Dobrenkov Kravchenko read methods of sociological research online. Methodology and methods of sociological research

M .: 2004 .-- 768 p.

The textbook examines the methodology, methods and techniques of sociological research. Special attention is paid to the types of sociological research, the theory and practice of sampling, the creation of a sociological research program, the form of data presentation and their analysis. The types and forms of work of sociologists, their place and role in modern world... Much attention is paid to the formation of sociological questionnaires, the problems of their creation. An important place is given to survey methods. The chapter devoted to the methods of political research is of undoubted interest. A large section is devoted to non-interrogation methods. The application of tests in applied sociology is considered separately. The book ends with a chapter describing the world's most famous sociological research centers.

The book is addressed primarily to students and graduate students, as well as teachers of sociological faculties. It is interesting not only for research scientists, but also for everyone who is interested in sociological science.

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CONTENT
Foreword ................................................. .................................13
Section I. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Chapter 1. Types of sociological research ............................ 25
1.1. Social and sociological research ............... 25
1.2. Pilot and pilot studies ............................. 35
1.3. Descriptive and analytical research ................ 41
1.4. Spot research ................................................ .... 42
1.5. Continuous and selective research .......................... 43
1.6. Repeated studies ................................................ .44
1.7. Monitoring ................................................. .................... 48
1.8. Field research ................................................ ...... 51
1.9. Case study ............................................ ... 54
1.10. Operational research ............................................ 60
1.11. Poll and non-poll research methods ........... 67
1.12. Signs of a scientific survey ............................................ 70
1.13. Types of survey ................................................ .................... 75
1.14. Technical means of interrogation ......................................... 78
Chapter 2. Sampling theory and methodology ...................................... 81
2.1. Why sampling is needed ............................................... ........ 81
2.2. Basic concepts and essence of the sampling method .......... 85
2.3. Sampling types and methods .............................................. .... 92
2.4. Probabilistic (random) sampling ................ 95
2.4.1 Simple random selection ........................................ 96
2.4.2. Systematic selection ............................................ 99
2.4.3. Zoned and stratified sampling ... 102
2.4.4. Socket Sampling ................................................ ..105
2.5. Improbability (non-random) sampling methods ... 108
2.5.1. Quota sampling ................................................ .... 111
2.6. Multistage sampling ........................................... 114
2.7. Ideal and real aggregates ........................... 117
2.8. Sample size calculation ............................................... ... 121
2.9. Sampling error ................................................ ............ 129
2.10. Sample control and repair ........................................ 135
2.11. Sample certificate ................................................ .. 140
2.12. Representativeness ................................................. ..... 143
Chapter 3. Sociological research program ................. 147
3.1. General understanding of the program ............................... 147
3.2. Theoretical and methodological part of the program ........... 152
3.2.1. Formulation and substantiation of the research problem ... 152
3.2.2. Goals and objectives of the study .................................. 160
3.2.3. Definition of the object and subject of research ....... 163
3.2.4. Logical analysis of basic concepts ................. 167
3.2.5. Theoretical interpretation ............................... 168
3.2.6. Putting hypotheses .............................................. 171
3.2.7. Empirical interpretation of concepts ................ 174
3.3. Methodical part of the program .................................... 177
3.3.1. Sample................................................. .................. 177
3.3.2. Rationale for methods of collecting empirical data ... 178
3.3.3. Information collection methods .................................... 179
3.3.4. Methods of data processing and analysis .................... 180
3.3.5. Organizational plan of the research .................. 183
3.4. Scientific report ................................................ ................ 184
Chapter 4. Analysis of empirical data ...................................... 187
4.1. General principles data analysis ................................ 188
4.2. Analysis of one-dimensional distributions .............................. 193
4.2.1. Nominal scale ............................................... 194
4.2.2. Rank scale ................................................ ....... 199
4.2.3. Interval scale ............................................... 200
4.3. Analysis of bivariate distributions ................................ 208
Chapter 5. Tabular and graphical presentation of data ........ 219
5.1. Tabular presentation of data ................................. 219
5.2. Technique for editing tables ................................... 227
5.3. Graphical presentation of data ............................. 242
Chapter 6. Where, by whom and how sociologists work ............................. 249
6.1. The nature and content of the applied worker's work .................. 249
6.2. What awaits the graduate sociologist ............................. 259
6.3. Clients and Consultants ............................................... 263
6.4. Internal and external consultants .......................... 267
6.5. Qualities of a consultant ................................................ ... 272
6.6. Counseling as a career ...................................... 276
Section II. SOCIOLOGICAL QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter 1. Types and types of questionnaire questions ................................. 281
1.1. Cognitive possibilities of the questionnaire ....... 281
1.2. Functions of the questionnaire ......................................... 288
1.3. Logical structure of the question ....................................... 291
1.4. Types of questionnaire questions ............................................... 294
1.5. Closed and open-ended questions ..................................... 297
1.6. Filter Questions ............................................... ........... 307
1.7. Difficult questions ................................................ .......... 311
1.8. Relationship between questionnaire questions and the number of respondents ... 316
Chapter 2. Composition of the questionnaire ............................................. ......... 319
2.1. Structure or composition? .......................................... 319
2.2. General composition of the questionnaire ............................................ 322
2.3. Basic part of the questionnaire ............................................... .... 324
2.4. The most important principles of the composition of the questionnaire ................. 327
2.5. Service sections of the questionnaire .................................. 330
2.6. Coding rules ................................................ .... 332
2.7. Development of the questionnaire ................................................ .......... 334
Chapter 3. Formulation of questions and quality of the questionnaire ................ 337
3.1. Basic rules for the formulation of questions ................ 337
3.2. Analysis of the quality of the questionnaire ............................................... ..344
3.3. Logical control of the questionnaire ........................................ 351
Chapter 4. Errors and field control ........................................... . 359
4.1. Questions not to ask .............................. 359
4.2. Good and sustainable questions ................................... 365
4.3. "Name effect" in the formulation of questions ............. 371
4.4. Questioner errors and field control ............................... 373
Section III. SURVEY METHODS
Chapter 1. Methodology and technology of interviews .......................... 383
1.1. Definition and features of the interview ........................... 383
1.2. Interview in qualitative and quantitative sociology ... 394
1.3. Organization of focus groups ............................................. 397
1.3.1. Focus group composition and size .................... 398
1.3.2. Restrictions on participation in a focus group .............. 400
1.3.3. Procedure ........................................... 401
1.3.4. Room arrangement .......................................... 403
1.3.5. Functions and quality of the moderator ........................... 404
1.4. Selection, preparation, instruction of interviewers ............. 406
1.5. The Interviewer Effect ................................................ ...... 411
Chapter 2. Types and types of interviews ........................................... ..... 415
2.1. Typology of interviews ................................................ ...... 415
2.2. Formalized interview .......................................... 422
2.3. Free interview ................................................ ...... 426
2.4. Focus group............................................... .................. 430
2.4.1. From the history of the issue ............................................... .430
2.4.2. Definition and features of the method ...................... 431
2.4.3. Advantages and disadvantages .................................. 435
2.4.4. Scope of application ................................................ .436
2.5. Telephone interview is good, but very bad ........... 438
Chapter 3. Marketing research ....................................... 449
3.1. Goals and objectives of marketing research .............. 449
3.2. The problem of sampling and representativeness .................... 454
3.3. Difficulties in communication between the customer and the researcher ........ 459
3.4. Brief and briefing ............................................... .............. 462
3.5. Methodological and technical methods of research ....... 466
3.6. Laboratory survey (Hall-test) ..................................... 470
3.7. Home-test ........................................... 473
3.8. Personal interview (face-to-face) ...................................... 474
3.9. Desk Research ................... 476
3.10. OMNIBUS Telephone Survey .................................... 478
3.11. The VALS Survey ............................................... ............ 480
3.12. VALS Survey Questionnaire (online version) ..................... 484
Chapter 4. Expert survey ............................................. ........... 487
4.1. Expert survey methodology ................................. 487
4.2. Types of expert survey .............................................. 490
4.3. Selection of experts ................................................ ............. 497
4.4. Factors of the validity of expert assessments ..................... 500
4.5. Errors and difficulties in the application of the expert survey ... 501
4.6. Unusual Experts ................................................ ..... 502
Chapter 5. Methods of political research ........................... 505
5.1. Entry and exit polls ........................................ 505
5.2. Primaries - a make-believe election? ................................ 508
5.3. Exit-Poll: Have you already voted? .................................. 510
5.4. Political rating ................................................ ..515
Section IV. NON-QUESTIONAL METHODS
Chapter 1. Observation in the social sciences ............................... 525
1.1. The essence of observation ................................................ ..525
1.2. Distinctive features of scientific observation ............... 529
1.3. Specificity of sociological observation .................. 531
1.4. Types of observation ................................................ .......... 536
1.5. Formalized observation ...................................... 542
1.6. Active surveillance ............................................... 543
1.7. Advantages and disadvantages of observation ..................... 550
1.8. The role and qualities of the observer ......................................... 553
Chapter 2. Analysis of documents ............................................. .......... 555
2.1. Documentary base of sociology ................................. 555
2.2. Document review: general provisions ....................... 562
2.3. Methodology and methodology of content analysis ................... 568
Chapter 3. Scientific experiment ............................................. ..... 583
3.1. The essence of a scientific experiment ................................ 583
3.2. Methodology and experimental technique ....................... 586
3.3. Experimental Procedure ................................. 590
3.4. Formation of groups in the experiment ........................... 591
3.5. Errors and difficulties in the experiment ........................... 593
3.6. Classification of experiments ..................................... 595
3.7. Sociodramaturgical and ethnomethodological experiments ... 604
Chapter 4. Action research ............................................. ................. 607
4.1. Definition and scope ............................. 607
4.2. Philosophical foundations ................................................ 610
4.3. Methodology................................................. .................. 611
4.4. Procedure ................................................ ... 614
4.5. Looping and iteration ............................................... 615
4.6. AR methods ................................................ ....................... 618
4.7. Background ................................................ ............ 619
4.8. AR paradigms ................................................ ................ 621
4.9. Interventionist Sociology ................................ 623
Chapter 5. Application of Tests in Applied Sociology ............. 627
5.1. Testing methodology ............................................ 628
5.2. Test classification ................................................ ... 636
5.3. Sociometric procedures ...................................... 642
5.4. Test technology .............................................. 655
5.5. Computer testing ......................................... 661
Chapter 6. Research centers .......................................... 665
6.1. Gallup Institute ................................................ ........... 665
6.2. Institute of Demoscopy ................................................ ... 669
6.3. VTsIOM ................................................. ......................... 672
6.4. ESOMAR ................................................. ........................ 678
6.5. NORC ................................................. ............................. 679
6.6. NatCen ................................................. ........................... 680
6.7. INION RAS ................................................ ................. 681
6.8. GfK Group ................................................ ....................... 684
6.9. QUANTUM ................................................. ................... 687
6.10. Consulting organizations ..................................... 691
Applications ................................................. ............................... 697
Glossary of terms ................................................ ....................... 721
Literature................................................. ................................. 735

