Scientist Albert Einstein gained fame thanks to his scientific work, which allowed him to become one of the founders of theoretical physics. One of his most famous works is the general and special theory of relativity. This scientist and thinker has more than 600 works on a variety of topics.
Nobel Prize
In 1921, Albert Einstein won the Nobel Prize in Physics. He received an award for discovery of the photoelectric effect.
At the presentation, other works of the physicist were also discussed. In particular, the theory of relativity and gravity was supposed to be evaluated after their confirmation in the future.
Einstein's theory of relativity
It is curious that Einstein himself explained his theory of relativity with humor:
If you hold your hand over the fire for one minute, then it will seem like an hour, but an hour spent with your girlfriend will seem like one minute.
That is, time flows in different circumstances in different ways. About others scientific discoveries the physicist also spoke in a peculiar way. For example, everyone can be sure that it is impossible to do something definite until there is an "ignoramus" who will do it only because he does not know about the opinion of the majority.
Albert Einstein said that he discovered his theory of relativity quite by accident. One day he noticed that a car moving relative to another car at the same speed and in the same direction remains stationary.
These 2 cars, moving relative to the Earth and other objects on it, relative to each other are at rest.
The famous formula E=mc 2
Einstein argued that if a body generates energy in video radiation, then the decrease in its mass is proportional to the amount of energy released by it.
This is how the well-known formula was born: the amount of energy is equal to the product of the mass of the body and the square of the speed of light (E=mc 2). The speed of light is 300,000 kilometers per second.
Even a negligibly small mass, accelerated to the speed of light, will radiate a huge amount of energy. The invention of the atomic bomb confirmed the correctness of this theory.
short biography
Albert Einstein was born March 14, 1879 in the small German town of Ulm. He spent his childhood in Munich. Albert's father was an entrepreneur, his mother was a housewife.
The future scientist was born weak, with a big head. His parents were afraid that he would not survive. However, he survived and grew up with an increased curiosity about everything. However, he was very persistent.
Study period
Einstein was bored studying at the gymnasium. In his free time, he read non-fiction books. Most Interest at that time, astronomy evoked in him.
After graduating from high school, Einstein leaves for Zurich and goes to study at the Polytechnic School. Upon graduation, he receives a diploma physics and mathematics teachers. Alas, as many as 2 years of looking for a job did not give a result.
During this period, Albert had a hard time, besides, due to constant hunger, he developed a liver disease that tormented him until the end of his life. But even these difficulties did not discourage him from studying physics.
Career and first successes
IN 1902 In the same year, Albert takes a job at the Berne Patent Office as a technical examiner on a small salary.
By 1905, Einstein already had 5 scientific papers. In 1909 he became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. In 1911 he became a professor at the German University in Prague, from 1914 to 1933 he was a professor at the University of Berlin and director of the Berlin Institute of Physics.
He worked on his theory of relativity for 10 years and completed it only in 1916. In 1919 there was a solar eclipse. It was observed by scientists of the Royal Society of London. They also confirmed the probable correctness of Einstein's theory of relativity.
Emigration to the USA
IN 1933 The Nazis came to power in Germany. All scientific work and other works were burned. The Einstein family emigrated to the United States. Albert became professor of physics at the Institute for Basic Research at Princeton. IN 1940 year he renounces his German citizenship and becomes officially an American citizen.
In recent years, the scientist lived in Princeton, worked on unified theory fields, in moments of rest he played the violin, rode a boat on the lake.
Albert Einstein died April 18, 1955. After his death, his brain was studied for genius, but nothing exceptional was found.
The name of this scientist is familiar to everyone. And if his achievements are an integral part of the school curriculum, then the biography of Albert Einstein remains outside of it. This is the greatest of scientists. His work determined the development modern physics. In addition, Albert Einstein was a very interesting person. short biography will introduce you to the achievements, major milestones life path and some interesting facts about this scientist.
Childhood
The years of the life of a genius - 1879-1955. The biography of Albert Einstein begins March 14, 1879. It was then that he was born in the city. His father was a poor Jewish merchant. He maintained a small workshop for electrical goods.
