The official name is the Republic of Tajikistan. Located in the southeast Central Asia... Area - 143,100 km2, population 6463.8 thousand people. (2002). The state language is Tajik. The capital is Dushanbe (0.6 million people, 2002). National holiday - Independence Day on September 9 (1991). The monetary unit is somoni.
Member of the CIS (since 1991), OSCE (since 1992), UN (since 1992), CAC (since 1998), etc.
Sights of Tajikistan
Geography of Tajikistan
It is located between 68 ° and 74 ° E and 41 ° and 37 ° North. In the west and north it borders with Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. In the south and east with Afghanistan and China.
Mountains occupy 93% of the territory. Western Tien Shan Kuramin ridge, the highest peak Boboiob (3768 m). Ridge Mogoltau (1623 m). Fergana Basin (altitude ranges from 320 to 800-1000 m). To the west of the basin is the Golodnaya Steppe plain.
Gissar-Alai includes Turkestan, Zaravshan, Gissar, Karategin, Alai ranges. It is limited by valleys: from the north - Fergana, from the south - Gissar, the valley of the Surkhob and Alay rivers.
The largest ridges of the Tajik depression are Vakhsh, Dzhilantau, Surkhkau, Sarsarak, Tereklitau, Karatau, Aktau, Rangantau, Babatag, etc. Between the ridges are the Gissar, Nizhnevakhsh, Nizhnekaferniganskaya, Parkharskaya, Kulyabskaya, Yavinskaya.
The core of the Pamir mountain system is the ridge of the Academy of Sciences (5757 m). The lowest pass is Kamaloyak (4340 m). The highest peak Ismoili Somoni (former peak of Communism, 7495 m).
Rivers (km): Amu Darya-Pyanj (921), Zaravshan (877), Barteng-Murghab-Oksu (528), Vakhsh (524), Karnifigan (387).
Lakes (km2): Karakul (380), Sarez (79.6), Zorkul (38.9), Yashilkul (38).
There are over 5 thousand plant species in Tajikistan. Herbaceous and semi-shrub vegetation prevails. The plains are dominated by desert vegetation. Almost half of the mountain forests are juniper forests. The humid southern slopes of the Gissar ridge and the western part of the Peter I ridge and the southwestern Tien Shan are occupied by walnut forests, Turkestan maple, plane trees. In the foothills there is a xerophilous small forest of pistachio, almond, and purple. In the alpine zone, meadows, meadow steppes and deserted steppes are widespread. In the east, there are teresken and wormwood deserts and cushion beds.
Typical inhabitants of the plains of the lower high-mountain belt: reptiles - gray monitor lizard, cobra, sandy Efa, steppe boa, turtle; of birds - crested lark, saxaul sparrow, steppe kestrel, beauty bustard, vulture; from rodents - porcupine, ground squirrels, gerbils, jerboas, hamsters. On the open plains, the gazelle is found, in the foothills - the horned goat, the leopard. In tugai - Bukhara deer, jungle cat, jackal, leopard, badger, wild boar. In the highlands - Siberian goat, argali, snow leopard; from birds - Himalayan and Tibetan ular, saja, chukar, snow vulture, golden eagle, vulture.
Deposits of antimony, mercury, arsenic, boron, piezoquartz, rock crystal, optical fluorite, Icelandic spar, lapis lazuli, noble spinelli, gold (in placers), tungsten ores were found in the Pamirs and Gissar-Alai; in the Kuramin zone - polymetallic ores, rare metals, piezo-optical raw materials, uranium, scheelite, fossil coals; in the Tajik and Fergana depressions - oil, gas, coal, oil shale, rock salt, building materials.
The climate is continental. On the plains and foothills, the average January temperature is from +2 to -2 ° С. The average July temperature exceeds + 31 ° С.
