Social behavior is short. Types and forms of social behavior

Introduction

The definition of the term "behavior" was given by psychology, and sociology, as a science related to psychology, adopted this term. The very concept of "behavior" has a meaning in sociology that is different from the meaning of such traditional philosophical concepts as action and activity. Behavior is the individual's response to external and internal changes, while action is a rationally justified and purposeful act.

Sociology is a study of society, therefore sociology studies social behavior (the interaction of several individuals with each other).

The topic of human behavior always remains very relevant, because for the development and formation of society as a whole, it is very important to know (or at least assume) and understand how this or that person will behave in a certain situation. Human behavior can be predicted if you know his psychology, understand his social values \u200b\u200band attitudes. Depending on the psychology of people, various types of behavior are distinguished, which will be discussed in this work.

The main purpose of the abstract is to study the typology of personality behavior from the point of view of sociology.

To achieve this goal, a number of tasks are solved in the abstract, namely:

1. The concept of behavior and its form is considered;

2. The basic concepts of behavior proposed by famous psychologists and sociologists are studied;

3. The most popular typology of personality behavior, proposed by the popular sociologist of the twentieth century, Robert Merton, is considered.

Behavior in Sociology. Concept and forms

The concept of behavior in sociology

sociological merton behavior

The term "behavior" from the point of view of sociology is a set of human behavioral processes that are associated with the satisfaction of physical and social needs and arise as a reaction to the surrounding social environment.

The subject of social behavior in sociology is an individual or a group.

First of all, human behavior is determined by his socialization - the assimilation of social norms necessary for functioning in society. So, if the innate instincts of all people are practically identical, then the qualities of a person acquired in the process of socialization and the level of socialization of each person are different. In addition, the social behavior of an individual is strictly regulated by social norms and the role structure of society.

The social norm of behavior is behavior that is fully consistent with status expectations. Status expectations allow society to predict the actions of an individual, and the individual himself to coordinate his behavior in accordance with the models of behavior accepted in society. The social role, according to the American sociologist R. Linton, is social behavior that corresponds to status expectations. This understanding of social behavior is consistent with the functionalist approach, since in this case the behavior is determined by the social structure.

In contrast to functionalists, representatives of social behaviorism act, in whose opinion the study of behavioral processes should be carried out on the basis of the achievements of modern psychology, and in the role interpretation of behavior psychological moments overlooked.

Forms of behavior in sociology

Social behavior is a form and way of manifestation by an individual or a group of their preferences and attitudes, capabilities and abilities in social action or interaction.

There are two types of social behavior that a person uses to achieve life goals:

1) natural behavior;

2) ritual behavior.

The types of social behavior listed above are significantly different from each other.

"Natural" behavior "is an individually meaningful and egocentric behavior that is aimed at achieving individual goals and corresponds to these goals. For natural behavior, there is a specific goal that the individual achieves by any available means. Natural behavior is not regulated by social norms, it is of a natural nature and is directed towards meeting organic needs. Natural behavior in society is "forbidden", therefore it is always based on social conventions and mutual concessions on the part of all individuals.

Ritual or "ceremonial" behavior is the individually unnatural behavior through which society exists and reproduces. Ritual takes many forms, from etiquette to ceremony. Ritual is an integral part of social life, so familiar that people live in the field of ritual interactions and do not notice it. Ritual social behavior ensures the stability of society as a social system, and an individual who implements various forms of such behavior ensures social stability social structures and interactions.

The ritual nature of the behavior of individuals is of great importance for society, but it must be borne in mind that there is a "natural" egocentric social behavior, which in most cases is more beneficial for the individual. In this regard, society seeks to transform the forms of "natural" social behavior into various forms of ritual social behavior, including through the mechanisms of socialization using social support, control and punishment.

For the preservation and maintenance of social relations and for the survival of man as a species, the following forms of social behavior:

1) cooperative behavior, which consists in mutual assistance to each other;

2) parental behavior - the behavior of parents in relation to their offspring.

social action behavior deviance

Social action - "a person's action (regardless of whether it is external or internal, is reduced to non-interference or patient acceptance), which, according to the supposed actor or actors, the meaning correlates with the action of other people or is guided by it." For the first time the concept of social action was introduced into scientific circulation by the German sociologist Max Weber. Max Weber developed the first classification of types of social action based on the degree of rationality of the behavior of individuals. So, they stood out:

Goal-rational,
Value-rational,
Traditional,
· Affective.

T. Parsons' problematics of social action is associated with the identification of the following features:

· Normativity (depends on generally accepted values \u200b\u200band norms).
Voluntarity (that is, the connection with the will of the subject, providing some independence from environment)
· The presence of significant regulatory mechanisms.

Any social action is a system in which the following elements can be distinguished:

A distinction should be made between the two following concepts: "behavior" and "action". If behavior is a response of the body to internal or external stimuli (it can be reflex, unconscious or intentional, conscious), then action is only some types of behavior. Social actions are always deliberate complexes of actions. They are associated with the choice of means and are aimed at achieving a specific goal - changing the behavior, attitudes or opinions of other individuals or groups, which would satisfy the specific needs and interests of those influencing. Therefore, the ultimate success largely depends on the correct choice of means and method of action. Social action, like any other behavior, can be (according to Weber):

1.goal-rational, if it is based on the expectation of a certain behavior of objects of the external world and other people and the use of this expectation as "conditions" or "means" to achieve its rationally set and thoughtful goal,
2. value-rational, based on belief in the unconditional - aesthetic, religious or any other - self-sufficient value of a certain behavior as such, regardless of what it will lead to;
3. affective, primarily emotional, that is, conditioned by the affects or emotional state of the individual;
4. traditional; that is, based on long-term habit.

