In this article we will tell you briefly about the life and work of Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin, an educator and representative of Russian classicism.
G.R. Derzhavin (1743-1816) - Russian poet and playwright, as well as a statesman of the 18th century under Catherine II.
A life
Gabriel was born on July 3 (14), 1743 in a family of noblemen who suffered poverty in the Kazan province. Derzhavin began his studies at home, on an estate in the village of Sokuru, and at the age of 16 he entered the local gymnasium. In 1762, Gabriel became an ordinary guardsman in the Preobrazhensky regiment, and 10 years later he received the first officer's rank. A year later, as part of the Preobrazhensky regiment, he began to suppress the Pugachev uprising, which lasted until 1775.
At 34, Gavriil Romanovich became a state councilor, and in 1784-1788 he held the post of governorship: first Olonetsky, then Tambov. Derzhavin was an active official - he was engaged in improving the economy of the region, helped to form the necessary state institutions.
In 1791, at the age of 48, Derzhavin became the cabinet-secretary of Catherine II, and after 2 years he was appointed her secret adviser, and two years later - the president of the Commerce Collegium. For about a year, already at the beginning of the 19th century, he served as Minister of Justice.
The career of an official Derzhavin can be called outstanding, and if we take into account the fact that at that time he was also engaged in literature, then it can even be called breathtaking.
In 1803, Gavriil Romanovich graduated from the service, retiring to focus entirely on literary activity. Moreover, Derzhavin traveled extensively in the last years of his life. Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin died on his estate on July 8 (20), 1816.
Creation
Derzhavin devoted a lot of time to work and made an impressive career. Moreover, he is considered the largest representative of Russian classicism.
Gavriil Romanovich began to write during his military service. The debut took place in 1773 - then a translation of an excerpt from the works of Ovid appeared. A year later, Derzhavin's "Ode to Greatness" and "Ode to Nobility" were published. The first collection of poems was not long in coming - it appeared in 1776.
Wide literary fame was brought to the poet by the ode "Felitsa", which he dedicated to the Empress. It should be noted that this happened 9 years before Derzhavin was appointed cabinet secretary of Catherine II.
After that, other well-known works by Derzhavin appeared: "The Nobleman", "On the Death of Prince Meshchersky", "God", "Dobrynya", "Waterfall" and others.
The writing
Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin is the greatest Russian poet of the 18th century. Born in Kazan, into a family of small landowners. The future poet received a poor education, since he studied with the churchmen, a German convict in a private school, after which he entered the Kazan gymnasium, which he did not graduate from. In 1762 Derzhavin entered the service and served for 10 years as a soldier in the Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment. At first, he lived in a barracks with "delivery" soldiers from the peasants and on an equal footing with them did the most dreary work. Together with the regiment, he participated in the coup that enthroned Catherine II.
The service was the most difficult period in Derzhavin's life. After the death of his father in an extremely strained financial situation, Derzhavin became addicted to the game of cards, became a notorious sharper, led a dissolute life, and committed a number of criminal offenses. Later, as an officer, Derzhavin, on his own initiative, took an active part in pacifying the Pugachev revolt as a member of a secret commission of inquiry. Derzhavin's activities during the Pugachev era are in many ways mysterious. He himself considered it a special merit that, being able to achieve "everything", no matter what he wanted, he did not betray Catherine. Despite this, he turned the higher authorities against himself: the commander-in-chief wanted to "hang Derzhavin together with Pugachev." In the future, the future poet entered the civil service, reached high ranks: governor, secretary of Catherine II, senator, state treasurer, and finally, minister of justice. In 1803, due to sharp opposition to the liberal tendencies of Alexander I, he was “dismissed from all affairs” and the last years of his life he lived in complete peace in St. Petersburg.
The activities of Derzhavin, who literally rose from the bottom to the Minister of Justice, in fact represented a series of victories and defeats, ups and downs.
During the Pugachev revolt, Derzhavin was recognized as "unworthy to continue military service," and his tenure as governor ended in resignation and being brought to trial. The next step in Derzhavin's career was the position of the tsarist secretary, but in this position he did not last long. The Empress complained about him that he was "not only rude in his reports, but also cursed."