Population of Tajikistan
The average population density is 44.6 people. per 1 km2. More than 85% of the population lives in the Gissar and Vakhsh valleys and the Khojent region (35% of the territory). The share of the urban population living here reaches 95%. In total, in cities in the 1990s. lived at least 35% of the population, in rural areas, respectively, 65%.
Representatives of more than 80 nationalities live in Tajikistan, incl. Tajiks - 80%, Uzbeks - 15.3%, Russians - 1.1%, Tatars - 0.3%. Tajiks also live in Uzbekistan - approx. 4% of the population, in northeastern Afghanistan - St. 3.5 million people; Tajiks also live in the border regions of Kyrgyzstan, in southeastern Kazakhstan and in the Iranian province of Khorasan. Languages: Tajik, Russian as the language of interethnic communication. The overwhelming majority of Tajiks are Sunni Muslims. In Gorno-Badakhshan, the Shiite sect of the Ismailis is most widespread. Russians living in Tajikistan are Orthodox Christians.
History of Tajikistan
On the territory of Tajikistan in the 1st half. 1st millennium BC there was a state of Bactria. Was ruled by persian Achaemenids, A. Makedonsky. In the 9-10th centuries. AD Tajikistan was part of the Samanid State when the process of the formation of the Tajik nation was completed. In the 2nd floor. 19th century the territories of Tajikistan were annexed to Russia (in 1895 the Russian-English agreement defined the border with Afghanistan along the Pyanj River). In March 1917, the Turkestan General Government was abolished. In 1918 northern Tajikistan became part of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and southern Tajikistan became part of the Bukhara Emirate. Since 1924 the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was a part of the Uzbek SSR. Since 1929 - the Tajik SSR as part of the USSR.
In 1991-93, an acute political conflict broke out in Tajikistan on the basis of regional clan conflicts, which led to a civil war. Long inter-Tajik negotiations under the auspices of the UN, begun in April 1994, ended with the signing on June 27, 1997 in Moscow by President E. Rakhmonov and the leader of the United Tajik Opposition (UTO) A. Nuri of the agreement on the establishment of peace and national accord in Tajikistan. Within the framework of the agreement, the Commission for National Reconciliation was created and is functioning, the main task of which is the formation of a coalition government and the holding of general parliamentary elections. In November 1998, an anti-government rebellion was suppressed in the north of the country.
State structure and political system of Tajikistan
Tajikistan is a republic. Administratively, it is divided into Sughd, Khatlon regions, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region and regions of republican subordination. The capital and the adjacent 8 districts form a separate administrative-territorial unit.
Large cities: Dushanbe, Kulyab, Kurgan-Tyube, Garm, Murgab, Khorog.
The head of state and executive branch is the president. E.Sh. Rakhmonov was elected on November 6, 1994, on November 6, 1999, re-elected for 7 years in accordance with the amendments made to the Constitution following a referendum on September 26, 1999, in the summer of 2003 E. Sh. Rakhmonov's powers were extended until 2020.
The government issues decrees and orders, the implementation of which is mandatory on the territory of Tajikistan. The government resigns to the newly elected president.
Prime Minister - A. Akilov.
Legislative power - parliament - Majlisi-Oli. His term of office is 5 years. In 1999, the unicameral parliament was transformed into a bicameral parliament: Majlisi Namoyandagon (House of Representatives) and Majlisi Milli (National Assembly).
Majlisi Namoyandagon consists of 63 deputies, of which 41 are elected by secret ballot in single-mandate constituencies, and 22 - from political parties and movements. A citizen of at least 25 years of age can be elected a deputy. In February 2000, elections were held, the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan (PDPT) won 34 seats in the lower house, communists - 13, Islamists - 2, independent deputies - 14. Chairman of the chamber - S.Kh. Khairulloyev.
Majlisi Milli is formed by local authorities (25 people). In addition, 8 deputies are appointed by the president. The members of the chamber are also, at their request, former heads of state. In March 2000, elections were held in 5 constituencies formed in the main regions of the country. Most of the deputies were representatives of the ruling PDPT. Chairman of the Chamber M.U. Ubaidulloyev (the current mayor of Dushanbe; according to the Constitution, became the second person in the state).
