The type of higher nervous activity is characterized by a combination. Higher nervous activity of a person

The type of GNI is a combination of congenital and acquired properties nervous systemthat determine the temperament of the personality.

The concepts of "type of nervous system" and "type of GNI" are most often used as synonyms, although not all scientists agree with this, believing that with the help of conditioned reflex techniques, the features of the functioning of the cortex are revealed to a greater extent large hemispheres and to a lesser extent - the characteristics of the nervous system as a whole. However, the study of the types of GNI brings us closer to understanding the true types of the nervous system, which means it makes it possible to better understand the characterological characteristics of a person.

According to the general features of behavior, the main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished, suggesting differences in the temperaments of animals and in the characters of people.

The first attempt to divide people according to their temperament into groups belongs to Hippocrates, who described the four most common types of temperament in life: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic, - explaining the nature individual characteristics human behavior by the difference in the proportions of the "vital juices" of the body: blood, mucus, acrid bile and black bile.

There have been such attempts to classify temperaments according to various concomitant characteristics. These attempts led, in particular, to constitutional theories of temperament, which was based on the position of the relationship between temperament and certain characteristics of the anatomical structure of the body.

The real nature of temperaments and characters was revealed by I.P. Pavlov, who, thanks to numerous experiments on animals and observations of people, came to the idea that the basis of such a division should be based on the features of excitatory and inhibitory processes.

The first indicator of typological differences is the strength of the excitatory process, which can be determined by the rate of formation of conditioned reflexes. The second indicator is the force of the braking process, which is determined by the rate at which internal braking is generated. And, finally, the third indicator - the mobility of nervous processes - is revealed in experiments with alteration of the signal values \u200b\u200bof stimuli (and in a number of other additional tests).

In Pavlov's classification (as well as in Hippocrates), four types of higher nervous activity are distinguished: live type (corresponds to the sanguine of Hippocrates), characterized by great strength excitatory and inhibitory processes and their high mobility (type strong, balanced, mobile); calm type ( corresponds to the phlegmatic of Hippocrates), which has a high force of excitatory and inhibitory processes, but their low mobility (the type is strong, balanced, inert ); unrestrained type (corresponds to the choleric of Hippocrates), which has a strong excitatory process with a weak inhibitory process (the type is strong, but unbalanced); weak type (corresponds to the melancholic Hippocrates), in which the excitatory and active inhibitory processes are characterized by low strength. The character of a person of this type depends mainly on the innate temperament. but big influence the behavior of these people is influenced by the education they have received and the sum of the most complex reflexes associated with social life.

In addition, Pavlov outlined a classification of specific human types of higher nervous activity. It is based on the nature of the interaction of the first and second human signaling systems:

middle type (with equilibrium in the interaction of both signaling systems);

art type (with a predominance of first-signal figurative thinking);

thinking type(where second-signal abstract thinking prevails).

Typological variants of the personality of children

Through psychological methods (observation of the behavior of students at school, individual conversation, characteristics of teachers, modified children's personality questionnaire Ketell) E.M. Aleksandrovskaya and I.N. Gilyasheva (1985) identified six main typological variants of the personality of children of primary school age (7-10 years) ... In total, 269 children studying in a mass school were examined. The following personality traits were examined:

sociability, intelligence, self-confidence, excitability, dominance, risk taking, conscientiousness, social courage, sensitivity, anxiety, self-control, tension.

The main typological variants of personality were as follows.

Harmonious type (about 36%). Children in this largest group are easy to learn and have no learning difficulties. Examination for children personality questionnaire reveals in them, along with a sufficiently high level of formation of intellectual functions, such personal properties as sociability, self-confidence, high self-control, conscientiousness, and absence of anxiety. This group is divided into subgroups of foxes, differing in the level of excitability: children of subgroup I (about 26%) are characterized by equilibrium , children of subgroup II (about 10%) - pronounced motor activity .

