Victimism is often suggested to be understood as the ability of a person to become a victim of a crime due to certain subjective qualities inherent in an individual. With this understanding, crimes such as waging an aggressive war or terrorism have no victims. What subjective qualities of Iraqi citizens caused the aggression against this country? What are the “victimological abilities” of people who found themselves at the play “Nord-Ost” on October 23, 2002 or on September 1, 2004 at school No. 1 in Beslan? Victimism is precisely the likelihood (of individuals, groups of individuals, gatherings of people, residents of a region, country, etc.) to become victims of criminal acts. With this approach, attention is focused not on the search for the subjective qualities inherent in the individual (the victim's “fault”), but on the interaction of objective circumstances and subjective signs that increase the likelihood of being a victim of a crime.
Victimity - it is a quality of the social environment, a property that is largely objective. Theoretically, it always exists in relation to all people and can only differ in small values. It is clear that these values \u200b\u200bare minimal in the “monastic republic” (a special unit of the Greek Republic, a self-governing community of 20 Orthodox monasteries under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople) on the Greek peninsula of Athos, where no one but monks and novices lives. Nevertheless, victimization exists here, and it is no coincidence that Athos has its own police.
The nature and magnitude of victimization depend on many factors:
From the type of crime. Certain crimes (genocide, terrorist act, waging an aggressive war, development, production, accumulation, acquisition or sale of weapons of mass destruction) are characterized by mass victimization.
The factors of global politics (American hegemonism, the emergence of odious political regimes, regional wars and conflicts, religious and ethnic extremism, financial speculation, anthropophagic (misanthropic) theories of the “golden billion” type, etc.) act as the circumstances determining the magnitude of its values.
The importance of mass victimization is increased by weak international and domestic control over the use of the results of scientific and technological progress (for example, cloning technologies, obtaining new strains of viruses and breeding chimeras - creatures with polar genetic properties).
A breakthrough in the politics of adventurers and criminals sharply increases the importance of mass victimization.
Mass victimization depends on historical (the memory of generations, which stores not only positive, but also negative facts of history, "transferring" them to contemporaries), political (ideological intolerance and despotism) and geographical factors (places of residence of people, in particular near drug trafficking and in the border areas ). A large contribution to the increase in the values \u200b\u200bof mass victimization is made by a weak social policy, as a result of which huge groups of disadvantaged, disenfranchised people appear in the state.
Group victimization - This is the likelihood of becoming victims of crime for persons united by certain social characteristics. Thus, group victimization is characteristic of vehicle drivers and pedestrians, law enforcement officials, women, children, and rich people. Here there is a relationship between the value of victimization and factors such as profession, level of security, place of residence, traffic intensity, etc. Thus, high values \u200b\u200bof group victimization are characteristic of employees of the criminal investigation department, employees of private security companies, homeless children, taxi drivers, prostitutes, etc.
Individual victimization increases with the carelessness of a person in choosing a place and time for spending leisure time, promiscuity in acquaintances, flashy and defiant clothes, cheeky behavior, rudeness, offensive statements, excessive gullibility, inattention, bad relationships with a criminal, etc. To a large extent, it depends on the psychological state of the victim, the ability to foresee danger and resist possible threats.
The technique of victimological forecasting is based on the determination of the values \u200b\u200band the establishment of combinations of victimization factors. Its logic is simple: the greater the number of victim-gene factors and the greater their significance, the greater the likelihood of being a victim of a crime.
This forecasting takes into account the magnitude of such factors as the prevalence of crime in a given region and place, the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies, an assessment of one's own security (including in terms of taking certain measures), and readiness to behave in a criminal situation.
Victimology forecasting is extremely important in business. Modern Russian business life is in many ways similar to surviving in an extreme environment, but with the clarification that the social environment is active and often criminal. In the process of victimological forecasting, such risk factors are taken into account as legal (related to the malicious use of legal gaps and legal incompetence of the partner); law enforcement (assessing the likelihood and consequences of the response of law enforcement and judicial authorities to a criminal situation); banking (taking into account the possibility of abuse by banking institutions); financial (related to the likelihood of material losses due to the existing settlement model, including those involving payments to criminal intermediaries or “curators”); transport (indicating the possibilitysuffer damage as a result of encroachments on vehicles, including pipeline transport); obligatory (arising from threats of default by the debtor); competitive (taking into account manifestations of unfair competition: provoked bankruptcies and sanctions of state and judicial authorities for the economic suppression of competitors); personnel (related to errors in the selection and management of personnel), etc. These risks are concretized in relation to typical tasks solved in the course of a certain type of entrepreneurial activity.