Local government consists of representative and executive bodies. They ensure the implementation of the Constitution, laws and statutes. The body of local representative power in regions, cities and districts is the Majlis of People's Deputies, which is headed by a chairman. Deputies of local Majlises are elected for a term of 5 years. This body approves the local budget and a report on its implementation, determines the ways of socio-economic development of the territory, local taxes and payments in accordance with the law, determines the methods of management and ownership of communal property, etc.
Local executive power is exercised by the president's representative - the chairman of the region, city and district. The chairman is responsible to the higher executive body and the corresponding Majlis of People's Deputies. The self-governing body in the settlement and village is the jamoat.
Main political parties: People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan, Communist Party, Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan, Democratic Party of Tajikistan, Party of Popular Unity, Party of Political and Economic Renewal, etc.
The development of the situation in Tajikistan is determined by the course of implementation of the agreement on the establishment of peace and national accord. A compromise found by the government side and the UTO made it possible to stop the civil war. The military formations of the UTO were disbanded, some of them joined strong structure government. A referendum was held, at which amendments and additions to the Constitution were adopted.
The transitional period defined by the 1997 agreement ended with the holding of parliamentary elections on the basis of the new edition of the Constitution.
The UN Security Council decision terminated the mandate of the UN Observer Mission in Tajikistan. To promote post-conflict development in Tajikistan, the UN Office began to work in Dushanbe to provide political support to the activities of the UN system in the interests of implementing programs for the country's socio-economic reconstruction.
With the completion of the inter-Tajik settlement process, Tajikistan's foreign policy is aimed at creating conditions favorable for the restoration of the national economy destroyed during the civil war, strengthening the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Relations with The Russian Federation and other CIS states. Dushanbe is a supporter of strengthening integration processes in the political, military, economic and other areas. Tajikistan joined the Customs Union (since October 2000 - the Eurasian Economic Community), signed all multilateral agreements concluded within the CIS. Tajikistan stands for stepping up collective efforts in the fight against international terrorism and drug trafficking. Important place in foreign policy are occupied by the Central Asian countries, primarily Uzbekistan. Tajikistan is a member of the CAC. Great importance is attached to issues of strengthening regional security.
Tajikistan participates in the development of the Treaty on a nuclear-free zone in Central Asia. Tajikistan seeks to develop relations with the Islamic world, first of all with Iran. Tajikistan has consistently advocated a political settlement of the Afghan conflict through negotiations and the creation of a broadly representative government, participated in the work of the “group of neighbors and friends of Afghanistan” (“Six plus two”).
Since the fall of 2001, ties with the United States and Western European states have revived. Dushanbe pays considerable attention to the issues of interaction with the UN, advocates strengthening its stabilizing role. At the 54th session of the UN General Assembly, Tajikistan put forward a proposal to declare 2003 International year fresh water... Tajikistan is interested in continuing and expanding contacts with the OSCE, stands for its greater involvement in the provision of economic and environmental assistance in the post-conflict period, strengthening regional security.
The armed forces of Tajikistan, according to local estimates, number approx. 20 thousand people: government army - approx. 12 thousand, integrated GRU units - 8 thousand. According to information International Institute strategic studies (London), the size of the army of Tajikistan - 6 thousand people.
Economy of Tajikistan
Tajikistan's GDP (in current prices) in 2002 - 3.3 billion somoni, 109.1% of 2001. In January-September 2002, profit amounted to 61.1 million somoni, state budget revenues, including bank loans, 369.4, expenses 345 , 6, excess of income over expenses 23.8.
The economically active population (2002) is 1.9 million people. 1.3 million people were employed outside the public sector in 2001. (72%). 10-20% of employees are concentrated in industry. Official unemployment is 48.1 thousand people, 2.7% of the economically active population (2002). Women among job seekers accounted for 51-56%, young people (under 30) - more than 40%.