The practical orientation of schoolchildren belonging to the harmonious type is manifested in the effective mastering of educational activities, the desire to good results... The combination of the listed properties is a stable personality structure, which provides them with quick adaptation.

Conformal type (about 12%). The behavior of schoolchildren shows a strong dependence on the situation, the desire to correspond to the environment. High school motivation, the need to attack in accordance with the established norms determine their focus on learning activities... According to the test survey, children are quite sociable, confident, conscientious, have good self-control, a low level of anxiety and tension. A characteristic feature of children with a conformal personality type is underdevelopment of cognitive activity, which complicates the assimilation of the curriculum.

Dominant type (about 10%). Distinctive feature these students are striving for independence, domination, self-affirmation. They are sociable, active, confident, socially courageous and inclined to take risks. The practical orientation of these students is manifested especially clearly in the organization of children's games. The combination of high activity and low self-control creates adaptation difficulties associated with the assimilation of school norms of behavior.

Sensitive type (about 14%). These children are shy and shy, although friendships with those they are used to are persistent. They study diligently, diligently. The dominant property, according to the test survey, is sensitivity, which is combined with such qualities as sociability, conscientiousness, high self-control, dependence.

Anxious type (about 10%). These children are characterized by extreme variability of the emotional sphere, increased impressionability; their actions are distinguished by excessive excitement, anxiety Learn easily, especially well read and tell. According to test data, high level anxiety is combined in them with excitability, sensitivity, self-doubt, a sense of responsibility, good understanding social normsactive,

Communication is the leading feature for children with sensitive and anxious personality formation types. It is this activity that serves as a source of receiving the emotional reinforcement that is so necessary for them. The expectation of a positive assessment of one's actions and actions from others determines the difficulties in the sphere of relationships. Emotional dependence makes it difficult for some of them to master the curriculum.

Iptroverted type (about 18%). A distinctive feature of these schoolchildren is the focus on cognitive activity, a high level of intelligence development is combined with a reduced control over the surrounding reality. Test examination revealed in these children withdrawal, self-doubt, social shyness, and low self-control. At the same time, children show excitability, anxiety, and tension. About 6% of children in this group are characterized by passivity, poverty in the motivational sphere, and lack of initiative. Loneliness, isolation from others, increased sensitivity contribute to the emergence of difficulties both in the development of social norms and in establishing contacts, and as a result lead to a conflict, subjectively difficult situation of being at school.

It should be noted, however, that the physiological basis for the formation of typological variants of personality, as we see it, is the strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition, studied in detail by I.P. Pavlov and in animal experiments. An important role in the formation of these properties of the nervous system is played by the environment (conditions of work and rest, the environment in the family and collective, etc.), especially in early ontogenesis.

Self-study questions.

1. What is the difference between human GNI and animal GNI?

2. What is called the first signaling system?

3. What is called the second signaling system?

4. What are the physiological mechanisms of the first and second signaling systems?

5. Provide evidence (experimental and clinical) of the influence of the cerebral cortex on the functional state internal organs.

6. What is the functional asymmetry of the human brain?

7. What is the basis for identifying the types of GNI?

8. What is the significance (biological, medical, social) of the typological characteristics of human GNI?

9. What are the personality traits of a person, depending on his type of GNI.

10. What are the main stages in the development of GNI in a child? What is their essence?

11. When does the second signaling system begin to form in the child?

12. What conditions contribute to the development of a second signaling system in a child?

13. What are the main features of GNI in old age?

14. What are the main age-related features of mental functions.

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The study of the activity of the cerebral hemispheres together with the nearest subcortex under normal conditions (by the method of conditioned reflexes) led to the creation of a diagram of types of nervous activity or basic patterns of behavior in higher animals.

The types of the nervous system are divided into general, found in humans and animals, and private, characteristic only of humans.