Sociological research methods. M., 2011.

Dobrenkov V.I., Kravchenko A.I.Theory and methodology. M., 2003.

Ilyin V.I. Qualitative research dramaturgy. - SPb .: Intersotsis, 2006.

Kovalev E.M., Steinberg I.E. Qualitative methods in field sociological research. M., 1999.

Kryshtanovskiy A.O. Analysis of sociological data using the SPSS package. M., 2006.

V. V. Radaev How to organize and present a research project. M. 2001.

Semina M.V. The interview method in sociology and marketing. M .: KDU, 2010

Tolstova Yu.N. Analysis of sociological data. M., 2000.

Tolstova Yu.N. Measurement in Sociology. M., 1998.

Churilov N.N. Designing a sample sociological study. Kiev, 1986.

V.A. Yadov Sociological research strategy. M., 2001.

additional literature

1. Abels H. Romance, phenomenological sociology and qualitative social research // Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology . 1998. No. 1. T 1.

2. Averyanov L.Ya. Content analysis. Tutorial. M. 2009.

3. Averyanov L.Ya. The art of asking questions. M., 1987.

4. Batygin G.S. Lectures on the methodology of sociological research. M., 1995.

5. Batygin G.S., Devyatko I.F. The myth of "quality sociology" // Sociological journal. 1994. No. 2. S. 28-41.

6. Biographical method in sociology: history, methodology and practice // Ed. E.F. Meshcherkina and V.V. Semenova. M., 1994.

7. Britvina I.B. Kiblitskaya M.V. The life of a migrant in a monotown. M. 2004.

8. Budon R. Place of disorder // Critique of the theory of social change. - M., 1998.

9. Butenko I.A. Organization of applied sociological research. M., 1998.

10. Devyatko I. Models of explanation and logic of sociological research. M., 1996.

11. Durkheim E. Sociology method. M., 1991.

12. Lukina M. Interview technology. M .: Aspect Press, 2003.

13. Kwale S. Research interview. M .: Smysl, 2003.

14. Kozlova N., Sandomirskaya I. This is how I want to call cinema: “Naive letter”: Experience of linguo-sociological reading. M., 1996.

15. Maslennikov E.V. Expert knowledge. M., 2001.

16. Application of tests in sociology. M., 2001.

17. Sadman S., Bradburn N., Shkar N. How people answer questions. M. 2003.

18. Semenova V.V. Qualitative Methods: An Introduction to Humanistic Sociology. M., 1998.

19. Seymour Sudman, Norman Bradburn. How to ask questions correctly. M. 2002.

20. Strauss A., Corbin D. Fundamentals of qualitative research. M., URSS, 2001.

21. Tatarova G.T. Typological analysis in sociology. M., 2009.

22. Methodology of data analysis in sociology. M., 1998.

23. Noel E. Mass polls. Introduction to demoscopy technique. M., 1997.

24. Working book of a sociologist. M., 2009.

25. Saganenko G.I. The reliability of the results of sociological research. M., 1983.

26. Tyurin Yu.N., Makarov A.A. Statistical analysis on a computer. M., 1998.

1. 
   Alan Bryman. Social Research Methods. Second Edition. Oxford University Press. 2004.
2. 
   Earl Babbie. Survey Research Methods. 2rd edition. Belmont, California, 1998.
3. 
   Strauss, A.L. (1987) Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists, Cambridge (Univ. Press)
4. 
   Van Maanen, J. (ed.). Qualitative Methodology, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA, 1983.
5. 
   C. Welman, F. Kruger, B. Mitchell. Research Methodology. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press. 2005.

Periodic editions

Moscow State University Bulletin. Ser. 18. Political science and sociology.

Sociological journal

Sociological Research (SOCIS)

Sociology. Journal of the Russian Sociological Association.

Magazine 4M

INTER: Interview, Interaction, Interpretation.

Internet resources

1. 
   Central Election Commission Russian Federation: http://www.izbirkom.ru/ http://www.cikrf.ru
2. 
   Site of the All-Russian Population Census in 2010 http://www.perepis-2010.ru/
3. 
   Site of the All-Russian Population Census in 2002 http://www.perepis2002.ru/
4. 
   Website federal Service state statistics http://www.gks.ru
5. 
   All-Russian Research Center public opinion http://wciom.ru/
6. 
   Public Opinion Foundation http://www.fom.ru/
7. 
   Yuri Levada Analytical Center (Levada Center) http://www.levada.ru/
8. 
   Research company Romir
9. 
   Institute of Sociology RAS [email protected]
10. 
    Portal on Sociology Methodology, Visual Methods and Ethnography visibleworld . ru

Software for modern information and communication technologies

SPSS program

WOIRD program Excel program

Content analysis programBAAL

Qualitative data analysis program "Atlas"

Material and technical support of the discipline:

Educational support audiences:

Computer classes;

Multimedia class;

Multiplication center;

Audio and video equipment.