The main industries are: electric power, mining, nonferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, metalworking, construction materials production, chemical, cotton, silk, clothing, carpet weaving, food industry.
There are 6 hydroelectric power plants, the most powerful of which is Nurekskaya, as well as a number of large thermal power plants. Due to its own energy base, 50% of the country's needs are met. The main branch of the fuel industry is coal.
The volume of industrial production in 2002 - 2226 million somoni (in current prices), 108.2% by 2001. Machine-building is developing at an outstripping pace compared to industry as a whole in 2002.
The production of consumer goods in 2002 (in constant prices) amounted to 103% against 2001, incl. food products - 102%, alcoholic beverages - 125%, non-manufacturing goods - 107%, of which in light industry - 109%, goods of cultural, household and economic value - 100%.
In 2002, there was an increase in production compared to 2001: whole milk products by 26%, vegetable oil by 18%.
The volume of investments in fixed assets in construction in 2002 amounted to 158 million somoni.
The main agricultural product is cotton. In 2002, more than 400 thousand tons were harvested. There is a cotton exchange in Tajikistan. Futures transactions are becoming more widespread. The largest investors are the Swiss firm Paul Reinhard and the sales department of the Swiss bank Credit Swiss First Boston. The following industrial crops are cultivated: tobacco, sesame, oilseed flax and geranium. Wheat and other cereals, potatoes, fruits, grapes, vegetables and melons are grown.
Gross harvest of major agricultural crops (2002): grain crops (weight after processing) 0.7 million tons, 140% by 2001; potatoes 0.4 million tons, 112% by 2001; vegetables 0.5 million tons, 119% by 2001. The gross harvest of fruit and berry crops decreased by 3%.
Meat and dairy cattle breeding and meat and wool sheep breeding are developing. Sericulture is developing with the help of foreign investors. Production of the main types of products (2002): livestock and poultry (for slaughter) 67 thousand tons (109% to 2001); milk 412 thousand tons (108%); eggs - 6 million pcs. (110%).
In 2002, transportation of goods in general amounted to 20.2 million tons (99.6% by 2001), the turnover of transport enterprises was 1.3 billion ton-kilometers.
The share of vehicles accounts for approx. 90% of total passenger traffic and over 87% of domestic freight traffic (2001). Cargo transported by 11% more, cargo turnover increased by 16%, passenger turnover increased by 25%. Public road network approx. 13 thousand km The two most important roads - "Dushanbe - Aini" and "Kalaikhumb - Khorog" are open for transport for only 6 months. per year due to climatic conditions.
Air transport transported 297.6 thousand passengers and 1807 thousand tons of cargo, cargo turnover increased by 13%, passenger turnover increased by 46% (2002).
The total length of railway lines is 490 km, most of them are located in the south of the country. In 2002, 339.9 thousand people were transported. and 8642.4 thousand tons of cargo; the total volume of freight traffic decreased by 8%, freight turnover decreased by 13%, passenger traffic increased by 25%.
The total capacity of local telephone exchanges is 250 thousand numbers, served by 80 urban and rural exchanges. The density of telecommunication services is 4.1 telephones per 100 people. In the future, connection to the trans-Asian-European cable (the Tajik TAE line is 86 km, from Dushanbe to the Uzbek border in the west) will allow the republic to become one of the transit telecommunication centers between the West and the East.
Retail turnover through all sales channels (in current prices): total 1,001.3 million somoni, per capita 115.1 million somoni (2002).
Paid services through all sales channels (at current prices): total 499.2 million somoni, per capita 77.2 million somoni (2002).