The type of the nervous system is an individual characteristic of the nervous system according to three main features: 1) the strength of excitation and inhibition; 2) the ratio, or balance, of excitation and inhibition among themselves and 3) the mobility of excitation and inhibition, which is characterized by the rates of their irradiation and concentration, the rate of formation of conditioned reflexes, etc.

IP Pavlov's school established four types of the nervous system in dogs. The first type is strong (strong excitement and strong inhibition), unbalanced, with a predominance of excitement over inhibition, unrestrained. The second type is strong, well-balanced, inert, inactive, slow. The third type is strong, well-balanced, very lively, mobile. The fourth type is weak, with weak excitement and inhibition, easily inhibited. Light inhibition of this type is due to both weak and easily radiating internal inhibition, and especially external inhibition under the influence of insignificant extraneous stimuli.

Only a few animals clearly show the features of a certain type of nervous system. For the majority, however, these features are very indistinct, and it is difficult to determine the type of the nervous system in them.

The type of nervous system, other things being equal, depends on: different rates of development of conditioned reflexes, different values \u200b\u200bof conditioned reflexes and their strength, differences in the rate of irradiation and concentration of excitation and inhibition, different resistance to the action of factors that cause disturbance of higher nervous activity, and adaptability to various influences external environment. The type of the nervous system determines not only the behavior of the animal organism, but also the nature of the activity of its internal organs, due to the functional state of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Dogs, in which inhibition prevails, react poorly to substances that excite the sympathetic centers of the diencephalon, and, conversely, react strongly to substances that excite the parasympathetic centers of the diencephalon. Dogs in which arousal predominates, on the contrary, strongly react to substances that excite the sympathetic centers of the diencephalon, and react poorly to substances that excite the parasympathetic centers of the diencephalon. In balanced animals, the reaction to both substances is the same. The correspondence of the types of the nervous system, established by the method of conditioned reflexes, to the types of the nervous system, determined by the action of substances on the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the diencephalon, suggests that the type of the nervous system depends on the predominance of the tone of one of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Consequently, the nature of the animal's behavior largely depends on the functional state of the autonomic nervous system (SI Galperin, 1949, 1960).

The scheme for dividing the types of the nervous system into private, human ones is based on the fact that in some people (first type) the first signaling system prevails over the second signaling system and, conversely, in people of the second type, the second signaling system prevails over the first. In a person with an average type of nervous system, both signaling systems have approximately the same meaning. Normal thinking is possible only with the inseparable participation of both systems. The degree of correlation between the two systems is extremely diverse in different people.

When determining types of a person, it is necessary to take into account that a person displays the world in two forms: 1) perceiving the direct action of stimuli outside world and 2) by perceiving speech that signals these immediate stimuli.

Types of the nervous system and temperaments

I.P. Pavlov believed that the four types of the nervous system, established in experiments on animals, approximately coincide with the classical scheme of temperaments established in humans by Hippocrates.

The first type approximately corresponds to a choleric person, the second to a phlegmatic person, the third to a sanguine person and the fourth to a melancholic person. Temperament is characterized mainly by the strength of the nervous and, consequently, mental processes, the relationship between excitation and inhibition and the speed of their course. However, a person's temperament is not equivalent to the type of his nervous system. Human temperament is undoubtedly associated with the properties of the nervous system that characterize the type. But the forms of human behavior are determined not by individual stimuli, but by phenomena, objects and people that have a certain objective meaning and cause a particular attitude on the part of a person due to his upbringing, beliefs, and worldview. Therefore, when characterizing a person's temperament, it is necessary to take into account not only the functional characteristics of his nervous system, but above all the conditions of his life in a society of a certain historical era and his practical activity.

It should be noted that only a few people have these four temperaments in a relatively pure form. Most have features of different temperaments combined.

Education of the types of the nervous system

The types of the nervous system change after birth. They develop in phylogenesis, but since the animal from the day of birth is exposed to the most varied influences of the environment, then the final character develops as an alloy of innate features of the nervous system (type) and changes in its properties caused by the external environment, which are often fixed for life. Thus, the innate properties of the nervous system can manifest themselves only at the moment of birth. The behavior of humans and animals is determined not only by the innate properties of the nervous system, but to a greater extent depends on constant education and training.