It is known that until the age of three, Albert did not speak, but he showed extraordinary curiosity already in early years. The future scientist was interested in knowing how the world works. In addition, from a young age he showed aptitude for mathematics, he could understand abstract ideas. At the age of 12, Albert Einstein himself studied Euclidean geometry from books.
A biography for children, we believe, must certainly include one curious fact about Albert. It is known that the famous scientist in childhood was not a child prodigy. Moreover, those around him doubted his usefulness. Einstein's mother suspected the presence of a congenital deformity in the child (the fact is that he had a big head). The future genius at school proved to be slow, lazy, withdrawn. Everyone laughed at him. Teachers believed that he was practically incapable of anything. It will be very useful for schoolchildren to find out how difficult the childhood of such a great scientist as Albert Einstein was. A short biography for children should be not just a list of facts, but also teach something. In this case - tolerance, faith in one's own strength. If your child is desperate and considers himself incapable of anything, just tell him about Einstein's childhood. He did not give up, he retained faith in his strength, as evidenced by the further biography of Albert Einstein. The scientist proved that he is capable of much.
Moving to Italy
The young scientist was repelled by boredom and regimentation at the Munich school. In 1894, due to business failures, the family was forced to leave Germany. The Einsteins went to Italy, to Milan. Albert, who was 15 at the time, took advantage of the opportunity to drop out of school. He spent another year with his parents in Milan. However, it soon became clear that Albert had to decide in life. After graduation high school in Switzerland (in Arrau), the biography of Albert Einstein continues with his studies at the Zurich Polytechnic.
Education at the Zurich Polytechnic
He did not like the teaching methods at the polytechnic. The young man often skipped lectures, devoting his free time to studying physics, as well as playing the violin, which was Einstein's favorite instrument all his life. Albert in 1900 managed to pass the exams (he prepared according to the notes of a fellow student). So Einstein got his degree. It is known that the professors had a very low opinion of the graduate and did not recommend him a scientific career in the future.
Work in the patent office
After receiving the diploma, the future scientist began to work as an expert in the patent office. Since the score specifications borrowed from young specialist usually about 10 minutes, he had a lot of free time. Thanks to this, Albert Einstein began to develop his own theories. A short biography and his discoveries soon became known to many.
Three important works of Einstein
1905 became a significant year in the development of physics. It was then that Einstein published important works that played an outstanding role in the history of this science in the 20th century. The first of the articles was devoted to The scientist made important predictions about the movement of particles suspended in a liquid. This movement, he noted, is due to the collision of molecules. Later, the predictions of the scientist were confirmed empirically.
Albert Einstein, whose brief biography and discoveries are just beginning, soon published a second work, this time devoted to the photoelectric effect. Albert made a hypothesis about the nature of light, which was nothing short of revolutionary. The scientist suggested that under certain circumstances, light can be considered as a stream of photons - particles whose energy is correlated with the frequency of the light wave. Almost all physicists immediately agreed with Einstein's idea. However, in order for the theory of photons to be recognized in quantum mechanics, it took 20 years of intense efforts by theorists and experimenters. But Einstein's most revolutionary work was the third, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. In it, the ideas of WHAT (particular theory of relativity) Albert Einstein expounded unusually clearly. Brief biography of the scientist continues short story about this theory.
Particular relativity
It destroyed the ideas about time and space that existed in science since the time of Newton. A. Poincaré and G. A. Lorentz created a number of provisions of the new theory, but only Einstein was able to clearly formulate its postulates in physical language. This concerns, first of all, as well as the presence of a limit on the speed of signal propagation. And today you can find statements that supposedly even before Einstein the theory of relativity was created. However, this is not true, since in WHAT the formulas (many of which were really derived by Poincaré and Lorentz) are important not so much as the correct foundations from the point of view of physics. After all, it is from them that these formulas follow. Only Albert Einstein was able to reveal the theory of relativity from the point of view of physical content.
Einstein's view of the structure of theories
General Relativity (GR)
Albert Einstein from 1907 to 1915 worked on a new theory of gravity based on the principles of the theory of relativity. Winding and difficult was the path that led Albert to success. The main idea of general relativity, built by him, is the presence of an inseparable connection between the space-time geometry and the gravitational field. Space-time in the presence of gravitating masses, according to Einstein, becomes non-Euclidean. It has a curvature, which is the greater, the more intense the gravitational field in this region of space. Albert Einstein presented the final equations of general relativity in December 1915, during a meeting in Berlin of the Academy of Sciences. This theory is the pinnacle of Albert's work. It is reputedly one of the most beautiful in physics.
