Social role concept
The social role is the expected behavior associated with a certain social status and function of a person in the social division of labor.
The social role fixes for a person and others the tasks and responsibilities associated with the status, thereby ensuring the predictability of social behavior.
The performance of the role represents itself, that is, the role. The role demonstrates the institutional conditioning of behavior, that is, the connection with other roles.
Roles and statuses
Roles and statuses can be divided into:
Ascriptive (prescribed by nature, that is, determined by birth, gender, status, class)
Achievable, i.e. acquired by personal effort, e.g. professional roles in modern society
Social roles are learned in the process of socialization. The roles associated with everyday communication in a social group are mastered in the process of primary socialization. Professional roles - in the process of secondary socialization (3-5 years).
Role conflict arises when:
One and the same person has expectations related to the simultaneous performance of different roles. Conflict resolution strategy: combining roles;
When to behave in a role different groups conflicting expectations are presented. The strategy for resolving such a conflict: segmentation of roles in time.
Role theory
1. The founder of the theory of social role - American sociologist R. Linton (1936) referred to role behavior as the regular reproduction of a certain stereotype of behavior in situations of social interaction. He identified statuses in interaction and associated roles with them as a dynamic aspect of status. According to Linton, a social role is "a set of cultural patterns that are associated with a certain position and do not depend on a particular person." He wrote in 1945 that "a social system is preserved if individuals who occupy limited positions in it can walk and move."
2. Sigmund Freud, in the theory of lost objects (objects of pleasure - cathexis), explained the assimilation of the roles of the Other through the individual's efforts to preserve the attitude that brings pleasure in his fantasy.
3.According to Parsons, the child acquires a primary idea of \u200b\u200bthe role structure of society through attempts to solve problems, thus in early childhood the connections between the personality and the social system are laid. The function of social roles is the normative integration of society.
4. Representatives of symbolic interactionism (J. Mead, G. Bloomer) and their followers (Berger and Luckman, I. Hoffman), in contrast to structural functionalism, emphasize the social constructivism of role behavior.
Regulatory regulators of behavior
Social norms
Social norms are called universal prescriptions for the behavior of people that are directly or indirectly focused on the system of cultural values \u200b\u200band their implementation in social life. Norms determine human behavior in everyday lifesetting its boundaries. Behavior that goes beyond the boundaries of the norms is deviant.
The norms form an interconnected system, they are not contradictory. The function of social norms is to harmonize behavioral expectations in the social interaction of people.
Norms are generally valid, but they are associated with social status (it is impossible to follow the norm of caring for children without having them).
Traditions
Traditions are historically formed non-reflective behavioral complexes that are of great importance for the preservation of society due to their historical significance. Passed from generation to generation and preserved in society, social groups for a long time. Violation of tradition entails moral condemnation.
Habits
A habit is an individual automatic action, the details and meaning of which are not realized (quasi-automaticity, for example, when opening a lock). A habit can acquire the character of a need. However, people are guided by the habits of others in social interaction. Departure from habit is not subject to sanctions.
The habits that have spread in a social group are called customs. The transition from custom to norms is unclear. Explanations may be required for violation of customs. Frequent deviation from customs gives rise to distrust of a person.
Morals and customs are close terms. The difference lies in the fact that mores are related to moral customs. For example, there is a moral code not to abuse alcoholic beverages. The consumption of such drinks is not punished, only indecent behavior based on drunkenness is condemned. However, if a person constantly drinks, then the neighbors condemn him, even if he behaves calmly.
Long-term interests
According to M. Weber, a person, especially in the field of economic behavior, realizes that certain behavior best suits his interests. In the case of rational behavior in the sphere of economics, behavior acquires "uniformity, regulation and duration of attitude and behavior", conceived stronger than behavior oriented towards norms.
Fashion is also a regulator of normative behavior. For example, if 90% of students wear thick-soled shoes, then an individual student is likely not to want to belong to the remaining 10%.
Social control concept
In order to provide not only knowledge of norms, but also normative behavior, society has a system of social control.
Social control is a set of means of influence of society on a person to ensure behavior that meets the role expectations.
Social control is carried out on a formal (laws) and informal (morality, ethics) basis.
Social control structure
Role expectations
Behavioral prescriptions
Normative Role Behavior / Actual Role Behavior
Sanctions: rewards and punishments
The ability to quickly and correctly determine the national psychological
a typeyour interlocutor, then it will not be difficult for you to establish a trusting relationship and successfully interact with him. Knowing the characteristics of each psychological type, you can control the course of the conversation, reduce the risk of a conflict situation.
Psychology of business communication - component complex of psychological sciences, it is based on the main categories and principles developed by general psychology.
The most important principles that govern general psychology and all its branches are the following:
The principle of causality, determinism, i.e. recognition of the relationship, the interdependence of mental phenomena both with others and with material phenomena;
The principle of consistency, i.e. interpretation of individual mental phenomena as elements of an integral mental organization;
The principle of development, the recognition of transformation, changes in mental processes, their dynamics, transition from one level to another.
Based on the analysis of the psychology of the personality of the working group, the norms of business ethics, national psychological types solve two main interrelated tasks:
Mastering the methods of psychological diagnostics, methods of describing the psychological states of the subjects of industrial activity, individual workers, managers, working groups;
The development of skills and abilities to change the psychological states of a subject through the use of special psychological technologies.
Ethics (from the Greek. Ethos - custom, disposition) - the doctrine of morality, morality. The term "ethics" was first used by Aristotle (384–322 BC) to refer to a practical philosophy that must answer the question of what we must do in order to do right, moral actions.
Morality (from Lat. Moralis - moral) is a system of ethical values \u200b\u200bthat are recognized by a person. Morality is the most important way of normative regulation of social relations, communication and behavior of people in various spheres of social life - family, everyday life, politics, science, work, etc.
In a traditional society (a society of "mechanical solidarity" according to Emile Durkheim), based on a common social life, collective ideas, mythological consciousness and interpersonal relations, the main mechanism of business communication is ritual, tradition and custom. The norms, values \u200b\u200band standards of business ethics correspond to them.
This nature of the ethics of business communication is found already in ancient India. All human behavior and communication, including in the business sphere, is subordinated here to the highest (religious) values. The above is also true for traditional Buddhist teachings.
The primary role of the ethical norms of ritual and custom is assigned to business communication and ancient Chinese society. It is no coincidence that the famous Confucius (551–479 BC) puts duty, justice, virtue in the first place in relations between people, subordinating benefits and benefits to them, although he does not oppose them to each other.
As in the East, in Western Europe In ancient times, much attention was paid to the need to take into account ethical norms and values \u200b\u200bin business communication, their influence on the efficiency of doing business was constantly emphasized. So, already Socrates (470 - 399 BC) says that "who knows how to deal with people, he does well both private and public affairs, and who does not know how, he makes mistakes here and there."