The rulers who came after Catherine (Paul, and then Alexander), put him in disgrace "for an obscene answer" and for the fact that "he serves too zealously."
Contemporaries attributed Derzhavin's misadventures to his harsh, quarrelsome character (“he scolds the tsars and cannot get along with anyone”). Derzhavin himself believed that he was suffering for his unswerving adherence to "truth" always and in everything ("I thus became useless because I am hot and in truth the devil"). In fact, in the history of Derzhavin's official activities, the peculiarities of that social stratum of the poor service nobility, which in the era of palace coups, Pugachevism, and temporary workers with exceptional energy, moved to the front ranks of the class with exceptional energy, pushing back the nobility, becoming the main "support" of the illegal Catherine's throne, sharply affected. All official activities of Derzhavin are directed along the line of the struggle against the nobility, "tinsel tsars" (old nobility large-scale feudal lords) - a struggle in which he relies on temporary workers, "random" people (G. Potemkin, A. Zubov) and the empress herself. However, the temporary workers for Derzhavin were just more successful representatives of the social stratum to which he himself belonged. The Empress again owed all her autocratic power to the support of a noble "multitude" socially similar to Derzhavin. Hence the "Jacobin" pathos of independence, personal dignity, which, along with the need to "push in the front room" of the temporary workers, the willingness to zealously serve the empress and her "eagles" with his pen, is so characteristic of Derzhavin the courtier and Derzhavin the poet.
Derzhavin himself was inclined to look at his literary activity primarily as a tool in the struggle that he waged, making his way from poverty and the lower classes to "honorary ranks", rising to the very foot of the throne. If you believe his own repeated statements, all of his poems, with the smallest exceptions, are of an unswervingly popit nature, all are written "on occasion", imbued with acute topicality. Fearing that they would become incomprehensible to the new reader, Derzhavin subsequently compiled a special "key", a detailed auto-commentary, in which he explained in detail what exactly served as the purpose or impetus for writing this or that thing. Regarding one of the most distant, it would seem, from any topicality of Derzhavin's ode, the famous religious ode “God,” one of the informed contemporaries noted: “There is no line, no expression in Derzhavin's humorous and important poems that he would have written without intention, without regard to the persons or circumstances of the time.
Catherine and other persons for whom he mainly wrote, understood all this and knew how to appreciate ”. This remark acquires special weight if we turn to the dates of the biography: February 15, 1784 Derzhavin was dismissed by Prince Vyazemsky from service. "God" was published on April 23 of the same year. On May 22, Derzhavin receives an important appointment as governor of Olonets. Apparently, “God” was perceived by Catherine as a fiery hymn to the autocracy, and she, as always in such cases, hastened to generously reward her “own author” (the poet signed some of his letters - “her majesty's own author”). And in difficult circumstances Derzhavin constantly "resorts to his talent." Derzhavin's service career begins with the famous ode "Felitsa" dedicated to the glorification of Catherine, who for the first time after her drew attention to Derzhavin and presented him with a snuffbox sprinkled with diamonds and 500 ducats. After his resignation from the governorship, he corrects his position with a new ode to her, called "The Image of Felitsa", and "regains the favor" of Paul I with an ode to his accession to the throne, etc.
Derzhavin defined his odes as "trifles" that do not represent any value: "... all this is so, it does not have any important meaning for posterity around him: all this will soon be forgotten." However, it is the odes that occupy an important place in his work and go far beyond the official framework in which he placed them. Derzhavin's poetry is a monument of Russian literature and Catherine's Russia.
The great Russian poet Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin was born in the Kazan province in 1743. After the initial home teaching of literacy, tsifiri and the German language, under the guidance of churchmen, the exiled German Roze, Lebedev and Poletaev, Derzhavin was sent to the Kazan gymnasium that opened in 1759. Here Derzhavin was especially addicted to drawing and fell in love with engineering. When the headmaster of the gymnasium, M.I. At the beginning of 1762, a demand came that Derzhavin should appear for service in the Preobrazhensky regiment. Shuvalov apparently forgot that he himself assigned Derzhavin to the engineering corps. Subsequently, Gabriel Romanovich did not have to replenish his education, and his absence is reflected in all of his poetry. He himself understood this; later he wrote: “I confess my defect is that I was brought up at that time and within those limits of the empire, when and where the enlightenment of sciences had not yet fully penetrated not only the minds of the people, but also the state to which I belong ".
Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin
12 years of military service are the darkest and most dismal period in the biography of Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin. At first, he had to live in the barracks, along with the soldiers. There was nothing to think about literary creation and science: only at night it was possible to read something and write poetry. Since Derzhavin did not have "protectors", he moved extremely slowly in the service. After the accession to the throne of Catherine II, Derzhavin asked Alexei Orlov himself for a promotion by letter, and only thanks to this he received the rank of corporal. After a year's leave, Gavriil Romanovich returned to Petersburg and from that time began to live in a barracks with the nobles. If the material conditions improved somewhat, then new inconveniences appeared. Derzhavin began to indulge in revelry and cards. After a second vacation in Kazan (1767), Derzhavin stopped in Moscow and spent about 2 years here. Here riotous life almost led Derzhavin to death: he became a sharper and indulged in all sorts of tricks for money. Finally, in 1770, he decided to leave Moscow and change his lifestyle.
In 1772, Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin received his first officer's rank. From this time on, he begins to withdraw from the bad society, and if he plays cards, then "out of necessity for a living." In 1773 A. I. Bibikovwas entrusted with the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion. To carry out investigative cases, Bibikov took with him, among other things, Derzhavin, at his personal request. Gabriel Romanovich developed a vigorous activity during the Pugachev era. At first, he drew Bibikov's attention with his investigation in the case of the surrender of Samara. While in Kazan, Derzhavin, on behalf of the nobles, composed a speech in response to the rescript of Catherine II, which was then published in St. Petersburg Vedomosti. In his actions, Derzhavin was always distinguished by a certain independence, which placed him high in the eyes of some of his superiors, but at the same time made him enemies among the local authorities. Derzhavin paid little regard to the position and connections of the persons with whom he dealt. In the end, the war with Pugachev did not bring external differences to Gabriel Romanovich, and he was almost subject to a military court.
Portrait of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin. Artist V. Borovikovsky, 1811
In 1776 through A. A. Bezborodko he submitted to the Empress a letter calculating his merit and asking for a reward. By a decree on February 15, 1777, Gavriil Romanovich was granted a collegiate advisor and at the same time received 300 souls in Belarus. On this occasion, Derzhavin wrote "Outpouring of a grateful heart to Empress Catherine II." Six months after his resignation, Derzhavin, thanks to his acquaintance with the Prosecutor General A.A. Vyazemsky, received the position of executor in the Senate. In 1778 Derzhavin married Katerina Yakovlevna Bastidona. The marriage was successful; the aesthetic feeling of his wife did not remain without influence on the work of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin. In 1780 Derzhavin was transferred to the post of adviser to the newly established expedition of state revenues and expenditures. By order of Vyazemsky, Derzhavin wrote a code for this institution, which was published in the complete collection of Zap. (XXI, 15 - 120). Disputes with Vyazemsky forced Derzhavin to leave his service in the Senate and retire (1784) with the rank of a full state councilor.
By this time Derzhavin had already acquired a glorious literary name in society. Gavriil Romanovich wrote while still in the gymnasium; in the barracks he read Kleist, Gagedorn, Klopstock, Haller, Gellert and translated the "Messiada" in verse. The first original work to appear in print in 1773 was an ode to the first marriage of Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich. Upon his return from the Volga region, Derzhavin published "Odes translated and composed at Mount Chitalagai." There were, in addition to translations of the ode To the death of Bibikov, To the nobles, To the birthday of Her Majesty, etc. Derzhavin's first works were imitations of Lomonosov. But Derzhavin in his work did not succeed at all with the soaring and unnatural manner that distinguished Lomonosov's poetry. Thanks to the advice P. A. Lvova, V.V. Kapnist and I.I.Khemnitser, Gavriil Romanovich refused to imitate Lomonosov and took Horace as an ode. "Since 1779," Derzhavin writes, "I have chosen a very special path, guided by the instructions and advice of my friends." Derzhavin placed his odes mainly in the St. Petersburg Bulletin without a signature: Songs to Peter the Great (1778), epistle to Shuvalov, To the death of Prince Meshchersky, Klyuch, To the birth of a porphyry youth (1779), To absence of the empress in Belarus "," To the first neighbor "," To the rulers and judges "(1780).