The eclipse of 1919 and its role in the fate of Einstein
Understanding of general relativity, however, did not come immediately. This theory was of interest to few specialists for the first three years. Only a few scholars understood it. However, in 1919 the situation changed dramatically. Then, by direct observations, it was possible to verify one of the paradoxical predictions of this theory - that a beam of light from a distant star is bent by the gravitational field of the Sun. Verification can be carried out only with full solar eclipse. In 1919, the phenomenon could be observed in those parts the globe where the weather was good. Thanks to this, it became possible to accurately photograph the position of the stars at the time of the eclipse. The expedition, equipped by the English astrophysicist Arthur Eddington, was able to obtain information that confirmed Einstein's assumption. Albert literally in one day became a world-famous celebrity. The glory that fell upon him was enormous. For a long time, the theory of relativity became the subject of discussions. Articles about her were filled with newspapers all over the world. Many popular books were published, where the authors explained its essence to the townsfolk.
Scientific recognition, Einstein's controversy with Bohr
Finally came recognition in scientific circles. Einstein in 1921 received Nobel Prize(although for quantum theory, and not for general relativity). He was elected an honorary member of a number of academies. Albert's opinion has become one of the most authoritative in the world. Einstein traveled a lot around the world in the twenties. He has participated in ongoing international conferences around the world. The role of this scientist was especially important in the discussions that unfolded in the late 1920s on questions of quantum mechanics.
The debates and conversations between Einstein and Bohr on these issues became famous. Einstein could not in any way agree that in a number of cases he operates only with probabilities, and not with exact values of quantities. He was not satisfied with the fundamental indeterminacy of the various laws of the microworld. Einstein's favorite expression was the phrase: "God does not play dice!". However, Albert in disputes with Bohr, apparently, was wrong. As you can see, even geniuses make mistakes, including Albert Einstein. The biography and interesting facts about him are complemented by the tragedy that this scientist experienced due to the fact that everyone tends to make mistakes.
Tragedy in the life of Einstein
The creator of general relativity in the last 30 years of his life, unfortunately, was unproductive. This was due to the fact that the scientist set himself a task of grandiose magnitude. Albert intended to create a unified theory of all kinds of interactions. Such a theory, as is now clear, is possible only within the framework of quantum mechanics. Before the war, moreover, very little was known about the existence of interactions other than gravitational and electromagnetic. The titanic efforts of Albert Einstein therefore ended in nothing. This may have been one of the biggest tragedies of his life.
The pursuit of beauty
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of Albert Einstein's discoveries in science. Today practically every branch of modern physics is based on the fundamental concepts of the theory of relativity or quantum mechanics. Perhaps no less important is the confidence that Einstein instilled in scientists with his work. He showed that nature is knowable, showed the beauty of its laws. It was the desire for beauty that was the meaning of the life of such a great scientist as Albert Einstein. His biography is already coming to an end. It is a pity that one article cannot cover the entire legacy of Albert. But how he made his discoveries is certainly worth telling.
How did Einstein create theories?
Einstein had a peculiar way of thinking. The scientist singled out ideas that seemed to him disharmonious or inelegant. At the same time, he proceeded mainly from aesthetic criteria. Then the scientist proclaimed general principle restoring harmony. And then he made predictions about how certain physical objects would behave. This approach gave stunning results. Albert Einstein trained the ability to see a problem from an unexpected angle, to rise above it and find an unusual way out. When Einstein hit a dead end, he played the violin, and suddenly the solution popped up in his head.
Moving to the USA, the last years of life
In 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany. They burned everything Albert's family had to emigrate to the USA. Here Einstein worked at Princeton, at the Institute for Basic Research. In 1940, the scientist renounced German citizenship and officially became a US citizen. He spent his last years at Princeton, working on his grandiose theory. He devoted moments of rest to boating on the lake and playing the violin. On April 18, 1955, Albert Einstein died.