The type of the nervous system is changed by education, systematic training. The practice of inhibition can, to a certain extent, change the strong unbalanced type, make it more balanced. The weaker type is more difficult to make significant changes. His normal higher nervous activity is carried out only in favorable working conditions, since he is more likely than others to be able to give "breakdowns".

The type of nervous system affects the training of farm animals. The excitable type of horse is easily and quickly trained, but overvoltage inhibition should be avoided. Animals of the strong, inert type learn slowly. Weak type horses are almost unusable. They learn with difficulty.

Each person is born with a certain set of biological characteristics of his personality, manifested in temperament. Even blood brothers and sisters, twins living side by side, have significant differences in people's behavior due to the properties of their temperaments. Temperaments differ in the Siamese twins Masha and Dasha, in all children who received the same upbringing, having the same worldview, close ideals, beliefs and moral principles.

What is temperament? Temperament is a person's congenital features that determine the dynamics of its course mental processes... It is temperament that determines a person's reactions to external circumstances. It largely shapes the character of a person, his individuality and is a kind of connecting link between the body and cognitive processes.

Temperament is a manifestation of the type of the nervous system in human activity, individual psychological characteristics of a person, in which the mobility of his nervous processes, strength, and balance are manifested.

Excitation and inhibition can be balanced or prevail over each other, they can proceed with different strengths, move from center to center and replace each other in the same centers, i.e. have a certain mobility.

The term "temperament" itself was introduced by the ancient physician Claudius Galen and comes from latin word "Temperans" which means moderate. The very same word temperament can be translated as "the proper ratio of parts." Hippocrates believed that the type of temperament is determined by the predominance of one of the fluids in the body. If blood prevails in the body, then a person will be mobile, that is, have a sanguine temperament, yellow bile will make a person impulsive and hot - choleric, black bile - sad and fearful, that is, melancholic, and the predominance of lymph will give a person calmness and slowness, make a phlegmatic person.

Many researchers, in particular, V.S.Merlin, S.L. Rubinstein, believe that pure temperaments are very rare, usually in every person they are present in different proportions. You should also not equate character and temperament. The latter only characterizes the type of the nervous system, its properties, is associated with the structure of the body and even metabolism. But, in no way is associated with the views of the individual, beliefs, tastes and does not determine the capabilities of the individual.

In the nerve centers of the human cerebral cortex, two opposite active processes take place in a complex interaction: excitation and inhibition. Excitation of some parts of the brain causes inhibition of others, this can explain why a person, carried away by something, ceases to perceive the environment. For example, switching attention is associated with the transition of excitation from one part of the brain to another and, accordingly, inhibition of the left parts of the brain.

In the psychology of individual differences, the following properties of temperament are distinguished: excitement - inhibition, lability - rigidity, mobility - inertia, activity - passivity, as well as poise, sensitivity, reaction speed.

Weakness of nervous processes is characterized by the inability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged and concentrated excitation and inhibition. Under the action of very strong stimuli, nerve cells quickly pass into a state of protective inhibition. Thus, in a weak nervous system, nerve cells are characterized by low efficiency, their energy is quickly depleted. But on the other hand, a weak nervous system is very sensitive: it gives an appropriate response even to weak stimuli.

An important property of the nervous higher activity is the balance of nervous processes, that is, the proportional relationship between excitation and inhibition. In some people, these two processes are mutually balanced, while in others this balance is not observed: either the process of inhibition or excitation prevails. One of the main properties of higher nervous activity is the mobility of nervous processes. The mobility of the nervous system is characterized by the rapidity of the alternation of processes of excitation and inhibition, the rapidity of their appearance and termination (when the conditions of life require it), the speed of movement of the nervous processes (irradiation and concentration), the rapidity of the appearance of the nervous process in response to irritation, the rapidity of the formation of new conditioned connections. Combinations of these properties of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition were used as the basis for determining the type of higher nervous activity. Depending on the combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, four main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished.

