IN Ancient Rus there were no military ranks, and the commanders were named according to the number of soldiers in subordination - the foreman, the centurion, the thousand's manager. We found out when and how majors, captains and generalissimos appeared in the Russian and other armies.
Ensign
The ensigns in the Russian army were originally called standard-bearers. From the Church Slavonic language "prapor" is a banner. The title was first introduced in 1649 by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The high rank of ensign Russian soldiers had to deserve with their courage and military prowess.
The son of Alexei Mikhailovich, Peter I, when creating a regular army in 1712, introduced the military rank of ensign as the first (junior) rank of the chief officer in the infantry and cavalry.
Since 1884, the first officer's rank after leaving the military academy was second lieutenant (for cavalrymen - cornet), while the rank of warrant officer remained with reserve officers, in the Caucasian militia and for wartime. In addition, soldiers who distinguished themselves during the battle could receive the rank of ensign.
Since 1886, the lower ranks could pass the warrant officer exam. Candidates who passed the exam were in reserve for 12 years and had to attend six weeks of military training each year.
In the fall of 1912, Nicholas II approved the Regulations on accelerated graduation when mobilizing the army from the Corps of His Imperial Majesty's Pages, military and special schools. Now it was possible to become an ensign after 8 months of training. Thus, ensigns became, as it were, "hasty officers," which affected the attitude towards them in the Russian Imperial Army.
From 1917 to January 1, 1972, the rank of ensign did not exist. According to the status of "new warrant officers" were above the foreman and below the junior lieutenant. In comparison with the pre-revolutionary ranks, the Soviet ensign was equal to the ensign of the tsarist army.
Since 2009, the institution of warrant officers has been liquidated, but in February 2013, Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu announced the return of the institutions of warrant officers and warrant officers to the army and navy.
In Elistratov's Dictionary of Russian Argo it is noted that ensigns are called “pieces” in the army jargon.
Sergeant
The word "sergeant" came into Russian from French (sergent), and into French from Latin (serviens). Translated as "employee".
The first sergeants appeared in the XI century in England. Only then was it not the military that was called that, but the landowners who carried out various assignments for the king. In the 12th century, sergeants in England were also called officers who performed police functions.
As a military rank "sergeant" appeared only in the 15th century, in the French army. After that, it passed to the German and English armies, and in the 17th century - to the Russian. The rank was in use from 1716 to 1798, when Paul the First replaced the ranks of sergeant and senior sergeant with non-commissioned officer and sergeant major, respectively.
In the Red Army, the rank of "sergeant" appeared on November 2, 1940. The peculiarity of the Soviet sergeant staff was that sergeants were not regular military personnel, but conscripts, which, according to the plan of the Soviet military leadership, increases the mobilization qualities of the army. This approach paid off - in December 1979, in 2 weeks, a large grouping of troops was formed to enter Afghanistan (50 thousand soldiers, sergeants and officers).
An absolutely excellent NCO system in the US Army. As of 2010, sergeants there make up about 40% of the total strength of the Armed Forces. Of the more than 1,371,000 US military personnel, 547,000 are American sergeants. Of these: 241,500 are sergeants, 168,000 are staff sergeants, 100,000 are sergeants of the 1st class, 26,900 are master sergeants, 10,600 are sergeant majors.
Sergeant in the US Army is the first after God for soldiers and second lieutenants. The sergeants train them and take patronage over them.
Lieutenant
The word "lieutenant" comes from the French lieutenant which translates as "deputy". At the beginning of the 15th century in France, this was the name of the commanding officers who held the posts of deputy chiefs of detachments, after - deputy company commanders, in the navy they called the deputy captains of ships. From the second half of the 17th century "lieutenant" became a military rank.
In Spain of the 15th-16th centuries, the same position was called "lugar teniente" or simply "teniente".
In Russia, from 1701 to 1917, the rank of lieutenant was only in the imperial fleet. In the USSR, the rank of lieutenant was introduced on September 22, 1935 as the primary officer rank received upon graduation from a military school or upon graduation military department in civilian universities. Junior lieutenants are awarded the rank of lieutenant upon the expiration of the established period of service with a positive attestation.