Albert's biography and discoveries are still being studied by many scientists. Some of the studies are very interesting. In particular, Albert's brain after death was studied for genius, but nothing exceptional was found. This suggests that each of us can become like Albert Einstein. Biography, summary works and interesting facts about the scientist - all this is inspiring, isn't it?
EINSTEIN ALBERT
(b. 1879 - d. 1955)
American theoretical physicist. One of the founders of modern physics, who contributed significant contribution in the creation of quantum mechanics, the development of statistical physics and cosmology, the author of the theory of relativity, philosopher, humanist. Nobel Prize winner (1921).
At the end of 1999, Time magazine, summing up the results of the outgoing century, named Albert Einstein "the man of the century" for the greatest contribution to the development of civilization during the "reporting period". According to the editors, the name of Einstein has become synonymous with human genius, and, judging by the results of the survey, the majority of the magazine's readers share this view, because this outstanding scientist and thinker turned the worldview of mankind upside down. Through his "ability to see things in the known that others did not, and his desire for logical simplicity," he offered an entirely new understanding of space, time, and gravity. And Einstein's jokes and aphorisms are no less famous than his scientific works. For example, what relativity is, he humorously explained as follows: “Hold your hand on a hot stove for a minute - and a minute will seem like an hour. Sit next to a pretty girl for an hour and it will seem like a minute. Behind his discoveries was a new world philosophy: firmly denying atheism, Einstein believed in "the god of Spinoza, manifesting himself in the harmony of all things."
The scientist used his fame to fight for the ideas of pacifism and liberalism. In an effort to establish harmony in the world, he was a humanist in relation to humanity as a whole: “A person exists for others - first of all, for those on whose smiles and well-being our happiness completely depends, then for those many who are unfamiliar to us, with destinies whom we are bound by ties of sympathy. A hundred times every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life is based on the work of others, living and dead, and I must endeavor to give as much as I have received and receive…”
Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the ancient city of Ulm (now the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany), in the family of Hermann Einstein and Paulina Koch. He grew up in Munich, where his father and uncle had a small electrochemical business. Albert was a quiet, absent-minded boy, he had a penchant for mathematics, but he could not stand school with its mechanical cramming and barracks discipline. At the insistence of his mother, he studied music and later became an excellent violinist, although he played all his life solely for pleasure. In the dull years spent at the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich, Einstein independently read books on philosophy, mathematics, and popular science literature. The idea of cosmic order made a great impression on him, and at the age of 12 the boy decided to devote himself to solving the riddle of the “big world”, and his ideals along this path were always “kindness, beauty and truth”.
In 1895, his father's business fell into decline, the family moved to Milan, and Albert never received a certificate. Despite deep knowledge in mathematics and physics, acquired mainly through self-education, and independent thinking beyond his age, the young man by this time had not chosen a profession for himself. However, the father insisted that his son choose an engineering field, hoping that this would help improve the financial situation of the family. Albert went to Zurich, to the Federal Higher Polytechnic School, for admission to which a certificate of completion of high school was not required and ... failed in the exams for French and history. But the director of the school liked the young man, and he advised him to finish the last class of the school in order to still get a matriculation certificate. A year later, Einstein entered the Faculty of Education Zurich Polytechnic. Here, one of his teachers was the excellent mathematician Hermann Minkowski (later it was he who gave the special theory of relativity a complete mathematical form), so Einstein could have received a solid mathematical training, but most of the time he worked in a physical laboratory, and the rest of the time he independently read the classical works of G. Kirchhoff, J. Maxwell, G. Helmholtz and others.
In the summer of 1900, Albert became a certified teacher of physics and mathematics, and in 1901 a Swiss citizen. Professor of physics G.-F. Weber, an adherent of the old order, did not leave a willful student in his department, so Einstein had to teach physics at Schaffhausen for some time and give private lessons.
Only in July 1902 did Albert manage to get a third class examiner at the Berne Federal Patent Office, where he served for seven years. At this time, his interest in physics increased. The circle of talented young people who formed a commonwealth, jokingly called the Olympia Academy, also contributed to the liberated thought.