Wherein:

1. Purely traditional action, like purely reactive imitation, is on the very border, and often even beyond the limit of what can be called "meaningfully" oriented action. Indeed, it is often only an automatic reaction to habitual irritation in the direction of a once learned attitude. Most of the usual everyday behavior of people is close to this type, which occupies a certain place in the systematization of behavior, not only as a borderline case, but also because loyalty to the habit can be realized here in different ways and to varying degrees (more on this below). In some cases, this type approaches type No. 2.
2. Purely affective action is also on the border and often beyond the border of what is "meaningful", consciously oriented; it may be an unobstructed response to a very unusual stimulus. If an action conditioned by affect finds its expression in a conscious emotional release, we are talking about sublimation. In this case, this type is almost always close to "value rationalization", or to purposeful behavior, or both.
3. The value-rational orientation of action differs from affective behavior by the conscious determination of its orientation and a consistently planned orientation towards it. Their common property lies in the fact that the meaning for them consists not in the achievement of any external goal, but in the most definite behavior as such. The individual acts under the influence of affect if he seeks to immediately satisfy his need for revenge, pleasure, devotion, blissful contemplation, or relieve the tension of any other affects, no matter how base or subtle they may be. A purely value-driven rational is one who, regardless of the possible consequences, follows his convictions about duty, dignity, beauty, religious intentions, piety, or the importance of an "object" of any kind. Value-based rational action (within the framework of our terminology) is always subordinated to “commandments” or “requirements”, in obedience to which the given individual sees his duty. Only to the extent that human action is focused on them - which is quite rare and to a very different, mostly very insignificant degree - can we speak of value-rational action. As will become clear from the subsequent presentation, the meaning of the latter is so serious that it allows us to single it out as a special type of action, although here we do not attempt to give an exhaustive, in any sense, classification of types of human action.
4. The individual whose behavior is focused on the goal, means and side results of his actions, who rationally considers the relationship of means to the goal and by-results and, finally, the relationship of various possible goals to each other, that is, acts, in any case not affectively (primarily not emotionally) and not traditionally. The choice between competing and colliding goals and consequences can, in turn, be value-rationalized - then behavior is goal-rational only according to its own means. The individual can also include competing and conflicting goals - without a value-rational orientation to "commandments" and "requirements" - simply as given subjective needs in a scale according to the degree of their consciously weighed need, and then orient their behavior in such a way that these needs, whenever possible satisfied in the prescribed manner (the principle of "marginal utility"). The value-rational orientation of action can, therefore, be in different relationships with the goal-rational orientation. From a goal-oriented rational point of view, value rationality is always irrational, and the more irrational it is, the more it absolutes the value on which the behavior is oriented, because it takes into account the consequences of the actions performed the less, the more unconditional for it is the self-sufficient value of behavior as such (purity of belief. beauty, absolute goodness, absolute fulfillment of one's duty). However, the absolute goal rationality of action is also in essence only a borderline case.
5. Action, especially social action, is very rarely focused only on one or another type of rationality. This classification itself, of course, does not exhaust the types of action orientations; they are created for sociological research conceptually pure types, to which real behavior more or less approaches or - which occurs much more often - of which it consists. For us, the evidence of their expediency can only be the result of research.

Social actions are a certain system of actions, means and methods, using which an individual or a social group seeks to change the behavior, views or opinions of other individuals or groups. The basis of social action is contacts, without them the desire to evoke certain reactions of an individual or a group, to change their behavior, cannot arise. So, social actions are those actions, the purpose of which is to cause a change in the behavior, attitudes and aspirations of individuals or communities. Already M. Weber emphasized that not all actions of people are social actions, since the achievement of far from every goal presupposes orientation towards other people. In this regard, in his work Basic Sociological Concepts, he wrote: “Social action (including non-intervention or patient acceptance) can be oriented towards the past, present, or expected future behavior of others. It can be revenge for past wrongs, protection from danger in the present, or measures of protection from impending danger in the future. "Others" can be individuals, acquaintances, or a vague set of complete strangers. " Thus, according to M. Weber, social action is a synthesis of two necessary points:

· Subjective motivation for the actions of an individual or group;
· Orientation to the behavior (past, present or expected in the future) of others.

Any social action is a system in which the following elements can be distinguished:

· Subject of action, influencing individual or community of people;
· Object of action, individual or community, to which the action is directed;
· Means (instruments of action) and methods of action with the help of which the necessary change is carried out;
· The result of the action - the response of the individual or community to which the action was directed.

Social action according to Habermas. Habermas was developing his own theory of communicative action, which is in many ways a continuation of the work of Max Weber. Within the framework of his theory, Habermas identified 4 ideal types of social action:

1. Strategic action - an action aimed at achieving selfish goals, taking into account the behavior of one or more individuals. This action is partly rational, since a person chooses the most effective way to achieve his own goal People in this case are viewed as means or obstacles to the achievement of selfish goals.
2. Regulatory action is mutually beneficial behavior based on norms and values \u200b\u200bthat are shared within the group. Participants in this action may pursue their own selfish goals, but this will be possible only on condition that the accepted norms are observed. The rationality of this action lies in the fact that people need to calculate the objective consequences of their actions in terms of accepted norms.
3. Dramatic action - an action to create an image, which is based on a person's self-expression. In other words, this is an act of introducing oneself to others. A person in this action reveals his individuality.
4. Communicative action - acting in agreement with other participants to achieve a common goal. In the types of action described above, subjects can go towards a common goal, but the pursuit of a common goal is only a means to achieve their individual, selfish goals. In the case of a communicative action, the basis is precisely the achievement of a common goal, while the achievement of egoistic goals in this case fades into the background.

Social behavior (eng. Social behavior) - behavior that is expressed in the totality of actions and actions of an individual or a group in society and depends on socio-economic factors and prevailing norms.

Such a relatively young scientific discipline as social psychology is engaged in the study of human social behavior. Social behavior is also inherent in many social animals (for example, primates, bees), which are studied by ethologists, zoopsychologists, and other specialists. Nicholas Tinbergen defines social behavior in animals as interaction between individuals of the same species, emphasizing that not all group activity will be social. So, for example, the flight of animals from a forest fire is not a "social behavior", it is a reaction caused by the instinct of self-preservation.

The biological value of the social behavior of animals is that it allows you to solve adaptive tasks that are unbearable for a single individual.

Also, social behavior is defined as a qualitative characteristic of social action and interaction. For example, 450 deputies simultaneously participate in the work of the State Duma, that is, they are engaged in political activities... However, the behavior of these subjects of politics is ambiguous: some doze in their deputy chairs, others shout something from their seats, others rush to the microphone installed on the podium, and others start a fight with their colleagues.

Participants of mass events also behave differently. Thus, some participants in the demonstration peacefully march along the declared route, others seek to organize riots, and still others provoke bloody clashes. All these differences in the actions of the subjects of social interaction fall under the definition of "social behavior". In other words, all the described actors are engaged in political activities or participate in a mass event, but their behavior is different. Consequently, social behavior is a way for a social actor to manifest his preferences, motives, attitudes, opportunities and abilities in social action or interaction.