Captain
"Captain" and "kaput" are cognate words. In Latin, caput is a head. The captain translates as "warlord".
For the first time, the title "captain" began to be used again in France; in the Middle Ages, the so-called chiefs of military districts. From 1558, company commanders began to be called captains, and the chiefs of military districts were called captain-generals.
In Russia, the rank of captain appeared in the 16th century. That is how the company commanders began to be called. In the cavalry and dragoon regiments and the corps of gendarmes since 1882, the captain was called a captain, and in the Cossack regiments - esaul.
Until 1917, the rank of army captain of the infantry was equal to that of a modern army major, the rank of captain of the guard was equal to that of an army lieutenant colonel.
In the Red Army, the rank of captain was introduced on September 22, 1935. at the same time, the ranks of captain of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks and lieutenant captain (the latter corresponds to the rank of captain) were introduced for the naval personnel.
In artillery, the rank of captain corresponds to the position of battery commander (battalion commander).
Major
Major is translated as "senior". Che Guevara is also a major, since in Spanish-speaking countries the rank of commandant is equal to major.
The title appeared in the 17th century. This was the name of the regiment commander's assistants responsible for food and guard. When the regiments were divided into battalions, the majors became battalion commanders.
In the Russian army, the rank of major was introduced by Peter I in 1698. By analogy with the major generals of that time, the majors received not one star, as now, but two. The difference between the ranks was in the fringe on the epaulettes. For major generals, it was general, twisted, for majors, it was staff officer, made of thin threads.
From 1716 to 1797, the Russian army also had the ranks of prime-major and second-major. The division was reversed by Paul the First.
IN cossack troops the rank of major corresponded to the rank of "military sergeant major", in state ranks - "collegiate assessor".
In 1884, the rank of major was abolished, and the majors became lieutenant colonels.
In the Red Army, the rank of major was introduced in 1935, in the navy it corresponded to the rank of captain of the 3rd rank.
Interesting fact: Yuri Gagarin became the first senior lieutenant to become a major.
General and older
“General” means “chief”, but “marshal” is translated as “groom” (French maréchal still means “blacksmith of horseshoes”). However, the Marshal until 1917 was the highest military rank in Russian army, and after - from the same 1935.
But besides the marshals and generals, there are also generalissimos. For the first time in Russian history, the title "Generalissimo" was granted on June 28, 1696 by Peter I to voivode A.S. Shein for successful actions near Azov (we are not talking about “funny generalissimos). Officially, the military rank of Generalissimo was introduced in Russia by the Military Regulations of 1716.
Generalissimo in Russian history were: Prince Alexander Menshikov (1727), Prince Anton Ulrich of Braunschweig (1740), Alexander Suvorov (1799).
After the Great Patriotic War On June 26, 1945, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the higher military rank "Generalissimo Soviet Union". The next day, Joseph Stalin received this title. According to Rokossovsky's recollections, he personally persuaded Stalin to accept the rank, saying that "there are many marshals, but only one generalissimo."
