Cossacks were part of the so-called service people. By the beginning of the XVIII century. their number in Siberia was more than 5.5 thousand people, including in Tobolsk - 1.7 thousand people, in Yeniseisk - 280 people, in Mangazeya (Turukhansk) - 142 people, in Krasnoyarsk - 617 people, in Irkutsk - 950 people, in Yakutsk - 880 people.
By the nature of their service, the Cossacks were divided into two categories: police (regimental) and stanitsa. The first were the Cossacks who had not yet acquired a solid economy or who were serving their service far from their permanent place of residence. The Stanitsa Cossacks were supposed to serve in their places of residence, including at border posts and outposts. The Cossacks were enrolled in the service from the age of 16 and carried it "until that time, as long as they could continue it."
The range of official duties of the Cossacks was not regulated. In the XVII century. purely military functions prevailed - the capture of new Siberian "land", bringing local tribes into Russian citizenship and collecting yasak from them. The Cossacks also carried out garrison service, escorted the exiles, escorted state goods, performed police functions, guarded state institutions and warehouses, distilleries and gold mines, and ensured the work of customs.
In the XVIII century. the number of Cossacks is decreasing. According to the staffing table adopted in 1725 in the northern regions of Siberia, it was supposed to have 4430 Cossacks, of which in Tobolsk - 1000 people, in Yeniseisk - 300 people, in Krasnoyarsk - 700 people, in Irkutsk with four prison - 630 people, in Yakutsk - 1000 person. At the beginning of the XIX century. city \u200b\u200bCossacks remained divided into teams assigned to certain cities, including Yeniseisk (110-120 people), Krasnoyarsk (530-540 people), Turukhansk (70-80 people).
In 1772, in the south of Transbaikalia, on the Chinese border, the frontier Cossack army (the future Transbaikal) was formed, and in 1808 in the south of Western Siberia - the Siberian linear Cossack army. Border service until the middle of the 19th century. were also carried by the Krasnoyarsk Cossacks and partly by the Irkutsk.
According to the "Charter of Siberian City Cossacks" of 1822, Cossack teams were abolished, and city Cossacks were reduced to regiments. In total, seven city Cossack regiments of five hundred strength were created in Siberia, including the Yenisei, to which the Abakan and Minusinsk villages were assigned. Two hundred of the regiment were deployed in Krasnoyarsk, one each in Turukhansk, Yeniseisk and Minusinsk.
The charter of 1822 also introduced uniformity of uniforms, weapons, and drill. All city Cossack regiments were assigned to the category of provincial and district police. In 1837, there were 1,063 men in the Yenisei Cossack regiment.
In 1851, the Yenisei Cossack regiment was reformed again, it included the stanitsa Cossacks of the province, as a result of which the number of the regiment reached 4391 people. The reorganization did not end there, after 20 years the Yenisei Cossack regiment was abolished, leaving one hundred horse in active service. In wartime, a three-hundredth division should be deployed on its basis, which happened in the Russo-Japanese and First World Wars.
In 1915, a consolidated Yenisei Cossack regiment was formed and sent to the Turkish front. In addition, the Cossack population of the Yenisei province formed three Cossack squads and sent several marching Cossack teams to the front. In total, during the years of the First World War, according to various testimonies, the Yenisei Cossacks deployed three Cossack regiments and two batteries.
By 1917, according to the All-Russian Agricultural Census, the Yenisei Cossacks numbered more than 14 thousand people of both sexes.
February 1917 intensified public sentiment in the Cossack environment. On May 25 (June 8, old style), 1917, the 1st Congress of the Yenisei Cossacks was held in Krasnoyarsk, which proclaimed the formation of the Yenisei Cossack Host (EKV). However, in the winter of 1918, most of the Cossacks disarmed at the request of the Red Guards, and the leaders of the EKV were forced to hide.
The restoration of the military structure of the Yenisei Cossack army took place in the winter of 1919 already under the Kolchak regime. Together with the White Guard troops, two EKV regiments retreated to the east and subsequently found themselves in exile in Manchuria.
The Soviet government liquidated the Cossacks as a special military-service class. The Yenisei and Irkutsk Cossack troops, as well as the Yakut Cossack regiment, were abolished. The small Cossacks who remained in Siberia subsequently completely disappeared among the local population.
The film "Why does Russia need Cossacks" from the program cycle "Paradise not lost", 2011 Authors: Sergey Gerasimov, Andrey Magomedov, Nikolay Beketov. Video provided by State TV and Radio Company "Krasnoyarsk"
SIBERIAN MILITARY DISTRICT
V.P. Milyukhin
Yenisei Cossack Troops
HISTORICAL REFERENCE
Novosibirsk city
Dear Reader!
This historical reference is the result of processing a great deal of historical material. When compiling it, materials from the archives of Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Moscow and St. Petersburg were worked out.