The social behavior of an individual (group) can depend on many factors. Here are some of them:

· Individual emotional and psychological qualities of the subject of social interaction. For example, the behavior of V. V. Zhirinovsky is characterized by emotional richness, unpredictability, shocking; V. V. Putin - prudence, balance in words and deeds, external calm;
· Personal (group) interest of the subject in the events taking place. For example, a deputy is intensely lobbying a bill he is interested in, although he is rather passive when discussing other issues;
· Adaptive behavior, ie, behavior associated with the need to adapt to the objective conditions of life. For example, it is difficult to imagine a daredevil who, in a crowd glorifying any political leader (Hitler, Stalin, Mao Zedong), would shout slogans denouncing this leader;
· Situational behavior, that is, behavior conditioned by real conditions, when the social subject in his actions is forced to take into account the situation that has arisen;
· Behavior conditioned by the moral principles and moral values \u200b\u200bof the actor. For example, Jan Huss, J. Bruno and many other great thinkers could not compromise their principles and became victims of the Inquisition;
· The competence of the actor in a particular political situation or political action. The essence of “competence” is how well the subject is in control of the situation, understands the essence of what is happening, knows the “rules of the game” and is able to use them adequately; behavior caused by various kinds of manipulation. For example, with lies, deception, populist promises, people are forced to behave in one way or another. Thus, a presidential candidate (governors, deputies) in his election program promises, if elected, to fulfill certain orders of his voters, but, having become president, he does not even think to fulfill the promise;
· Violent compulsion to a certain type of behavior. Such methods of influencing behavior are usually characteristic of totalitarian and authoritarian regimes of power. For example, under the communist regime in the USSR, people were forced to take part in mass political actions (subbotniks, rallies, elections, demonstrations) and at the same time behave in a certain way.

The nature of behavior is influenced by motivation and the degree of involvement of the actor in this or that event or process. For example, for some, participation in political events - an accidental episode, for others - politics is a profession, for others - the vocation and meaning of life, for the fourth - a way to earn a living. Mass behavior can be due to the social and psychological properties of the crowd, when individual motivation is suppressed and dissolves in not fully conscious (sometimes spontaneous) actions of the crowd.

There are four levels of social behavior of the subject:

1) the subject's reaction to the current situation, to certain events replacing each other;
2) habitual actions or deeds, acting as elements of behavior, in which the stable attitude of the subject to other subjects is expressed;
3) a purposeful sequence of social actions and actions in a particular sphere of life to achieve the subject of more distant goals (for example, entering a university, obtaining a profession, creating and arranging a family, etc.);
4) implementation of strategic life goals.

Social behavior

The concept of "behavior" came to sociology from psychology. The meaning of the term "behavior" is different, different from the meaning of such traditional philosophical concepts as action and activity. If action is understood as a rationally substantiated act with a clear goal, strategy, carried out with the involvement of specific conscious methods and means, then behavior is just a reaction of a living being to external and internal changes. Such a reaction can be both conscious and unconscious. So, purely emotional reactions - laughter, crying - are also behavior.

Social behavior is a set of human behavioral processes associated with the satisfaction of physical and social needs and arising as a reaction to the surrounding social environment. The subject of social behavior can be an individual or a group.

If we abstract from purely psychological factors and reason at the social level, then the behavior of the individual is determined primarily by socialization. The minimum of innate instincts that a person possesses as a biological being is the same for all people. Behavioral differences depend on the qualities acquired in the process of socialization and, to some extent, on the innate and acquired psychological individual characteristics.

In addition, the social behavior of individuals is regulated by the social structure, in particular by the role structure of society.

Social norm of behavior - this is the kind of behavior that fully corresponds to the status expectations. Due to the existence of status expectations, society with sufficient probability can predict the actions of the individual in advance, and the individual himself can coordinate his behavior with the ideal model or model adopted by society. Social behavior corresponding to status expectations is defined by the American sociologist R. Linton as social role... This interpretation of social behavior is closest to functionalism, since it explains behavior as a phenomenon determined by social structure. R. Merton introduced the category of the “role complex” - a system of role expectations determined by a given status, as well as the concept of role conflict that occurs when the role expectations of the status occupied by the subject are incompatible and cannot be realized in some single socially acceptable behavior.

The functionalist understanding of social behavior was subjected to fierce criticism from primarily representatives of social behaviorism, who believed that it was necessary to build the study of behavioral processes on the basis of the achievements of modern psychology. How much psychological moments were really overlooked by the role interpretation of the command follows from the fact that N. Cameron tried to substantiate the idea of \u200b\u200bthe role determination of mental disorders, believing that mental illness is the incorrect performance of his social roles and the result of the patient's inability to perform them as it is. society needs. Behaviorists argued that at the time of E. Durkheim, the successes of psychology were insignificant and therefore the functionality of the expiring paradigm met the requirements of the time, but in the XX century, when psychology reached a high level of development, its data cannot be ignored when considering human behavior.

People behave differently in this or that social situation, in this or that social environment. For example, some participants in the demonstration peacefully march along the declared route, others seek to organize riots, and still others provoke mass clashes. These various actions of actors of social interaction can be defined as social behavior. Hence, social behavior is the form and method of manifestation by social actors of their preferences and attitudes, opportunities and abilities in social action or interaction. Therefore, social behavior can be viewed as a qualitative characteristic of social action and interaction.

In sociology, social behavior is interpreted as: about behavior, which is expressed in the totality of actions and actions of an individual or a group in society and depends on socio-economic factors and prevailing norms; o external manifestation of activity, the form of transformation of activity into real actions in relation to socially significant objects; o adaptation of a person to the social conditions of his existence.

To achieve life goals and in the implementation of individual tasks, a person can use two types of social behavior - natural and ritual, the differences between which are of a fundamental nature.

"Natural" behavior, individually significant and egocentric, is always aimed at achieving individual goals and is adequate to these goals. Therefore, the individual is not faced with the question of the correspondence of the goals and means of social behavior: the goal can and must be achieved by any means. The "natural" behavior of an individual is not socially regulated, so it is usually immoral or "unceremonious". This social behavior is "natural", natural in nature, since it is addressed to the provision of organic needs. In society, "natural" egocentric behavior is "prohibited", therefore it is always based on social conventions and mutual concessions on the part of all individuals.