1. 
   Evaluation tools for monitoring progress, intermediate certification based on the results of mastering the discipline

A sample list of questions for intra-semester checks, tests / exam

1. 
   Sociological research in the system of sociological knowledge. The concepts of methodology and methods of sociological research.
2. 
   Research paradigms: their principles and the general scheme of research procedures.
3. 
   Understanding of the sociological research program, its functions, stages of development and implementation.
4. 
   Logical and methodological function of sociological theory. Understanding the concept of sociological research, building a conceptual model.
5. 
   Operationalization of initial concepts as a stage in the development of a sociological research program. The procedure for the formation of operational concepts.
6. 
   The concept of a variable in sociological research. Types of variables.
7. 
   Explanatory models in a case study.
8. 
   Causal relationships in sociology, their nature and criteria.
9. 
   Hypothesis and its role in sociological research. Phases of construction and logical structure of the hypothesis.
10. 
    Understanding the unit of research and the principles of its choice in sociological research.
11. 
    Understanding the population and sample, general characteristics methods of forming a sample.
12. 
    Probabilistic sampling methods in sociological research. The principles of their implementation. Simple random sampling.
13. 
    Zoned and cluster sampling, their similarities and differences, peculiarities of implementation.
14. 
    Purposeful sampling methods. Quota sampling, its possibilities and limitations, implementation procedure.
15. 
    The combined type of sample, its specificity.
16. 
    Sampling errors and their typology. Determination of the actual sampling error.
17. 
    Understanding and specifics of measurement in sociological research.
18. 
    Reliability, validity and stability of measurement in sociological research, ways to ensure them.
19. 
    Understanding the indicator in sociological research. Indicator development procedure.
20. 
    Understanding the indicator in a sociological study, types of indicators and methods of constructing them.
21. 
    Indices and scales in sociological research. Features of their construction.
22. 
    Strategy and methods of qualitative sociological research.
23. 
    Types of sociological research, features of the development and implementation of their program.
24. 
    Panel and longitudinal sociological research, features of their implementation.
25. 
    Organization of sociological research, its main stages.
26. 
    Typology and areas of application of methods of data collection in sociological research.
27. 
    Questionnaire survey as a method for collecting sociological information.
28. 
    Classification of questionnaire questions by content and form.
29. 
    Rules for constructing a sociological questionnaire.
30. 
    Telephone survey: opportunities and specifics of implementation.
31. 
    Post and press polls: opportunities and specifics of implementation.
32. 
    Features of interviews as a method of collecting primary sociological information. Types of interviews.
33. 
    Observation method in sociological research and its varieties.
34. 
    The method of expert assessments in sociological research. Its scope and main varieties.
35. 
    Content analysis in sociological research. Features of implementation.
36. 
    The essence and structure of a social experiment, features of implementation.
37. 
    Documents as a source of sociological information. Method of document analysis in sociological research.
38. 
    Sociometric survey: the essence and features of implementation.
39. 
    Features of the use of tests in sociological research. Types of tests and their purpose.
40. 
    The role and features of the use of state statistics in sociological research.
41. 
    Explanation of the results of sociological research: principles and procedure.
42. 
    Preparation and processing of data in a case study: content and sequence of implementation. Methods and possibilities of using computers.
43. 
    Ways to generalize and display primary data in a sociological study.
44. 
    Elements of statistical analysis of empirical data - frequency distribution, mean, variance, their purpose.
45. 
    Correlation coefficient concept. The types of correlation coefficients and the specificity of their application in sociological research.
46. 
    Methods of multivariate analysis in sociological research, their task and specificity of use.
47. 
    Preparation of a sociological report and development of recommendations based on the results of a sociological study, their public presentation: purpose, logic, structure.

The program has been drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education, taking into account the recommendations and VET of HPE in the field of training "Sociology".

Developers:

Experts:

Sample program

The name of the discipline "Economic Sociology"

040100 Sociology
Qualification (degree) of graduate - bachelor

1. Goals and objectives of mastering the discipline.

Goal:

To form students in the learning process a systematic understanding of the main directions and methods of sociological analysis economic processes modern market society.

Tasks:

• 
  development by students of classical and modern domestic and foreign theories, concepts that reveal the social nature of the market economy
• 
  the formation of students' systematic scientific knowledge about models of economic behavior developed within the framework of economic and sociological theories;
• 
  development of students' skills in applying theoretical and instrumental-empirical methods of sociological analysis of economic processes used in the course of independent professional activity.

2. The place of discipline in the structure of the PLO HPE

The discipline "Economic Sociology" refers to the variable part of the OOP, which is preceded by the following disciplines: philosophy, economics, computer science.

The mastering of the discipline "Economic Sociology" by students involves the compulsory mastering of the following disciplines:

• 
  classical theory of sociology, foreign sociology, modern sociology of the XX and XXI centuries, methodology and methods of sociological research, social statistics, social anthropology, life safety;
• 
  professional mandatory variable cycle, including: history of spiritual culture of Russia, sociology of globalization, sociology of management, theory of the welfare state, data analysis, measurement theory, geopolitics, sociology of organizations, sociology of communications, sociology international relations, family sociology, security sociology, sociological risk theory.

The discipline "Economic Sociology" is the theoretical foundation for mastering the following disciplines of the professional cycle of choice: the basics of social marketing, benchmarking and competitive intelligence, market segmentation (workshop), sociology of entrepreneurship, sociology and social psychology of consumption, the system of socially integrated communications, sociological foundations of marketing, socio-cultural features of anti-corruption, sociology of markets and business organizations.

The discipline "Economic Sociology" in its instrumental, methodological, empirical and applied part (along with other profiling disciplines of the professional cycle) is an orienting theoretical and methodological tool in conducting scientific, educational and industrial practice students studying in the direction of preparation - 040100 "Sociology", qualification bachelor.

3. Competencies of the student, formed as a result of mastering the discipline of economic sociology.
Competencies of students in the discipline of economic sociology, according to curriculum training of sociologists-bachelors, based on universal, general scientific, instrumental, systemic and professional competencies formed as a result of mastering disciplines: humanitarian, social and economic cycle; disciplines of the mathematical and natural science cycle, as well as related to the discipline of economic sociology, basic and variable disciplines of the professional cycle.

Professional competencies as a result of mastering the discipline of economic sociology.

• 
  the ability to find organizational and managerial solutions in non-standard situations and the willingness to take responsibility for them (OK-4);
• 
  the ability to use the basic provisions and methods of the humanities and socio-economic sciences in solving professional problems (OK-9);
• 
  the ability to analyze socially significant problems and processes (OK-10);
• 
  the ability to apply in professional activities basic and professionally profiled knowledge and skills in the basics of sociological theory and methods of sociological research (PC-1);
• 
  ability and willingness to use knowledge of methods and theories of social and humanities when carrying out expert, consulting and analytical activities (PC-4);
• 
  the ability to participate in the development of proposals and recommendations based on professional sociological knowledge for solving social problems, in the development of mechanisms for coordinating the interests of social groups and communities (PC-6).

4. As a result of mastering the discipline, the student must:

Know:

• 
  classic and modern concepts and theories developed within the framework of economic sociology;
• 
  basic classical and modern concepts and theories developed in the framework of economic theory;
• 
  the main classical and modern concepts of related disciplines, the subject of which intersects with the subject of economic sociology;
• 
  basic features, structure and methods of functioning of the main market (economic) institutions and mechanisms that regulate the behavior of economic entities;
• 
  basic theories and concepts of economic motivation, decision-making theory, economic choice theory, risk theory, theory of social partnership, welfare state, etc .;
• 
  main directions and problems of sociological analysis of the economic life of modern society in world and domestic science.

Be able to:

• 
  carry out a theoretical interpretation of various aspects of the economic life of modern society;
• 
  apply theoretical and applied methods of sociological analysis in the study of various sectors of the economy;
• 
  navigate the multi-paradigm structure of modern economic and sociological theory;
• 
  within the limits of their professional competence to substantiate and defend their point of view in the framework of scientific discussions and theoretical debates

Own:

• 
  skills and methods of professional and business communication;
• 
  instrumental methods of organizing, conducting and presenting the results of sociological research;
• 
  "IT" technologies of visualization, systematization, broadcasting, analysis and presentation of sociological information;
• 
  technologies for organizing and coordinating scientific research.

