McDougall William (William McDougall 1871 - 1938), Anglo-American psychologist. Initially, he studied biology and medicine, under the influence of "The Principles of Psychology" W. James turned to the study of psychology, first in Cambridge, then in Göttingen with G. Muller. Lecturer at University College London and Oxford. Professor at Harvard (1920-27) and Duke University (1927-38) in the United States.
He considered striving as the basis of mental life - "gorma" (Greek - striving, impulse), which is why McD's psychology. often referred to as "hormonal". "Gorme" is interpreted as a desire for a biologically significant goal, conditioned, according to McD., By a special kind of predisposition - either innate instincts and inclinations, or acquired feelings. The sphere of feelings in the process of its development in humans receives a hierarchical structure. First, several basic feelings become the leaders, and then, with the already established character, one central one, called McD. erotic (from "ego", Greek "I").
The concept of personality combines character as an integrated set of volitional predispositions (congenital and acquired) and intellect as a set of cognitive abilities of an individual (innate and acquired). Reflections on the clinical phenomenon of "multiple" personality prompted McD. on the development of a metapsychological concept of personality based on the ideas of G. Leibniz's monadology. According to this, each person represents a system of "potentially thinking and aspiring monads" ("I"), converging on some "higher" monad - "self", which, through the hierarchy of monads, governs the entire psychophysical life of a person.
Psychological Dictionary. A.V. Petrovsky M.G. Yaroshevsky
McDougall William (1871-1938) - Anglo-American psychologist. The author of the "hormic" concept, according to which the instinctive pursuit of a goal (see. Instinct) was originally inherent in the nature of living things. Proceeding from his theory, M. explained the social behavior of people, defended on its basis the superiority of the "Nordic race". He criticized behaviorism and Freudianism, accusing them of denying the soul as an independent entity; tried to prove, in contrast to scientific genetics, that acquired traits are inherited.
) - Canadian politician, First Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories. He is one of the fathers of the Canadian Confederation - he took part in all three conferences leading up to its formation.
Biography
William McDougall was born to farmer Daniel McDougall and Hannah Matthews on a farm on Young Street. He attended school in Toronto, and in 1837 witnessed the events at the Montgomery Tavern during the Upper Canada Uprising. In 1840 he entered the Academy of Upper Canada in Coburg, where he received a liberal education according to the most progressive methods of his time. The academy was taught by graduates of US universities, the main emphasis was on public speeches, which influenced future career McDougall.
Presumably, in 1841 he left the academy and began to study with the lawyer James Hervey Price, who defended the interests of the agrarians. He supported the views of his employer and also assisted him in his work as Commissioner for Crown Lands in the Baldwin-Lafontaine government (1841-1851). In 1847, McDougal began practicing as a lawyer, seeking to earn money to pursue journalism that more suited his ambitions. In 1847 he began working for the Canadian Agriculturist magazine. In the course of this work, McDougall and his colleague George Buckland founded the Upper Canada Agricultural Association, which brought McDougall into politics.
He first married in Toronto on May 3, 1845, to Amelia Carolyn Easton. It is known that they had at least seven sons and two daughters. Widowed in 1869. He remarried at Coburg on 18 November 1872 to Marie Adelaide Beaty. They had three sons. In 1890, McDougall got off a moving train and injured his back. He died in 1905 after a long illness, leaving no inheritance.
Clear grit
In 1848, a bill was passed on losses in the uprising, and already in 1849, disgruntled reformists, who formed the Clear Grit agricultural wing, began to gather at the McDougall house. The wing's activists advocated the democratization of Canadian politics and the idea of \u200b\u200bresponsible government. In 1851, McDougall's North American magazine published a political platform for the current, with long and short term plans. Short-term plans, which included simplifying legal procedures, switching to a decimal currency system, improving the quality of public works, were McDougall's top priorities and stood above political solidarity. During this time, journalist McDougall challenged the position of George Brown's Globe.
McDougall made a deal, lending his magazine to the government in exchange for representing the wing in the cabinet. Supporters accused him of deviating from his views, but McDougall himself stated that in a few years the unification of the provinces would be a triumph for the ideas of Clear Grit. However, when he returned from the World's Fair in New York in 1853, he found the political wing split.