Ensign, ensign, husband. (from the church. Slavic. ensign) (pre-Rev.). In the tsarist army, the officer rank, which was the first in wartime (cf. second lieutenant). Wartime ensign. Ensign of the reserve. Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Junior officer rank in the Russian army from the 17th century. (from 1884 only for reserve persons and in wartime) and in the navy (from 1896, for reserve persons). Military rank in the Soviet Armed Forces (since 1972), and some other armies. In 1981 in the Soviet Armed ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Constapel, collar, chest, prapor, piece, cornet Dictionary of Russian synonyms. ensign noun, number of synonyms: 8 constaples (1) ... Synonym dictionary
ESSENTIAL OFFICER, ah, husband. 1. In the Soviet Army, in certain types of troops: the military rank of persons voluntarily serving in excess of the established period, as well as a person who has this rank (in certain other armies, the military rank). 2. In the tsarist army: the most ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
AND; m. 1. In the Russian army until 1917: the most junior officer rank; the person who bore this title. P. Semyonovsky regiment. Warrant officers school. ● In Russia the rank of ensign was introduced at the beginning of the 18th century; initially ensigns were standard bearers. 2. In ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
ensign - a, m. 1) In the Russian army before 1917: the most junior officer rank, as well as the person who bore this rank. Our company had only two officers: company commander Captain Zaikin and subaltern officer Ensign Stebelkov ... just released from ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language
ENSIGN. - Known since the 17th century. Formed from the ensign "banner", borrowing. from st. sl. lang. (primordially Russian poropor) and ascending to the general. * Rogrog, formed by doubling the root of the horn, the same as in the feather, soar. Prapor literally means "fluttering" ... ... Etymological Dictionary Sitnikova
ensign - a, m. The most junior officer rank; a person holding this title. Marya Gavrilovna was brought up on French novels, and consequently was in love. The subject of her choice was a poor army ensign. // Pushkin. The stories of the late Ivan ... ... Dictionary of Forgotten and Difficult Words from the Works of Russian Literature of the 18th-19th Centuries
Rod. n. a. The banner was formed from the ensign on the model of him. Fähnrich ensign, actually standard-bearer: Fahne banner, Swiss German. Venner; see Shakhmatov, Essay 154; Falk – Thorpe 288 et seq .; Kluge Götze 143 ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Vasmer
ensign - Primordial. Known since the 17th century. Suf. derivative of the ensign "banner", borrowing. from st. sl. lang. (primordially Russian poropor). Prapor obsseslav. * porporъ, doubling the por root, the same as in the pen, soar Prapor literally "fluttering" (on the shaft there is a canvas) ... Etymological dictionary of the Russian language
Books
- Ensign of the dragon cavalry, Lantsov Mikhail Alekseevich. Viktor Orlov bears the title of warrant officer with dignity border troops in the world of light elves. Need to grow wings and become an angel? No problem! Disperse the dragons with the fire of the four-barreled "Shilka"?
- Ensign of the dragon cavalry, Lantsov M .. Viktor Orlov bears the title of ensign of the border troops in the world of light elves with dignity. Need to grow wings and become an angel? No problem! Disperse the dragons with the fire of the four-barreled "Shilka"?
In order to know exactly how, according to the charter, it is necessary to contact a serviceman, it is necessary to understand the ranks. Ranks in the Russian army and shoulder straps provide clarity in relationships and allow you to understand the chain of command. IN Russian Federation there is both a horizontal structure - military and naval ranks, and a vertical hierarchy - from the rank and file to the highest officer.
Rank and file
Private - This is the lowest military rank of the Russian army. Moreover, the soldiers received this rank in 1946, before that they were addressed exclusively as soldiers, or as Red Army men.
If the service is carried out in a guards military unit or on a guards ship, then when referring to a private, it is worth adding the same word "Guards"... If you want to apply to a soldier who is in reserve and has a diploma in higher legal or medical education, then you should contact - "Ordinary justice"or "Private medical service"... Accordingly, it is worth adding the appropriate words to the one who is in the reserve or retired.
In the ship composition, the rank of private corresponds sailor.
Only the senior soldiers who best carry military servicereceive the title Corporal... Such soldiers can act as commanders during the absence of the latter.
All additional words that were applicable to a private remain valid for a corporal. Only in Navy, this title corresponds Senior sailor.
The one who commands a squad, or a combat vehicle, receives the title Lance Sergeant... In some cases, this title is awarded to the most disciplined corporal upon transfer to the reserve, if during the service such a staff unit was not provided. In the ship's composition it is "Foreman of the second article"
Since November 1940 in soviet army there was a rank for junior command personnel - sergeant... It is awarded to cadets who have successfully completed the training program for sergeants and graduated with honors.
A private can also receive the title - lance Sergeant, which proved to be worthy to be awarded the next rank, or upon transfer to the reserve.
In the Navy, the sergeant of the ground forces corresponds to the rank foreman.