5. The scope of the discipline and types of educational work
The academic discipline "Economic Sociology" has a volume of 4 credit units - 144 academic hours, of which exams - 18 hours, IWS - 60 hours, room. - 66 hours (lectures - 20 hours, PR. - 40 hours, CSW - 6 hours). Final control - exam. The discipline is studied in the 6th semester, 20 weeks.
The total labor intensity of the discipline is 4 credit points.

Type of educational work	Total hours
1.Learning sessions (total)	66
Including:
Lectures	20
Practical lessons (PZ) + (SZ)	40
DAC	6
2. Independent work (total) 60	60
Including:
Preparation of an abstract, essay (in writing)	30
Preparation for the test (intermediate	30
reporting 2 times a semester)
Intermediate certification type (exam)	18
Total labor intensity (hours)	144

6. Structure and content of the discipline

6.1. Distribution of hours by sections, topics and types of activities 1

No. of p \\ p	Theme	Semester	Semester week	Types of educational work, including independent work students and labor intensity (in hours)					Forms of current monitoring of progress (by week of the semester) Intermediate certification form (by semester)
				Total	LC	NW, PZ	DAC	CPC
1	Subject area of \u200b\u200beconomic sociology	6	22-3	112	22	44	6	6
22	Classical and modern concepts of economic sociology	6	44-5	112	22	44	6	6	С / З, colloquium on the topic of lectures given
33	The market as a system of economic exchange	6	66-7	112	22	44	6	6	С / З, colloquium on the topic of lectures given
44	The structure and functions of economic action	6	88-9	112	22	44	62	6	Test
55	Economic behavior models and their classification	6	110-11	112	22	44		6	С / З, colloquium on the topic of lectures given
66	Models of entrepreneurial, industrial, organizational and labor behavior	6	112-13	112	22	44	22	6	С / З, colloquium on the topic of lectures given
77	Institutional and social structure labor markets	6	114-15	112	22	44		6	С / З, colloquium on the topic of lectures given
88	Contractual forms of social partnership in a market economy	6	116-17	112	22	44		6	Test
99	Systemic problems and contradictions of a socially oriented market economy in the XXI century	6	118-19	112	22	44	22	6	С / З, colloquium on the topic of lectures given
110	Socio-economic problems of Russian society in the context of the transformation cycle	6	220	112	22	44		6	Writing an abstract, essay
	Intermediate certification			818					Exam
	Total			144	20	40	6	60

DAC. Assumes the joint work of the teacher and students in the framework of the following scientific and methodological tasks:

• 
  development of tools for applied sociological research;
• 
  preparation of presentations of texts of reports and messages;
• 
  editing texts of abstracts and essays, etc .;
• 
  DAC also presupposes consulting assistance from a teacher in the process of SRS.

6.2. Content of the discipline

Moscow state University named after M.V. Lomonosov
IN AND. Dobrenkov, A.I. Kravchenko

METHODS

SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Textbook

Approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions,

students in the specialty 020300 "Sociology"

Dobrenkov V.I., Kravchenko A.I.

D 55 Methods of sociological research: Textbook. - M .: INFRA-M, 2004 .-- 768 p. - (Classic university textbook).

ISBN 5-16-002113-2
The textbook examines the methodology, methods and techniques of sociological research. Special attention is paid to the types of sociological research, the theory and practice of sampling, the creation of a sociological research program, the form of data presentation and their analysis. The types and forms of work of sociologists, their place and role in the modern world are described. Much attention is paid to the formation of sociological questionnaires, the problems of their creation. An important place is given to survey methods. The chapter devoted to the methods of political research is of undoubted interest. A large section is devoted to non-interrogation methods. The application of tests in applied sociology is considered separately. The book ends with a chapter describing the world's most famous sociological research centers.

The book is addressed primarily to students and graduate students, as well as teachers of sociological faculties. It is interesting not only for research scientists, but also for everyone interested in sociological science.

Foreword

Dear Reader!

You have opened one of the wonderful books published in the Classic University Textbook series dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Moscow University. The series includes over 150 textbooks and teaching aidsrecommended for publication by the Academic Councils of the faculties, the editorial council of the series and published for the anniversary by the decision of the Academic Council of Moscow State University.

Moscow University has always been famous for its professors and teachers, who have brought up more than one generation of students, who subsequently made a significant contribution to the development of our country, who made the pride of national and world science, culture and education.

The high level of education provided by Moscow University is primarily provided by high level textbooks and teaching aids written by eminent scientists and educators, which combine both depth and accessibility of the material presented. These books accumulate invaluable experience in teaching methodology and methodology, which becomes the property of not only Moscow University, but also other universities in Russia and around the world.

The publication of the series "Classical University Textbook" clearly demonstrates the contribution that Moscow University makes to classical university education in our country and undoubtedly serves its development.

The solution of this noble task would have been impossible without the active assistance of the publishers who took part in the publication of the books of the "Classic University Textbook" series. We regard this as their support for the position taken by Moscow University in matters of science and education. This also serves as evidence that the 250th anniversary of Moscow University is an outstanding event in the life of our entire country and the world educational community.

Rector of Moscow University Academician of RAS, Professor V. A. Sadovnichy

Foreword ................................................. .................................13

Section I. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Chapter 1. Types of sociological research............................25

1.1. Social and sociological research ............... 25

1.2. Pilot and pilot studies ............................. 35

1.3. Descriptive and analytical research ................ 41

1.4. Spot research ................................................ .... 42

1.5. Continuous and selective research .......................... 43

1.6. Repeated studies ................................................ .44

1.7. Monitoring ................................................. .................... 48

1.8. Field research ................................................ ...... 51

1.9. Case study ............................................ ... 54

1.10. Operational research ............................................ 60

1.11. Poll and non-poll research methods ........... 67

1.12. Signs of a scientific survey ............................................ 70

1.13. Types of survey ................................................ .................... 75

1L4. Technical means of interrogation ......................................... 78

Chapter 2. Sampling theory and methodology......................................81

2.1. Why sampling is needed ............................................... ........ 81

2.2. Basic concepts and essence of selective

method ................................................. ..................................... 85

2.3. Sampling types and methods .............................................. .... 92

2.4. Probabilistic (random) sampling ................ 95

2.4.1 Simple random selection ........................................ 96

2.4.2. Systematic selection ............................................ 99

2.4.3. Zoned and stratified

sampling ................................................. ........................... 102

2.4.4. Socket Sampling ................................................ ..105

2.5. Improbability (non-random) sampling methods ... 108

2.5.1. Quota sampling ................................................ .... 111

2.6. Multistage sampling ........................................... 114

2.7. Ideal and real aggregates ........................... 117

2.8. Sample size calculation ............................................... ... 121

2.9. Sampling error ................................................ ............ 129

2.10. Sample control and repair ........................................ 135

2.11. Sample certificate ................................................ .. 140

2.12. Representativeness ................................................. ..... 143

Chapter 3. Sociological research program.................147

3.1. General understanding of the program ............................... 147

3.2. Theoretical and methodological part of the program ........... 152

3.2.1. Formulation and substantiation of the research problem ............................................. ....................... 152

3.2.2. Goals and objectives of the study .................................. 160

3.2.3. Definition of the object and subject of research ....... 163

3.2.4. Logical analysis of basic concepts ................. 167

3.2.5. Theoretical interpretation ............................... 168

3.2.6. Putting hypotheses .............................................. 171

3.2.7. Empirical interpretation of concepts ................ 174

3.3. Methodical part of the program .................................... 177

3.3.1. Sample................................................. .................. 177

3.3.2. Rationale for methods of collecting empirical data ... 178

3.3.3. Information collection methods .................................... 179

3.3.4. Data processing and analysis methods .................... 180

3.3.5. Organizational plan of the research .................. 183

3.4. Scientific report ................................................ ................ 184

Chapter 4. Analyzing empirical data......................................187

4.1. General principles of data analysis ................................ 188

4.2. Analysis of one-dimensional distributions .............................. 193

4.2.1. Nominal scale ............................................... 194

4.2.2. Rank scale ................................................ ....... 199

4.2.3. Interval scale ............................................... 200

4.3. Analysis of bivariate distributions ................................ 208

Chapter 5. Tabular and graphical presentation of data........219

5.1. Tabular presentation of data ................................. 219

5.2. Technique for editing tables ................................... 227

5.3. Graphical presentation of data ............................. 242

Chapter 6. Where, by whom and how sociologists work.............................249