Ritual behavior ("ceremonial") - individually unnatural behavior; it is precisely this behavior that makes society exist and reproduce. Ritual in all its variety of forms - from etiquette to ceremony - so deeply penetrates the entire social life that people do not notice that they are living in the field of ritual interactions. Ritual social behavior is a means of ensuring the stability of the social system, and an individual who implements various forms of such behavior participates in ensuring the social stability of social structures and interactions. Thanks to ritual behavior, a person achieves social well-being, constantly convinced of the inviolability of his social status and the preservation of the usual set of social roles.

Society is interested in the social behavior of individuals to be of a ritual nature, but society cannot abolish the "natural" egocentric social behavior, which, being adequate in goals and indiscriminate in means, always turns out to be more beneficial for the individual than "ritual" behavior. Therefore, society seeks to transform the forms of "natural" social behavior into various forms of ritual social behavior, including through socialization mechanisms using social support, control and punishment.

The following forms of social behavior are aimed at the preservation and maintenance of social relations and, ultimately, the survival of a person as homo sapiens (Homo sapiens):

cooperative behavior, which includes all forms of altruistic behavior - helping each other during natural disasters and technological disasters, helping young children and the elderly, helping future generations through the transfer of knowledge and experience;

parental behavior - the behavior of parents towards their offspring.

Aggressive behavior is presented in all its manifestations, both group and individual - from verbal abuse of another person to mass killings during wars.

Human behavior is studied in many areas of psychology - in behaviorism, psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology, etc. The term "behavior" is one of the key terms in existential philosophy and is used in the study of a person's relationship to the world. The methodological possibilities of this concept are due to the fact that it makes it possible to identify unconscious stable structures of the personality or human existence in the world. Among the psychological concepts of human behavior that have had a great influence on sociology and social psychology, one should name, first of all, the psychoanalytic directions developed by Z. Freud, C. G. Jung, A. Adler.

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behavior social deviant victim

Introduction

1.1 The concept of human behavior

1.2 Types of human behavior

2 The concept of "behavior" in sociology

2.1 Concept of social behavior

2.2 Behavior as a social characteristic of a person

Conclusion

List of used literature

INTRODUCTION

Human activity consists of actions. An act is the main element of human relationships, in which various personality qualities are manifested, both good and bad, attitude to the problems of reality, to the people around. Every act entails inevitable results: changes in people's attitudes, in their consciousness, it also entails consequences for the actor himself. An act is always associated with a certain responsibility of a person for his actions, for his behavior. Rean A.A., Kolominskiy Ya.L. Social educational psychology (series: masters of psychology) SPb., Peter, 1999.

In this regard, we recall the given P.A. Sorokin characterized sociology as "a science that studies the behavior of people living in an environment of their own kind." Sorokin P.A. Man. Civilization. Society. M., 1992. Consciousness and rational, purposeful behavior - attributes of social, that is, meaningful life, distinguishing social life from seething and bubbling nonsense, irrational, blind impulse, which is life (according to A.F. Losev) in its abstract, pure biological understanding. Losev A.F. Daring spirit. M., 1988.

Among the social problems that reflect the crisis state of modern Russian society is the regulation of the social behavior of the individual. This is evidenced by the growth of deviant social behavior, certain types of which (drug addiction, alcoholism, suicide) threaten with depopulation. At the same time, the duration of the manifestation of the deviant nature of social behavior determines the change in the functional state of society. Society today itself reproduces such forms of social behavior as marginal, criminal, manipulative, selfish entrepreneurial, destructive labor and others.

The problem of regulating social behavior is associated with the loss of the personality of its former social identification, which is the primary basis for behavioral orientation. The system of higher, transpersonal, humanistic values, which determined the meaning of social and personal life, collapsed, as a result of which a devaluation of human life itself is observed. A person “has lost himself” in the socially practical plane, he begins to play one social role, then another, and often life itself seems to him meaningless. Thus, the mismatch of his value world, the displacement of norms and ideals, legal and illegal, ought and what is, leads to a violation of the regulation of relations in society and the irresponsibility of the individual for his social actions.

In light of the above, it is clear how important research is now that shows what constitutes social behavior. modern man, by virtue of what features it is "little" controllable, and what principles should the system of its regulation meet.

This study is devoted to the study of the understanding of the concept of "behavior" in sociology.

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.

1 CHARACTERISTIC OF THE BEHAVIOR CATEGORY

1.1 Human behavior concept

Behavior is meaningful, serving some (conscious or unconscious) purpose of a person's actions, the responsibility for which is assigned to him.

Behavior is congenital (instincts and learned in the first hours after birth), acquired (formed as a result of learning, training and education) and creative (created by the person himself).

Also, behavior can be intentional (carried out on purpose) and unintentional (carried out accidentally). If a person does not think about what he is doing, this does not absolve him of responsibility.

Also, behavior can be conscious (consciously controlled by a person) and unconscious.

Acquired behavior is a long-term (possibly lifelong) change in behavior that a person has learned in the course of life. Contrasted with innate behavior.

Behavior that was learned in the first hours of life (a type of imprinting) is considered congenital.

Part of acquired behavior is learned behavior: a behavioral pattern that emerged early on from parents and other loved ones.

A behavioral act is (the same as a behavioral pattern - a unit of behavior) one completed complex action that begins with the perception of the surrounding world and the response to it in order to achieve the desired or get rid of the undesirable.

The structure of the behavioral act. Psychological problems social regulation behavior. Moscow: Nauka, 1976, p. 350.

1. Perception of reality, which does not suit.

2. Formation of a program of behavior (based on innate instincts, acquired experience and random guesses)

3. Implementation of the program of behavior - the actual action.

4. Comparison of the obtained result with the desired result.

5. If the desired result coincides with the received one - termination of the action.

6. If the desired result does not coincide with the obtained one - the formation of a new one or the repetition of the previously formed program of behavior.

Thus, we see that behavior is a category inherent in personality. Personality is a specific person, the bearer of a certain individuality and the owner of a certain social position (status) in society. In the actions of a person, in his actions and behavior, the inner maturity of the personality is manifested. Personality is a social, social concept, it is a kind of product of communication and interaction between people. The essence of a person is not her hairstyle, not her blood, but her social quality. You can become a person only in relation to the world, to what is around a person, and it is absolutely impossible with indifference to all this. A.I. Zavgorodny Personality: normativity and deviance // Some problems of socio-political development of modern Russian society. Sat. scientific. tr. / Ed. G.V. Dylnova. - Saratov: Publishing house Sarat. University, 2001. Issue. 8, pp. 118-119.