All these works, with their sublime tone, brilliant, vivid pictures, drew the attention of literary lovers to Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin, but not society. In the latter, Derzhavin became known for the well-known "Ode to Felice" (see full text, summary and analysis), published in the first book "Interlocutor of lovers of the Russian word" (1783). Derzhavin received for her a snuffbox, showered with diamonds, with 50 ducats. "Felitsa" put Derzhavin high in the opinion of Catherine II, the court and the public. In the "Interlocutor" Derzhavin published "Thanks to Felitsa", "Vision of Murza", "Reshemysl" and, finally, "God" (see the summary and full text). With the last poem, Derzhavin reached the climax of his glory. At the very establishment of the Russian Academy, Derzhavin was elected a member and took part in the dictionary of the Russian language.
In 1784 Derzhavin was appointed ruler of the Olonets governorship, but Derzhavin immediately began to have troubles with the governor Tutolmin and a year and a half later the poet was transferred to the same position in the Tambov governorship. Gavriil Romanovich held the post of the Tambov governor for about 3 years. With his energetic activity, Derzhavin brought benefit to the province, introduced better serviceability in the administration of recruitment, improved the structure of prisons, and fixed roads and bridges. But here, too, the independent course of action, Derzhavin's hot temper, provoked an argument with the governor. In 1788 Derzhavin was put on trial and obliged to sign a recognizance not to leave Moscow, where the case was to be conducted. In 1789 the Moscow Senate, having considered Derzhavin's case, found that he was not guilty of any abuse of office. Seeing the gracious attitude of the empress, who approved the decision of the Senate, Derzhavin wrote the ode "The Image of Felitsa", and, turning to the patronage of the new favorite Platon Zubov, dedicated to him the odes "To Moderation" and "To Lyre" The ode To the Capture of Ishmael, written at the same time, was a great success. Gabriel Romanovich received a snuff-box of 200 rubles. When Potemkin arrived in St. Petersburg, Derzhavin had to maneuver between the two favorites. The death of Potemkin on the banks of the Prut caused one of the most original and majestic poems in Derzhavin's work - "Waterfall". Derzhavin's rapprochement with Dmitriev and Karamzin dates back to this time; the latter invited him to participate in his "Moscow Journal". Here Derzhavin placed "A Song to a House Loving Science" (Count Stroganov), "On the Death of Countess Rumyantseva", "Majesty of God", "Monument to a Hero".
In 1796 Derzhavin was ordered to be with the Empress when accepting petitions. Gabriel Romanovich failed to please her: in life he could not flatter so subtly as in poetry, he was irritable and did not know how to stop reports unpleasant to Catherine II during the time. In 1793 Derzhavin was appointed senator for the land surveying department, and a few months later he was also given the post of president of the commercial college. In his senatorial activity, Derzhavin was distinguished by his extremely intransigence to those opinions that he considered incorrect. And since his love for truth was always expressed in a harsh and rude form, here too Derzhavin had many official grievances. In 1794, the wife of Gabriel Romanovich died; He dedicated the elegiac poem "Swallows" to her memory. Six months later, Derzhavin entered into a new marriage with D. A. Dyakova. In 1794 Derzhavin wrote the ode To Nobility, dedicated to the praise of Rumyantsev, and To the capture of Ishmael. His last odes during the life of Catherine II were: "At the birth of Queen Gremislava" (message to Naryshkin), "The Athenian knight" (Alexei Orlov), "Ode to the conquest of Derbent" (in honor of Valerian Zubov), "At the death of a benefactor" ( I. I. Betsky). Finally, Derzhavin presented Catherine II with a handwritten collection of his works, prefixing him with the "Tribute to the Monarchine." Even before the death of the Empress Derzhavin wrote "Monument" (see the summary and full text), in which he summarized the significance of his poetic creativity. The epoch of Catherine II saw the flowering of Derzhavin's talent and its main significance in the poems of this era. Derzhavin's poetry is a monument to the reign of Catherine II. "In this heroic age of Russian history, events and people with their gigantic dimensions exactly corresponded to the courage of this original fantasy, the scope of this wide and wayward brush." A whole epic of the era lives in the work of Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin.