So, when concluding transactions, it is recommended to pay attention to the following circumstances: a dubious source of initial capital at the time of the start of business; participation in shadow and criminal business; engaging in criminalized types of entrepreneurial activity (gambling, etc.); the presence of patrons, relationships with the administration, law enforcement, judicial authorities; connections in the criminal environment, the frequency and nature of contacts with criminals, including participation in joint "themes" (business projects); the presence of deposits, real estate, other property abroad, second citizenship; moral deformations and pathologies (alcoholism, drug addiction, homosexuality and other sexual deviations); the presence of unfulfilled debt obligations for the entire period of entrepreneurial activity; delays in settlements with creditors due to their own fault (including imitation of force majeure circumstances); unfair competition, duplicity, deceit, optionality in relations with partners; negative image in law enforcement agencies, application of sanctions on their part, initiation of criminal prosecution; “Criminal registration; the desire to interest in influential connections, the exaggeration of their capabilities in the business world; the discrepancy between the profits of the enterprise and the costs of meeting its needs and requests; evasion from the provision of a pledge or other guarantees of the fulfillment of an obligation These signs indicate that their owner is an unreliable participant in the alleged transaction and there is a high probability of being a victim of fraud or other crime.
Victimology forecasting is the area of \u200b\u200binterest of any person who decides to buy or sell real estate, go on vacation to foreign country, spend leisure time in a nightclub, etc. "
Criminological knowledge allows you to systematize and clarify the relevant information.
The previously considered processes of victimization and victim factors are subjective (manifested in the characteristics of the victim of a crime) or objective-subjective (associated with a victimological situation), characteristic of the individual level of cognition.
At the same time, there are many factors of a higher order that have a determinative effect on the victimization of a victim not only on the individual, but also on the group and general level... We are talking about various determinants of victimization of an economic, social, organizational, managerial, legal, psychological, cultural and moral character. Therefore, in order to form a deeper and more versatile perception of the problem of victimization of society as a whole, it is necessary to use a multifactorial approach based on taking into account and analyzing the whole variety of factors that influence victimization.
So, characterizing the economic factors of victimization, it should be noted that the competitiveness of production, outdated production capacities and high production costs, the presence of monopolies, low wages, high inflation, shortage of products and other economic problems form a high level of victimization of the majority of the population. The impoverishment of the population accompanying these factors, problems in the provision of goods lead to an outburst of selfish and selfish-violence and criminality, the victim of which can be any person with any property. An example of this is the growth of robberies, robberies and thefts during periods of socio-economic upheavals in our country: during Civil War (1917-1922), post-war years (1945-1950), the period after the collapse of the USSR (1991-1996).
The shadow economy plays an equally important role in shaping the level of victimization. The population, seeking to save money, purchases counterfeit products, which are often dangerous to life and health. The growth in the illegal circulation of weapons and drugs also contributes to the victimization of the population, for which the risks of becoming victims of attack by drug addicts and those who illegally own firearms are increasing.
The mechanism of influence of social determinants of victimization is generally similar. TO social factors victimization should include unemployment, homelessness, deep stratification of society, ineffectiveness of social policy of the state (in the field of health, education, culture, sports, family support, etc.) Big influence victimization is affected by the prevalence of socially dangerous diseases, especially such as alcoholism and drug addiction, which significantly increase the risk for the population to become victims of violent crimes, HIV infection, hooliganism, etc. In addition, the persons suffering from these diseases themselves have high level victimization, since they often cannot, in a state of intoxication, either resist the offender, or remember what happened.