Political career
In the mid-1850s, McDougall finally entered politics. He sold his North American to Brown and went to The Globe as one of the authors. He ran in the elections of 1854 and 1857, both times without success. It was not until 1858 that he became a member of the legislature, taking Brown's place. He supported his views, was a supporter of the unification of Upper and Lower Canada, but left the newspaper in 1860 due to disagreements related to the choice of the political path.
In 1862, McDougall was called to a guild in Upper Canada, but political activism prevented him from practicing. However, he surprised his colleagues by entering the cabinet of Ministers of John Sunfield MacDonald as Minister for Crown Lands. In office until March 29, 1864, he sold land for the development of farms, and also brought the Indians back to Manitoulin, setting the tone for relations with the indigenous peoples.
McDougall became part of the grand coalition and took part in all three conferences to establish the Canadian Confederation. In the country's first government, he became Minister of Public Works. In December 1867, he presented a number of resolutions on joining the confederation of Rupert's Land, which later served as the reason for his appointment as First Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories. His methods of government led to discontent among the mestizos and a revolt on the Red River.
On October 30, McDougall was taken to Pembina, where he was prevented from declaring Canadian sovereignty. The territory was returned to the Hudson's Bay Company and McDougall returned to Canada, feeling betrayed. He blamed his helpless position on Joseph Howie, the provincial secretary.
Later he took part in setting the boundaries between Ontario and
William McDougall
McDougall, William (1871-1938) - English psychologist and philosopher. A doctor by training. McDougall considered goal pursuit fundamental to both animal behavior, beginning with the simplest (conduct), and human behavior (behavior). He contrasted associationism and behaviorism Thorndike and other concepts in psychology and physiology, proceeding from the recognition of the reflex theory, “target psychology”, which McDougall called “hormic psychology” (Greek - aspiration, desire, impulse). "Gorme" McDougall interprets very broadly, as the main sign of living in general. He openly characterizes his theory as teleological and brings the concept of "gorma" closer to "will" Schopenhauer , elan vital (vital impulse) Bergson and so on. Then McDougall expanded his vitalistic and teleological concept to the scale of the philosophical system, extending the concept of "gorma" to inanimate nature.
Philosophical dictionary / author-comp. S. Ya. Podoprigora, A. S. Podoprigora. - Ed. 2nd, erased. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2013, p. 210-211.
McDougall William (22.6.1871, Lancashire, - 28.11.1938, Durham, USA), Anglo-American psychologist. He considered striving as the basis of mental life - "gorma" (Greek ορμή - striving, impulse), which is why McDougall's psychology is often called "hormonal". "Gorme" is interpreted as a striving for a biologically significant goal, conditioned, according to McDougall, by a special kind of predisposition - either innate instincts and inclinations, or acquired feelings. The sphere of feelings in the process of its development in humans receives a hierarchical structure. At first, several basic feelings become the leading ones, and then, with the already established character, one central one, called by McDougall erotic (from the "ego", the Greek "I"), The concept of personality combines character as an integrated set of volitional predispositions (congenital and acquired) and intellect as a set of cognitive abilities of an individual (innate and acquired). Reflections on the clinical phenomenon of "multiple" personality prompted McDougall to develop an idealistic meta-psychological concept of personality, based on the ideas of monadology Leibniz ... According to this, each person represents a system of "potentially thinking and aspiring monads" ("I"), converging on some "higher" monad - "self", which, through the hierarchy of monads, governs the entire psychophysical life of a person.
Philosophical encyclopedic Dictionary... - M .: Soviet encyclopedia... Ch. edited by L.F.Ilyichev, P.N.Fedoseev, S.M.Kovalyov, V.G. Panov. 1983.
Read on:
Philosophers, lovers of wisdom (biographical index).
Historical Persons of England (Great Britain) (biographical index).
Historical Persons of the United States (Biographical Index).
