Party. It was last requested from Stalin's archives in July 1953, when the "Beria case" was fabricated. But for obvious reasons, he was not involved in it.
The body was poured with concrete
- Are you convinced that the "letters from the camera" are fake?
Yes sir. I took them for an independent handwriting examination. The original handwriting of Beria helped me find the chief specialist of RGASPI Mikhail Strakhov. To keep everything clean and honest, I chose lines from which it is impossible to understand who is writing to whom, and paid for the examination out of my own pocket, so that no one could influence its result. According to the experts, the samples I presented were written by different people.
And this conclusion confirms that the massacre of Beria occurred due to the fact that, having taken the post of head of the combined Ministry of Internal Affairs and the MGB, he was looking for an answer to the question of the true causes of Stalin's death. Stay alive, about any revelations of the personality cult of Joseph Vissarionovich in the midst of " cold war”The speech would not come. And in 1961, when Norwegian biochemists analyzed Napoleon's hair at the request of the French government and found out that he had been poisoned with arsenic, no one would have urgently convened an extraordinary congress of the CPSU. And he did not raise the unexpected question of taking Stalin's body out of the Mausoleum and concreting it. Khrushchev covered his tracks!
- Why do you care so deeply about this whole story?
I decided to do this, because I can not calmly watch how the heroes of "Freakopedia" like Rezun-Suvorov and Radzinsky try to erase all the positive moments of Soviet history from human memory, painting it only in dirty tones. And a person, especially a young person, who despises the past of his country, cannot respect his present and build his future in a state where his father, grandfather, great-grandfather are exposed as cattle.