In 1903, despite the categorical objection of his parents, Albert married his university girlfriend Mileva Marich, a Serbian by birth. From this marriage he had two sons, Hans-Albert and Eduard. But the woman who witnessed Einstein's first steps into the world of science did not understand her husband, for whom physics always came first. Their family life was unsuccessful, and with the outbreak of the First World War they parted, and in 1919 they divorced. Despite this, Einstein generously gave his ex-wife and sons the cash reward from the Nobel Prize received in 1921. Immediately after his divorce from Mileva, Albert married his cousin Elsa Löwenthal, who already had two daughters from her first marriage.
In terms of scientific fruitfulness, historians often compare the Berne period in Einstein's life with the "plague years" spent by Isaac Newton in Woolsthorpe. In 1905, in the prestigious German monthly Annalen der Physik, four scientific papers of the young scientist were published one after another, which made a revolution in physics. The first disclosed the theory of Brownian motion, the second - "A new definition of the size of molecules" - was accepted as doctoral dissertation Zurich University, and soon Albert became a doctor of science. The sensation that caused fierce debate in the scientific community was an article that outlined the dual nature of light, and received universal recognition only after 20 years. The fourth work - "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies" - formulated the special theory of relativity. It summed up many years of hard work of a young scientist on the problem of space and time (although it was written in just 6 weeks). In fact, new theory destroyed the previous ideas about the foundations of the Universe (albeit in the part where events occur at speeds lower than the speed of light). The relative world of Einstein corresponded to light speeds, created a new mechanics, different from Newton's mechanics.
So Einstein became a famous scientist, and in the spring of 1909 he was appointed extraordinary professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich, and in early 1911 he was invited to head a department at the German University in Prague. A year later, Albert returned to Zurich and became a professor at the department of mathematical physics created especially for him at the Polytechnic, where he had once studied himself. In 1914, Einstein was elected a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and invited to Germany to become a professor at the University of Berlin and at the same time director Institute of Physics Kaiser Wilhelm (now the Max Planck Institute). Over the next 19 years, he lectured here, conducted seminars, regularly participated in the colloquium, which during school year once a week was held at the Physics Institute.
One day in a lecture, Einstein was asked how great discoveries are made. He thought for a moment and replied, “Let's assume everyone knows about something that it can't be done. However, there is one ignoramus who does not know this. He makes the discovery."
After several years of hard work, the scientist managed in 1915 to create a general theory of relativity that went far beyond the scope of special theory and replaced Newton's theory of the gravitational attraction of bodies with a space-time mathematical description of how massive bodies affect the characteristics of the space around them.
During this period, Einstein worked on other topics as well. For example, in 1916–1917, his works devoted to quantum theory radiation. In them, the scientist considered the probabilities of transitions between stationary states of the atom (Niels Bohr's theory) and put forward the idea of induced radiation. This concept has become the theoretical basis of modern laser technology.
Although the special and general theories of relativity were too revolutionary to bring immediate recognition to the author, they soon received a number of confirmations. One of the first was to explain the precession of Mercury's orbit, which could not be fully understood within the framework of Newtonian mechanics. An English expedition led by astrophysicist Eddington managed to observe a star hidden behind the edge of the Sun during total eclipse in 1919. This fact testified that the rays of light are bent under the influence of the gravitational field of the planet.
When the messages of the Eddington expedition spread all over the world, Einstein gained worldwide fame. Relativity has become a familiar word, and already in 1920 its author was invited to the post of professor at the University of Leiden (Netherlands) - the world center physical research. In Germany, he was attacked because of his anti-militarist views and revolutionary physical theories. Some of Einstein's colleagues, including several anti-Semites, called his work "Jewish physics" and argued that his results did not correspond to high standards"Aryan science". The scientist remained a staunch pacifist, actively supporting the peacekeeping efforts of the League of Nations. He was a supporter of Zionism and put much effort into the establishment of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1925.
In 1921, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect." “Einstein's law has become the basis of photochemistry in the same way that Faraday's law has become the basis of electrochemistry,” said S. Arrhenius from the Royal Swedish Academy at the presentation of the new laureate.
In the mid-1920s, significant differences emerged between physicists working in the field of quantum mechanics. Einstein could not reconcile himself to the fact that the regularities of the microworld are only probabilistic in nature (his reproach addressed to Bohr is well-known that he believes "in God playing dice"). Albert did not consider statistical quantum mechanics to be a fundamentally new teaching, but regarded it as a temporary tool that had to be resorted to until a complete description of reality could be obtained. At the Solvay Congresses of 1927 and 1930, Einstein failed to convince either Bohr or his young colleagues, Heisenberg and Pauli, and from then on followed the work of the "Copenhagen school" with a deep sense of distrust.