1.2 Types of human behavior

Consider the different types of human behavior.

Demonstrative behavior - expressive actions and deeds in which there is a purposeful desire to draw attention to oneself.

Demonstrative behavior, as long as it does not go beyond some reasonable limits, is a convenient means for solving a variety of life tasks. Demonstrative behavior is often inherent in charismatic leaders and most women. In works clinical psychologists demonstrative behavior is considered as one of the symptoms in the picture of mental distress.

Responsible behavior - behavior in which a person assumes (personally) specific obligations and performs them properly.

Responsible behavior involves:

Conscious and strict fulfillment of the obligations assumed;

Reasonable observance of accepted moral and legal norms;

Willingness to be accountable to yourself and to external authorities for your actions and deeds.

Conformal behavior - conciliatory, thoughtless behavior, the standard of behavior in groups in which responsibility is diffused. "I agree. I am like everyone else! "

Conformal behavior is characterized by stereotyped thinking, zero position of perception. Conformal behavior is usually based on fear and lack of the habit of thinking independently. Conforming behavior can sometimes be a variant of loyal behavior, when conciliatory behavior is a way of showing loyalty. "As they tell me - so I will think."

Victim behavior (from the English victim - victim) - such actions of a person that provoke a desire to attack him. Victimism is a term from criminal psychology - actions that increase the likelihood of a person getting into an unpleasant situation.

Helping behavior is defined as actions that are for the benefit of others and for which no external reward is provided. It belongs to the category of prosocial behavior, which encompasses all positive forms of social action that are aimed at the benefit or benefit of others. Helping behavior includes actions such as sharing, giving, helping, and encouraging.

There may be a variety of motives behind providing help, such as a sense of duty, submission to a demand or threat, expectation of rewards, moral obligation, or gratitude. The motives of helping behavior can be classified according to their moral value. Helping behavior of the highest moral standard is based on an altruistic motive. An altruistic act is defined as voluntary and conscious behavior that does not contain any other ultimate goal besides the good of another person.

Helping behavior is caused by many factors, and that these factors act in different ways depending on the specific situation and specific personality tendencies.

4 approaches were involved in the development of helping behavior, especially highly moral,: evolutionary, psychoanalytic, from the standpoint of the theory of social learning and the cognitive theory of development. A.I. Zavgorodny Normativeness in the conditions of transitional states of society // Some problems of socio-political development of modern Russian society. Sat. scientific. tr. / Ed. G.V. Dylnova. - Saratov: Publishing house "Nadezhda", 2002. Issue. 9, pp. 43-45.

The evolutionary approach is associated with the search for biological and social conditions that can contribute to the formation of altruistic behavior. There are two points of view here:

Altruistic behavior is necessary for the survival of a person as a species; therefore, genes for altruistic behavior were preferred when reproducing a population.

Altruistic behavior is a product of sociocultural evolution: human beings are selfish in nature, however social evolution through cultural pressure, counteracts individual selfish tendencies in order to promote altruistic behavior of value to the group or society.

The psychoanalytic approach stresses the importance of the long-term consequences of the experiences of infancy and childhood.

According to a social learning theory approach, assisting behaviors are learned through interaction with the social environment. Positive reinforcement and modeling, as well as induction and role performance, are highlighted as conditions conducive to the acquisition of helping behavior.

The cognitive approach to development emphasizes qualitative changes in the aspect of cognitive, social perspectives and the development of moral judgments as prerequisites for the formation of highly moral pro-social helping behavior.

IN recent times the integration of the latter two approaches was proposed within the framework of the theory of cognitive learning. According to this approach, the self-regulation system underlies the formation of self-control - the ability to perform sacrificial behavior without expecting external rewards.

Internal behavior - deliberate, meaningful and expedient internal movements of a person. Thinking, imagination, faith, motivating yourself.

The rules of internal behavior determine how to think, what to believe, and what to value. A free-thinking person is not necessarily someone who has not been raised - it can also be someone who was raised in the format of internally free thinking.

Deviant behavior (from English deviation - deviation) - actions that do not correspond to the officially established or actually established in a given society (social group) moral and legal norms and lead the violator (deviant) to isolation, treatment, correction or punishment. Gilinsky Ya.I. Sociology of deviant behavior and social control // Sociology in Russia / Ed. V.A. Yadova M .: Publishing house "On Vorobyovykh" together with the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1996, pp.487-486.

The main types of deviant behavior: crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, prostitution, sexual deviation.

Currently, there is no single approach to the study and explanation of deviant behavior. A number of researchers, following E. Durkheim, believe that under normal conditions of functioning of a social organization, deviant behavior occurs not so often, but under conditions of social disorganization, when regulatory control weakens, the likelihood of manifestations of deviation increases. Such situations include stress, intragroup and intergroup conflicts, and abrupt changes in society.

From the point of view of the theory of anomie (R. Merton), deviant behavior grows if, in the presence of common goals, socially approved means of achieving these goals are not available to everyone, and for some people or social groups they are generally inaccessible. From the standpoint of the concept of socialization, persons with deviant behavior are people whose socialization takes place in an environment where the factors predisposing to such behavior (violence, immorality, etc.) are considered normal, or society treats them quite tolerantly.

Of interest is also popular in the 1960s. a concept of stigma that has drawn attention to the social response to deviant behavior. According to this concept, a deviation is a consequence of a negative social assessment, “sticking” a label of some kind of deviation (for example, “liar”, “alcoholic”, “drug addict”) to an individual and the subsequent desire to isolate him, correct, cure, etc.

Numerous domestic and foreign studies of the psychology of deviant behavior are focused on the study of personal characteristics of deviants, their mental health, the problem of auto-identification, the interiorization of norms and values, the role of external and internal control, on the development of methods of psychotherapy and mental correction of persons with various forms of deviation.

2 THE CONCEPT OF "BEHAVIOR" IN SOCIOLOGY

2.1 Social behavior concept

The problem of the social behavior of the individual is not new to the social sciences and humanities. In the works of a number of scientists belonging to various areas of psychology, sociology, cultural studies, law, ethics attempts were made to comprehend this phenomenon. To date, the scientific literature has accumulated a large amount of materials of theoretical and practical research on the determination and motivation of social behavior.