The considered socially dangerous diseases are closely related to the cultural and moral factors of victimization, which are also manifested in the development of the ideals of the criminal subculture in society, the development of the cult of power, the fall of morals, the development of xenophobia, the reorientation of the scale of priorities in the self-serving and consumerist direction, in justification or indifference to crime (when it is considered normal to sort things out with the help of force, corruption, theft of state property, etc.). These determinants contribute to the victimization of broad strata of the population, who are forced, for example, to give bribes to officials in addressing various issues that may become a victim of violence due to ethnic, religious hatred and enmity, or belonging to a social or political group.
Before considering the objective factors due to which a person can become a victim of unfavorable conditions, it is necessary to introduce the concepts: "victimization", "victimization" and "victimization".
Victimogenicitydenotes the presence of certain objective circumstances of socialization, characteristics, traits, dangers, the influence of which can make a person a victim of these circumstances (for example, a victimogenic group, a victimogenic microsociety, etc.).
Victimization - the process and result of the transformation of a person or a group of people into one or another type of victim of unfavorable conditions of socialization.
Victimitycharacterizes a person's predisposition to become a victim of certain circumstances.
The objective factors that predetermine or contribute to the fact that certain groups or specific people become or may become victims of unfavorable conditions of socialization are numerous and multilevel.
The natural and climatic conditions of a particular country, region, locality, settlement can become a factor in human victimization.
The factors of victimization of a person can be the society and the state in which he lives. The presence of certain types of victims of unfavorable conditions of socialization, their diversity, quantitative, gender and age, socio-cultural characteristics of each type depend on many circumstances, some of which can be considered directly victimized.
Victimization in these cases is associated with the emergence not only of mental trauma and borderline states, but also of such social and socio-psychological phenomena as the emergence of “lost generations”.
Specific victimogenic factors are formed in societies experiencing a period of instability in their development.
The specific characteristics of those settlements, specific microsociums in which they live can become factors of victimization of a person and entire groups of the population.
A group of peers, especially in adolescence and adolescence, can become an objective factor in victimization of a person, if it has an asocial, and even more so, antisocial character.
Finally, the family can become a factor in the victimization of a person of any age, but especially in younger age groups. The propensity for an asocial lifestyle, illegal and self-destructive behavior can be inherited.
Victimization of the individual at the individual level in different conditions, apparently, depends on temperament and some other characterological properties, on a genetic predisposition to self-destructive or deviant behavior.
Criminological victimology is the doctrine of the laws governing the emergence, existence and development of victimhood - the probability of certain individuals and groups to suffer from socially dangerous encroachments; behavior of victims of crimes, their personal characteristics; methods of protecting citizens from criminal threats.
Among the teachings about the victim - victimology (from the Latin "viktima" - victim) - social (studying victims of unfavorable conditions of socialization), procedural (establishing the legal status of the victim in civil and criminal proceedings), forensic (considering the victim in the aspect of improving tactics and methods investigation of crimes) - criminological victimology is highlighted.
The central concept of victimology is the victim, whose figure grows out of ritual practice, meaning the gift of giving to otherworldly forces. With the emergence of the state and law, a victim is a person (family or clan) who suffered physical, material, moral harm, in connection with which he received the right to compensation (including in the form of blood feud). In the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (approved by UN General Assembly Resolution 40/34 of November 29, 1985), the term “victims” refers to persons who have suffered harm, individually or collectively, including bodily harm or moral harm , emotional distress, material damage, or substantial violation of their fundamental rights as a result of an act or failure to act that violates the applicable national criminal laws of signatory states, including laws prohibiting criminal abuse of power. In accordance with this Declaration, a person can be considered a victim, regardless of whether the perpetrator has been identified, arrested, prosecuted or convicted, and regardless of the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim.
The term “victim”, as appropriate, includes close relatives or dependents of the immediate victim, as well as persons who have been harmed while attempting to assist victims in distress or to prevent victimization.
In Russian criminology, a victim is a person or a group of persons who can suffer (potential victims) or suffered (real victims) from crimes. The victims of a crime can be not only individuals, but also legal entities, as well as groups of persons who have been directly damaged by the crime, members of their families, close people, relatives, dependents of the primary victims. Victim of a crime is a procedural concept. In accordance with Art. 42 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, a victim is an individual who has suffered physical, property, moral harm, as well as a legal entity in the event of damage to its property and business reputation by the crime.