Beginning in 1930, Einstein spent the winter months in the United States, in California, lecturing at the Pasadena Institute of Technology, and with the advent of Hitler to power (1933), he no longer set foot on German soil and announced his withdrawal from the Prussian Academy of Sciences. Einstein became a professor of physics at the new Institute for Basic Research, which was established in Princeton, New Jersey, and seven years later received an American citizenship. In the years leading up to the Second World War, the scientist, feeling that only military force able to stop Nazi Germany, came to the conclusion that in order to "protect the rule of law and human dignity" it would be necessary to "join the battle" with the Nazis.
In August 1939, at the urging of several expatriate physicists, Einstein wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt stating that in Germany, in all likelihood, work was underway to develop weapons of mass destruction. He pointed to the need for US government support for uranium fission research. Later, the scientist regretted that he "participated in the opening of this Pandora's box." Although Einstein was not directly involved in the research and knew nothing about the creation of the American nuclear bomb until its use in Hiroshima in 1945, his name was persistently associated with the advent of the nuclear age.
After the end of World War II, shocked by the horrendous consequences of the use of the atomic bomb against Japan and the ever-increasing arms race, Einstein became an ardent supporter of peace, believing that in modern conditions war would be a threat to the very existence of mankind. At the solemn meeting of the UN session in New York in 1947, he declared the responsibility of scientists for the fate of the planet, and in 1948 he made an appeal in which he called for a ban nuclear weapons. Shortly before his death, he signed Bertrand Russell's appeal to the governments of all countries and warned them of the dangers of the use of the hydrogen bomb, and also advocated the free exchange of ideas and the responsible use of science for the benefit of mankind.
Among the many honors given to Einstein was an offer to become the President of Israel, which followed in 1952, which he, however, refused. In addition to the Nobel Prize, he received many other awards, was an honorary doctor of several universities and a member of leading academies of science and learned societies peace.
The great scientist spent the last 22 years of his life at Princeton. According to the testimonies of those around him, life for Einstein turned into a performance that he watched with some interest, since he was never torn apart by the tragic emotions of love or hate. All his thoughts were directed beyond this world, into the world of phenomena. Einstein lived with his wife Elsa, her daughter Margot, and personal secretary Helen Doukas in a simple two-story house, walking to the institute where he worked on his unified field theory and talked with colleagues. During leisure hours, he played the violin and sailed in a boat on the lake. At Princeton, he became a local landmark. He was known as a world-famous physicist, and at the same time he was a kind, modest, affable and somewhat eccentric person for everyone.
On April 18, 1955, Einstein died in his sleep at the Princeton Hospital from an aortic aneurysm. Nearby on the table lay his last unfinished statement: "What I aspire to is only to serve truth and justice with my insignificant possibilities, at the risk of pleasing no one." On the same day, his body was cremated, and the ashes were scattered by friends in a place that should forever remain unknown. Even after his death, he wanted to be a citizen of the world, "never wholly owned by his country, his home, his friends, and even his family."
This text is an introductory piece.Chapter six. Professor Albert Einstein
Chapter Five In which Albert Einstein hosts a "Year of Miracles" Brilliant thoughts come to mind so rarely that they are easy to remember. Einstein on how he was able to remember all his great discoveries It just so happens that all of his most outstanding discoveries Einstein
Chapter Eight In Which Albert Einstein Becomes a Star The laws of mathematics that have anything to do with the real world are unreliable; and reliable mathematical laws are irrelevant to the real world. Einstein on Reality In 1919 Einstein turned 40
Chapter Six Albert Einstein and his women Albert Einstein... Who at least from the school curriculum does not know this brilliant scientist, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics, creator of the theory of relativity, Nobel Prize winner, honorary
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Einstein, Albert It's funny to say, but in recent years so ten the name of the famous physicist Einstein is actively inclined in certain circles of the city of Tyumen, being one of the most topical, and at the same time one of the most hated, names in the world. That's why: because it is
Albert Einstein Albert Einstein- the largest physicist of the XX century, the founder of the theory of relativity.