Culturologists consider social behavior in its inextricable connection with culture. So, for example, E.A. Orlova believes that "culture, by definition, is understood as a derivative of joint human activity." Researchers such as K. Kuhn, D. Bidney, R. Linton define culture as learned behavior. Behavior is viewed as a function of hidden semiotic structures, and culture, understood as a language, is structured in the form of “rules of behavior” (D. Silverman), “symbols” (A. Pettigrew), “meanings” (K. Wijk), “individual codes” ( M. Lowy). B.C. Stepin writes that the "body" of culture "consists of supra-biological programs of behavior, communication and human activity.

Cultural studies analyze cultural norms that determine the social behavior of an individual, as well as symbolic programs of behavior, the system set of which mediates the interaction of people and the conditions of their life, depriving the latter of the effect of direct action, creating a social environment. Thus, culturologists, like sociologists, focus on external, determining factors of social behavior.

In pedagogy, the moral aspect determines the specifics of the study of social behavior. The essential meaning of social behavior is revealed at the intersection of such processes as a person's awareness of himself as a member of society, a subject of interaction with other people, with groups; deliberate fulfillment of the norms of social life, adopted by this society; application of personal efforts to familiarize with social values \u200b\u200b(their development and creation); implementation of family, leisure, work, cognitive functions based on humanism and spirituality. The sociality of behavior appears as a culture of human self-realization in society, and is evaluated from the point of view of morality. Therefore, the leading element of behavior is the “right deed” (AS Makarenko).

In legal sciences, the category of social behavior is considered in an applied aspect (in terms of its use as a theoretical and legal tool for assessing the realities of antisocial behavior). One group of legal scholars operate with the terms "social", "socio-legal", "legal" behavior as complementary, the other prefers to use only the term "legal behavior" in legal sciences. The following provision is of fundamental importance here: legal in general is a kind of social. Hence, in particular, the point of view on "social and legal" as a tautology, an attempt to abandon the social conditioning of the behavior of an individual and the recognition of the need to explain it from the standpoint of compliance or non-compliance with legal norms. Recognizing and emphasizing the organic connection between the unity of the legal and the social, I would like to point out the impossibility of both their complete confusion and rupture.

Not every social behavior can have legal significance, but only one that, in addition to social significance, has legal signs: controllability by consciousness, legal consequences, walking in the legal sphere, etc. When considering social behavior in jurisprudence, the social side is not absolutized; on the contrary, the normative-legal aspect of behavior is emphasized, therefore, social behavior appears as lawful or illegal in the framework of the normative reflection and assessment of the severity of the social property or, in other words, the social danger of behavior. The essence of socially dangerous behavior is social and is rooted in the mode of action, its intensity and focus on the corresponding object and the harm done.

Antisocial behavior arises when an individual realizes his interests as contrary to the interests of society and the presence of will, which gives actions to three main impulses: the desire for his own good (egoism), or the desire for someone else's grief (anger), or the desire for someone else’s good (compassion). Therefore, legal behavior is built according to the same scheme as moral: decision - responsibility - guilt. Human behavior, although governed by law, has motives rooted in human nature, it follows that law and morality are inseparable. Thus, social behavior in legal sciences is studied in the context of social norms and is limited by the framework of one social property of behavior - social danger.

Sociology studies the social behavior of a person as a representative of large social groups, a subject of social interaction. The sociological paradigm of social behavior is rooted in the tradition of American sociology, which developed within the framework of a positive social orientation, which began to form in the 1920s, and already in the 50s and 60s. most Western sociologists were guided by it, both in theoretical and empirical studies.

Social behavior is considered in the logic of social action, the theory of which was developed by M. Weber, F. Znanetsky, R. Macaiver, G. Becker, V. Pareto, T. Parsons, J. Habermas. Interesting works by J. Fourastier, in which the author emphasizes the complexity of modern management and focuses on the lack of balance between social and biological principles in human behavior.

Contemporary Russian sociologists B.C. Afanasyev, A.G. Zdravomyslov, G.V. Osipov, Zh.T. Toshchenko, S.F. Frolov, V.M. Shepel, V.A. Yadov consider social behavior as the social actions of individuals or social groups. Purposeful behavior of a person is analyzed in the works of E.M. Korzhevoy, N.F. Naumova. Social behavior in the aspect of its deviation from norms is the subject of research by Ya. Gilinsky, N.V. Kudryavtseva.

Sociologists mainly study external factors that determine social behavior. It should be noted that M. Weber believed that the task of the sociological study of social behavior is to analyze the subjectively assumed, implied meaning of human actions. A.A. Radugin Radugin K.A. Sociology: a course of lectures - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Center, 1999. Weber proceeded from the neo-Kantian premise, according to which every human act appears to be meaningful only in relation to values, in the light of which the norms of human behavior and their individual goals are articulated.

However, in the course of the subsequent development of the problems of axiology in Western (especially American) sociology, this connection gradually disappeared from the field of view of researchers of social behavior, for whom values \u200b\u200bwere not considered in their internal specifics that distinguished them from norms, on the contrary, they figured, as a rule, only within the framework the phrase “values \u200b\u200band norms”, where norms are considered in close connection with public sanctions. Values \u200b\u200bbegan to be defined as the rules of conduct by which a society preserves, regulates, and disseminates appropriate types of actions among its members. In this context, a person with his goals, aspirations, values \u200b\u200bis viewed as a consequence of social processes, and not as their cause.

So, for example, T. Parsons, for whom the development of Weber's theory of social action played a decisive role in the formation of his own sociological structure, decisively transformed its basic concepts. He studies social behavior in the aspect of general cultural values, models, norms and mandatory requirements for human behavior. E. V. Tadevosyan Dictionary-reference book on sociology and political science. - M .; Knowledge, 1996.

Talcott Parsons tried to systematize social behavior. He proceeded from the role-based concept of behavior and believed that behavior is determined by the role, and any role can be described using five main characteristics.

1. Emotionality. Some roles (for example, nurse, doctor or police officer) require emotional restraint in situations that are usually accompanied by violent manifestations of feelings (we are talking about illness, suffering, death). Family members and friends are expected to express their feelings less discreetly.

2. Method of obtaining. Some roles are conditioned by prescribed statuses - for example, child, youth, or adult citizen; they are determined by the age of the person playing the role. Other roles are being won; when we talk about a professor, we mean a role that is not achieved automatically, but as a result of the efforts of the individual.