In 2002 budget revenues were 396.4 million somoni (17% of GDP), including tax revenues 343.3 million somoni (15.8%), their share in the total volume of budget revenues was 92.9%. Basic direct taxes: on profit 4.8% to the total amount of budget revenues and 0.8% to GDP; personal income tax - 7.4% and 1.3%, respectively. The main indirect taxes: value added - 33.2% to the total amount of budget revenues and 5.6% to GDP; excise taxes - 5.5 and 0.9%, respectively. The share of basic taxes in the total amount of state budget revenues is 50.9%. Non-tax revenues amounted to less than 1/7 of the total volume of state budget revenues, compared with the same period in 2001, increased by 30.2% (due to an increase in revenues from fines and sanctions). State budget expenditures 345.6 million somoni (15.9% of GDP). A significant share is taken by spending on the social sphere (28%) and the economy (18.5%). Budget surplus of 23.8 million somoni (1.1% of GDP).
Nominal wages (including accrued but unpaid amounts) averaged 34 somoni in 2002 (compared to 2001, an increase of 36%). Real wages increased by 24% on average. The minimum wage was revised 1 time in 2002 (the current minimum is 8% of the average nominal wage). In 2002, the minimum old-age pension was increased 2.5 times and amounted to 5 somoni ($ 1.7). Consumer prices in 2002 increased by 10% compared to 2001. The ratio of price growth to growth in average per capita money income (early 2002) is 0.94%, with an increase in average monthly wages of 0.81%, and an increase in pensions of 0.59%.
Export-import operations in Tajikistan are carried out by 750 subjects of foreign economic activity. Partners - 66 countries of the world, of which 11 are CIS countries. In 2002, the foreign trade turnover, including electricity and natural gas, amounted to USD 1,073.6 million, which is 4.7% more than the level of the corresponding period of 2001, or USD 47.9 million. Exported goods for 534.1 million US dollars, which is 9.1% more than in the same period in 2001.
There were imported goods for 539.5 million US dollars, which is 0.6%, or 3.2 million US dollars, more than the level of the corresponding period of 2001. The CIS countries account for 51.8% of foreign trade turnover, and non-CIS countries 48.2%. In exports, the advantage belongs to non-CIS countries, their share is 72.4%, in imports a significant share is taken by the CIS countries - 75.7%.
The share of electricity in foreign trade turnover is 10.2%, its export is 2999.3 million kWh, imports are 3490.2 million kWh (2002).
Natural gas imports 343.1 million m3, for USD 16.2 million. This is 18.9%, or $ 3.8 million, below the same indicators in 2001.
Aluminum accounts for 55% of exports, 226.2 thousand tons were exported in the amount of USD 293.9 million; main buyers: Netherlands, Turkey (2002).
Exports of cotton fiber 14.1% of foreign trade turnover, 85.1 thousand tons in the amount of 75.2 million US dollars. Deliveries increased to the CIS countries by 1.4%, and to non-CIS countries by 69.1%.
Science and culture of Tajikistan
Daytime general education schools 3.7 thousand, including 59 gymnasiums, 60 lyceums. There are 50 secondary special educational institutions and 33 universities.
In April 1999, on the basis and on the initiative of the 8 largest higher educational institutions in the country, the Association for the Development of Science and Education was established. In December 1999, the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan joined it as an honorary member of the association.
The Association is the first and only national, non-governmental organization in the republic, which sets itself the following goals: promoting the development and implementation of new information technologies in the system of secondary and higher education in the republic; development scientific research how in high schooland in scientific research institutions of Tajikistan, the organization of effective information support scientific activities; assistance in the implementation in universities and secondary education of international educational standards, organization of international exchange of experience in this area; participation in the development of models and teaching methods in the context of the use of new information technologies, including distance learning; assistance in the creation of electronic libraries.
Tajik culture developed on the basis of the traditions of the Persian-speaking world. The founder of national literature, Rudaki, improved the language, first using it in secular poetry, laid the foundations for a number of literary genres.
Ferdowsi created the heroic epic Shahnameh. The crown of the romantic Tajik poem was "Khamsa" ("The Five") by Nizami, "Bustan" and "Gulistan" by Saadi. Hafiz was the master of the gazelle.