Works:
Character and the conduct of life, L., 19272;
Body and mind, L., 1928;
The energies of man, N. Y. 1933;
An outline of psychology, L.,; in Russian lane - Main. problems of social psychology, M., 1916.
anglo-American psychologist, founder of hormonal psychology. After graduating from Owen College in Manchester in 1890, he studied at St. John's College, Cambridge, from which he graduated in 1894 (bachelor's degree, 1898), after which for several years, from 1894 to 1898, he studied medicine at St. Thomas in London. In 1898 he accompanied a group of specialists from the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Australia and the Torres Strait Islands, where he carried out psychological diagnostics local residents... Upon his return, he underwent a scientific internship with G.E. Müller at the University of Göttingen on color vision (1900). From 1901 to 1904, McDougall worked as an assistant in the experimental laboratory of University College London, then, from 1904 to 1920, he was a teacher of mental philosophy at the University of Oxford (at that time he studied with E. Spearman), in 1908 he defended his master's thesis and wrote a number of books, in particular "Physiological Psychology", 1905, and "Body and Mind: A History and Defense of Animism", 1911, where he tried to prove the heritability of acquired traits and explain the effect of inhibition by the outflow of nervous energy. In 1920, McDougall moved from England to the United States, where, as a professor, he succeeded G. Munsterberg at Harvard University. Not finding support for his ideas at Harvard, McDougall moved in 1927 to Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, where he became Dean of the Department of Psychology. Decisively declared himself as an original thinker back in 1908, when one of his most important works was published ("An introduction to social psychology", L, 1908, Russian transl. "Basic problems of social psychology", M., 1916) where he formulated the basic principles social behavior person. This work formed the basis of his "hormic psychology" as part of a dynamic psychology with an emphasis on modification mental processes and their energy basis. At the same time, he deliberately contrasted his psychology with the theories of learning and, in particular, with the ideas expressed by J. Watson about instincts (1913): a skill, according to McDougall, is not itself a driving force of behavior and does not orient it. As the main driving forces of human behavior, he considered irrational, instinctive motives (his understanding of instinct, due to its vagueness, caused criticism of experts in ethology, in particular K. Lawrence). Behavior is based on interest, conditioned by an innate instinctive drive, which only finds its expression in a skill and is served by one or another mechanism of behavior. Any organic body is endowed from birth with a certain vital energy, the reserves and forms of distribution (discharge) of which are rigidly predetermined by the repertoire of instincts. As soon as the primary impulses are defined in the form of motives directed at certain goals, they are expressed in the corresponding bodily adaptations. Instinct - this term was later replaced by McDougall with the term "addiction" - is an innate formation that has an incentive and management functions, containing a certain sequence of information processing, emotional arousal and readiness for motor actions. Thus, this psychophysical predisposition makes the individual perceive something, experiencing from this specific emotional excitement and impulse to action. Initially, he identified 12 types of instincts: flight (fear), rejection (disgust), curiosity (surprise) - back in 1908, he pointed out the presence of cognitive motivation in higher primates, - aggressiveness (anger), self-deprecation (embarrassment), self-affirmation (inspiration ), parental instinct (tenderness), procreation instinct, food instinct, herd instinct, acquisition instinct, creation instinct. In his opinion, basic instincts are directly related to the corresponding emotions, since emotions are the internal expression of instincts. Based on the teachings of Charles Darwin about emotions, he interpreted them as an affective aspect of the instinctive process. Each primary impulse is associated with a certain emotion: the urge to flee is associated with fear, curiosity with surprise, pugnaciousness with anger, parental instinct with tenderness. He criticized the James-Lange theory for placing the sensory component of emotions in the center of attention and ignoring the incentive. Distinguished between two primary and fundamental forms of feeling: pleasure and pain, directly related to a certain aspiration. Several emotions can be summed up into complex feelings, which is due to experience and learning when interacting with certain objects or circumstances that are drawn into cognitive-emotional assessment. Among the feelings he considered the most important so-called "erotic" associated with self-awareness. The experience of happiness is conditioned, in his opinion, by the harmonious coordination of all feelings and actions in the context of personality unity. McDougall - one of the founders of social and psychological research, introduced the very concept of "social psychology" (1908). I tried to give a scientific interpretation of the processes in social groups: interpreted social need as a herd instinct, and group communication - as the organization of a system of interacting energies of all members of these groups (“group soul”), developed the idea of \u200b\u200ba super-individual national soul (“The group mind”, Cambridge, 1920). Like his predecessor, W. James, McDougall had a pronounced scientific interest to occult phenomena. In 1927, with the participation of J. Rhine, he organized the first parapsychological laboratory at Duke University. He proceeded from the understanding of psychic energy as being as effective as physical (“The Frotiers of Psychology”, L., 1934). On this basis, he again tried to approach the problem of personality and explain the clinical material concerning the phenomenon of "multiple personality", here he came to understand the personality as a system of thinking and purposeful monads. In general, his work in this area gave a new impetus to the study of personality, primarily its motivational characteristics (G.W. Allport, G.A. Murray, R.B. Kettell, F. Lersh).