However, unlike the eastern one, Western European, especially
the Christian cultural tradition is more pragmatic. Economic, material interest is brought to the fore here, along with this, much attention is paid to the status nature of communication. At the same time, the status of the boss is considered more privileged than that of the subordinate. Hence, ethical norms, such as justice, goodness, goodness, etc., are filled with economic content and also acquire a status character. The criterion of morality in business communication moves to economic sphere... Therefore, a person with a "market character" (as defined by Erich Fromm) is constantly in a state of contradiction, characterized by a split consciousness.
An attempt to overcome this contradiction in moral consciousness was undertaken within the framework of Protestantism during the Reformation in the 16th – 17th centuries. Protestantism has contributed a lot to the ethics of business communication and has achieved some success in its establishment.
In the era of "wild capitalism" (Western Europe, USA in the 19th - mid-20th centuries), the thirst for profit began to come to the fore in the ethics of business communication and, in particular, business conversation.
In modern developed countries, compliance with ethical standards in business communication and during business conversation is recognized as important not only from the point of view of the responsibility of businessmen to society and themselves, but also necessary for production efficiency. In this case, ethics is seen not only as a necessary moral imperative of behavior, but also as a means (tool) that helps to increase profitability, contributes to strengthening business ties and improving business communication.
Communication is the process of communication and interaction of social subjects: social groups, communities or individuals, in which there is an exchange of information, experience, abilities and results of activity. The specificity of business communication is due to the fact that it arises on the basis and
about a certain type of activity related to the production of a product or business effect. Him distinctive feature - it has no self-sufficient meaning, is not an end in itself, but serves as a means to achieve any other goals. In market conditions, this is, first of all, getting the maximum profit. Practice shows that in any business, more than 50% success depends on the ability to establish contacts and properly build business communication.
Business ethics is also a system of knowledge about labor and professional morality, its history and practice; about how people are used to treating their work, what meaning they give to it, what place it occupies in their life, how relationships develop between people in the process of work, which inclinations and ideals ensure effective work, and which hinder it.
Have business people all over the world there is a strict concept of business ethics and commitment. Abroad, partners who have been proven over the years are highly valued, and newcomers are investigated with suspicion, often deleting from their notebooks the names of those who, from the first meeting, behaved not according to the rules. Therefore, newly minted entrepreneurs, who with all their behavior trample on the elementary foundations of business ethics, cannot hope for success.
Business ethics and etiquette require that a leader has the following qualities:
The ability to agree;
Decisiveness and justified compliance;
Demanding to yourself and others;
Ability to work in stressful environments.
Business relationship -it is one of the types of social relations, such as the relationship between partners, colleagues and even competitors, arising in the process of joint activities in the market and in the team.
At the level of business relationships in business, employees must be
focused on a partner, on a consumer, which increases interest in work. In order to successfully carry out any enterprise (close a deal), one should strive to understand the partner of business communication. In a business relationship, you need to be the master of the situation, take initiative and responsibility. Participants in business relationships have the opportunity to influence knowledge, skills, attitudes, feelings of each other. In the research of Professor B.F. Lomov, who paid enough attention to aspects of the socio-psychological phenomenon of communication, the idea is clearly presented: when we study the lifestyle of a particular individual, we cannot limit ourselves to analyzing only what and how he does, we must also investigate with whom and how he communicates. This knowledge of a communication partner in professional life is no less significant than in everyday life. That is, the sphere of business relations can reveal the essence of our partner, as well as a business competitor. Business relationships include many aspects, including communication.
Communication -it is a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the needs for joint activities and including the exchange of information, the development of a single strategy for interaction, perception and understanding of another person.
Ethical principles -a generalized expression of moral requirements developed in the moral consciousness of society, which indicate the necessary behavior of participants in business relations.
Ethical standards -a system of shared values \u200b\u200band ethical rules that the organization requires its employees to adhere to.
Psychological norms and principlescontain the necessary list of psychological characteristics of a business person.
Principles of Business EthicsIs a generalized expression of moral requirements developed in the moral consciousness of society, which indicate the necessary behavior of participants in business relations.
There are six basic ethical principles of business
behavior.
1. Punctuality (do everything on time). Only the behavior of a person who does everything on time is normative. Being late interferes with work and is a sign that the person cannot be trusted. The principle of doing everything on time applies to all service tasks. Experts studying the organization and distribution of working time recommend adding an extra 25% to the time that, in your opinion, is required to complete the assigned work. Violation of this principle is viewed as disrespect for the recipient, which may affect the course of the subsequent conversation.
2. Privacy (don't talk too much). The secrets of an institution, corporation, or a particular transaction must be kept as carefully as secrets of a personal nature. You should not retell to anyone what you have heard from a colleague, manager or subordinate about their official activities or personal life.
3. Courtesy, kindness and friendliness. In any situation, it is necessary to behave with clients, customers, customers and colleagues in a polite, friendly and benevolent manner. This, however, does not mean the need to be friends with everyone with whom you have to communicate on duty.
4. Attention to others (think about others, not just yourself) should apply to co-workers, superiors and subordinates. Respect the opinions of others, try to understand why they have this or that point of view.
Always listen to criticism and advice from colleagues, bosses, and subordinates. When someone questions the quality of your work, show that you value the considerations and experiences of others. Self-confidence shouldn't stop you from being humble.
5. Appearance (dress properly). The main approach is
fit into your environment at work, and within this environment - into the contingent of employees at your level. You need to look your best, that is, dress tastefully, choosing a color scheme to suit your face. Carefully selected accessories are essential.
6. Literacy (speak and write good language). Internal documents or letters sent outside the institution must be written in good language, and all proper names are transmitted without errors. You can not use swear words; even if you just quote the words of another person, others will perceive them as part of your own vocabulary.
These principles are present to varying degrees and are recognized as valid in various business cultures. The fundamental principles in the business world are: responsibility, respect for human dignity and the interests of those who are involved in business.
Ethics of business communication should be considered in its various manifestations: in the relationship between the enterprise and the social environment; between enterprises; within one enterprise - between a manager and subordinates, between a subordinate and a manager, between people of the same status. There is a specificity between the parties to one or another type of business communication. The task is to formulate such principles of business communication that would not only correspond to each of its types, but also would not contradict the general moral principles of human behavior. At the same time, they should serve as a reliable tool for coordinating the activities of people involved in business communication.
The general moral principle of human communication is contained in the categorical imperative of I. Kant: "Do so that the maxim of your will can always have the force of the principle of universal legislation." With regard to business communication, the basic ethical principle can be formulated as follows: in business communication, when deciding on
what values \u200b\u200bshould be preferred in a given situation, act in such a way that the maxim of your will is compatible with the moral values \u200b\u200bof other parties involved in communication, and allows coordination of the interests of all parties.
Thus, the basis of ethics in business communication should be coordination, and, if possible, harmonization of interests. Naturally, if it is carried out by ethical means and in the name of morally justified goals. Therefore, business communication must be constantly tested by ethical reflection that justifies the motives for joining it. At the same time, ethically right choice and making an individual decision is often not an easy task. Market relations provide freedom of choice, but at the same time increase the number of options for solutions, generate a set of moral dilemmas that await business people at every step in the process of their activities and communication.