A prominent figure in Tajik literature of the 20th century. There was a writer Sadriddin Aini (1878-1954). The works written by him and literary research influenced the development of the Tajik literary language.
The largest library is the State Library. Ferdowsi, which houses a large collection of medieval manuscripts.
Capital: Dushanbe
Official languages:tajik (state), Russian (language of interethnic communication).
Location: Located in the foothills of the Pamirs and has no outlet to the sea. It shares borders with Uzbekistan in the west and northwest, with Kyrgyzstan in the north, with China in the east, and with Afghanistan in the south.
Square: 142,000 km²
Administrative division: The Republic of Tajikistan consists of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, Sughd and Khatlon regions, 17 cities, 62 districts (including 13 districts of republican subordination), 55 villages and 368 rural jamoats (rural communities).
Population: 7 million 617 thousand (for 2011)
Telephone code: +992
Currency unit: Somoni (TJS), 1 somoni 100 dirams.
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Majlisi milli Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan
Base:In 1999, the new Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan established the parliament - Majilisi Oli. The highest legislative and executive body of state power consists of two chambers. National Council - Majilisi Milli Majilisi Oli - upper house.
Structure:33 deputies
How is elected: 25 deputies are elected by secret ballot at joint meetings of deputies from the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, its cities and districts, the city of Dushanbe and its districts, cities and districts of republican subordination. 8 members are appointed by the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. The term of office of Majlisi Oli is 5 years. A citizen who has attained 35 years of age and has a member of the Majlisi Milli Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan higher education... Each former President of the Republic of Tajikistan is a life member of the Majlisi Milli.
majmilli.tj Ubaydulloyev
Mahmadsaid Ubaidulloevich
Chairman of the Majlisi Milli of the Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan
Born on February 1, 1952 in the Farkhor district of the Kulyab region.
In 1974 he graduated from the Kharkov Polytechnic Institute, worked in the statistics department of the Kulyab region.
In 1979 he became the head of the department of management of the city committee of the CPSU, from 1983-1985. studied at the Higher Political School in Tashkent.
In 1985 he became deputy. Chairman of the State Statistics Committee, in 1986 he was appointed head of the department of industry, transport and consumer goods of the Executive Committee of the Kulyab region. In 1988 he became the chairman of the statistical committee of the Khatlon region. 1990-1994 - deputy. Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Kulyab Regional Council of People's Deputies, then deputy. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Tajikistan. 1994 to 1996 - First Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Tajikistan, from 1996 to January 13, 2017 - Chairman of the city of Dushanbe.
Since 2000 - Chairman of the Majlisi Milli of the Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan of the II and from 2005 - of the III convocations.
2007 - 2009 - Chairman of the Interparliamentary Assembly of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC).
Majlisi Namoyandagon Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan
Base: According to the new Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, adopted in 1999, the Lower House of Parliament - the House of Representatives - Majlisi Namoyandagon Majlisi Oli was established.
Structure:63 deputies
How is elected: Elections are held by secret ballot on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage. 22 representatives are elected on a proportional basis, 41 in single-member constituencies. Majlisi Namoyandagon operates on a permanent and professional basis. A citizen of at least 25 years of age may be elected a deputy of the Majlisi Namoyandagon Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan.
www.parlament.tj Zukhurov
Shukurjon Zukhurovich
Chairman of the Majlisi Namoyandagon Majlisi Oli of the Republic of Tajikistan
Born in 1954 in the Pyanj region of the Kurgan-Tyubinsk region of the Tajik SSR.
Graduated from the Moscow Institute of Land Management Engineers in 1976, in 1992 Russian Academy management majoring in political scientist.