William McDougall was born June 22, 1871 in Lancashire, England. He graduated high school in England and then studied in Germany. Entering Queen Victoria University, McDougall graduated in 1890 with a bachelor's degree. Thereafter, he also studied humanities at St John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1894 and going to study medicine at St Thomas's Hospital in London. During his studies, he received several academic degrees, which testified to numerous scientific interests. In 1899-1900, McDougall took part in the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Australia and the Torres Strait Islands. As part of the expedition, he served as a doctor, and on the islands he conducted psychological diagnostics of local residents. Returning to Europe, he went to the University of Göttingen, where he studied with G. Müller on the problem of color vision. In 1901 he began working in the physiological laboratory of University College London, at the same time his first works on brain physiology were published. In these early works on psychophysics and physiology, McDougall revived Jung's theory of visual perception and proposed a solution to the problem of psychophysical dualism in terms of field theory, cell ensembles, and cybernetic concepts. In 1904, W. McDougall became a professor at Oxford University, where he taught a course in mental philosophy. In 1908, the scientist published the book "Introduction to Social Psychology", in which he formulated the basic principles of human social behavior. In this book, he made an attempt to link various methods of psychology with the psychology of personality. To explain the reasons for human behavior, he applied the concept of instinct. At the same time, he opposed his instinctive psychology to the theories of learning, and in particular to J. Watson's ideas about instincts: a skill, according to McDougall, in itself is not a driving force of behavior and does not orient it. By instinct, he understood, first of all, an innate formation, which has incentive and control functions and contains a certain sequence, consisting of the process of information processing, emotional excitement and readiness for motor actions. Thus, this predisposition makes a person perceive something, while experiencing an impulse to action. In order to substantiate the energy basis of mental processes, W. McDougall introduced such a concept as “vital energy”, which is endowed with every organic body from birth. The scientist believed that not only the "reserves" of this energy, but also its distribution, and the ways of its "discharge" are predetermined and depend on instincts. In the interaction of individuals in a group, in his opinion, their vital energies interact, forming the "soul of the group". In his opinion, instincts are the only existing engine of a person's actions, which define him as a social being. They are determinants not only of human behavior, but also of his consciousness. No idea, no thought can appear without the motivating influence of instinct. Interest, conditioned by an innate instinctive drive, finds its manifestation in a skill and is served by one or another mechanism of behavior. Thus, according to McDougall's theory, everything that happens in the field of consciousness is directly dependent on these unconscious principles. In his work, W. McDougall identified 12 basic types of instincts: flight or fear, rejection, curiosity, aggressiveness, self-deprecation (or embarrassment), self-affirmation, parental instinct (one of the manifestations of which is tenderness), procreation instinct, food, gregarious instincts, as well as the instincts of acquisition and creation. The natural expression of instinct, according to McDougall, is emotion. Thus, for example, the instinct of aggressiveness corresponds to such emotions as rage and anger, and the instinct of flight corresponds to a sense of self-preservation. The procreation instinct is associated with female timidity and jealousy, the herd instinct - with a sense of belonging. Derivative social (family creation, trade) and processes (eg war) are based on these basic instincts. McDougall attached great importance to the herd instinct that holds people together, the consequence of which is the origin of cities, the predominantly collective nature of work and leisure. The scientist considered the so-called erotic feeling to be the most important, since it is associated with the instinct of self-affirmation. Several emotions can be summed up into more complex feelings, this is due to experience and learning when interacting with certain objects and circumstances. As for the experience of happiness, it, according to McDougall, is due to the harmonious coordination of all feelings and actions. In 1912 McDougall published the book Psychology: The Study of Behavior, where he reflected his theory of instincts, emotions and will, which he called hormic psychology (from the Greek word gorma - "desire", "desire", "impulse" ). He considered striving for a goal a fundamental phenomenon, which is characteristic of both animals and