Despite all the problematic and difficult choice of a moral position, there are a number of such provisions in communication, following which you can greatly facilitate it, increase its efficiency and avoid mistakes in the process of interacting with others in business. Remember, that:
In morality, there is no absolute truth and supreme judge among people.
When it comes to the ethical blunders of others, one should not make “moral flies” “moral elephants”.
When it comes to your mistakes, you should do the opposite.
In morality, you should praise others, and make claims to yourself.
The moral attitude of those around us ultimately depends only on ourselves.
When it comes to the practical assertion of moral norms, the basic imperative of behavior is “start with yourself”.
Particular attention should be paid to the golden rule of communication ethics: "Treat others the way you would like to be treated." IN
in a negative form in the wording of Confucius, it reads: "What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others." This rule is also applicable to business communication, but in relation to its individual types: "top - down" (manager - subordinate), "bottom - up" (subordinate - manager), "horizontally" (employee - employee) requires specification.
Ethics of business communication "top-down".In business communication "top-down", that is, in relation to the manager to the subordinate, the golden rule of ethics can be formulated as follows: "Treat your subordinate the way you would like the manager to treat you." The art and success of business communication is largely determined by the ethical norms and principles that the leader uses in relation to his subordinates. Norms and principles refer to what behavior in the service is ethically acceptable and what is not. These norms relate primarily to how and on the basis of what orders are given in the management process, in which the official discipline that determines business communication is expressed. Without adherence to the ethics of business communication between a manager and a subordinate, most people feel uncomfortable and morally insecure in a team. The manager's attitude to subordinates affects the entire nature of business communication, largely determines his moral and psychological climate. It is at this level that, first of all, moral standards and patterns of behavior are formed. Let's note some of them.
Strive to transform your organization into a cohesive team with high communication standards. Communicate employees to the goals of the organization. A person will only feel morally and psychologically comfortable when he becomes identified with the collective. At the same time, everyone strives to remain an individual and wants to be respected for who he is.
If you have problems and difficulties related to
bad faith, the manager should find out the reasons for it. If we are talking about ignorance, then you should not endlessly reproach the subordinate with his weaknesses and shortcomings. Think about what you can do to help him overcome them. When doing this, build on the strengths of his personality.
If the employee did not follow your order, you need to make him understand that you know about it, otherwise he may decide that he has conducted you. Moreover, if the manager did not make a corresponding remark to the subordinate, then he simply does not fulfill his duties and acts unethically.
The comment to the employee must comply with ethical standards. Gather all the information for the case. Choose the right form of communication. First, ask the employee to explain the reason for the failure to complete the assignment, perhaps he will give facts unknown to you. Make your comments one-on-one: respect for the person's dignity and feelings.
Criticize actions and deeds, not the person's personality.
Ethics of business communication "bottom-up".In business communication "from the bottom up", that is, in relation to a subordinate to his boss, the general ethical rule of conduct can be formulated as follows: "Treat your boss the way you would like your subordinates to treat you."
Knowing how to treat and treat your supervisor is just as important as what moral demands you should place on your subordinates. Without this, it is difficult to find a "common language" with both the boss and the subordinates. Using these or those ethical norms, you can attract a leader to your side, make an ally, but you can also turn him against yourself, make him your ill-wisher.
Here are some essential ethics and principles that you can use in your business communication with your manager.
Try to help the leader in creating a friendly moral atmosphere in the team, strengthening just
relationships. Remember, your boss needs this first.
Do not try to impose your point of view or command the leader. Express your suggestions or comments in a tactful and polite manner. You cannot directly order something to him, but you can say: "How would you react to the fact that ...?" etc.
If a joyful or, on the contrary, unpleasant event is impending or has already happened in the team, then it is necessary to inform the manager about this. In case of trouble, try to help ease the way out of this situation, offer your solution.
Do not speak categorically with your boss, do not always say only "yes" or only "no." An eternally supportive employee is annoying and gives the impression of a flatterer. The person who always says no is a constant irritant.
Be loyal and reliable, but don't be sneaky. Have your own principles and character. A person who does not have a stable character and firm principles cannot be relied on, his actions cannot be foreseen.
You should not seek help, advice, suggestions, etc. "over your head", immediately to the head of your manager, except in emergency cases. Otherwise, your behavior may be regarded as disrespect or disregard for the opinion of your immediate superior or as a doubt about his competence. In any case, your leader loses his authority and dignity.
Ethics of business communication "horizontally".The general ethical principle of communication "horizontally", that is, between colleagues (leaders or ordinary members of the group), can be formulated as follows: "In business communication, treat your colleague the way you would like him to treat you." If you are at a loss how to behave in a given situation, put yourself in the shoes of your colleague.
When it comes to fellow executives, keep in mind that finding the right tone and acceptable standards of business communication with peers from other departments is not easy. Especially when it comes to communication and relationships within one enterprise. In this case, they are often rivals in the struggle for success and promotion. At the same time, these are people who, together with you, belong to the team of the general manager. In this case, participants in business communication should feel equal in relation to each other.
Here are some principles of ethics in business communication between colleagues.
Do not ask yourself for any special treatment or special privileges from another.
Try to achieve a clear separation of rights and responsibilities in the common work.
If your responsibilities overlap with those of your colleagues, this is a very dangerous situation. If the manager does not differentiate your duties and responsibilities from others, try to do it yourself.
In relationships between colleagues from other departments, you should be responsible for your own department, and not blame your subordinates.
If you are asked to temporarily transfer your employee to another department, do not send unscrupulous and unqualified people there - after all, they will judge you and your department as a whole there. Remember, it may happen that you will be treated in the same immoral way.
Ethical standards are the values \u200b\u200band rules of ethics that employees of an organization must adhere to in their activities. The rules provide for rights, obligations and liability for failure to fulfill obligations or excess of rights. Ethical standards act as a regulator of business relations. Universal ethical standards are requirements for communication, inextricably linked with the recognition of the uniqueness, value of each person: politeness, correctness,
tact, modesty, accuracy, courtesy.
Politeness -it is an expression of respectful attitude towards other people, their dignity, manifested in greetings and wishes, in voice intonation, facial expressions and gestures. The opposite of politeness is rudeness. Rough relationships are not only an indicator of low culture, but also an economic category. It is estimated that as a result of a rude attitude, workers lose about 17% in labor productivity on average.
Correctness -the ability to keep oneself within the bounds of decency in any situation, especially conflict. Correct behavior in disputes is especially important, during which the search for truth is carried out, new constructive ideas appear, opinions and beliefs are tested.
Tactis also one of the important components of the culture of business communication. A sense of tact is, first of all, a sense of proportion, a sense of boundaries in communication, the violation of which can offend a person, put him in an awkward position. Remarks about appearance or deed, sympathy, expressed in the presence of others about the intimate side of a person's life, etc.