Since 1976, land surveyor, head of the department of land management of the Kurgan-Tyubinsk regional agricultural administration. In 1979 he was the head of the department of working and rural youth, instructor of the Central Committee of the Komsomol of Tajikistan. In 1986 he became the chairman of the Komsomolabad regional executive committee. In 1990 he was appointed chairman of the State Committee of the Tajik SSR for personnel training. FROM
1993 to 1998 - Minister of Labor and Employment. 1994 to 1997 head of the Government delegation of the Republic of Tajikistan at inter-Tajik negotiations, member of the National Reconciliation Commission. In 1997, he became director of the Center for Coordination of World Bank loans for post-conflict reconstruction, in 1998, chairman of the Pyanj region, deputy head of the Executive Office of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. 2005 to 2006 - Member of the lower house of Parliament. 2006 -2010 - Minister of Labor and Social Protection of the Population. In 2009, he was elected Chairman of the Council under the EurAsEC Integration Committee.
In 2010 he was elected speaker of the Majlisi Namonyadagon of the Majlisi Oli of Tajikistan.
- a state in the southeast of Central Asia. In the north, it borders with Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, in the east - with China, in the south - with Afghanistan in the west - with Uzbekistan.
Tajikistan means "country of Tajiks".
General information about Tajikistan
Official name: Republic of Tajikistan (Chumhuria Tochikiston)
Capital: Dushanbe
The area of \u200b\u200bthe land: 143.1 thousand sq. km
Total population: 7.5 million people
Administrative division: Tajikistan includes the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, 3 regions, 45 districts (including 8 districts of republican subordination).
Form of government: Republic.
Head of State: President elected for a term of 5 years.
Population composition: 62% are Tajiks, 24% are Uzbeks, 3.5% are Russians.
Official language: Tajik. The Russian language is the language of international communication.
Religion: 85% of the inhabitants (Tajiks, Uzbeks, etc.) belong to Sunni Muslims, adhering to the Hanafi persuasion. 5% are Shiite Muslims. A small percentage of residents are non-Muslims, most of them are Orthodox Christians, as well as representatives of other Christian denominations.
Internet domain: .tj
Mains voltage: ~ 220 V, 50 Hz
Country dialing code: +992
Country barcode: 488
Climate
The climate of Tajikistan is sharply continental, dry, with significant fluctuations in temperature and precipitation depending on the absolute height of the area. In the low-mountain south-western part of the country, the average January temperature is about. + 2 ° С, and in July - about 30 ° С. In the valleys in the north of the country, temperatures are lower. In the mountains, both winter and summer are colder; in the highlands, the average January and February temperatures are from –26 ° to –14 ° С, and the average July temperatures are from 4 ° to 15 ° С.
Most of the country is in arid or semi-arid conditions. The average annual precipitation ranges from 70 mm in the Eastern Pamirs to 1600 mm on the southern slopes of the Gissar ridge. The maximum precipitation occurs in winter and spring; it rarely rains in summer and autumn.
Geography
The Republic of Tajikistan is a state in the southeast of Central Asia, far from the seas and oceans, bordered by Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, China and Afghanistan. This is a typically mountainous country with heights from 300 to 7495 m., 93% of the country's territory is occupied by mountains belonging to the highest mountain systems in the world - Tien Shan, Gissar-Alai and Pamir (in the east of the country, with the highest peaks Somoniyon (7495 m), Communism (7 495 m) and Lenin (7134 m).
There are more than a thousand mountain glaciers on the territory of the country, the largest is the mountain-valley Fedchenko glacier with a length of about 77 km. The country is located in a seismic zone, earthquakes occur constantly, weak tremors are recorded in an amount of up to 5-6 per day. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe country is 143.1 thousand square meters. km. (the smallest republic of Central Asia).
Flora and fauna
Vegetable world
Mainly herbaceous and shrub vegetation is widespread from the valley bottoms to the snow line. The foothills are occupied by deserts and dry steppes, which above are replaced by juniper forests, pistachio thickets (in the south) and sparse (park) walnut forests, which occupy very small areas.