For the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect to the world in 1921, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (the idea of induced emission of atoms was later continued in the form of a laser).
He was the first to state the theory that gravity is nothing more than a distortion of space-time, which can explain many physical phenomena. Today's picture of the world is largely based on Einstein's laws. Einstein's personality since the publication in 1905 of the special "theory of relativity" has attracted enormous public attention.
Biography
Physicist Albert Einstein of German, Swiss and American descent was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, the medieval town of the kingdom of Württemberg (now Baden-Würtenberg in Germany), in the family of Hermann Einstein and Pauline Einstein, he grew up in Munich, where his father and uncle there was a small electrochemical plant. He was a rather quiet, absent-minded boy, with a mathematical bent, but he could not stand the teaching methods at school, with its automatic rote memorization and stone discipline.
In his early years at the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich, Albert himself began to study books on philosophy, mathematics, and popular science literature. The greatest impression on him was made by the idea of space. When the affairs of his father in 1895 were bad, the family moved to Milan. However, Einstein remained in Munich, leaving the gymnasium, while not receiving a certificate, so he also joined his family.
I don't know what weapons the Third World War, but in the Fourth they will use a bow and arrow!
At one time, Einstein was struck by the atmosphere of freedom and culture that he could find in Italy. Despite his in-depth knowledge of mathematics and physics, acquired through self-education and development, and his independent thinking far beyond his age, Einstein never chose suitable profession. His father wanted him to become an engineer and be able to feed his family.
But Albert tried to surrender entrance exams to Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, which did not require a special high school diploma to enter.
He failed his exams without having necessary training However, the director of the school could not fail to notice his talent and therefore sent him to Aarau, twenty miles west of Zurich, so that he could finish the gymnasium there. A year later, in the summer of 1896, Einstein successfully passed the entrance exams to the Federal Institute of Technology. In Aarau, Einstein blossomed greatly, basking in close contact with teachers and the liberal atmosphere that reigned in the gymnasium. He said goodbye to his past life with great desire.
scientific life
In Zurich, Einstein began to study physics on his own, relying more on independent study material. At first he wanted to teach physics, but failed to find a job and later became an examiner at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern, where he served for about seven years. For him it was very happy and productive time. His early work was on the forces of interaction between molecules and applications of statistical thermodynamics. One of them - "A new definition of the size of molecules" - was accepted as a doctoral dissertation by the University of Zurich, and in 1905 Albert Einstein was awarded the title of Doctor of Science.
Another paper proposed an explanation for the photoelectric effect - which was emitted by the electrons of a metal surface under the influence of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet range.
The third, excellent work of Einstein, which was published in 1905- was called the special theory of relativity, which managed to completely change the whole understanding of physics.
After he published most of his scientific papers in 1905, Einstein received full academic recognition.
In 1914, Albert was invited to Germany to become a professor at the University of Berlin and at the same time director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics (now the Max Planck Institute).
After hard work, Einstein succeeded in 1915 in founding the general theory of relativity, which went far beyond the scope of the special theory, in which motions must be uniform and relative velocities must be stable. The general theory of relativity covered all possible motions, including accelerated ones (i.e., occurring at a variable speed).
Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity was able to replace Newton's theory of the gravitational attraction of bodies in space-time. According to this theory, bodies are not able to attract each other, they change and determine the bodies passing through it. Einstein's colleague physicist J. A. Wheeler observed that "space tells matter itself how it needs to move, and matter tells space how it needs to curve."
In 1922, Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Peace Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and in particular for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect."
“Einstein's law has become the basis of photochemistry in the same way that Faraday's law has become the foundation of electrochemistry,” Svante Arrhenius of the Royal Swedish Academy said at the presentation of the new laureate.
Since he said in advance that he was performing in Japan, Albert was unable to attend the award ceremony and read his Nobel lecture one year after he was awarded the award.
When Hitler came to power in 1933, Einstein was outside the borders of Germany, never returning there. Einstein ended up as a professor of physics at the new Institute for Basic Research, which was established in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1940, Einstein was awarded American citizenship. During the years of the Second World War, Einstein revised his pacifist views, in 1939, under the guidance of some emigrant physicists, Einstein wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in which he wrote that Germany was most likely developing atomic bomb. He pointed to the need for US government support for uranium fission research.