Derzhavin's creative activity dwindled. In addition to epigrams and fables, Gabriel Romanovich began to write more tragedies. He himself was confident of their dignity, but in fact, Derzhavin's dramatic works are below criticism. (Dobrynya, Pozharsky, Herod and Mariamna, Atabalibo, etc.). The discourse on lyric poetry, read in the Conversation, dates back to 1815. Derzhavin already considered it necessary to comment on his works and himself made "explanations" to them. Feeling the need to find out the real nature of his biography and official activity, so rich in vicissitudes, Derzhavin wrote Notes published in Russkaya Beseda in 1812; they caused an unfavorable impression with their subjective assessment of persons and events. In this last period of his life, following the spirit of his time, Derzhavin tried to give a place to the folk language in his work. The awakening of the study of the Russian nationality caused Derzhavin's pseudo-folk ballads and romances (Tsar Devitsa, Novgorod wolf Zlogor). The most successful of these poems was "Ataman and the Don army." Derzhavin, even in retirement, did not cease to respond to the events taking place around him (On Peace 1807, Complaining, Lyroepic hymn to drive out the French, etc.). In retirement, Derzhavin lived in St. Petersburg during the winters and in the summer on his estate in Novgorod province. "Zvanka". Gabriel Romanovich described his country life in a poetic message to Evgeny Bolkhovitinov. Derzhavin died in Zvanka on July 8, 1816.
In the 19th century, Derzhavin's creative style seemed outdated. Aesthetically, the poems of Gabriel Romanovich amaze with their amazing chaos: amid rhetorical pathos, we also discover the brilliance of real poetic talent. In the same way, the language of Derzhavin, abundant in folk speech, achieves extraordinary smoothness and lightness in some poems, in others it becomes unrecognizable in its weight. From a historical and literary point of view, the ode to Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin is important in that it introduced elements of simplicity, joke and vitality into the strained and far from life Lomonosov ode. His work reflected his clear satirical mind, his ardent disposition, common sense, alien to any morbid sentimentality and cold abstraction.
Critics' views on Derzhavin changed. After the reverence that surrounded his name, there came a period of denial for him of any meaning. Only the works of D. Grot, written before the revolution, on the publication of the poet's works and biography made an impartial assessment of his work possible.
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Biography, life story of Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich
Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich - poet of the Enlightenment, statesman.
Childhood
Gabriel was born on July 3 (July 14, new style) in 1743 in the small village of Sokury (Kazan province). His parents - Fekla Andreevna and Roman Nikolaevich - were small-land nobles. My father also wore the rank of Major Seconds. Unfortunately, the head of the family passed away very early. Gabriel never really got to know his father.
In 1758, Gabriel Derzhavin entered the local gymnasium. It was there that he first showed his outstanding talents - the ability to plastic arts and drawing. In 1760, the director of the gymnasium even took the map of Kazan province, drawn by Derzhavin, to St. Petersburg to show off to his higher colleagues the success of his students.
Service
In 1762, Gabriel, not having time to finish the gymnasium, was called to service. He became a guardsman in the Preobrazhensky regiment (city of Petersburg). Ten years later, he became an officer. Around the same time, he began to write poetry on the sly, however, then they had not yet gained much popularity.
In 1777, Derzhavin resigned.
State activity
After the military service was left behind, Gavriil Romanovich took the post of State Councilor in the Governing Senate in the Russian Empire.
In 1784, the Olonets province (the city of Petrozavodsk) was created. Gabriel Derzhavin was appointed the civilian governor of this territory. He fulfilled his duties as the head of the city to glory: as soon as Derzhavin arrived in Petrozavodsk, he immediately got down to business - he organized financial, judicial and administrative institutions, made a city hospital, in a word, tried to provide the residents of the province with all the conditions for a good life.