Modesty in communicationmeans restraint in assessments, respect for tastes, attachments of other people. The antipodes of modesty are arrogance, swagger, posturing.
Accuracyis also essential to the success of a business relationship. It is difficult to conduct business without exact fulfillment of the given promises and undertaken obligations in any form of life. Inaccuracy often borders on immoral behavior - deception, lies.
Discretion -it is the desire to be the first to show courtesy, to save another person from inconvenience and trouble.
SOCIAL CONTROL AND SOCIAL NORMS IN THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION. INFORMATION CONCEPT OF EMOTIONS
| Parameter name | Value |
| Topic of the article: | SOCIAL CONTROL AND SOCIAL NORMS IN THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION. INFORMATION CONCEPT OF EMOTIONS |
| Category (thematic category) | Psychology |
Joint activity and communication take place under conditions of social control, carried out on the basis of social norms - socially accepted patterns of behavior that regulate the interaction and relationships of people. Society develops, as social norms, a specific system of behavioral patterns that it has adopted, approved, cultivated and expected from everyone in the appropriate situation. Their violation includes mechanisms of social control (disapproval, condemnation, punishment), which provide correction of behavior that deviates from the norm. The existence and acceptance of norms is evidenced by the unambiguous response of others to an act of someone that differs from the behavior of everyone else. The range of social norms is extremely wide - from patterns of behavior that meet the requirements of labor discipline, military duty and patriotism, to the rules of politeness. The behavior corresponding to the social norm includes the maximum return in work and the fulfillment of the rule just learned by the first grader to get up from the desk when the teacher appears in the classroom. People's appeal to social norms makes them responsible for behavior, allows them to regulate actions and deeds, evaluating them as corresponding or not corresponding to these norms. Orientation to norms allows a person to correlate forms of his behavior with standards, to select the necessary, socially approved and weed out unacceptable, to direct and regulate his relations with other people. Learned norms are used by people as criteria by which they compare their own and other people's behavior. The close connection of emotions and feelings was the basis for the informational concept of emotions formulated by P.V. Simonov. The essence of this concept boils down to the fact that a person, consciously or unconsciously, compares information about what is required to satisfy a need with what he has at the moment of its occurrence. If the subjective probability of satisfying the need is high, positive feelings appear. Negative emotions are generated to a greater or lesser extent by the real or imagined impossibility of satisfying the need, realized by the subject. The informational concept of emotions has undoubted evidence, although the explanation does not cover the entire diverse and rich emotional sphere of the individual. Not all emotions by their origin fit into this scheme. Like all mental processes, emotional states, feelings of feelings are closely related to brain activity and physiological reactions. It is physiological reactions that can be measured and evaluated: increased heart rate, sweating, galvanic skin response, etc.
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Moreover, this connection is very complex and ambiguous. Exactly the same physiological manifestations are the result of a variety of emotions, for example, strong fear or violent joy.
SOCIAL CONTROL AND SOCIAL NORMS IN THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION. INFORMATION CONCEPT OF EMOTIONS - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "SOCIAL CONTROL AND SOCIAL NORMS IN THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION. INFORMATION CONCEPT OF EMOTIONS" 2017, 2018.
1 SOCIAL NORMS OF COMMUNICATION ………………………………………… ... 6
2 PSYCHOLOGICAL NORMS OF COMMUNICATION ………………………………… 14
3 SPEECH STANDARDS OF COMMUNICATION ……………………………………………… ... 21
CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………… ..25
LIST OF USED SOURCES ……………………………… 26
INTRODUCTION
This course work examines the social, psychological and speech norms of communication. The object of my research is the correct communicative behavior of a person in society.
The topic of the work is relevant, since in the Russian language there is a large number of communication rules, the observance of which determines the degree of communication success. I believe that the correctness of speech and adherence to speech etiquette is the key to understanding by the interlocutor and his positive attitude towards you. Joint activities and communication take place under conditions of social control, carried out on the basis of social norms - socially accepted patterns of behavior that regulate the interaction and relationships of people. For a person to be understood, it is not enough for him to have good diction. He must be clearly aware of what he is going to say. In addition, he must choose such words and demeanor so that the thought is correctly understood, therefore it is necessary to have an idea of \u200b\u200bnot only verbal, but also non-verbal communication. It is also important to observe social norms, age and job chain of command, which also affect the success of communication.
The topic has been repeatedly considered by many authors, not only from the point of view of philology, but also from the point of view of psychology and sociology. I believe that this problem has already been studied in sufficient detail, but the norms are constantly changing, and there is no consensus about them. Many books are devoted to the norms of communication and speech etiquette, since compliance or non-compliance with these norms has a huge impact on a person's position in society.
The novelty of this study lies in the fact that previously, these norms of communication were rarely considered together. Usually they are all investigated separately.
The purpose of my research is to deduce the basic rules necessary for successful communication, to analyze the features of social and psychological norms, speech etiquette, the use of correct forms of words and correct stress, the ability to behave in conversation and some other signs of verbal and non-verbal communication.
I am going to investigate the norms of communication based on the literature on this topic in linguistics and psychology, compare modern features behavior of people in society and the features that existed before, analyze speech etiquette in different countries and determine the main differences.
1 SOCIAL COMMUNICATION NORMS
Human communication in any country necessarily takes place under conditions of social control, therefore, it obeys certain norms and rules established in this society. Society develops, as social norms, a specific system of behavioral patterns that it has adopted, approved, cultivated and expected from everyone in the appropriate situation. Their violation includes mechanisms of social control (disapproval, condemnation, punishment), which provide correction of behavior that deviates from the norm. The existence and acceptance of norms is evidenced by the unambiguous response of others to an act of someone that differs from the behavior of everyone else.
Etiquette is the core of the culture of communication, an example of communicative behavior, so I want to talk a little about the development of etiquette (in particular, speech), starting from the era of antiquity and ending with modernity.
The conscious cultivation of rules that determine external forms of behavior - etiquette, a number of researchers attribute to the period of antiquity ( Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome). The rules of everyday behavior are only in the very general form oriented a person towards the manifestation of his personal virtues. Behavioral norms did not indicate how to act in specific situations, but gave only a general direction of activity, presenting everyone with the maximum freedom of choice of behavior.
At the same time, ideas about courtesy were also formed (the moral prototype of what later became known as manners). According to Aristotle's concept, it can be of three kinds: “The first kind is in circulation: for example, in how they address everyone they meet and greet them by extending their hand. The second is when they come to the aid of every needy person. And finally, the third kind of courtesy is when they are hospitable feasts. "
In the Middle Ages, etiquette appears before us in a completely different way, when it is formed and exists in its classical form. Most researchers of the history of culture attribute the emergence of etiquette as an established normative system precisely to this time.