Weak type ... Representatives of the weak type of the nervous system cannot withstand strong, prolonged and concentrated stimuli. The processes of inhibition and excitation are weak. Under the action of strong stimuli, the development of conditioned reflexes is delayed. Along with this, there is a high sensitivity (i.e., a low threshold) to the actions of stimuli.

Strong balanced type ... Distinguished by a strong nervous system, it is characterized by the imbalance of the main nervous processes - the predominance of excitation processes over inhibition processes.

Strong balanced moving type ... The processes of inhibition and excitation are strong and balanced, but their speed, their mobility, the rapid alternation of nervous processes lead to a relative instability of the nerve connections.

Strong balanced inert type ... Strong and balanced nervous processes are characterized by low mobility. Representatives of this type are outwardly always calm, even, difficult to excite.

The type of higher nervous activity refers to natural higher data, it is an innate property of the nervous system. On a given physiological basis, various systems of conditioned connections can be formed, that is, in the process of life these conditioned connections will be formed differently in different people: this will manifest the type of higher nervous activity. Temperament is a manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity in human activity and behavior.

The features of a person's mental activity, which determine his actions, behavior, habits, interests, knowledge, are formed in the process of a person's individual life, in the process of education. The type of higher nervous activity gives originality to a person's behavior, leaves a characteristic imprint on the entire appearance of a person - it determines the mobility of his mental processes, their stability, but does not determine either behavior, or actions of a person, or his beliefs, or moral principles.

Types of temperament

In psychology, four types of temperament are distinguished: Choleric, Melancholic, Phlegmatic and Sanguine. It cannot be said that the Melancholic is better than the Choleric, and the Sanguine is better than the Phlegmatic. They all have their pros and cons.

1. The melancholic has a weak type of nervous system and, therefore, is unstable in the face of circumstances that require overcoming or strong excitation of the nervous system. The other three types of nervous systems are considered strong. A person is easily vulnerable, prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts little to external factors. He cannot restrain his asthenic experiences by an effort of will, he is highly impressionable, easily emotionally vulnerable. These are traits of emotional weakness.

2. Phlegmatic temperaments is a type of temperament that, being a strong type, is nevertheless characterized by a low mobility of nervous processes. Once arising in certain centers, they are characterized by constancy and strength. An inert nervous system corresponds to this type. Slow, unperturbed, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy with the expression of emotions and feelings. He shows tenacity and perseverance in his work, remaining calm and level-headed. In work, he is productive, compensating for his slowness with diligence.

3. Sanguine temperament - another strong type of temperament - is characterized by the fact that the processes of excitation and inhibition are quite strong, balanced and easily mobile. A lively, hot, agile person, with frequent changes in mood, impressions, with a quick reaction to all events happening around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. He is very productive at work, when he is interested, becoming very excited about this, if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.

4. Choleric temperament - the third strong type of temperament - unbalanced, unrestrained, in it processes of excitement prevail over weak inhibition. This type of nervous system is quickly depleted and prone to breakdowns. Fast, passionate, impetuous, but completely unbalanced, with a dramatically changing mood with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. Choleric, being carried away, carelessly wastes his strength and is quickly depleted.