6.1. The nature and content of the applied worker's work .................. 249

6.2. What awaits the graduate sociologist ............................. 259

6.3. Clients and Consultants ............................................... 263

6.4. Internal and external consultants .......................... 267

6.5. Qualities of a consultant ................................................ ... 272

6.6. Counseling as a career ...................................... 276

Section II... SOCIOLOGICAL QUESTIONNAIRE

Chapter 1. Types and types of questionnaire questions.................................281

1.1. Cognitive possibilities of the questionnaire ....... 281

1.2. Functions of the questionnaire ......................................... 288

1.3. Logical structure of the question ....................................... 291

1.4. Types of questionnaire questions ............................................... 294

1.5. Closed and open-ended questions ..................................... 297

1.6. Filter Questions ............................................... ........... 307

1.7. Difficult questions ................................................ .......... 311

1.8. Relationship between questionnaire questions and the number of respondents ... 316

Chapter 2. Composition of the questionnaire......................................................319

2.1. Structure or composition? .......................................... 319

2.2. General composition of the questionnaire ............................................ 322

2.3. Basic part of the questionnaire ............................................... .... 324

2.4. The most important principles of the composition of the questionnaire ................. 327

2.5. Service sections of the questionnaire .................................. 330

2.6. Coding rules ................................................ .... 332

2.7. Development of the questionnaire ................................................ .......... 334

Chapter 3. Formulation of questions and quality of the questionnaire................337

3.1. Basic rules for the formulation of questions ................ 337

3.2. Analysis of the quality of the questionnaire ............................................... ..344

3.3. Logical control of the questionnaire ........................................ 351

Chapter 4. Errors and field control.............................................359

4.1. Questions not to ask .............................. 359

4.2. Good and sustainable questions ................................... 365

4.3. "Name effect" in the formulation of questions ............. 371

4.4. Questioner errors and field control ............................... 373

Section III... SURVEY METHODS

Chapter 1. Methodology and technology of interviews..........................383

1.1. Definition and features of the interview ........................... 383

1.2. Interview in Qualitative and Quantitative Sociology ............................................ ................................ 394

1.3. Organization of focus groups ............................................. 397

1.3.1. Focus group composition and size .................... 398

1.3.2. Restrictions on participation in focus group .............. 400

1.3.3. Procedure ........................................... 401

1.3.4. Room arrangement .......................................... 403

1.3.5. Functions and quality of the moderator ........................... 404

1.4. Selection, preparation, instruction of interviewers ............. 406

1.5. The Interviewer Effect ................................................ ...... 411

Chapter 2.Kinds and interview types................................................415

2.1. Typology of interviews ................................................ ...... 415

2.2. Formalized interview .......................................... 422

2.3. Free interview ................................................ ...... 426

2.4. Focus group............................................... .................. 430

2.4.1. From the history of the issue ............................................... .430

2.4.2. Definition and features of the method ...................... 431

2.4.3. Advantages and disadvantages .................................. 435

2.4.4. Scope of application ................................................ .436

2.5. Telephone interview is good, but very bad ........... 438

Chapter 3. Marketing research.......................................449

3.1. Goals and objectives of marketing research .............. 449

3.2. The problem of sampling and representativeness .................... 454

3.3. Difficulties in communication between the customer and the researcher ........ 459

3.4. Brief and briefing ............................................... .............. 462

3.5. Methodological and technical methods of research ............................................. ............................ 466

3.6. Laboratory survey (Hall-test) ..................................... 470

3.7. Home-test ........................................... 473

3.8. Personal interview (face-to-face) ...................................... 474

3.9. Desk Research ................... 476

3.10. OMNIBUS Telephone Survey .................................... 478

3.11. The VALS Survey ............................................... ............ 480

3.12. VALS Survey Questionnaire (online version) ..................... 484

Chapter 4. Expert survey........................................................487

4.1. Expert survey methodology ................................. 487

4.2. Types of expert survey .............................................. 490

4.3. Selection of experts ................................................ ............. 497

4.4. Factors of the validity of expert assessments ..................... 500

4.5. Errors and difficulties in the application of the expert survey ........................................... ......................................... 501

4.6. Unusual Experts ................................................ ..... 502

Chapter 5. Methods of Policy Research...........................505

5.1. Entry and exit polls ........................................ 505

5.2. Primaries - a make-believe election? ................................ 508

Section IV... UNSAFE METHODS

Chapter 1. Observation in the social sciences...............................525

1.1. The essence of observation ...................................., ........... ... 525

1.2. Distinctive features of scientific observation ............... 529

1.3. Specificity of sociological observation .................. 531

1.4. Types of observation ................................................ .......... 536

1.5. Formalized observation ...................................... 542

1.6. Active surveillance ............................................... 543

1.7. Advantages and disadvantages of observation ..................... 550

1.8. The role and qualities of the observer ......................................... 553

Chapter 2. Document Analysis.......................................................555

2.1. Documentary base of sociology ................................. 555

2.2. Document review: general provisions ....................... 562

2.3. Methodology and methodology of content analysis ................... 568

Chapter 3. Scientific experiment..................................................583

3.1. The essence of a scientific experiment ................................ 583

3.2. Methodology and experimental technique ....................... 586

3.3. Experimental Procedure ................................. 590

3.4. Formation of groups in the experiment ........................... 591

3.5. Errors and difficulties in the experiment ........................... 593

3.6. Classification of experiments ..................................... 595

3.7. Sociodramaturgical and ethnomethodological experiments .................. 4 ........................... .......................... 604

Chapter 4.Actionresearch ................................................. ............. 607

4.1. Definition and scope ............................. 607

4.2. Philosophical foundations ................................................ 610

4.3. Methodology................................................. .................. 611

4.4. Procedure ................................................ ... 614

4.5. Looping and iteration ............................................... 615

4.6. AR methods .............................. L ................. .................... 618

4.7. Background ................................................ ............ 619

4.8. AR paradigms ................................................ ................ 621

4.9. Interventionist Sociology ................................ 623

Chapter 5. Application of tests in the applicationsociology ............. 627

5.1. Testing methodology ............................................ 628

5.2. Test classification ................................................ ... 636

5.3. Sociometric procedures ...................................... 642

5.4. Testing technology .............................................. 655

5.5. Computer testing ......................................... 661

Chapter 6. Research centers..........................................665

6.1. Gallup Institute ................................................ ........... 665

6.2. Institute of Demoscopy ................................................ ... 669

6.3. VTsIOM ................................................. ......................... 672

6.5. NORC ................................................. ............................. 679

6.6. NatCen ................................................. ........................... 680

6.7. INION RAS ................................................ ................. 681

6.8. GfK Group ................................................ ....................... 684

6.9. QUANTUM ................................................. ................... 687

6.10. Consulting organizations ..................................... 691

Applications ................................................. ...............................697

Glossary of terms ................................................ .......................721

Literature..................................................................................735

FOREWORD

The modern reader is familiar with reports about sociologists. In obvious and familiar things, they reveal the most unexpected facets. In a thriving financial company, sociologists suddenly discover a corroding social corrosion, an atmosphere of intolerance between bosses and employees, shareholders and managers, workers and management. By applying special methods studies, they reveal "sore spots": authoritarian management style, lack of initiative of subordinates, indifference of some social groups to others.