The medieval society of Western Europe was strictly hierarchical. The public consciousness of that era presented it as consisting of three categories - "praying, fighting and working." But gradually the class of feudal lords began to expand at the expense of ordinary warriors (knights). By the XI century. In Western Europe, a special class has developed - knighthood, which in the XII-XV centuries. reached its peak. The knights themselves considered themselves "the color of the world", the upper stratum of society, who created their own way of life, their own code of morality and mores. They formed special values \u200b\u200band values \u200b\u200bthat allowed them to separate from the ignoble, commoners. XIV-XV centuries. called the age of chivalry, and for this, indeed, there is every reason, since at this time chivalry is the final way of life and, finally, as a certain mentality and culture.
Etiquette set the standards and canons not only for behavior, but for the entire way of life of the nobility, leading it to a "common denominator": it was necessary to "behave like everyone else" and "live like everyone else," and so that "everything was like everyone else." It permeated all spheres of life of the upper class, regulating the life of the court literally to the smallest detail, represented a very complex, detailed and ramified system of norms and values, often ambiguous and confusing, which was impossible to assimilate without special training.
In the modern era, etiquette developed on the basis of new system values, the main in which were the principles of individualism and utility. Communication also depended on this.
Modern speech etiquette has become simpler and more democratic, since the division into classes has become less obvious, but the norms of communication from this have not become less defined. Almost all of our life is meeting and communication with many people. And the mood, the relationship with people, and the results of our work depend on how these meetings proceed.
In the broadest sense of the word, speech etiquette characterizes almost any successful act of communication. Therefore, speech etiquette is associated with the so-called postulates of speech communication, which make it possible and successful for the interaction of communication participants.
Speech etiquette, in particular, includes the words and expressions used by people for farewell, requests, apologies, accepted in different situations forms of address, intonation features that characterize polite speech, etc. For the culture of each country, speech etiquette is individual. For example, in some cultures it is customary to complain about difficulties and problems, in others it is not accepted. In some cultures, reporting your success is acceptable, in others it is not.
It is impossible to name a linguistic culture in which the etiquette requirements for speech activity would not be presented. The origins of speech etiquette lie in the most ancient period in the history of the language. In an archaic society, speech etiquette (like etiquette as a whole) has a ritual background. The word is given special meaning associated with magical and ritual representations, the relationship between man and cosmic forces. therefore speech activity a person, from the point of view of members of an archaic society, can have a direct impact on people, animals and the world around him; the regulation of this activity is associated, first of all, with the desire to cause certain events (or, on the contrary, to avoid them). Relics of this state are stored in various units of speech etiquette; for example, many enduring formulas are ritual wishes that were once perceived to be effective: “Hello” (also “Be healthy”); “Thank you” (from “Save God”). Similarly, many of the prohibitions on the use of words and constructions that are considered abusive in modern language go back to archaic prohibitions - taboos.
Using the examples of speech etiquette from different countries, one can understand how obvious the border between the cultures of these countries is.
I. Ehrenburg left such an interesting testimony: “The Europeans, greeting, stretch out their hand, and the Chinese, Japanese or Indian is forced to shake the limb of a stranger. If a newcomer poked his bare feet into Parisians or Muscovites, it would hardly have caused delight. A resident of Vienna says "a whole hand" without thinking about the meaning of his words, and a resident of Warsaw, when introduced to a lady, mechanically kisses her hand. The Englishman, indignant at the antics of his competitor, writes to him: "Dear sir, you are a swindler", without "dear sir" he cannot start a letter. Christians, entering a church, church or church, take off their hats, and a Jew, entering a synagogue, covers his head. In Catholic countries, women should not enter the temple bareheaded. In Europe, the color of mourning is black, in China it is white. When a Chinese man sees for the first time how a European or American walks arm in arm with a woman, sometimes even kisses her, it seems to him extremely shameless. In Japan, you cannot enter a house without taking off your shoes; in restaurants, men in European suits and socks are sitting on the floor. In the Beijing hotel, the furniture was European, but the entrance to the room was traditionally Chinese - the screen did not allow entering directly; it has to do with the idea that the devil is going straight ahead; but according to our ideas the devil is cunning, and it costs him nothing to bypass any partition. If a guest comes to a European and admires a picture on the wall, a vase or other trinket, then the owner is pleased. If a European begins to admire a little thing in the house of a Chinese, the owner gives him this object - this is required by politeness. My mother taught me that nothing should be left on the plate when visiting. In China, no one touches a cup of dry rice served at the end of a meal - you need to show that you are full. The world is diverse, and you shouldn't rack your brains over this or that custom: if there are other people's monasteries, then, consequently, there are other people's rules.
The speech behavior of the Japanese is entirely subordinated to the task of providing maximum attention to the interlocutor, showing courtesy to him, creating a good mood in him.
The system of etiquette forms in Japanese speech is particularly complex and reflects social structure Japanese society, in which there are still remnants of the once prevailing feudal-patriarchal relations. The complexity of all this is aggravated by the fact that social relations between members of society are transmitted not only lexically, but also grammatically. Moreover, this is reflected in the structure of the sentence being constructed.
When talking with several interlocutors, an American, for example, will address everyone in the same way. In Japan, a person is still assessed not as an individual, but only in terms of his social status. When applying to a company, it is more important than a profession and even a first or last name. The Japanese are more likely to refer to each other by position or kinship system, and rarely by name.
In general, Japanese speech etiquette is characterized by laconicism, the traditional beginning of a conversation, but the greetings are rather ceremonial and lengthy. For example, it is completely unusual from the point of view of European etiquette that a Japanese, having met with an acquaintance, first of all begins to thank him for the services and favors that were rendered to these acquaintances in the past, and sometimes after quite a long time, besides, they were quite small services and favors. Sometimes the Japanese are grateful for what happened 2-3 years ago, although these were mere trifles.
The British are also polite, but it doesn't look so unusual.
England and other English-speaking countries did not undergo those historical catastrophes that fell to the lot of Russia, therefore English speech etiquette has a long and very authoritative tradition - any deviation from speech etiquette is perceived as a manifestation of bad manners or as deliberate rudeness. So, for example, if a young Englishman seeks the patronage of an influential person and in communication with an influential person violates the norms of speech etiquette, then most likely the young Englishman will not receive the desired patronage, which can sensitively affect his career, which, however, may not at all to take place due to the unwillingness of an influential person to deal with an ill-mannered person for whom no one can vouch for.
English speech etiquette is important not only for the English themselves, but also for all students english language as a foreign one. English speech etiquette is unique and has its own rules and norms, which sometimes differ significantly from the rules and norms, for example, of Russian speech etiquette. This leads to the fact that a very cultured Russian person may seem impolite among the English, if he, communicating with them in English, does not know English speech etiquette. Likewise, an English gentleman may seem impolite in communicating in Russian with cultured Russians if he is not trained in Russian speech etiquette.