The subject of criminological victimology covers victimization as a social and legal phenomenon; the factors that determine it; the identity and behavior of the victim before, at the time and after the commission of the crime; victimization; measures aimed at ensuring the safety of citizens in a crime situation.
The study of victimization involves the establishment of objective and subjective factors that determine the likelihood of being a victim of crime, the circumstances that influence its increase and decrease. In this regard, victimization is of interest, individual (individual), group (groups of people identified according to a certain criterion) and mass (crowd, participants in a spectacular show, population of the district, etc.).
The criminological aspect of the study of the personality of victims of crime is to identify a set of signs that affect the likelihood of becoming victims of criminal offenses. Description of biological and socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, education, occupation, nationality, health status, the presence of birth defects, etc.) indicates those conditional social groupswhose representatives in more high degree probabilities may be victims of crime. Characterization of socio-psychological characteristics (attitude towards the offender, performed social roles, social status) allows us to understand the motivation of the victim's behavior. Analysis of moral and psychological properties (value orientations, habits, psychological state, etc.) makes it possible to answer the question of why a particular person (group of persons) became a victim of a crime.
The study of the actions of the victim before the crime event allows for a deeper understanding of the reasons for the crime committed, to establish random and regular connections of behavioral characteristics with the criminal act.
The study of the victim's behavior at the time of the commission of a crime makes it possible to trace the typical reactions of the victim to a criminal situation, to assess his “contribution” to the committed act, including from a legal point of view.
Analysis of the victim's behavior after committing a crime is of interest because the position taken by the victim in relation to legal and moral obligations can have a certain impact on the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in preventing and disclosing criminal offenses.
Criminological victimology studies victimization - the process of transformation of a victim from potential to real, which has its own laws, due to both subjective, personal properties and objective circumstances. In this regard, of particular interest are the features of victim behavior, in which the victim naturally becomes a victim of a crime, the relationship between the offender and the victim, as well as victim situations. Criminological victimology develops methods and procedures for diagnosing victimization of an individual and predicting the likelihood of being a victim of a criminal event at a given time and place.
The subject of criminological victimology includes the development of measures (different in nature and level) aimed at protecting potential victims from socially dangerous encroachments, reducing the level of victimization in the state and society, preventing victim behavior, ensuring the safety of citizens from criminal threats, and rehabilitating victims of crime.
The ideas of victimology go back to antiquity and are embodied in ancient Greek mythology (the myth of King Oedipus, who is a “fatal sacrifice”), biblical legends (the judge of Israel Samson is a type of “presumptuous sacrifice”), fiction (the depraved old man and disgusting comedian Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov personifies the "natural sacrifice"). Man has always assessed the threats posed by the dangerous actions of other people and took them into account in his life, erecting fortress walls, arming himself, choosing a travel route, hiring personal guards, etc. In this sense, victimology is the most ancient practice of the survival of the human race.
The scientific character of the ideas of criminology was first given by Hans von Genting, who in 1948 publishes a book with the eloquent title “The Criminal and His Victim: Research on the Sociobiology of Crime. The victim's contribution to the genesis of the crime ”. These ideas were subsequently developed by Benjamin Mendelssohn in the article "Victimology", published in the journal International Review of Criminology and Police Technology (1956), and by Marvin Wolfgang in the monograph "Types of Murders" (1959). The pioneer of domestic criminological victimology was L. V. Frank, who published in 1977 the monograph “Victims of Crime and the Problems of Soviet Victimology”.
Victim factors
Victimism is often suggested to be understood as the ability of a person to become a victim of a crime due to certain subjective qualities inherent in an individual. With this understanding, crimes such as waging aggressive war or terrorism have no victims. What subjective qualities of Iraqi citizens caused the aggression against this country? What are the “victimological abilities” of people who found themselves at the play “Nord-Ost” on October 23, 2002 or September 1, 2004 at school No. 1 in Beslan? Victimism is precisely the likelihood (of individuals, groups of persons, gatherings of people, residents of a region, country, etc.) to be victims of criminal acts. With this approach, attention is focused not on the search for the subjective qualities inherent in the individual (the victim's “fault”), but on the interaction of objective circumstances and subjective signs that increase the likelihood of being a victim of a crime.