After the Second World War, which shocked the world with the use of a nuclear bomb against Japan, Einstein, shortly before his death, signed the treaty of Bertrand Russell indicating and warning the entire planet about the danger of using a nuclear bomb.
The most famous of all scientists of the XX century. and one of the greatest scientists of all time, Albert Einstein enriched the entire theory and practice of physics with his own imaginative play. From childhood, he perceived the earth as a harmonic cognizable whole, "standing before us like a great and eternal riddle." By his own admission, he believed in "the God of Spinoza, who manifests himself in the harmony of all things."
Among the many honors that were constantly offered to him, one of the most honorable was the offer to become President of Israel, which followed in 1952. Einstein refused. In addition to the Nobel Peace Prize, he was awarded many other awards, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London (1925) and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute (1935). Einstein was an honorary doctor of many universities and a member of leading academies of sciences.
Of course, Albert Einstein is one of the greatest and smartest people in history, who gave our world a lot of discoveries. An interesting fact is that during the study by scientists of his brain, it was found that those areas that are responsible for speech and language in anyone are reduced, and the areas responsible for computing abilities, on the contrary, are larger than in the average person.
Other studies showed that it had significantly more neuronal cells and improved communication between them. This is what is responsible for the mental activity of a person.
A successful person is always an amazing artist of his imagination. Imagination is much more important than knowledge because knowledge is limited, but imagination is limitless.
Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm. He received his secondary education at a city Catholic school.
In September 1895 he arrived in Zurich to enter the Polytechnic. Having received an "excellent" in mathematics, he failed in French and botany. On the advice of the director of the Polytechnic, he entered the cantonal school of Aarau.
During his studies, he studied Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. In October 1896 he became a student at the Polytechnic. Here he made friends with the mathematician M. Grossman.
Start of activity
In 1901, Einstein's first paper, "Consequences of the Theory of Capillarity", was published. At this time, the future great scientist was in great need. Therefore, thanks to the “patronage” of M. Grossman, he was admitted to the staff of the Federal Bern Office for Patenting Inventions. There he worked from 1902 to 1909.
In 1904 he began to collaborate with the journal "Annals of Physics". His duties included providing summaries of recent texts on thermodynamics.
Notable discoveries
Einstein's most famous discoveries include the Special Theory of Relativity. It was published in 1905. Works on the general theory of relativity were published from 1915 to 1916.
Teaching activity
In 1912, the great scientist returned to Zurich and began to teach at the same Polytechnic, where he had once studied himself. In 1913, on the recommendation of V. G. Nernst and his friend Planck, he headed the Berlin Physical Research institute. He was also enrolled in the teaching staff of the University of Berlin.
Receiving the Nobel Prize
Einstein was repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics. The first nomination for the theory of relativity took place in 1910, on the initiative of W. Ostwald.
But the Nobel Committee was suspicious of such a "revolutionary" theory. Einstein's experimental evidence was deemed insufficient.
Einstein received the Nobel in Physics for the “safe” theory of the photoelectric effect in 1921. At this time brilliant physicist was away. Therefore, the German Ambassador to Sweden R. Nadolny received the prize for it.
Illness and death
In 1955, Einstein was often and seriously ill. He passed away on April 18, 1955. The cause of death was an aortic aneurysm. Before his death, he asked his relatives not to arrange a magnificent funeral for him and not to disclose the place of his burial.
IN last way the great scientist was seen off by only twelve closest friends. His body was cremated and his ashes scattered to the wind.
Other biography options
- Until the age of 12 he was very religious. But after reading popular science literature, I came to the conclusion that the church and the state deceive people, and “fairy tales” are written in the Bible. After that, the future scientist ceased to recognize authorities.
- Einstein was a pacifist. He actively fought against Nazism. In one of his last works, he said that humanity must do everything to prevent a nuclear war.
- Einstein sympathized with the USSR and Lenin in particular. But he considered terror and repression unacceptable methods.
- In 1952, he received an offer to become the prime minister of Israel and refused, noting that he lacked experience to lead the country.
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