Italians are very well-mannered people with good manners. They attach great importance to greetings, which are always accompanied by handshakes and kisses. Thus, they express joy at meeting acquaintances, even if they broke up with them recently. Moreover, it is also accepted in men. Italians are very friendly, they often call each other "saro, cara" (dear, dear) and "bello, bella" (sweet, sweet), even when they are nodding. But before crossing the threshold, they will certainly ask: "Permesso?" ("May I come in?")
There are significant discrepancies in the field of etiquette in the Italian and Russian languages. For example, the Russians “Young man! Comrade! Citizen! Uncle! " not allowed in Italy. In Italian, all strangers are called "Signor" and "Signora". A woman is said to be "signora" even if in fact she is "signorina" (unmarried). Very often they use professional titles. "Doctor" is not necessarily a doctor, but any person with a higher education; “Professors” refers to all teachers, not just university professors; "Maestro" is not only a conductor or composer, but also people of other specialties, for example, a coach; “Engineer” is a very honorable title, reflecting the high status of people with engineering education.
First of all, various units of speech etiquette are used depending on the social roles that the participants in communication take on. Here, both social roles in themselves and their relative position in the social hierarchy are important. When communicating between two students; between student and teacher; between the boss and the subordinate; between spouses; between parents and children - in each case, etiquette requirements can be very different. So, in the listed situations, it may be appropriate different formulas greetings: "Hello", "Hello", "Hello", "Hello, Ivan Ivanovich." Other units of speech etiquette in some cases are mandatory, in others - optional. For example, when you call on the phone at an inopportune time, you need to apologize for bothering, just when you call on the phone you should not apologize, however, if the recipient of the call does not answer the phone, and an outsider, especially if he is older, it will also be appropriate to apologize for the concern, etc. .d.
These aspects of speech behavior are also superimposed on differences in the use of units of speech etiquette among representatives of different social groups. Many specialized units and common manifestations speech etiquette differ in their stable attachment to one or another social groups native speakers. These groups can be distinguished according to the following criteria:
Age: formulas of speech etiquette associated with youth jargon (“Ale”, “Chao”, “Goodbye”); specific forms of politeness in the speech of older people (“Thank you”, “Show a favor”);
Education and upbringing: more educated and well-mannered people tend to more accurate use of units of speech etiquette, more widely use "you" -forms, etc .;
Gender: women, on average, tend to speak more politely, use less rude, close to abusive and obscene vocabulary, are more scrupulous in choosing topics;
Belonging to specific professional groups.
In modern, especially urban culture, the culture of industrial and post-industrial society, the place of speech etiquette is radically rethought. On the one hand, the traditional foundations of this phenomenon are being eroded: mythological and religious beliefs, ideas about an unshakable social hierarchy, etc. Speech etiquette is now viewed in a purely pragmatic aspect, as a means of achieving a communicative goal: to attract the attention of the interlocutor, show him your respect, arouse sympathy, and create a comfortable climate for communication. The relics of hierarchical representations also obey these tasks; compare, for example, the history of the address "Mister" and the corresponding references in other languages: the element of speech etiquette, which once arose as a sign of the addressee's status, subsequently becomes a nationwide form of polite address.
2 PSYCHOLOGICAL NORMS OF COMMUNICATION
Interaction between people requires numerous forms of non-verbal communication - the exchange of information through changes in facial expressions, gestures and body movements. Non-verbal communication is sometimes also called "sign language", but this term is not entirely correct, since, as a rule, we use such non-verbal signs only in order to refute or supplement what is said in words.
Some data indicate that in the process of human interaction, only 20-40% of information is transmitted through speech, i.e. communication is largely carried out through gesture, facial expressions, movements, postures, etc., which accompany a person's speech and make it more expressive. Non-verbal communication is very significant, so communication etiquette is based primarily on them.
Like facial expressions, gestures and postures are constantly used to complement utterances, as well as to convey content when nothing is said. And the expression on the face, and the gesture, and the pose can convey a joke, irony or skepticism. The impressions that we unwittingly provide non-verbally often demonstrate to others that we said something quite different from what we really wanted to say. There are many subtle signs of non-verbal communication that the interlocutors can pick up. The spontaneous expression of sincerity on the face usually disappears after four or five seconds. If the smile lasts longer, then this indicates its artificiality.
While much research has been done, there is a heated debate about whether non-verbal cues are innate or acquired, transmitted genetically, or acquired in some other way. The evidence came from observation of blind, deaf, and deaf-mute people who could not learn non-verbal through auditory or visual receptors.
According to research, a significant part of speech information during exchange is perceived through the language of postures and gestures and the sound of the voice. 55% of messages are perceived through facial expressions, postures and gestures, and 38% through intonation and voice modulation. It follows that only 7% is left to words perceived by the recipient when we speak. This is of fundamental importance. In other words, in many cases how we speak is more important than the words we speak.
Most researchers share the opinion that the verbal (verbal) channel is used to convey information, while the non-verbal channel is used to "discuss" interpersonal relationships, and in some cases is used instead of verbal messages. For example, a woman can give a man a murderous look, and she will clearly convey her attitude to him without even opening her mouth.
When we say that a person is sensitive and intuitive, we mean that he (or she) has the ability to read the non-verbal signals of another person and compare those signals with the verbal signals. In other words, when we say that we have a premonition, or that the "sixth sense" tells us that someone told a lie, we are really
We mean that we noticed a discrepancy between body language and the words this person said. Lecturers call this audience feeling. For example, if listeners sit deep in chairs with their chins down and their arms folded across their chests, the receptive person will have a premonition that their message is not going to be successful. He will understand that something needs to be changed in order to interest the audience. And an unresponsive person, accordingly, will not pay attention to this and will aggravate his mistake.
Women are usually more sensitive than men and this explains the existence of such a thing as female intuition. Women have an innate ability to notice and decipher non-verbal signals, to record the smallest details. Therefore, few husbands can deceive their wives, and, accordingly, most women can find out the secret of a man by his eyes, which he does not even suspect.
Psychologists have long established that existing “body language” expresses what we do not want or cannot say. He is much more truthful and sincere than all the words that we say to each other. Doctors-psychologists have studied this phenomenon for a long time and came to a number of very interesting conclusions. It turns out that a person subconsciously trusts no longer the words, but the way they were said. It was found that the degree of a person's trust in words is only 20%, while the degree of trust in non-verbal communication (posture, gestures, interlocutors) is 30%. But most of all, oddly enough, we trust the intonations of the interlocutor and other paralinguistic components. non-verbal communication (speech rate, pause, chuckles, etc.).
Each of us is more or less sensitive to manifestations of attention or inattention from other people. Sensitivity to non-verbal manifestations of another person's attitude towards us reflects the basic human need for interpersonal relationships. Non-verbal sensitivity requires counselors to pay particular attention to ways of speaking with the client that demonstrate their ability to connect. After all, non-verbal behavior and the messages that the counselor conveys through it can affect the client in both positive and negative ways. Non-verbal expressions can promote trust, openness and exploration of the client's critical dimensions of the problem, but can also lead to distrust and even resistance to the counselor's efforts.