In the period from 1786 to 1788, Gavriil Romanovich was the governor of the Tambov province.
From 1791 to 1793 Derzhavin worked conscientiously as the empress's cabinet secretary.
CONTINUED BELOW
In 1793 Gabriel Derzhavin became a privy councilor. In 1795 - President of the Commerce Collegium (the institution in charge of trade).
In 1802 Derzhavin was appointed Minister of Justice of the Russian Empire. A year later, Gabriel Romanovich left government service and retired to a well-deserved retirement.
Literary activity
Derzhavin became famous as a poet in 1782. That year, the ode "Felitsa" was published, which the master of words dedicated.
Throughout his life, Gabriel Romanovich created many works, including: "God" (1784), "Grandee" (1794), "Waterfall" (1798) and many, many others. After his resignation from public service, Derzhavin took up literature even more vigorously.
The poet himself believed that his main mission (like the mission of any other poet or writer) was to glorify great deeds and condemn unrighteous deeds, to convey to the people simple truths - what is good and what is bad.
Personal life
In 1778, Gabriel married the sixteen-year-old beauty Bastidon Ekaterina Yakovlevna, the daughter of a former servant of the Russian Emperor Peter III. Alas, their happy family life ended abruptly in 1794 - Catherine died. She was only thirty-four years old. She never had time to give her husband heirs.
For six months Derzhavin was inconsolable, but then he met Dyakova Darya Alekseevna, the daughter of the Senate Chief Prosecutor Alexei Afanasyevich Dyakov. Gabriel lived with Daria until the end of his days, and he left all his property to her (the Zvanka estate in the Novgorod region). In this marriage, children did not appear either.
Death
Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin died at his home in "Zvanka" on July 8 (July 20, new style) in 1816. He was buried in the Transfiguration Cathedral (Varlaam-Khutynsky monastery, Novgorod region). In 1959, his remains were reburied in the Novgorod Kremlin (the Transfiguration Cathedral was almost destroyed). However, already in 1993, when the cathedral was completely restored, the remains returned to their original place.
Awards
At one time, Gabriel Derzhavin was awarded several awards, including: two Orders of St. Vladimir (second and third degrees) and the Order of St.
G.R. Derzhavin is one of the famous Russian poets, as well as a prominent political figure of his time.
Gabriel was born in 1743 in the Kazan province. His father, a nobleman and a major, passed away early, so Derzhavin was brought up only by his mother.
The beginning of his education is passable at home, then he begins to study at a German boarding school, after which he enters the Kazan gymnasium. Upon completion, he is sent to serve in the army. He began his service in the Preobrazhensky regiment, in 1762 he took part in a coup d'état.
Gabriel begins his writing career in the 70s; his poems were first published in 1773. In the literary sphere, he is the founder of a new direction - philosophical lyrics.
After some time, Derzhavin decides to leave military service for civilian service. He worked for a short time in the Senate, then, on behalf of the empress, became the governor of Olonetsk, and then - Tambov. Derzhavin fought with the bureaucracy, tried to defend the interests of the common people, which is why the officials did not like it and often changed jobs. At 60, he decides to retire and devote his life to creativity. He becomes an honorary member of literary communities and an active poet of the time.
In 1816 G.R. Derzhavin died.
Detailed biography
The fate of Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin is amazing: from an ordinary ordinary soldier, he climbed the career ladder to minister of the Russian Empire. He served as governor of two regions and was a personal adviser to Catherine II.
Born in 1743 near Kazan in the family of a poor nobleman, Gabriel could not dream of a brilliant education. His father passed away early, the boy grew up in the village of Sokury in the family estate.
As a sixteen-year-old boy, Derzhavin enters the Kazan gymnasium, the world of poetry of Lomonosov, Sumarokov opens up before him, he tries to start writing poetry.
In 1762 Derzhavin entered the Preobrazhensky regiment as an ordinary guardsman. He received his first officer rank of ensign after 10 years of service. Since 1773, for two years, Gavriil Romanovich participated in military operations against the uprising of E. Pugachev. Being engaged in office work at the headquarters, he had the opportunity to touch the primary sources of events of that time, so his notes became an invaluable contribution to the study of the history and course of events of the peasant war. In the same period, the first poetic works of Derzhavin appeared in the world.