Victimism is a quality of the social environment, a property that is largely objective. Theoretically, it always exists in relation to all people and can only differ in small values. It is clear that these values \u200b\u200bare minimal in the “monastic republic” (a special unit of the Greek Republic, a self-governing community of 20 Orthodox monasteries under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople) on the Greek peninsula of Athos, where no one but monks and novices lives. Nevertheless, victimization exists here, it is no coincidence that Athos has its own police.
The nature and amount of victimization depends on many factors, and primarily on the type of crime. Certain crimes (genocide, terrorist act, waging an aggressive war, development, production, accumulation, acquisition or sale of weapons of mass destruction) are characterized by mass victimization. The factors of global politics (American hegemonism, the emergence of odious political regimes, regional wars and conflicts, religious and ethnic extremism, financial speculation, anthropophobic (misanthropic) theories of the “golden billion” type, etc., are the circumstances that determine the magnitude of its values. The importance of mass victimization is increased by weak international and domestic control over the use of the results of scientific and technological progress (for example, cloning technologies, obtaining new strains of viruses and breeding chimeras - creatures with polar genetic properties). A breakthrough in the politics of adventurers and criminals sharply increases the importance of mass victimization.
Mass victimization depends on historical (the memory of generations, which preserves not only positive, but also negative facts of history, transferring them to contemporaries), political (ideological intolerance and despotism) and geographical (places of residence of people, in particular near drug trafficking and in border areas) factors. A large contribution to the increase in the values \u200b\u200bof mass victimization is made by a weak social policy, as a result of which huge groups of disadvantaged, disenfranchised people appear in the state.
Group victimization is the likelihood of becoming victims of crime for persons united by certain social characteristics. Thus, group victimization is characteristic of vehicle drivers and pedestrians, law enforcement officers, women, children, and rich people. There is a relationship between the value of victimization and factors such as profession, level of security, place of residence, traffic intensity, etc. Thus, high values \u200b\u200bof group victimization are characteristic of employees of the criminal investigation department, employees of private security companies, homeless children, taxi drivers, prostitutes, etc.
Individual victimization increases with a person's indiscretion in choosing a place and time for spending leisure time, promiscuity in acquaintances, flashy and defiant clothing, cheeky behavior, rudeness, offensive statements, excessive gullibility, inattention, bad relationships with a criminal, etc. To a large extent, it depends on the psychological state of the victim, the ability to foresee danger and resist possible threats.
The technique of victimological forecasting is based on the determination of the values \u200b\u200band the establishment of combinations of victimization factors. Its logic is simple: the greater the number of victimogenic factors and the greater their significance, the greater the likelihood of being a victim of a crime.
This forecasting takes into account the magnitude of such factors as the prevalence of crime in a given region and place, the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies, an assessment of one's own security (including in terms of taking certain measures), and readiness to behave in a criminal situation.
Victimological forecasting is extremely important in business. Modern Russian business life is in many ways similar to surviving in an extreme environment, however, with the clarification that the social environment is active and often criminal. In the process of victimological forecasting, such risk factors are taken into account as legal (related to the misuse of legal gaps and legal incompetence of the partner); law enforcement (assessing the likelihood and consequences of the response of law enforcement and judicial authorities to a criminal situation); banking (taking into account the possibility of abuse by banking institutions); financial (related to the likelihood of material losses due to the existing settlement model, including those involving payments to criminal intermediaries or “curators”); transport (indicating the possibility of suffering damage as a result of encroachments on vehicles, including pipeline transport); obligatory (arising from threats of default by the debtor); competitive (taking into account manifestations of unfair competition: provoked bankruptcies and sanctions of state and judicial authorities for the economic suppression of competitors); personnel (related to errors in the selection and management of personnel), etc. These risks are specified in relation to the typical tasks solved in the course of a certain type of business.