3. Scale. Some roles are limited to strictly defined aspects of human interaction. For example, the roles of the doctor and patient are limited to issues that are directly related to the patient's health. A broader relationship is established between the young child and his mother or father; each parent is concerned about many aspects of the baby's life.

4. Formalization. Some roles involve interacting with people according to established rules. For example, a librarian is obliged to lend books for a certain period of time and demand a fine for each delayed day from those who delay the books. In other roles, special treatment is allowed for those with whom you have a personal relationship. For example, we do not expect a brother or sister to pay us for a service rendered to us, although we might take a payment from a stranger.

5. Motivation. Different roles have different motives. It is expected, say, that an entrepreneurial person is absorbed in his own interests - his actions are determined by the desire to obtain maximum profit. But the priest is supposed to work primarily for the public good and not for personal gain.

According to Parsons, any role includes some combination of these characteristics.

Role theory describes well the adaptive side of the process of socialization of the individual. But this scheme cannot be taken as the only and exhaustive, since it leaves in the shadows an active, creative personal principle.

Today, sociology is dominated by an approach to considering social behavior in terms of social institutions (a system of institutions, laws, norms) that bring order to human behavior, ensuring its certainty and predictability. According to this approach, society through institutions determines the forms of social behavior, thereby freeing a person from the need to make essential decisions anew every time. Institutions guarantee the habitual reliability of fundamental life orientations, social behavior is freed from excessive reflection: in their mutual relations, people are able to automatically follow the same form of behavior.

Thus, for a sociologist, the subject of study is institutional, i.e. stable, repetitive, empirically fixed, typical, normatively mediated and organizationally ordered forms of strategic consciousness and personality behavior.

Sociologists consider the main components of social behavior to be needs, motivation, expectations (expectations), goals, means, conditions and norms.

The sociological classification of types of social behavior is based on the spheres of society: political, economic, private consumer, legal, cultural. According to the social orientation, pro-social and antisocial behavior, etc.

2.2 Behavior as a social characteristic of a person

Behavior is the most important social characteristic of a person, one of the varieties of social behavior of people. Depending on the form of expression, it can be verbal (verbal), consisting of various statements, judgments and assessments that give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe internal state of the individual, and real (practical), which includes certain actions of people. Under the conditions of the existence of the state and society, it acts as the leading variety of the entire set of socially significant actions, actions of people.

After analyzing the literature, we can conclude that social behavior can be classified as follows.

According to the degree of social significance, it is subdivided:

Objectively necessary - this is the protection of the Motherland, the performance of labor duties, compliance with the rules of the internal labor schedule, rules road traffic etc. Options for such behavior are enshrined in peremptory legal norms in the form of duties. Their implementation is ensured (in addition to the organizational activities of the state) by the threat of state coercion;

Desirable for society - (participation in elections, marriage, appeal against illegal actions officials etc.). This behavior is enshrined not as a duty, but as a right, the nature of the implementation of which largely depends on the will and interests of the entitled person. Many options for such behavior are enshrined in dispositive norms;

Socially acceptable behavior - such as, for example, divorce, frequent job changes, strike. The state and society are not interested in their prevalence. However, these actions are legitimate, permitted by law, and therefore the possibility of their commission is provided by the state, although they are not approved by society;

Socially harmful, socially undesirable behavior is normatively fixed in the form of prohibitions.

Depending on the motives, i.e. subjective side, behavior is divided into:

Socially active;

Socially passive;

Habitual;

Conformist;

Marginal;

Nihilistic.

Socially active behavior. This is a deeply conscious, purposeful, proactive behavior. Here, the subject acts not because of fear of punishment and not because of encouragement, but on the basis of a belief in the necessity and expediency of behavior .. The norms of society are perceived by the individual as objectively necessary, expedient, expressing his own views, needs, aspirations (for example, in the production sphere is a creative attitude to work, a constant increase in its productivity, initiative and discipline in work).

Socially passive behavior. Subjects generally refrain from committing asocial actions that are not approved by society and the rule of law; without much activity, indifferently observe the laws, although they often internally disagree with them. In fact, this is forced or forced behavior. Scientific studies show that about 20% of Russians do not commit criminal acts under favorable conditions, in other words, they overcome the criminal temptation, the temptation due to the threat of punishment and exposure. Only the fear of responsibility keeps them from taking the fatal step.

Habitual behavior. According to opinion polls, approximately one third russian citizens observes the norms of behavior out of habit (a habit arises as a result of repeated repetition of actions performed in an already familiar, well-known environment), without thinking about why they do this. They usually find it difficult to even clearly explain the motives of their behavior. For them, this behavior is a natural, self-evident way of life.

However, habit does not deny an understanding of the factual elements of an act, although there is no proper social assessment of its consequences. This is a habitual but not unconscious behavior. It is formed under the influence of many factors - traditions, family and other upbringing, healthy conservatism, established foundations, rules, stereotypes; striving for order, tranquility and justice; understanding that it is beneficial, convenient, comfortable, that only in this way can you achieve your goals, desires, and success. The well-known maxim that habit is second nature is justified. There is also a very significant negative side of the habitual activity associated with its certain conservatism. Habits affect the persistence of the need to perform a certain action, such a need has already disappeared General theory of law: Textbook for law schools / Yu.A. Dmitriev, I.F. Kazmin, V.V. Lazarev and others; Edited by A.S. Pikolkina M. 1995, p. 395. ... Habit, as it were, frees a person from repeated appeal to his consciousness, from building a new model of his behavior, giving him a preliminary assessment in advance, thus regulating it. V.V. Oksamytny "Legal behavior of the individual" Kiev. 1985 S. 231.

Conformist behavior. This type of behavior is largely influenced by others, depends on "someone else's opinion" and therefore, as a rule, turns out to be opportunistic, dependent, and opportunistic. The word "conformism" translated from Latin means similarity, conformity, striving for uniformity, like-mindedness. Doing "like everyone else" is the essence of conformist behavior. This is basically a situational course of action, which excludes a clear behavioral position, which, perhaps, the subject has not yet formed. The motivation is simple: unwillingness to be considered a “black sheep”, to act like “others do” General theory of law: Textbook for law schools / Yu.A. Dmitriev, I.F. Kazmin, V.V. Lazarev and others; Edited by A.S. Pikolkina M. 1995 S. 398. ... fear of losing the trust of loved ones, friends, acquaintances, or, on the contrary, the desire to earn their approval, praise. The factor of imitation is also important.