Good upbringing, control and self-control makes it possible for a melancholic to manifest as an impressionable person with deep feelings and emotions; phlegmatic, as a seasoned person without hasty decisions; sanguine, as a highly responsive person for any job; a choleric person, as a passionate, frantic and active person. Negative properties of temperament can be manifested: in a melancholic - isolation and shyness; in a phlegmatic person - indifference to people, dryness; for a sanguine person - superficiality, scattering, inconstancy. A person with any type of temperament may or may not be capable, the type of temperament does not affect a person's abilities, just some life tasks are easier to solve by a person of one type of temperament, others - another. Temperament is one of the most significant personality traits. Interest in this problem arose more than two and a half thousand years ago. It was caused by the obviousness of the existence of individual differences, which are due to the characteristics of the biological and physiological structure and development of the body, as well as features social development, the uniqueness of social ties and contacts. The biologically determined personality structures include, first of all, temperament. Temperament determines the presence of many mental differences between people, including the intensity and stability of emotions, emotional impressionability, pace and energy of actions, as well as a number of other dynamic characteristics.

Despite the fact that there have been repeated and constant attempts to investigate the problem of temperament, until now this problem belongs to the category of controversial and not fully resolved problems of modern psychological science. Today there are many approaches to the study of temperament. However, with all the existing diversity of approaches, most researchers recognize that temperament is the biological foundation on which a personality is formed as a social being, and personality traits caused by temperament are the most stable and long-term. The question cannot be raised about which temperament is better. Each of them has its positive and negative sides. Passion, activity, energy of a choleric person, mobility, liveliness and responsiveness of a sanguine person, depth and stability of feelings of a melancholic person, calmness and lack of haste of a phlegmatic person - these are examples of those valuable personality traits, the possession of which is associated with individual temperaments. At the same time, with any of the temperaments, there may be a risk of developing unwanted personality traits. For example, a choleric temperament can make a person unrestrained, harsh, prone to constant "explosions". A sanguine temperament can lead to frivolity, a tendency to throw around, lack of depth and stability of feelings. With a melancholic temperament, a person may develop excessive isolation, a tendency to completely immerse himself in his own experiences, excessive shyness. A phlegmatic temperament can make a person sluggish, inert, indifferent to all the impressions of life. Despite this temperament, the entire life of its owner is formed as well as his character.

In our opinion, temperament changes throughout life and depends on the prevailing circumstances. Let's say a person ... sanguine. Everything is calm in his life. In his life, people appear who begin to interrogate him, accuse him to hysteria, to tears. If such an appeal lasts longer than a month, then the person begins to cry more, becomes a Melancholic. This Melancholic is constantly being tugged at, humiliated. This Melancholic becomes Choleric. It can already be compared with nuclear bomb... He begins to explode and yells at everyone who laughs from the outside, who tells him something as a joke, but he does not understand. He negatively affects others. But this is rare. Temperament is the tempo or cycle of expressing emotions and qualities.

All organisms are born with innate reactions that help them survive. Unconditioned reflexes are distinguished by their constancy; the same response can be observed to the same stimulus.

But the world is constantly changing, and the body is forced to adapt to new conditions, and here only innate reflexes will not cope. The higher parts of the brain are included in the work, which ensure normal existence and adaptation to constantly changing environmental conditions.

Higher nervous activity

VND - this is the work of all subcortical formations and the cerebral cortex. This is a fairly broad concept that includes:

Mental activity.
Features of behavior.

VND properties

The main features are inherited by humans. The properties of VND include:

The strength of the nervous processes.
Equilibrium.
Mobility.

The first property is considered the most important, it is characterized by the ability of the nervous system to withstand prolonged exposure to exciting factors.

An example can be given: in airplanes there is a loud noise during flight, for an adult it is not a strong irritant, but in children who still have weak nervous processes, it can cause transcendental inhibition.

Balance is characterized by high speed development of conditioned reflexes.

Such a property as mobility depends on how quickly the processes of inhibition and excitation change each other. People who easily switch from one activity to another have a mobile nervous system.

VND types

Mental processes and behavioral reactions in each person have their own individual characteristics. The combination of strength, mobility, and balance determines the type of IRR. They are distinguished by several:

Strong, agile and balanced.
Strong and unbalanced.
Strong, balanced, inert.
Weak type.