humans, and interpreted "gorma" as a sign of living in general. Subsequently, McDougall extended the concept of "gorma" to inanimate nature, thus characterizing his theory as teleological. It was from this perspective that he criticized behaviorism for its lack of teleology, and later enthusiastically accepted the appearance of the term "attraction" in some behaviorist concepts. During World War I, McDougall practiced medicine that was associated with the treatment of shock conditions. This practice demonstrated that Freud's theory was too focused on sexual and early childhood causes of neuroses. In 1920 W. McDougall moved from England to the United States, where he succeeded G. Munsterberg at Harvard University, having received a professor's position. After 7 years, he moved to Duke University in North Carolina, where he became Dean of the Department of Psychology. In the book "Group Thinking", published in the same 1920, McDougall linked the psychology of the individual with cultural or national psychological structures. While working at the university, McDougall encountered parapsychologists Joseph Ryan and his wife Louise. He, unlike all his colleagues, became interested in their research and took a couple of scientists under his patronage. In 1927, they jointly organized a parapsychological laboratory at Duke University. Continuing his development in the field of instinctism, McDougall made an attempt to separate the concepts of "feeling" and "emotion". He admitted that he himself used these concepts without much certainty, but in general in science they are often confused, since there is no consensus about the foundations, causes of occurrence and functions of the processes to which these terms refer. After a long work on these concepts, W. McDougall came to the conclusion that the terms can be divided on the basis of "their functional relationship to the purposeful activity that they define and accompany, since these relationships are essentially separated in both cases." According to McDougall, there are two primary forms of feeling: pleasure and pain, which to some extent determine all the aspirations of the organism. In addition, there are also mixed feelings, which are a mixture of pleasure and pain - hope, anxiety, despair, a sense of hopelessness, remorse, sadness. They arise most often after a person's aspirations have been successfully or unsuccessfully fulfilled, it is they who are usually called emotions. Genuine emotions, the scientist believed, do not depend on success or failure. William McDougall died on November 28, 1938 in Durham, North Carolina. He went down in the history of science as the founder of hormonal psychology, which focuses on the energy basis of mental processes. The main concept of this theory - "gorma" - the driving force of an intuitive nature, realized in the action of instincts. McDougall's theory of social behavior became the basis for the development of instinctism as a branch of psychology and sociology.
McDougall William
(1871 - 1938) - Anglo-American psychologist, one of the founders of social psychology (introduced this term in 1908), author of the concept of hormonal psychology. Educated at the University of Queen Victoria (bachelor, master, 1890), then studied at the University of Cambridge (bachelor humanities, 1894; Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Chemistry, Master of Humanities, 1897). Simultaneously, from 1894 to 1898, he studied medicine at St. Thomas's Hospital in London. In 1898, he accompanied as a doctor a group of specialists from the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Australia and the Torres Strait Islands, where he carried out psychological diagnostics of local residents. Upon his return, he passed along with J.A. Miller scientific internship with G.E. Müller at the University of Gettin-gen in Germany on the problem of color vision (1900). From 1901 to 1904 M.-D. -Assistant at the experimental laboratory of University College London, where he worked with F. Galton to create psychological tests ... Their research influenced the development of factor analysis, which he developed jointly with Cyril Barton C.S. Pier. Like M.-D., Ch.S. Pierce was working at the time at University College London. From 1904 to 1920, M.-D. taught mental philosophy at Oxford University. In 1908 he defended his master's thesis and wrote a number of books, in particular Physiological Psychology (1905) and Body and Mind: A History and Defense of Animism (1911), where he tried to prove the heritability of acquired traits and explain the action of inhibition by the outflow of nervous energy. In 1920 M.-D. moved from England to the United States, where, as a professor, he became the successor of G. Munsterberstig at Harvard University. Finding no support for his ideas at Harvard, M.