Opinion polls, as experience shows, can do a lot: find out the opinion of the majority of the population, predict the outcome of political elections, explain the massive discontent of the population, or, on the contrary, the craze for a dubious product, a pop star, or a religious idea. In government circles, according to G.A. Pashkov, head of the sociological service "Opinion", not a single noticeable resignation, starting with the departure of the Prime Minister of the Soviet Union Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov, did not go without finding out the opinion of the population on this matter. Some laws adopted in our country do not work because they have not been adopted, at least passively, by the majority of the population.

Not a single politician, not a single advertiser in the West will dare to make a serious statement until he knows what people think about this issue. Now Western companies are conducting surveys in our country to find out the attitude towards life of Russians, their worries and hopes; these polls determine the so-called "investment sentiment".

Sociologists are able to show how the rating of a politician fluctuates after his speech on television. It was even possible to predict in advance the outcome of the October events 14

1993 in Moscow: the presidential team took into account that the Supreme Soviet is not supported by the majority of the population, and even the number of defenders of the White House was calculated in advance (http://whoiswho.ru/russian/Password/papers/15r/pashkov/stl.htm ).

With the help of questionnaires, if they are drawn up according to the rules of science, one can study the value orientations and attitudes of people, the motivational core of their work, behavioral, verbal aspects. The sociologist asks questions, sometimes very subtly formulated and cleverly placed on the questionnaire, and assumes that he will receive sincere answers from the respondents (respondents). And so that there is no doubt about the veracity, the scientist uses a rather complex technique of rejecting false information, checking the remaining for accuracy and reliability. The combination of these techniques plus the technique of compiling a questionnaire, organizing field research, determining a sample, coding documents, processing them on a computer and tabular presentation of data constitute a methodology for sociological research.

If we add no less complex procedures for developing the theoretical part of the research program, operationalizing concepts, interpreting empirical data, i.e. all that is commonly called the methodological and methodological sphere of science, we will make sure that professional sociology is a very complex thing.

Methods play an extremely important role in the construction of scientific knowledge. These are the rules and procedures by which the connection between facts, hypotheses and theories is established. They are those "algorithms" that allow you to move from empirical objects to the construction of a theory that reflects the phenomena that determine the properties of these objects. These "algorithms" are complex, multi-stage and cannot be thought apart from understanding facts and constructs. It is with the help of methods that facts are collected and interpreted. The methods should be adequate to the properties of the constructs underlying the chosen model.

Each science that studies human behavior has developed its own scientific traditions and accumulated a certain empirical experience. And each of them, being one of the branches social science, can be defined in terms of the method that she predominantly uses.

Methods (in sociology) are rules and procedures by which a connection is established between facts, hypotheses, and theories.

Psychologists are convinced that a laboratory experiment, during which causal relationships are established between

do different aspects of human behavior, exhausts all the possibilities of social research. Many of those who deal with a specific economy are still convinced that only statistical analysis, which gives an objective picture of fluctuations in prices and commodity mass, is the most reliable measure of economic behavior. Psychoanalysts are convinced of the infallibility of getting used to or feeling in inner world his patient as the only reliable and profound method of studying human behavior, its intimate sides and hidden motives. And marketers do not recognize other means than studying how the aspirations of a particular individual are related to his social characteristics and consumer behavior. In contrast, some anthropologists continue to think that the most reliable way of knowing remains un-included observation, as a result of which we study the everyday interaction of people. For anthropology, the traditional method of cognition is field research, which involves a long residence in an aboriginal settlement. But sometimes anthropologists use a method called participatory observation: the scientist takes part in the events that he registers, observes and describes. A group of scientists, making up a scientific expedition, travels to the abandoned regions of the earth to observe the customs, norms of behavior, rituals and ceremonies that fill the life of primitive tribes.

For symbolic interactionists, the favorite method of sociological research has always been included observation, when a sociologist lives, works, acts together with those whom he studies for a certain period. Comprehending life from within social group, he, along with its other members, assimilates all kinds of roles and learns to define various situations as is customary in this group. To explain the process of forming meanings and constructing an action, the researcher must understand it. And for understanding, one must accept the role of the acting individual. It is impossible to study the process of interpretation by observing the behavior from the outside, while remaining an “objective” observer, inclined to include his guesses in the process of interpretation instead of understanding it from the inside 1.

However, sociology is most often identified with the use of a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire survey is the most massive and productive type of activity in sociology. It would not be an exaggeration to say that up to 80% of sociological information is collected with its help. True, not all of the “harvest” goes into processing: a significant part of it (about 80%) irrevocably settles in the “warehouse” in tabulagrams and does not reach the customer.

To the psychologist handling complex tests, the sociologist's questionnaire procedure may seem overly primitive or unreliable. But it has long been known that representatives of competing disciplines often look very dismissively at the methods of their colleagues. For example, the descriptive methods of anthropologists, from the point of view of a psychophysiologist, may seem extremely primitive. Although a good psychophysiologist does not neglect description at all. Likewise, the anthropologist, if necessary, will use laboratory experiments to test the theory, as the psychophysiologist does.

As Julian Simon writes in his book Basic Research Methods in Social Science (New York, 1969), every science that studies human behavior has developed its own scientific traditions and has accumulated corresponding empirical experience. And each of them, being one of the branches of social science, can be defined in terms of the method that it predominantly uses. Although the sciences also differ in the range of problems studied.

In sociology, when collecting primary data, four main methods are used, each of which has two main types (they are indicated in brackets):

♦ survey (questioning and interviewing);

♦ document analysis (qualitative and quantitative [content analysis]);

♦ surveillance (not included and included);

♦ experiment (controlled and uncontrolled). A poll is a method of collecting primary verbal (i.e. verbal) information used in sociology, psychology, economics, demography, ethnography and other sciences. The survey is actively used in marketing research, which is now one of the most important areas of employment, including graduates of sociological faculties.

Non-questioning methods of research include sociological photography, which has now been constituted into an independent branch - visual sociology. We open our morning newspapers every day and find dozens of

tomographs, some of which may well serve as raw materials for visual sociology. Here scientists use photographic techniques to reveal social reality more deeply. For a long time, photographic and film materials were used in sociology only for technical purposes - as a means of illustrating text. As a result of the long neglect of photographic materials, visual sociology began to be developed by people who received a professional journalism education and then moved on to the field of academic sociology. Much effort has been expended in convincing oneself and others that photographs are not “pictures” illustrating a text, but a serious occupation of a professional sociologist 2.

The specialist selects the necessary method to solve his problem, but does not adjust the problem to the existing method. The researcher is free to invent indirect measurement methods social behavior... Since these techniques have little in common, examples are the best way to learn how to use them. For example, the researchers studied family portraits from different historical eras to see how gender relations are reflected in the nature of the seated models' postures. Anthropologists who study the characteristics of urbanized culture have analyzed the contents of landfills to get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe lifestyle from what is thrown away (for example, the number of bottles indicates the level of alcohol consumption). The researchers determined what the drivers usually listened to by noting which radio station the receivers in the cars brought in for repair were tuned to. Interest in museum exhibits was measured by recording different degrees of floor wear in different departments of the museum. We compared the content of graffiti in men's and women's toilets in order to detect gender differences in their themes. We analyzed the transcripts of university students to determine whether high academic performance affects student years on the subsequent occurrence of psychological problems. Based on changes in the pressure of water in the toilets during the television broadcast of advertising, conclusions were drawn about the behavior of viewers and their preferences. For example, if a researcher wants to analyze the movement of a customer in a store, then the measurement means

be traces of dirt and moisture on the floor. First, he clarifies what exactly is "customer movement" (for example, is there a space to move to another department? Does it allow you to see the shop window well?). Next, he systematically records the traces of dirt or moisture on the floor, compares them with traces elsewhere, and records the results regularly (eg every month). Finally, he also notes other reasons for observation (for example, lower quality floorboards that get dirty more quickly, or the location of the section closer to the front door).

The peculiarity of the research tools used - questionnaires, interviews, observations - in sociology is such that social processes occurring in a social organization are reflected through the mirror of public opinion, statements of ordinary people about what surrounds them. The results of sociological research have not only managerial value, but also diagnostic value; they serve as a kind of magnifying glass, in the focus of which both achieved successes and existing shortcomings are clearly visible.