GNI is also functions associated with speech, therefore, a person is distinguished by types that are characteristic only for him, and they are associated with the interaction of the first and second signal systems:

Thinking. The second signaling system comes to the fore. Such people have well-developed abstract thinking.
Artistic type. The 1st signal system is clearly manifested.
Average. Both systems are balanced.

The physiology of VND is such that the hereditary characteristics of the course of mental processes can undergo changes under the influence of education, this is due to the fact that there is such a quality as plasticity.

Sanguine

Even Hippocrates divided people into various categories with their own temperament. The features of GNI are precisely what determines whether people belong to one type or another.

A strong nervous system with mobile processes is characteristic of sanguine people. All reflexes in such people are formed quickly, speech is loud and clear. Such people speak expressively, using gestures, but without unnecessary facial expressions.

The extinction and restoration of conditional connections is quick and easy. If a child has such a temperament, then he has good abilities, lends itself well to education.

Choleric

In such people, the processes of arousal prevail over inhibition. Conditioned reflexes are developed with great ease, but their inhibition, on the contrary, occurs with difficulty. Choleric people are always mobile, they cannot concentrate on one thing for a long time.

GNI is also behavior, and in people with such a temperament, it often requires severe correction, especially in children. In childhood, choleric people can behave aggressively and defiantly, this is due to high excitability and weak inhibition of nervous processes.

Phlegmatic person

GNI of a person with a strong and balanced nervous system, but a slow switch between mental processes is referred to as phlegmatic temperament.

Reflexes are formed, but much more slowly. Such people speak slowly, their speech is measured and calm, without any facial expressions and gestures. The GNI of a child with such a temperament has such characteristics that make such children assiduous and disciplined. They perform all tasks conscientiously, but slowly.

It is very important for parents and teachers to know this feature and take it into account during classes and communication.

Melancholic

The types of GNI differ in their properties and characteristics of the functioning of the nervous system. If she is weak, then we can talk about a melancholic temperament.

Such people with great difficulty tolerate the impact of strong stimuli, in response, they begin to experience transcendental inhibition. It is very difficult for melancholic people to get used to a new team, especially for children. All reflexes are formed slowly, after repeated combination with an unconditioned stimulus.

The movements, speech of such people are slow, measured. They, as a rule, do not make unnecessary movements. If you look at a child with such a temperament from the outside, you can say that he is constantly afraid of something, can never stand up for himself.

Distinctive features of human higher nervous activity

The physiology of GNI is such that in the presence of any temperament in a person, you can develop and educate all those qualities that are simply necessary in society.

In each temperament, one can note both its positive qualities and negative ones. It is very important in the process of upbringing not to allow undesirable personality traits to develop.

A person is characterized by the presence of a second signaling system, and this significantly complicates his behavior and mental processes.

Features can also include:

Varieties of GNI in humans are also of great practical importance; it can be characterized as follows:

It has already been scientifically proven that most diseases of the central nervous system are directly related to the peculiarities of the course of nervous processes. For example, people with a weak type can be considered potential clients of a neurosis clinic.
The course of many diseases is also influenced by the peculiarity of GNI. If the nervous system is strong, then the disease is more easily tolerated, and recovery occurs faster.
The effect of drugs on the body to some extent depends on the individual characteristics of GNI. This can and should be taken into account when prescribing treatment.

Most often it is determined not by the peculiarities of temperament, but by the conditions of their life in society, by their relationship with reality. Features of mental processes can leave their mark, but they are not decisive.

The type of nervous activity should not be discounted, but it must be remembered that temperament has a subordinate meaning and is only a prerequisite for the development of important personality traits.

People with a strong and unbalanced type of higher nervous activity

Description

Higher nervous activity regulates the behavior of any person, therefore, the interaction of a person with society and the characteristics of the formation of character in a particular individual largely depend on it. Since any nervous activity consists of two opposite processes of excitation and inhibition, the final result depends on their interaction in the body.