Attitude towards the interlocutor can be expressed by posture and distance. For diplomatic relations, a long distance is more preferable, and close people may well communicate at a distance of half a meter from each other. In different countries, the distance acceptable to strangers looks different. Russian people usually do not pay much attention to how far from the interlocutor they are, therefore many foreigners (especially Japanese and Germans) consider Russians to be very tactless people. The optimal distance to the interlocutor is one and a half meters. This distance allows you not to violate psychological boundaries and at the same time to notice the mood of the interlocutor.
Poses are traditionally divided into open and closed. A position such as, for example, arms crossed on the chest, shows that your interlocutor is not inclined to a frank conversation or simply does not want to listen to you. An open position assumes a free and comfortable position that does not interfere with listening and does not show the person talking to you that you are not involved in the conversation.
However, some people find it difficult to maintain an open posture throughout a conversation, so it is easier to adopt a closed but natural posture.
Facial expression is the most important source of information about a person, especially about his feelings. It is the mimic reactions of the interlocutor that testify to his emotional response, serve as a means of regulating the communication process.
The most visible manifestation of facial expressions is a smile, which, without being overused, is a good positive stimulus. “Smiling usually expresses friendliness, but excessive smiling often reflects a need for approval ... A forced smile in an unpleasant situation betrays feelings of apology and anxiety ... A smile accompanied by raised eyebrows expresses a willingness to obey, and a smile with drooping eyebrows expresses superiority ". [Evsikova N.I., 1999, p. 113]
Frustrated eyebrows themselves usually convey disapproval, but if a person occasionally frowns, he can thus inform the interlocutor that he does not quite follow the content of his speech. A clenched jaw can indicate firmness and confidence, as well as an aggressive attitude. Fear, delight, or surprise can cause the listener to open their mouths, as if these feelings lack space inside. And a person with tense nostrils and drooping corners of the lips could say: "I breathe this air and am next to you, but I do not approve of either this air or you." These are just a few examples of those messages that can be conveyed by facial expressions during interaction. Tracking by a person of this kind of mimic reactions, both his own and the interlocutor, reflection of the meanings hidden in them, can significantly enrich the process of therapeutic communication.
Visual contact is also a means of mutual regulation of the conversation process. We all know from our everyday conversations that eye contact is easy to maintain when discussing a pleasant topic, but the interlocutors usually avoid it when it comes to confusing or unpleasant issues. If the speaker sometimes looks in the eyes, then looks away, this usually means that he has not finished speaking yet. At the end of the utterance, the speaker, as a rule, looks directly into the eyes of the interlocutor, as if inviting him to join the conversation.
Some people find it difficult to make direct eye contact and therefore avoid it, some are afraid of expressing an idea or emotion and discussing certain topics and avert their eyes as soon as something like this appears “on the horizon”. If a person has problems with eye contact, if he avoids it, looks from object to object, or does not take his eyes off the interlocutor, this creates tension.
It must be remembered that eye contact is a process of interaction between two individuals. If certain problems with visual contact do not arise with everyone, but only with any one person, then it makes sense to consider them as a potential source of information about this person. So, for example, if the interlocutor avoids a direct look, averts his eyes and occasionally casts a glance at the psychologist from under his brows, then the reason for this may be, for example, the experience of humiliation experienced in childhood when a significant person for him scolded him and at the same time demanded that he look at him in the eyes.
The voice is important tool expressing a whole range of subjective feelings and meanings. The tone and pace of speech can tell a lot about a person's emotional state. Typically, speech speed increases when the speaker is agitated, agitated, or anxious. The one who is trying to convince his interlocutor also speaks quickly. Slow speech, on the other hand, often indicates depression, arrogance, or fatigue.
How loudly individual words are spoken can be an indicator of the strength of feelings. This or that phrase, depending on intonation, can acquire a different meaning. So you can speak in a confident and aching, accepting and apologetic, jubilant and dismissive tone. Often times, people respond to intonation, not words. A person's reaction to what they are told has a lot to do with the way they are spoken to. Therefore, the tone of voice should not only be benevolent, it should correspond to what is being said; don't speak too loudly.
The means of achieving effective communication are the following characteristics of the human voice:
Speech rate.
A lively, lively manner of speaking, a fast pace of speech testifies to the impulsiveness of the interlocutor, his self-confidence. And, on the contrary, a calm, slow manner of speech indicates equanimity, prudence, solidity of the speaker. Noticeable fluctuations in the speed of speech reveal a lack of poise, uncertainty, and easy excitability of a person.
Volume.
A high volume of speech is inherent, as a rule, in sincere motives or arrogance and complacency. While a low volume indicates restraint, modesty, tact or lack of vitality, a person's weakness. Noticeable changes in volume indicate the emotionality and excitement of the interlocutor. As communication practice shows, the lack of logical arguments contributes to the increase in the emotionality of speech in other cases.
Articulation.
A clear and distinct pronunciation of words indicates the inner discipline of the speaker, his need for clarity. An unclear, vague pronunciation indicates compliance, uncertainty, and lethargy of will.
Falsetto is often inherent in a person whose thinking and speech are more based on intelligence. A chest voice is a sign of increased natural emotionality. A high, shrill voice is a sign of fear and excitement.
Speech mode.
Rhythmic speaking means richness of feelings, poise, good mood. Strictly cyclical speaking shows a strong awareness of what is being experienced, willpower, discipline, pedantry. The angularly abrupt manner of speech is an expression of sober, purposeful thinking.
The ability to pause is one of the most important skills needed to conduct a conversation. Observing a pause, a person provides an opportunity to speak to the interlocutor, stimulates dialogue. The presence of pauses creates in the conversation a sense of leisurely, thoughtfulness of what is happening. A pause makes it possible to add something to what has already been said, correct, clarify the message. The pause emphasizes the significance of what is said, the need to comprehend and understand it. Silence emphasizes the opportunity given to the interlocutor to speak.
3 SPEECH NORMS OF COMMUNICATION
In the literary language, pronunciation, as well as the choice of words and the use of grammatical forms, is subject to certain rules and norms.
With correct, uniform pronunciation, people understand each other faster, it facilitates communication between people, so you need to monitor your pronunciation, you need to pronounce sounds, their combinations correctly, correctly highlight stressed syllables, that is, you need to obey the pronunciation norms that are established in the literary language.
Let us dwell on the level-by-level classification of literary norms and the classification of speech errors.
Phonetic norms.
Phonetic norms include the norms of pronunciation of sounds and their combinations, as well as the norms of stressing. The modern Russian literary language differs from non-literary vernacular, local dialects in that it has a system of pronunciation norms. How certain sounds should be pronounced in certain phonetic positions, in certain combinations with other sounds, as well as in certain grammatical forms and groups of words - orthoepy deals with all these issues. Consequently, orthoepy can be defined as a set of rules that establish literary pronunciation. Value orthoepic rules for communication is huge. They contribute to a faster understanding of the speakers. Errors in pronunciation distract from the content of speech and interfere with language communication. Despite the successes achieved in improving the speech culture of our population, in particular, pronunciation is still the weakest link in it. Currently, in connection with the expansion of the influence of the mass media, the issue of the correct pronunciation is especially acute.