-D. In 1927 he moved to Duke University (Durham, North Carolina), where he became dean of the Faculty of Psychology. He firmly declared himself as an original thinker back in 1908, when one of his most important works was published (An Introduction to Social Psychology. L, 1908, in Russian translation: Basic problems of social psychology, Moscow, 1916), where he formulated the basic principles of human social behavior. This work formed the basis of his hormonal psychology as a part of dynamic psychology, emphasizing the modification of mental processes and their energetic basis. At the same time, he deliberately contrasted his psychology with the theories of learning and, in particular, with the ideas expressed by J. Watson about instincts (1913). Skill, according to M.-D., in itself is not a driving force of behavior and does not orient it. As the main driving forces of human behavior, he considered irrational, instinctive motives. But his understanding of instinct, due to its vagueness, provoked criticism of experts in ethology, in particular K. Lorenz. Behavior is based on interest caused by an innate instinctive drive, which only finds its expression in a skill and is served by one or another mechanism of behavior. Any organic body is endowed from birth with a certain vital energy, the reserves and forms of distribution (discharge) of which are strictly predetermined by the repertoire of instincts. As soon as the primary impulses are defined in the form of motives directed at certain goals, they are expressed in the corresponding bodily adaptations. Instinct - this term was later replaced by M.-D. to the term addiction - is an innate formation that has incentive and control functions, containing a certain sequence of information processing, emotional arousal and readiness for motor actions. Thus, this psychophysical predisposition makes the individual perceive something, experiencing from this specific emotional excitement and impulse to action. Initially M.-D. identified 12 types of instincts: flight (fear), rejection (disgust), curiosity (surprise) (as early as 1908, he pointed to the presence of cognitive motivation in higher primates), aggressiveness (anger), self-deprecation (embarrassment), self-affirmation ( inspiration), parental instinct (tenderness), procreation instinct, food instinct, herd instinct, acquisition instinct, creation instinct. In his opinion, basic instincts are directly related to the corresponding emotions, since emotions are the internal expression of instincts. Based on the teachings of Charles Darwin about emotions, he interpreted them as an affective aspect of the instinctive process. A certain emotion corresponds to each primary impulse: the urge to flee is associated with fear, curiosity with surprise, pugnaciousness with anger, parental instinct with tenderness. Criticized the James-Lange theory for focusing on the sensory component of emotions and ignoring the motivating component. Distinguished between two primary and fundamental forms of feeling: pleasure and pain, directly related to a certain aspiration. Several emotions can be summed up into complex feelings, which is due to experience and learning when interacting with certain objects or circumstances that become involved in cognitive-emotional assessment. Among the feelings he considered, as the most important, the so-called egotistic, associated with self-awareness. The experience of happiness is conditioned, in his opinion, by the harmonious coordination of all feelings and actions in the context of personality unity. M.-D. - one of the founders of social and psychological research - tried to give a scientific interpretation of the processes in social groups. He interpreted social need as a herd instinct, and group communication - as the organization of a system of interacting energies of all members of these groups (the soul of a group), developed the idea of \u200b\u200ba super-individual national soul (The Group Mind, Cambridge, 1920). Like his predecessor, W. James, M.-D. had a pronounced scientific interest in occult phenomena. In 1927, with the participation of J. Rhine, he organized the first parapsychological laboratory at Duke University. He proceeded from the understanding of psychic energy as being as effective as physical (The Frotiers of Psychology, L, 1934). On this basis, he again tried to approach the problem of personality and explain the clinical material concerning the phenomenon of multiple personality, here he came to understand the personality as a system of thinking and purposeful monads. In general, his work in this area gave a new impetus to the study of personality, primarily its motivational characteristics (G.U. Ol-port, G.A. Murray, R.B. Kettel, F. Lershi, etc.). M.-D. author of many works, including: Pagan Tribes of Borneo, v. 1-2, L., 1912; An Outline of Psychology, 1923; An Outline of Abnormal Psychology, 1926; Character and the Conduct of Life, L., 1927; Emotion and feeling distinguished / (ed.) Reymert M.L .; Feelings and Emotions, Worcester, 1928 (in Russian translation: Differentiating emotion and feeling // Psychology of emotions. Texts, Moscow, Moscow State University, 1984); World Chaos, L., 1931; The Energies of Men: The Fundamentals of Dynamic Psychology, L., 1932; Psycho-analysis and Social Psychology, L., 1936; Psychology: Study of Behavior, 1912, 2nd ed., L., 1952. Kondakov