Considering the role of the victim in the genesis of the crime, it is possible to distinguish the guilty and innocent victim. In turn, the victim's guilt can be deliberate and careless. The victim's willful guilt varies in the nature of their intentions and behavior. In this regard, it is necessary to name the victim of the provocateur and the criminal victim.
A provocation is an act with the aim of eliciting a predictable response. A person committing provocations is called a provocateur. A typical victim-provocateur is found in everyday conflicts, accompanied by insults, unfounded accusations, making ridiculous demands, etc. Usually, the victim-provocateur initiates a conflict for any reason (or no reason at all).
IN recent times professional provocations have become widespread. They are used for recruiting and screening personnel in private companies; there is extensive experience of their use in the fight against crime, including the negative experience (inducement to commit a crime, and then “red-handed arrest”). In the light of this experience, “werewolves in uniform” are none other than victims-provocateurs ... Federal Law No. 214-FZ of July 24, 2007, amended the Federal Law No. 144-FZ of August 12, 1995 “On Operational Investigative Activities”. In accordance with the changes made to the authorities ( officials), carrying out operational-search activity, is prohibited to incite, persuade, induce in a direct or indirect form to commit illegal actions (provoke).
A victim perpetrator (also called a reverse victim) is a perpetrator who, when committing a crime, himself becomes a victim (for example, by exceeding the limits of necessary defense). The likelihood of becoming a victim of his own crime, which causes victimological consequences for the offender himself, is especially high in terrorism, as well as in the commission of crimes in the field economic activitywhen harm is done to the interests of persons inclined to resolve conflicts with the help of shadow justice. This probability is now objectively high due to the presence of security services professionally protecting corporate interests.
The reckless victim can be frivolous (ignoring the many, sometimes obvious factors of victimization) and arrogant (evaluating factors that increase the likelihood of being a victim of a crime yet taking risks). Criminals often create a risky situation by offering a potential victim a certain gain, although a simple analysis of this situation will usually show that the probability of such a gain is negligible or completely absent.
FACTORS OF DEVIANT VICTIMIZATION OF THE PERSONALITY
Tereshchenko Yulia Akhmedovna
(branch of the GOU "Omsk State pedagogical University", Tara)
e-mail: [email protected]
A special role in the development of deviant personality behavior is played by deviant victimization - the process and result of a person's assimilation of deviant patterns and modes of behavior, determined by the influence of specific victimogenic factors. The formation and development of deviant victimization is facilitated by the presence of objective circumstances of socialization, the influence of which makes a person a victim of deviant behavior, that is, contributes to the process of deviant victimization. Similar factorscan be divided into two types and their corresponding levels (Fig. 1):
Figure: 1. Factors of deviant victimization of personality
As subjective prerequisites at the individual level, according to A.V. Mudrik, there are features of heredity (genetic predisposition to self-destructive or deviant behavior)[ 6 ] ... These are factors such as parental alcoholism, tobacco smoking and their use. drugs, which undoubtedly has a destructive effect on the child's body, damaging its biological foundations. E.V. Zmanovskaya adds that the state and typological properties play a special role in the biological prerequisites for the development of deviant behavior. nervous system, gender differences and age characteristics. They determine the strength and nature of the personality's reaction to any environmental influences[ 2 ] .
At the personal level, deviant victimization depends on many personal socio-psychological characteristics that can contribute to the assimilation of deviant patterns of behavior. Scientists (I. Langeimer, Z. Mateychek, A.M. Prikhozhan) noted such personality traits, the presence of which determines the development of behavioral deviations. These include:
- T difficulties in communication, which is characterized by lethargy, lack of initiative, poverty of communication means. Children and adolescents who are prone to deviant behavior often display an insensitivity to patterns of behavior, to the assessment of an adult: praise weakly intensifies activity, while censure does not change it at all.In group relationships, such children most often take a polar position: either they are leaders in interaction with peers, or they remain unnoticed by them and often accept offensive statements in their address.