Senior Sergeant is next, and in the navy - chief petty officer.
After this rank, there are some intersections of land and naval forces... Because after the senior sergeant, in the ranks of the Russian army appears Sergeant Major... This title came into use in 1935. It is deserved only by the best military personnel who served excellently in sergeant positions for six months, or upon transfer to the reserve, the rank of sergeant is assigned to senior sergeants who are excellently certified. On the ship it is - chief petty officer.
Followed by ensigns and warrant officers... This is a special category of military personnel, close to junior officers. Rounding out the rank and file senior warrant officer and midshipman.
Junior officers
A number of ranks of junior officers of the Russian army begin with the rank ensign... This title is awarded to undergraduates and graduates of higher military educational institutions... However, in the event of a shortage of officers, a graduate of a civilian university can also receive the rank of junior lieutenant.
Lieutenant can only become a junior lieutenant who has served a certain amount of time and received a positive education certificate. Further - senior lieutenant.
And he closes the group of junior officers - Captain... This title sounds the same for both land and naval forces.
By the way, the new field uniform from Yudashkin obliged our servicemen to duplicate the insignia on the chest. There is an opinion that the "underdogs" from the leadership do not see the ranks of our officers on their shoulders and this is done for their convenience. Senior officers
Senior officers start with a rank Major... In the navy, this rank corresponds Rank 3 captain... The following naval ranks will only increase the rank of the captain, that is, the rank of land Lieutenant colonel will match Rank 2 captainand the title Colonel – Captain 1 rank.
Senior officers
And the top officers completes the hierarchy of military ranks in the Russian army.
Major General or Rear admiral (in the navy) - such proud title are worn by military personnel who command a division - up to 10 thousand people.
Above the Major General is Lieutenant general... (The Lieutenant General is taller than the Major General because the Lieutenant General has two stars on his shoulder straps and the Major General has one).
Initially in the Soviet army, it was more likely not a rank, but a position, for the Lieutenant General was an assistant to the general and took on some of his functions, in contrast to Colonel Generalwho can personally fill senior positions, as in General Staffand in the Ministry of Defense. In addition, in the Russian Armed Forces, a Colonel-General can be the deputy commander of a military district.
And, finally, the most important serviceman with the highest military rank in the Russian army is Army General... All previous links are obliged to obey him.
About military ranks in video format:
Well, salaga, now figured it out?)
In Ancient Russia, there were no military ranks, and the commanders were named according to the number of soldiers in subordination - the foreman, the centurion, the thousand's manager. We found out when and how majors, captains and generalissimos appeared in the Russian and other armies.
Ensign
The ensigns in the Russian army were originally called standard-bearers. From the Church Slavonic language "prapor" is a banner. The title was first introduced in 1649 by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The high rank of ensign Russian soldiers had to deserve with their courage and military prowess.
The son of Alexei Mikhailovich, Peter I, when creating a regular army in 1712, introduced the military rank of ensign as the first (junior) rank of the chief officer in the infantry and cavalry.
Since 1884, the first officer's rank after leaving the military academy was second lieutenant (for cavalrymen - cornet), while the rank of warrant officer remained with reserve officers, in the Caucasian militia and for wartime. In addition, soldiers who distinguished themselves during the battle could receive the rank of ensign.
Since 1886, the lower ranks could pass the warrant officer exam. Candidates who passed the exam were in the reserve for 12 years and had to attend six weeks of military training annually.
In the fall of 1912, Nicholas II approved the Regulations on accelerated graduation when mobilizing the army from the Corps of His Imperial Majesty's Pages, military and special schools. Now it was possible to become an ensign after 8 months of training. Thus, ensigns became, as it were, "hasty officers," which affected the attitude towards them in the Russian Imperial Army.
From 1917 to January 1, 1972, the rank of ensign did not exist. According to the status of "new warrant officers" were above the foreman and below the junior lieutenant. In comparison with the pre-revolutionary ranks, the Soviet ensign was equal to the ensign of the tsarist army.