It seems that in this science everything is clear and accessible to any uninitiated person: compose a questionnaire, interrogate those who wish and, summarizing the collected data, give the management practical results. However, this impression is deceptive; it does not penetrate the surface of the phenomenon. Inside it is hidden complex world scientific activity - analysis of the problem, hypothesis, construction of a conceptual model, data collection, development of practical recommendations. And all this rests on the solid foundation of theoretical sociology. This means that scientific concepts should be correlated with categories that describe the laws of social development. We must not forget about the significance of scientific logic as a method of developing theoretical knowledge. Indeed, general concepts are not directly applicable to empirical reality; they must be brought to it by the method of ascent from the abstract to the concrete.

Social research is becoming more complex and costly. The amount of scientific information that must be mastered before embarking on a search or implementation activity is sharply increasing. It has been calculated, for example, that in the period from 1973 to 1979 the volume of publications in sociology alone in the country increased 3.1 times, and from 1979 to 2002 it increased approximately 10-12 times. Sometimes it is easier to repeat your research and find a practical solution again than to dig through mountains of literature.

When polling public opinion, as with any other type of sociological research, there are many nuances that are familiar to professionals and unknown to beginners. The quality of social information ultimately depends on how the questioner (interviewer) behaves, how he is dressed, carries himself, reacts to answers, to what extent the respondent is inclined to a confidential conversation, in what order the questions are arranged and how they are formulated. People, for example, give different answers to the woman-interviewer and the man-interviewer, prefer short questionnaires to long ones, more often choose the answer or "hint" that is located first in the system of alternatives. Even more, the truthfulness of the information depends on the resolution of the instrument, its reliability and compliance with strict scientific principles.

In all sciences - natural and social - tools play the same role, only their effectiveness can be different. A physical device or other instrument is a materialized theory. In sociology, a questionnaire, an interview or observation form, etc. are used as tools. But the instrument does more than just act as a bridge; performs some kind of passive function. He acts as a means of concretizing the theory, a translator from one language to another. This means that the tool must work "in the sweat of the brow."

A tool is a collection of means by which a sociologist tries to test, confirm, or refute hypotheses put forward. Sociology tools include a questionnaire, an interview form, a statistical table, an experiment protocol, etc. The natural sciences have their own instruments - from the scalpel to the microscope.

However, the telephone and computer, which are widely used today in surveys, are not tools of scientific knowledge. These are just technical means of quick communication with the respondent or data analysis. They have nothing sociological in them. These are devices that are extraneous to sociology, which were not invented for its needs.

Instruments have different complexity and are arranged in different ways, depending on what they perform different cognitive functions. In order to invent a scalpel, you don't need to create a special theory. You just need to make sure by experience that the scalpel is a sharpened instrument that does not introduce infection into the wound, with which you can open a previously hidden place. And in order to create a microscope, an appropriate theory is needed that describes the passage of rays that are focused

are located on the lens, what distance should be between the lens and the observed object, etc.

Despite the functional difference, all methods used in sociology have a common internal structure. It can be divided into three groups of elements: normative, instrumental and procedural. The initial elements-norms that set the direction in the regulation of actions serve as a means of orientation. The norms function both in the form of general principles for organizing activities and in the form of specific requirements. Their content is based on theoretical provisions and is, in fact, a conclusion focused on practical action. In the normative content of the method, three groups of requirements can be distinguished: the first discloses the possible areas and conditions for applying the method (where, in what conditions, for what purposes it can be applied); the second one contains the rules of actions, highlights the operational content in them, which can later be expanded into an action program; the third - specifies the necessary properties of the means, tools used.

The instrumental part of the method is made up of the means necessary to achieve the goals. The method involves instrumentalization of the means used. They are specially designed, acquire a clearer functional focus on achieving certain results, and are introduced into the technological process. Each sociological method has special tools specially created for it. So, in a survey, it is a questionnaire; in observation - a map, a diary. The instrumentation of the method is also made up of technical means of data collection, the corresponding logical and mathematical apparatus for their processing and analysis.

To ensure the established implementation of the procedure, a sociologist needs skills in working with tools, technical means, skillful management of both his own actions and the actions of other persons participating in the procedure is required, pedagogical, socio-psychological training is very important.

From a procedural point of view, the application of the method can be divided into three stages. The first stage includes preparatory work

bots. On the basis of the general program (research, training, management), a program for the application of the method is developed, the necessary means and tools are created and prepared. The second stage is operational and procedural. At this stage, there is a direct impact on the object in the form of certain procedures using prepared tools. In applied sociological research, this is the collection, receipt of primary information; in teaching - activating the student's actions; in management - a regulatory effect on the system. The third stage is the resultant one. It consists of processing, analysis, generalization of the obtained data, research results, development of recommendations, assessment of the effectiveness of using the method.

The more complex the phenomenon being studied, the more complex the instrument should be. And to create a sociological questionnaire, you need your own theoretical base. First, there is the general theory of writing a scientifically sound questionnaire, which the methodology puts at our disposal; it describes the general scientific requirements for compiling such a toolkit. Secondly, it should be the author's concept of this questionnaire, which indicates the logic and sequence of the arrangement of questions, their content, focus, formulations, types and, most importantly, the logical connection of questions and their connection with the hypotheses being tested. The sociologist is obliged to indicate that, for example, questions 5, 18 and 21 are aimed at testing hypothesis No. 4, that with one value of the answers received, the hypothesis is confirmed, and with another, it is not. Questioning is a written form of a survey, carried out, as a rule, in absentia, i.e. without direct and direct contact between the interviewer and the respondent. It is advisable in two cases: a) when you need to interview a large number of respondents in a relatively short time; b) when respondents must think carefully about their answers, having a printed questionnaire in front of their eyes.

But a questionnaire can be drawn up without resorting to any theory. This is done quite simply: type as many other people's profiles as possible and cut everything that you like from them. Such a combined hodgepodge will help you out in an applied, not very important survey. It can also be useful as a training questionnaire. But for a serious academic project, this method is not suitable.

The questionnaire has a complex structure, the theory says in what sequence the questions should be arranged, for the study of which class of phenomena it is necessary to take this or that form of questions (from-22

covered and closed), how to choose a language that the respondent understands, how many questions to ask in order to reveal one topic. These and many other points (validity, reliability) are included in the theory of building an instrument, which helps to create scientific means of measuring the phenomenon.

Our task is to teach sociological thinking, not the formulation of the theory of the instrument. In order for the tool to fit the chosen hypotheses as accurately as possible, it is necessary to bring the set of theoretical statements as closely as possible to the structure of the questionnaire. This means that you should, going down the levels of complexity from general concepts to particular concepts and to single concepts, bring your theory to such a level of concreteness that you can easily go to the questions of the questionnaire. Because the very last level of theory is essentially the first level of the instrument.

When compiling the questionnaires, it is important to take into account the cultural characteristics of this community. For example, questionnaires brought from America with great questions, great prompts, well-formatted, did not work in our social and cultural reality.

The specificity of empirical research is that it is not a simple collection, selection of any social facts (such selection may be subjective), but a scientific procedure, within which special sociological methods of collecting information are used, and special sociological technologies are also used.

Year of issue: 2004

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Methodology, methodology, technique of sociological research - the basis of the textbook Dobrenkov "Methods of sociological research." The textbook examines the types of sociological research, theory and practice of sampling, analysis and forms of data presentation. The works of leading sociologists are analyzed and analyzed, the place and role of their theories in modern sociology are indicated. An important part of the book is the section that describes the compilation of sociological questionnaires and the problems of their creation. Also, special attention is paid to survey methods. In addition, the textbook "Methods of Sociological Research" has an interesting chapter on the methods of political research. Several chapters in the book are devoted to non-questioning methods in sociology. Additionally, the use of tests in applied sociology is considered. At the end of "Methods of Sociological Research" Dobren'kova chapter, describing the most famous sociological research centers.