- Inadequate self-esteem.The feeling of self-deprecation, of its non-compliance with the requirements of society, puts a growing person with a choice: either in favor social norms and the continuation of excruciating experiences of self-deprecation, or in favor of increased self-esteem in behavior directed against these demands. As a rule, the latter is chosen, so the desire to meet the expectations of society and the collective decreases, and the desire to evade them grows. The inadequacy of self-esteem can have another polar meaning - an overestimated level of aspirations, an overestimation of one's capabilities. Such a teenager reacts inadequately to remarks, always considers himself an innocent victim, believes that they are being unfair to him, and this justifies his injustice towards others. Experiencing dissatisfaction, dissatisfaction with others, some of them withdraw into themselves, others assert themselves through a demonstration of strength, aggression towards the weaker[ 7 ] .
- Low level of self-government and self-regulation.Children exhibiting deviant behavior often cannot force themselves to perform any uninteresting or difficult task without pressure from adults. Many adolescents have a significant underdevelopment of the ability to arbitrarily control their behavior, independently follow the rules in the absence of control from adults, which leads to lack of independence and disorganization. These features do not allow children to determine the goals and objectives of their own actions, to form a model of means to achieve the set goals, to take into account the sequence of their application.[8, p. 345].
- Increased level of aggressiveness. Aggression is a stable form of behavior that not only persists, but also develops, transforming and reducing the productive potential of an individual, narrowing the possibilities of full-fledged communication, deforming his personal development[ 11 ] . Excessive development of aggression determines the entire appearance of the personality, making it conflict, incapable of social cooperation, manifesting itself in unjustified hostility, malice, and cruelty. A threat to society is presented by aggressiveness as a personality trait, characterized by the presence of destructive tendencies in the field of subject-subject relations, and as the individual's desire to manifest violence, that is, motivational aggression[ 2 ] . A high level of motivational aggressiveness is a serious barrier between a person and the people around him, which invariably leads to the emergence of conflicts and deviations in personality behavior.
- High level of anxiety.In psychology anxiety is understood as an individual psychological feature manifested in a person's tendency to frequent intense experiences of anxiety[ 10 ] ... Anxiety is an experience of emotional distress associated with a premonition of danger or failure. Yu.A. Clayberg points out that anxiety, which is not commensurate with the phenomenon and event that caused it, prevents the formation of normal adaptive behavior and underlies any negative changes.[ 3 ] ... Research conducted by L.M. Kostina, show that increased anxiety is a negative characteristic and adversely affects a person's life and carries a potential danger of becoming involved in social harms.[ 4 ] .
Objective factors play an equally important role.deviant victimizationpersonality. For each institution in which a child is located, there are a number of victimogenic factors corresponding to this type. For example, boarding and barracks-type institutions have their own special characteristics that lead to the development of deviations. First of all,firm regulation of the closed institution regime, which significantly reduces the need for children to organize their own life, work and allocation of time... Secondly, limited circle of peers, which excludes the freedom of choice of the reference group of communication, and the rigid prescription of social standards raises the collective discipline into a kind of absolute, excluding the development of competitive motivation.Third, intolerant adult attitude, which manifests itself in indifference, lack of emotional acceptance of the pupil[ 1 ] .
The objective factors of deviant victimization at the social level are even more decisive. E.I. Kholostova identifies a number of socio-economic, political and spiritually-moral factors that affect the increase in the number of socially maladjusted children:
- excessive commercialization of society;
- the collapse of a number of social institutions working for childhood;
- the criminalization of society, the growing influence of the cult of power;
- loss of prestige of education and honest earnings[ 12 ] .
Naming the factors that determine changes in the dynamics and structure of abnormal personality behavior, scientists (V.A.Lelekov, E.V. Kosheleva) pay attention, first of all, to the dysfunctional "family demography", the criminogenic infection of many families (drunkenness of parents, the growth of drug addiction , the influence of previously convicted relatives, legal nihilism of parents, etc.)[ 5 ] .
And finally, social inequality is the most important factor in the deviant victimization of the social environment. P.D. Pavlenok finds its expression in “the low, sometimes beggarly standard of living of young people, the stratification of society into rich and poor; in the difficulties that young people face when trying to self-realization "[ 9 ] .
Thus, it can be argued that, acting as a subject of influence, a person in behavioral actions clearly demonstrates dependence on his social environment, which regulates his capabilities in the field of life goals and achievements.
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