Since 2009, the institution of warrant officers has been liquidated, but in February 2013, Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu announced the return of the institutions of warrant officers and warrant officers to the army and navy.
Elistratov's "Dictionary of Russian Argo" notes that ensigns are called "pieces" in the army jargon.
Sergeant
The word "sergeant" came into Russian from French (sergent), and into French from Latin (serviens). Translated as "employee".
The first sergeants appeared in the XI century in England. Only then was it not the military that was called that, but the landowners who carried out various assignments for the king. In the 12th century, sergeants in England were also called officers who performed police functions.
As a military rank "sergeant" appeared only in the 15th century, in the French army. After that, it passed to the German and English armies, and in the 17th century - to the Russian. The rank was in use from 1716 to 1798, when Paul the First replaced the ranks of sergeant and senior sergeant with non-commissioned officer and sergeant major, respectively.
The rank of "sergeant" appeared in the Red Army on November 2, 1940. The peculiarity of the Soviet non-commissioned officers was that not regular military personnel, but conscripts became sergeants, which, according to the plan of the Soviet military leadership, increases the mobilization qualities of the army. This approach paid off - in December 1979, a large grouping of troops was formed in 2 weeks to enter Afghanistan (50 thousand soldiers, sergeants and officers).
An absolutely excellent NCO system in the US Army. As of 2010, sergeants there make up about 40% of the total strength of the Armed Forces. Of the more than 1,371,000 US military personnel, 547,000 are American sergeants. Of these: 241,500 are sergeants, 168,000 are staff sergeants, 100,000 are sergeants of the 1st class, 26,900 are master sergeants, 10,600 are sergeant majors.
Sergeant in the US Army is the first after God for soldiers and second lieutenants. The sergeants train them and take patronage over them.
Lieutenant
The word "lieutenant" comes from the French lieutenant which translates as "deputy". At the beginning of the 15th century in France, this was the name of the commanding officers who held the posts of deputy chiefs of detachments, after - deputy company commanders, in the navy they called the deputy captains of ships. From the second half of the 17th century, "lieutenant" became a military rank.
In Spain of the 15th-16th centuries, the same position was called "lugar teniente" or simply "teniente".
In Russia, from 1701 to 1917, the rank of lieutenant was only in the imperial fleet. In the USSR, the rank of lieutenant was introduced on September 22, 1935 as the primary officer rank, received upon graduation from a military school or upon graduation from a military department in civilian universities. Junior lieutenants are awarded the rank of lieutenant upon the expiration of the established period of service with a positive attestation.
Captain
"Captain" and "kaput" are cognate words. In Latin, caput is a head. Captain translates as "warlord".
For the first time, the title "captain" began to be used again in France; in the Middle Ages, the so-called chiefs of military districts. From 1558, company commanders began to be called captains, and the chiefs of military districts were called captain-generals.
In Russia, the rank of captain appeared in the 16th century. That is how the company commanders began to be called. In the cavalry and dragoon regiments and the corps of gendarmes since 1882, the captain was called a captain, and in the Cossack regiments - esaul.
Until 1917, the rank of army captain of the infantry was equal to that of a modern army major, the rank of captain of the guard was equal to that of an army lieutenant colonel.
In the Red Army, the rank of captain was introduced on September 22, 1935. at the same time, the ranks of captain of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks and lieutenant captain (the latter corresponds to the rank of captain) were introduced for the naval personnel.
In artillery, the rank of captain corresponds to the position of battery commander (battalion commander).
Major
Major is translated as "senior". Che Guevara is also a major, since in Spanish-speaking countries the rank of commandant is equal to a major.
The title appeared in the 17th century. This was the name of the regiment commander's assistants responsible for food and guard. When the regiments were divided into battalions, the majors became battalion commanders.
In the Russian army, the rank of major was introduced by Peter I in 1698. By analogy with the major generals of that time, the majors received not one star, as now, but two. The difference between the ranks was in the fringe on the epaulettes. For major generals, it was general, twisted, for majors, it was staff officer, made of thin threads.