Marginal behavior. Marginal people are people who are out of the ordinary rut of life, who find themselves on the sidelines or even at the bottom (homeless people, homeless vagrants, beggars, chronic alcoholics and drug addicts; former prisoners who have not found a place in the sun; refugees, internally displaced persons, displaced persons, etc.) called "risk group" and other segments of the population). Their behavior is often on the verge of lawful and illegal. Marginality translated from latin just means edge, border, intermediate. This type of behavior, built on the motives of fear of responsibility, personal calculations, fear of condemnation from others, is dictated by a special “borderline” state of the individual, who does not transcend the boundaries of what is permitted and prohibited, but is reprehensible to commit illegal actions. Oskamytny V.V. "Legal behavior of the individual" Kiev. 1985 S. 234.

In these cases, the subjects only obey the law (for example, the passenger pays for the fare only because there is a controller on the bus who can impose a fine for free travel), but do not recognize or respect it.

Nihilistic behavior. Nihilism means a negative attitude towards certain rules, norms, principles, views, laws, lifestyle. This is one of the forms of an individual's attitude and social behavior. The behavior of nihilistic people has its own characteristics (skepticism, doubt, protest, extremism, radicalism). At the same time, the nihilists themselves, as a rule, do not put forward any positive programs and methods for their implementation. Their actions often balance on the verge of what is permitted and what is not permitted. They often think that it is “old-fashioned” to respect and observe the law, they are inclined to maximalism and exaggerated requirements.

In the formation of this or that type of social behavior, social mechanisms play an important role, primarily the mechanisms of socialization. They are aimed at transforming the forms of "natural" behavior into various forms of ritual behavior. Naturally, whenever there is a need to replace one form with another, special social mechanisms with functions of support, control and punishment are needed. Such social mechanisms are developed in any society. And the main ones among them are the institutions of socialization.

Socialization concerns primarily the individual. This is an individual process. But it always proceeds under the watchful eye of society and the people around it. If control is exercised by an individual person, then it is individual in nature, and if by a whole collective - a family, a group of friends, an institution or a social institution, then it acquires a social character and is called social control.

The main task of social control is to create conditions for the stability of a particular social system, to maintain social stability and at the same time for positive changes. This requires great flexibility from control, the ability to recognize deviations from social norms of activity: dysfunctional, harmful to society and necessary for its development, which should be encouraged.

Socialization, shaping our habits, desires and customs, is one of the main factors of social control and the establishment of order in society. It eases the difficulties in decision-making by suggesting how to dress, how to behave, how to act in a particular life situation. At the same time, any decision that runs counter to the one that is made and assimilated during implementation seems to us inappropriate, illegal and dangerous. It is in this way that a significant part of the personality's internal control over their behavior is carried out.

Social norms are prescriptions about how to behave correctly in society. Social sanctions are rewards or punishments that encourage people to comply with social norms.

Social norms vary in scale. Some norms arise and exist only in small groups - groups of friends, work groups, families, sports teams. Other norms arise and exist in large groups or in society as a whole and are called "general rules" rather than "group habits." K " general rules»Includes customs, traditions, customs, laws, etiquette, behavior that are inherent in a particular social group.

All social norms can be classified according to how strictly they are enforced. Violation of some norms is followed by a very weak punishment - disapproval, a grin, an unfriendly look. Violation of other norms is followed by very strong sanctions - expulsion from the country, death penalty, imprisonment. Violation of taboos and legal laws (for example, killing a person, divulging state secrets) is punished most severely, and certain types of group habits, in particular family habits, are the mildest.

CONCLUSION

Human behavior is always a conscious volitional manifestation, thereby distinguishing itself from other actions that are, for example, instinctive or reflexive. Being exposed to the influence of society, a person correlates his actions with it and can accordingly fulfill his instructions or act in violation of them.

Concrete actions are based on varying degrees of activity. The social norm prescribes in certain situations both to refrain from any action, and to take action. Its provisions may also contain instructions that give the subject of the right the opportunity to choose one or another action, that is, to use the rules at their own discretion the question "what to do?" Here, internal regulators of behavior come into force, associated both with the awareness of possible coercion from society and its social institutions, and with the moral and ethical world of the individual, fixed in his mind by a certain level of general culture of behavior, as well as the legal traditions of society. T.A. Tsarev "Legal behavior of youth": sociological aspect "Vestnik KazGU. Economic series. Alma-Ata, 1998, No. 7. They empower the individual to make decisions on the basis of which the corresponding rights and obligations may arise.

Behavior is the most important social characteristic of a person. Depending on the form of expression, it can be verbal (verbal), consisting of various statements, judgments and evaluations that give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe internal state of the individual, and real (practical), which includes certain actions of people.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1. Gilinsky Ya.I. Sociology of deviant behavior and social control // Sociology in Russia / Ed. V.A. Yadova M .: Publishing house "On Vorobyovykh" together with the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1996, pp.487-486.

2. Egorova M.S. The genetics of behavior: the psychological aspect M., Speech, 1995.

3. Zavgorodny A.I. Personality: normativity and deviance // Some problems of socio-political development of modern Russian society. Sat. scientific. tr. / Ed. G.V. Dylnova. - Saratov: Publishing house Sarat. University, 2001. Issue. 8, pp. 118-119.

4. Zavgorodny A.I. Normativeness in the conditions of transitional states of society // Some problems of socio-political development of modern Russian society. Sat. scientific. tr. / Ed. G.V. Dylnova. - Saratov: Publishing house "Nadezhda", 2002. Issue. 9, pp. 43-455.

5. General theory of law: Textbook for law schools / Yu.A. Dmitriev, I.F. Kazmin, V.V. Lazarev and others; Edited by A.S. Pikolkina M. 1995, p. 395.

6. Oksamytny V.V. Legal behavior of the individual - Kiev. 1985 S. 231.

7. Psychological problems of social regulation of behavior. Moscow: Nauka, 1976, p. 350.

8. Radugin A.A., Radugin K.A. Sociology: a course of lectures. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Center, 1999.

9. Rean A.A., Kolominskiy Ya.L. Social educational psychology (series: masters of psychology) SPb., Peter, 1999.

10. Sorokin P.A. Man. Civilization. Society. M., 1992.

11. Tadevosyan E.V. Dictionary-reference book on sociology and political science. - M .; Knowledge, 1996.

12. Tsareva T.A. Legal behavior of young people: a sociological aspect. KazSU Bulletin. Economic series. Almaty, 1998, No. 7.

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