The river valleys are associated with tugai vegetation, which includes poplar, maple, ash, birch and willow. Even higher tiers of mountains are occupied by subalpine tall-grass and alpine low-grass steppe meadows. In the eastern part of the Pamirs, there are areas devoid of vegetation, the so-called. high mountain deserts.
Animal world
Wild fauna is diverse. Mammals are found in deserts and steppes - gazelle, wolf, hyena, porcupine, tolai hare; from birds - bustard; from numerous reptiles - lizards, turtles, snakes, including cobra and efa. Scorpions and spiders are numerous. The tugai are characterized by wild boar, jackal, Bukhara deer, Turkestan rat, pheasant and waterfowl - ducks and geese.
Mammals are widespread in the mountains - the brown bear, mountain rams (urial and argali), mountain goat (kiik), gazelle, snow leopard, etc. birds - golden eagle, mountain turkey (ular), mountain partridge (partridge), griffon vulture, etc. Trout, various carp (carp, bream, asp, marinka) and other fish are found in the reservoirs.
sights
Tajikistan is one of ancient states the world. The territory of modern Tajikistan was inhabited even before the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. Sogdians and Bactrians, who created their famous ancient states - Sogdiana and Bactria. In the VI century. BC. this territory was captured by the Achaemenid Persian state, but already in the IV century. BC e. the Achaemenid empire fell under the blows of the troops of Alexander the Great, who captured (with great difficulty) and Sogdiana and Bactria.
In the 1st century. n. e. here a new powerful state was formed - the Kushan Empire, and after its collapse in the III century. AD Sogdiana and Bactria for a short period came under the rule of the Sassanid Empire. After its fall, the territory of the country many times "passed from hand to hand" of many powerful empires - from the Samanid dynasty (875-999) and the Mongol empire of Timur (Tamerlane), to the Bukhara Khan and the Russian Empire.
On the territory of modern Tajikistan are located the ancient cities of Penjikent (known since the 6th century), Khujand, Ura-Tyube (still famous for the products of local craftsmen), Isfara, Kanibadam, etc. Architectural monuments of the cities of neighboring Uzbekistan ( Samarkand, Bukhara, etc.), with which Tajikistan was a single state for a long time. In Tajikistan itself, it is worth noting such monuments as the Gissar fortress, the Khoja Mashhad mausoleum, Ajina-Tepe with the remains of Buddhist monasteries of the 7th-8th centuries.
Banks and currency
Tajik somoni (international designation - TJS), equal to 100 dirams. Used banknotes: 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 somoni, as well as 1, 5, 20 and 50 dirams. Coins: 1, 3 and 5 somoni, as well as 5, 10, 20, 25 and 50 dirams. Until 2000, the Tajik ruble operated in the country.
Currency exchange can be done at the airport or in hotels, in most banks in Dushanbe or Khujand (outside of them, many banks may not even have currency exchange departments, so you should worry about this in advance), or in exchange offices, which are available in large numbers in all cities countries.
Credit cards and travelers checks are almost impossible to use except in international hotels and large shopping centersavailable in some number in Dushanbe. In many private stores and markets, you can pay in Russian rubles or US dollars, but there is a high probability of a serious overpayment. There are ATMs in Dushanbe and Khujand, but their number is limited.
Useful information for tourists
Tajikistan is the center of international mountain tourism and mountaineering. The safest way to make a trip is to use the services of a reliable agency and guide, having your own equipment, since it is quite difficult to get equipment in Tajikistan itself.
In the mountains there are many so-called “shelters” and farms on mountain routes, isolated from the surrounding world, they work as primitive boarding houses. You will be offered a place under the roof, a sheepskin blanket and hot "sher tea" - tea with goat milk, salt and butter. To avoid the discomfort that the owner has just slaughtered his last chicken for you, you need to have a supply of food with you in order to settle accounts with the owner, since there are no shops in the Pamirs and money also has a low price, only barter is used here.
The best trekking season is from June to September, although you have to be prepared for bad weather at any time.