Having retired in 1777, Gavriil Romanovich went to work as State Counselor of the Government Senate. A year later, he married sixteen-year-old Catherine Batidon, with whom he had been married for 17 years, until the sudden death of his wife.
Since 1784, for a year and a half, Gavriil Romanovich held the post of governor in the Olonets province. During his short reign, he made a great contribution to the development of the province: the first city hospital was built and opened, a system of city judicial, financial and administrative institutions was introduced. The period of his life was reflected in the works of the poet "Tempest", "Waterfall", "Swan".
From 1786, for another two years, Derzhavin held the post of governor of the Tambov province, where, on his initiative, a printing house, a theater, and educational institutions were opened.
The active life position of the poet helped in moving up the career ladder. Since 1791, Gavriil Romanovich has served as the empress's cabinet secretary, two years later he becomes her secret adviser, two years later he is appointed president of the Commerce Board by Catherine II, and from 1802, upon his retirement, he becomes the minister of justice. All these years the poet did not stop creating. In 1791 he wrote the first anthem of Russia. During Derzhavin's lifetime, a four-volume edition of his works was published.
After completing his civil service, Derzhavin moved with his second wife, Daria, to his estate Zvanka in the Novgorod province. The family had no children, and since 1800 they took the children of the deceased friend of the poet P. Lazarev to raise the children. One of the sons Michael would later become the discoverer of Antarctica.
The remaining period of his life Derzhavin devoted to literature, he founded the literary circle "Conversations of lovers of the Russian word." The great writer died in 1816.
Option 3
Gabriel Derzhavin - great literary figure, Russian politician
Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin was born on July 14, 1743 to a family of an insolvent noble family. His ancestors were the Tatars who left the Horde lands in the 14th century. As a result, they served the Russian princes. His father died as a child. The mother could not pull the family out of the difficult financial situation. The boy was brought up by priests who taught him to count and write. At the age of 7, he becomes a student of the Orenburg boarding school. Gabriel's academic performance was satisfactory. But he had no equal in knowledge of foreign languages. He spoke German especially well. As a result, the family moved to Kazan, where Derzhavin entered the local gymnasium.
The moment of studying at the gymnasium is a turning point in the life of the future poet. It was there that he became addicted to literature. He read the works of Lomonosov, Sumarokov and Trediakovsky. In addition, he liked fine arts. The first attempts at writing for him were unsuccessful. As a result, he was called up to serve in the Preobrazhensky regiment. The army years were painful for Gabriel. A palace coup, in which Derzhavin had to participate, was added to the permanent teachings. It was with him that Catherine II ascended the Russian throne. Time for literature and their own creativity was sorely lacking. Nevertheless, the young man found minutes to compose his own poems. In parallel with this, he is fond of gambling, for which he was stripped of his rank and expelled from the regiment.
Derzhavin decides to start a new life and in 1770 leaves for the capital. Subsequently, he was sent to suppress the uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev. During this time he writes the ode "Felitsa" and the poems "Waterfall", "God" and "The Vision of Murza". After defeating the dissidents, Gabriel took up the post of collegiate counselor. Because of his straightforwardness, the Empress transferred him to the Senate. He had a whole sea of \u200b\u200benemies who hated him for his freethinking. He denounced every official and minister. As a result, he was exiled to the Olonets and Tambov governorships. There, the writer is engaged in leadership and management. During his stay, theaters, schools, orphanages and hospitals were built in these territories. For his merits, he was returned back to the capital. By the end of his life, he was already working in the Ministry of Justice. Derzhavin's first wife, with whom he lived for 18 years, died happily. After her death, he marries Daria Dyakova. 1803 Gabriel buys an estate near Novgorod and leaves there with his family, where he devotes time to his hobbies.
In 1815, Gabriel attended the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he acted as an examiner. There he met Alexander Pushkin, for whom Derzhavin was a real idol. It was on the model of his verse "Monument" that the great figure of Russian literature wrote his work, which became a reference. On July 20, 1816, Gabriel Derzhavin died on his own estate for an unknown reason.
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