But besides the marshals and generals, there are also generalissimos. For the first time in Russian history, the title "Generalissimo" was granted on June 28, 1696 by Peter I to the voivode A.S. Shein for successful actions near Azov (we are not talking about "funny generalissimos.) Officially, the military rank of generalissimo was introduced in Russia by the Military Regulations of 1716.
Generalissimo in Russian history were: Prince Alexander Menshikov (1727), Prince Anton Ulrich of Braunschweig (1740), Alexander Suvorov (1799).
After the Great Patriotic War, on June 26, 1945, the highest military rank "Generalissimo of the Soviet Union" was introduced by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The next day, Joseph Stalin received this title. According to Rokossovsky's recollections, he personally persuaded Stalin to accept the rank, saying that "there are many marshals, but only one generalissimo."
He plans to restore the institute of warrant officers and warrant officers in the Russian army, but their number will be three times less than before the radical reform of the ex-defense minister Anatoly.
"According to Deputy Defense Minister Nikolai Pankov, today we are talking about the return of about 55 thousand posts of warrant officers and warrant officers, although it should be noted that before 2009 we had 142 thousand," - he quotes the deputy, who refers to Deputy Defense Minister Nikolai Pankov ...
The elimination of the institute of warrant officers and warrant officers in the Russian army began in 2009, along with a general reduction in the armed forces. According to the plans of the then military leadership, ensigns in the army were to be replaced by professional contract sergeants, but this idea remained unrealized.
“The institute of warrant officers has been liquidated in the army. We had 142 thousand warrant officers. As of December 1, 2009 not a single one was left. Approximately 20 thousand warrant officers who stood on command positions, were appointed, the rest were fired or transferred to the positions of sergeants, ”the then chief reported.
Deputy Zhuravlev assumes that funds for the restoration of warrant officers and warrant officers in the army will be allocated from the budget through the training program for sergeants.
“It would take a lot of time to develop a new federal target program, so funds will most likely be allocated from federal budgetand we will support this if the Minister of Defense makes such a request, ”the deputy noted.
The institute of warrant officers and warrant officers of the modern type appeared in 1972. The ranks were awarded after graduating from the schools of warrant officers and warrant officers, but they could also be obtained by servicemen with higher education... Most of the warrant officers were engaged in the maintenance and operation of military equipment, which the soldiers could not master during the period of military service, as well as in the logistics system. Warrant officers often held positions corresponding to junior officers
The return of the institute of warrant officers and warrant officers was expected, says Anatoly, head of the Center for Military Forecasting.
“If the former minister and the chief of the General Staff eliminated warrant officers in the army, then warrant officers remained in the Internal Troops, and in the Ministry of Emergency Situations,” the expert says and focuses on the one that was previously headed by the current defense minister.
Tsyganok explains that in practice, the planned optimization of command and control of troops turned into complications. “When the regiments turned into brigades, we were told that this was necessary for better management. What happened: in motorized rifle regiment there were 200 officers and 200 warrant officers, in the tank 200 officers and 100 warrant officers. The ensigns were reduced, and 1,800 men were added to the regiment, now there are not enough officers, ”says Tsyganok.
According to him, many of the warrant officers dismissed from the army went to serve in Internal troops and now they can return to their units. “They were originally appointed to the positions of maintenance of equipment, now they can return to the same positions - first of all, deputy chiefs of technology (deputy for technology. -“ Gazeta.Ru ”). They are needed in the submarine fleet, in long-range aviation, Space Forces, ”the expert sums up.
At the same time, Tsyganok draws attention to the fact that the creation of the institute of professional sergeants failed. “Out of 80% of those who signed the contract refuse to conclude it for the next term,” said the head of the Center for Military Forecasting.
The return to the army of the institute of warrant officers and warrant officers will be next step Shoigu on revision military reform Serdyukov. Earlier, the new minister ordered to restore the system of military education, then it became known about the increase in the composition of the main commands by two or three times Ground forces, Air Force and Navy.