For people with the presented type of GNI, characteristic features are unrestrained behavior, emotionality and expressiveness of their actions. Often people with an unrestrained type are capable of making harsh rash decisions that can play a cruel joke on them. The unrestrained type is characterized by irascibility, conflict, increased aggression towards people around. In the classical scheme for determining temperament, this category belongs to the group of choleric people.

An agile type with a strong and balanced psyche

Description

Such people are characterized by a more balanced influence of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the body. Moreover, both processes are equally pronounced and play an important role in the formation of temperament. In addition, excitation and inhibition in persons with the presented type of higher nervous activity has good mobility, which contributes to rapid adaptation to any conditions of life.

Usually, representatives of this category relate well to others, try to avoid conflict situations, look at life with a smile. These qualities help to make new acquaintances and quickly join the team, which is necessary at a rapid pace modern life... In the classical definition, the presented category corresponds to the sanguine temperament model.

Strong balanced inert type (calm, sedentary)

Description

Another representative of the strong type is the category of persons with pronounced processes of inhibition and arousal. However, unlike the previous options, this type is characterized by weak plasticity and the ability to change the behavior model in emergency situations.

A distinctive feature of the presented version is the conduct of monotonous activities without switching to other activities. Usually, it is difficult for such categories of persons to readjust to a new type of activity in the changing environmental conditions, which has a very negative effect on life in modern society. In the classical sense, the presented temperament corresponds to phlegmatic people. As a result of poor mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition, a person slowly adapts to new living conditions and switches to another type of activity, but he has constancy and stability. This is an undeniable advantage in relationships and interactions with other people.

Weak type

Description

The exact opposite of the categories presented above is the weak type of higher nervous activity. This category includes those people who have weak processes of excitement and inhibition and their poor mobility. In this regard, they experience difficulties in life path, and also poorly establish contact with other representatives of society.

Such people belong to melancholic people in the classic temperament division scheme. The presented category of persons is characterized by poor adaptation to changing environmental conditions and weak socialization processes. Also, people with this type of higher nervous activity are prone to psycho-emotional stress and nervous breakdowns.

VND types classifications according to the ratio of signaling systems

Types

Initially, animals used a single signaling system that warned them about changing environmental conditions using specific images and phenomena found in nature. The formation of a conditioned and unconditioned reflex was ensured by real objects or objects affecting the body.

As a result of a long process of evolution, a second signaling system appeared in man, which allows one to create abstract images and form a certain algorithm of actions from them. Also, the appearance of conscious speech in people is associated with the action of the second signaling system. The second signaling system allows a person to create an image in thoughts, while it is not necessary to see an object or phenomenon in real life, it is enough just to hear about it or think about it.

Depending on the interaction of the signaling systems, various categories of persons are also formed, differing in their thought processes and the characteristics of higher nervous activity.

Artistic type.As the name of the category implies, this group includes people with a predominance of the second signaling system. It is she who is responsible for the formation of images and thoughts in consciousness. In this case, the formation can occur voluntarily under the influence of fantasy and abstract thoughts and involuntarily in the course of everyday activities. Such individuals often achieve success in various areas of creative activity, they easily manage to learn art and express themselves in creativity. Artists, writers, musicians, dancers are representatives of this type.
Thinking type.The thinking type of people, on the contrary, retains the influence of the first signaling system; in them, its predominance over the second signaling system is felt. Usually people with this temperament tend to be calm and decisive, they always act confidently in any situation. For them, the most important goal is to achieve the truth, and not to pursue personal interests. A person with a similar mindset feels comfortable in the field of exact sciences, but he has no interest in creative activity. Usually people of this category occupy positions where cold calculation and making important, balanced and deliberate decisions are necessary.
Medium type.Most often, it is impossible to say unequivocally to which specific type a representative of society belongs. Usually it combines several temperaments and types of higher nervous activity at once. In this regard, it was decided to select the middle type, which combines both the first and the second signaling systems. Representatives of this category do an excellent job with the exact sciences and find their application in creativity.