The textbook examines the methodology, methods and techniques of sociological research. Special attention is paid to the types of sociological research, the theory and practice of sampling, the creation of a sociological research program, the form of data presentation and their analysis. The types and forms of work of sociologists, their place and role in the modern world are described. Much attention is paid to the formation of sociological questionnaires, the problems of their creation. An important place is given to survey methods. The chapter devoted to the methods of political research is of undoubted interest. A large section is devoted to non-interrogation methods. The application of tests in applied sociology is considered separately. The book ends with a chapter describing the world's most famous sociological research centers.
The book is addressed primarily to students and graduate students, as well as teachers of sociological faculties. It is interesting not only for research scientists, but also for everyone who is interested in sociological science.

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Moscow University has always been famous for its professors and teachers, who have brought up more than one generation of students, who subsequently made a significant contribution to the development of our country, who made the pride of national and world science, culture and education.

The high level of education that Moscow University provides is primarily ensured by the high level of textbooks and teaching aids written by outstanding scientists and teachers, which combine both the depth and accessibility of the material presented. These books accumulate invaluable experience in teaching methodology and methodology, which becomes the property of not only Moscow University, but also other universities in Russia and around the world.

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CONTENT
Foreword
Section I. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Chapter 1. Types of sociological research
1.1. Social and sociological research
1.2. Pilot and pilot studies
1.3. Descriptive and analytical research
1.4. Point research
1.5. Continuous and selective research
1.6. Repeated studies
1.7. Monitoring
1.8. Field research
1.9. Case study
1.10. Operational research
1.11. Poll and non-poll research methods
1.12. Signs of a scientific survey
1.13. Survey types
1.14. Technical means of interrogation
Chapter 2. Sampling theory and methodology
2.1. Why sampling is needed
2.2. Basic concepts and essence of the sampling method
2.3. Sampling types and methods
2.4. Probabilistic (random) sampling methods
2.4.1 Simple random selection
2.4.2. Systematic selection
2.4.3. Zoned and stratified samples
2.4.4. Nested sampling
2.5. Improbability (non-random) sampling methods
2.5.1. Quota sampling
2.6. Multistage sampling
2.7. Ideal and real aggregates
2.8. Sample size calculation
2.9. Sampling error
2.10. Sample control and repair
2.11. Sample certificate
2.12. Representativeness
Chapter 3. Sociological research program
3.1. General understanding of the program
3.2. Theoretical and methodological part of the program
3.2.1. Formulation and substantiation of the research problem
3.2.2. Research goals and objectives
3.2.3. Definition of the object and subject of research
3.2.4. Logical analysis of basic concepts
3.2.5. Theoretical interpretation
3.2.6. Putting hypotheses
3.2.7. Empirical interpretation of concepts
3.3. Methodical part of the program
3.3.1. Sample
3.3.2. Justification of methods for collecting empirical data
3.3.3. Information collection methods
3.3.4. Data processing and analysis methods
3.3.5. Organizational research plan
3.4. Scientific report
Chapter 4. Analyzing empirical data
4.1. General principles of data analysis
4.2. Analysis of one-dimensional distributions
4.2.1. Nominal scale
4.2.2. Rank scale
4.2.3. Interval scale
4.3. Analysis of bivariate distributions
Chapter 5. Tabular and graphical presentation of data
5.1. Tabular data presentation
5.2. Table Editing Technique
5.3. Graphical presentation of data
Chapter 6. Where, by whom and how sociologists work
6.1. The nature and content of the applied worker's work
6.2. What awaits the graduate sociologist
6.3. Clients and Consultants
6.4. Internal and external consultants
6.5. Qualities of a consultant
6.6. Counseling as a career
Section II. SOCIOLOGICAL QUESTIONNAIRE
Chapter 1. Types and types of questionnaire questions
1.1. Cognitive opportunities of the questionnaire
1.2. Functions of the questionnaire
1.3. Logical structure of the question
1.4. Types of questionnaire questions
1.5. Closed and open questions
1.6. Filter Questions
1.7. Difficult questions
1.8. Relationship between questionnaire questions and the number of respondents
Chapter 2. Composition of the questionnaire
2.1. Structure or composition?
2.2. General composition of the questionnaire
2.3. Basic part of the questionnaire
2.4. The most important principles of the composition of the questionnaire
2.5. Service sections of the questionnaire
2.6. Coding rules
2.7. Development of a questionnaire
Chapter 3. Formulation of questions and quality of the questionnaire
3.1. Basic rules for formulating questions
3.2. Analysis of the quality of the questionnaire
3.3. Logical control of the questionnaire
Chapter 4. Errors and field control
4.1. Questions not to ask
4.2. Good and lasting questions
4.3. "Name effect" in the formulation of questions
4.4. Questioner errors and field control
Section III. SURVEY METHODS
Chapter 1. Methodology and technology of interviews
1.1. Definition and features of the interview
1.2. Interview in Qualitative and Quantitative Sociology
1.3. Organization of focus groups
1.3.1. Focus group composition and size
1.3.2. Focus group participation restrictions
1.3.3. Procedure
1.3.4. Room arrangement
1.3.5. Moderator functions and quality
1.4. Selection, preparation, instruction of interviewers
1.5. The interviewer effect
Chapter 2. Types and types of interviews
2.1. Typology of interviews
2.2. Formalized interview
2.3. Free interview
2.4. Focus group
2.4.1. From the history of the issue
2.4.2. Definition and features of the method
2.4.3. Advantages and disadvantages
2.4.4. Scope of application
2.5. Phone interview is good, but very bad
Chapter 3. Marketing research
3.1. Goals and objectives of marketing research
3.2. The problem of sampling and representativeness
3.3. Difficulties in communication between the client and the researcher
3.4. Brief and briefing
3.5. Methodological and technical methods of research
3.6. Laboratory survey (Hall-test)
3.7. Home-test
3.8. Personal interview (face-to-face)
3.9. Desk Research
3.10. OMNIBUS Telephone Survey
3.11. The VALS Survey
3.12. VALS Survey questionnaire (online version)
Chapter 4. Expert survey
4.1. Expert survey methodology
4.2. Types of expert survey
4.3. Selection of experts
4.4. Factors of the validity of expert assessments
4.5. Errors and difficulties in the application of the expert survey
4.6. Unusual experts
Chapter 5. Methods of Policy Research
5.1. Entry and exit polls
5.2. Primaries - a make-believe election?
5.3. Exit-Poll: Have you already voted?
5.4. Political rating
Section IV. NON-QUESTIONAL METHODS
Chapter 1. Observation in the social sciences
1.1. The essence of observation
1.2. Distinguishing features of scientific observation
1.3. Specificity of sociological observation
1.4. Types of observation
1.5. Formal observation
1.6. Enabled surveillance
1.7. Advantages and disadvantages of observation
1.8. The role and qualities of the observer
Chapter 2. Document Analysis
2.1. Documentary base of sociology
2.2. Document review: general provisions
2.3. Methodology and methodology of content analysis
Chapter 3. Scientific experiment
3.1. The essence of scientific experiment
3.2. Methodology and experimental technique
3.3. Experimenting procedure
3.4. Forming groups in an experiment
3.5. Errors and difficulties in the experiment
3.6. Experiment classification
3.7. Sociodramaturgical and ethnomethodological experiments
Chapter 4. Action research
4.1. Definition and scope
4.2. Philosophical foundations
4.3. Methodology
4.4. Procedure for
4.5. Looping and iteration
4.6. AR methods
4.7. History of the issue
4.8. AR paradigms
4.9. Interventionist Sociology
Chapter 5. Application of Tests in Applied Sociology
5.1. Test Methodology
5.2. Test classification
5.3. Sociometric procedures
5.4. Test technology
5.5. Computer testing
Chapter 6. Research centers
6.1. Gallup Institute
6.2. Institute of Demoscopy
6.3. VTsIOM
6.4. ESOMAR
6.5. NORC
6.6. NatCen
6.7. INION RAS
6.8. GfK Group
6.9. QUANTUM
6.10. Consulting organizations
Applications
Glossary of terms
Literature.