Grammar norms.
As you know, two subsystems are distinguished in grammar: morphology and syntax. The morphological norms include the rules for using parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, pronouns, and numerals. Morphological norms fairly stable, slowly changing over time. Syntax is a systematized set of phrases and sentences, as well as the rules for their construction and use, available in the language, and at the same time - a section of grammar that studies and describes these phrases, sentences and rules.
Lexical norms.
Lexical norms mean the correctness of word use: the use of these vocabulary units in accordance with their meaning, stylistic coloring, evaluative properties, etc. The difficulties of word use are connected with the fact that the lexical composition is constantly enriched, since this side of the language is the most sensitive to all kinds of surrounding changes. So, starting from the mid-80s (since the time of "perestroika"), the language began to be intensively replenished with new words and meanings. Moreover, this replenishment affected, first of all, "key", socially meaningful words, testifying to fundamental changes in all spheres of society.
Phraseological norms.
Phraseology is understood as a set of phraseological units - stable turns of language, which are used as ready-made units, reproduced in speech: not salty, come to a conclusion, express distrust, black box. Many linguists attribute to phraseology proverbs, sayings, winged words, speech stamps and phraseological phrases that go back to literary sources. The most important features of phraseological units are stability and reproducibility.
I also want to give examples of basic speech errors.
Wrong choice of lexical equivalent.
It often leads to inappropriate comic, to the absurdity of the statement. For example: “Our Russian birches are standing in a wedding shroud” (instead of “in a wedding dress); “In February, the length of the day will increase by two hours” (instead of “… daylight hours will increase by two hours”). Similar mistakes occur when a person chooses words from a certain thematic groupwithout bothering to analyze their exact meaning.
Alogism.
Even Aristotle warned against logical mistakes in speech. He argued: "Speech must comply with the laws of logic." Consistency is a quality that characterizes the semantic structure of a text (statement). It refers to the correct correlation of the semantic structure of the text with the laws of the development of the thought process.
Violation of lexical compatibility.
Lexical compatibility is the ability of words to connect with each other, because in speech words are not used in isolation, but in phrases. At the same time, some words are freely combined with others if they suit them in meaning, while others have limited lexical compatibility. So, very “similar” definitions - long, long, long, long-term, long-term - are attracted to nouns in different ways: one can say a long (long) period, but not a “long (long, long) period; long way, long way and long fees, long-term loan, and nothing else. There are a lot of such words, we use them constantly, without thinking about the peculiarities of their compatibility, because we intuitively feel which word is "suitable" for which.
Speech redundancy or verbosity.
Economical, accurate expression of thought is the main requirement of stylistics. French scientist, philosopher and writer Pascal remarked: "I write long because I don't have time to write short." There is a deep meaning in this paradoxical statement, because negligence and helplessness of the author usually lead to verbosity, and brevity and clarity of wording are achieved as a result of hard work with the word. "Brevity is the sister of talent," asserted A.P. Chekhov. All this must be remembered by someone who wants to improve his style.
Speech impairment.
It is usually expressed in the omission of a word or a few words, for example: “Great writers hang in the literature cabinet” (the word “portraits” is omitted). Such errors often occur in oral speech, when the speaker is in a hurry and does not follow the correct expression of thought. Speech failure causes serious damage not only to the stylistic, but also to the semantic side of speech: in the sentence, the grammatical and logical connections of words are violated, the meaning is obscured.
In modern linguistics, two levels of human speech culture are distinguished - lower and higher. For the lower level, for the first stage of mastering the literary language, correctness of speech, compliance with the norms of the Russian literary language is enough. There are lexical, orthoepic (phonetic), grammatical - derivational, morphological, syntactic norms. Lexical norms are fixed in explanatory dictionaries in the form of an interpretation of the meaning of words and their compatibility with other words, the rest of the norms are disclosed in manuals on the grammar of the literary language, in special dictionaries-reference books.
If a person does not make mistakes in pronunciation, in the use of word forms, in their formation, and in the construction of a sentence, we call his speech correct. However, this is not enough. Speech can be correct, but bad, that is, it does not correspond to the goals and conditions of communication. Good speech includes at least three attributes of wealth, precision, and expressiveness. Indicators of rich speech are a large volume of active vocabulary, a variety of morphological forms and syntactic constructions used. Accuracy of speech is the choice of such linguistic meansthat best express the content of the statement, reveal its theme and main idea. Expressiveness is created through the selection of linguistic means that best suit the conditions and tasks of communication.
If a person has correct and good speech, he reaches the highest level of speech culture. This means that he not only does not make mistakes, but also knows how to build statements in the best way in accordance with the purpose of communication, to select the words and constructions that are most suitable in each case, taking into account who and under what circumstances he is addressing.
CONCLUSION
So, both the listener and the speaker need to show obligatory politeness in the dialogue, confirming their upbringing.
Before traveling to any country, it is necessary to study not only the language, but also the features of etiquette, since the differences in it are huge and are of great interest. Impossible to talk about high level possession foreign language, if this possession does not include knowledge of the rules of speech communication and the ability to apply these rules in practice. It is especially important to be aware of the discrepancies in national speech etiquette.
Thus, non-verbal communication is an essential part of communication, since attention is usually drawn not to what we say, but to how we speak. The intonation can sometimes be much more important than the information conveyed in the utterance, and the expression on the interlocutor's face or his posture will immediately make it clear how he treats you and whether he is inclined to communicate with you.
A high level of speech culture is an integral feature of a cultured person. Improving our speech is the task of each of us. To do this, you need to monitor your speech so as not to make mistakes in pronunciation, in the use of word forms, in the construction of a sentence. You need to constantly enrich your vocabulary, learn to feel your interlocutor, be able to select the words and constructions most suitable for each case.
LIST OF USED SOURCES
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Pronunciation norms govern the choice of acoustic phoneme variants or alternating phonemes. Stress rates control the choice of placement and movement of each stressed syllable among unstressed ones. The mobility and diversity of Russian stress make it difficult to master, especially for people who are learning Russian as a foreign language. Morphological norms regulate the choice of variants of the morphological form of a word and the ways of its linking with others. Syntactic norms determine the correct construction of sentences - simple and complex. Lexical norms regulate the choice of words and their meanings, characteristic and suitable for a given speech act. This choice is explained primarily by the expediency of using this or that word in any of its meanings. Stylistic norms regulate the correspondence of the chosen word or syntactic structure to the conditions of communication and the prevailing style of presentation. Here, too, they are guided not just by accepted norms, but by expediency in speech communication. To comply with stylistic norms, it is not enough just to know them; you need "taste" and "talent" to be able to apply them.