Some of the data specified in the certificate require clarification and revision. It includes data from published publications and individual authors.
I would be very grateful if the reader would send me his comments or available materials on this topic, which will be taken into account when preparing the second edition.
The author is sincerely grateful to the Chief of Staff of the Siberian Military District, Lieutenant General Vitaly Aleksandrovich Kithatov, and the head of the department, Major General Vladimir Yuryevich Pushkarev, for their support and assistance.
Colonel V. P. MILYUKHIN
Anthem of the YENISEI COSSACKS
Russia became stronger Siberia,
She gave us an order to live here.
From the Yenisei sounded
Our friendly "hurray!"
The oath of grandfathers is our strength:
"We are loyal to the Fatherland!"
From birth to grave
we are the sons of the Cossacks!
Their covenant is our main motto,
More life is dear to us.
Glory to the Orthodox people
- To the Yenisei Cossacks! *
"... The history of ancestors is always interesting for those who deserve to have a Fatherland ...".
N. M. KARAMZIN
Within the borders of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khakassia and Tuva, the former Yenisei province, the Yenisei Cossacks live among the urban and rural population - the descendants of the first conquerors of Siberia, as well as the Cossacks of other Cossack troops exiled during the years of repression.
In 1601, the first party of Cossacks from Mangazeya went down the river. Turukhan, and at its confluence with the Yenisei, the Turukhan winter hut was founded.
In 1617 they built the Makovsky prison. In 1618, the Yenisei prison was built by the boyar son Peter ALBICHEV and the centurion Cherkas RUKIN, which soon became the main center of this region and the starting point for further movement to the south and east.
Cossack parties, relying on these fortified points, boldly begin to conduct reconnaissance along the tributaries of the Yenisei, make their way to the Lena, Angara and Lake Baikal.
In 1619, the Cherkasy farm was founded, in 1620 - the village of Malo-Belaya.
In 1621, the Yenisei Cossack head Lavrov founded on the river. Chulym Meletsky prison, and the nobleman TULACHEVSKY - Achinsky. In the same year, the Cossacks founded the settlement of Abalakovskoye.
In 1627, the Cossack Ataman Maxim PERFILYEV with 40 Cossacks explores the upper course of the river. Angara, foreman Vasily BUGOR with 10 Cossacks sent for reconnaissance of the river. Lena, rumors of which have appeared since 1620.
Taking care of the best provision of foreigners, Moscow government, sends again the voivode Yakov Khripunov to Yeniseisk, giving him the nobleman Andrei DUBENKY. KHRIPUNOV sent DUBENSKY with the Cossacks up the Yenisei to select a place where the city could be founded. Meeting near the mouth of the river. Kachi with the Tatars-Arintsy and Kachins, drove them away (the Tatars went up the Yenisei in the Abakan steppe) and at the mouth of the Kachi laid the Krasnoyarsk fort, which in 1628 was renamed into Krasnoyarsk, as a strong point among the uluses, strong Arintsy and Kachiptsy, with with which the Yenisei Cossacks entered into a stubborn struggle.
In the same 1628, the Krasnoyarsk Ataman Ermak Yevstafiev founded the Kansk prison, and the centurion Peter BEKETOV with 30 Cossacks reached the confluence of the river. Oki to the Angara.
In 1629, the city of Tomsk was ordered to "sit at its own table", to which Yeniseisk and Krasnoyarsk were assigned, their direct descent from Tobolsk thus ceased.
From that time on, the Yenisei Cossacks began to show their activities up the valley of the Yenisei city, which had a denser population, which consisted of Kirghiz.
In the same 1619, the Yenisei voivode Yakov KHRIPUNOV, centurion Peter BEKETOV with the Cossacks on 20 ships arrived at the mouth of the river. Ilim, from where he sent the ZO Cossacks to the Lena River, and he himself went by dry route up the Angara to the mouth of the Oka River, where he withstood the attack of superior Buryat forces. Before KHRIPUNOV there was a task: to go beyond Lake Baikal to the Mongols and find out where they are mining silver. This expedition was not successful due to the attack of the Buryats. He was forced to return to the ships, wanted to stay for the winter, but soon fell ill and died.
In 1630, ataman Ivan GALKIN from Yeniseisk with 30 Cossacks was sent to the river. Lena instructed to build a prison there for the convenience of collecting yasak from the Lena Tungus. Galkin in 1630 built a winter hut on the river. Ilim and the place where they go to land, for the passage by dragging to the river "Kuta", renamed in 1631 into Ilimsky prison, and sent foreman Ilya ERMOLIN with 10 Cossacks for reconnaissance to Lena, who collected some information from the Tungus about the Yakuts. In the same year, the GALKINS laid the foundation for Kirensk.
In 1631, ataman Ivan GALKIN marched as far as Lena and the Ust-Kutsk prison, and ataman Maksim PERFILYEV - Bratsk prison. The Bratsk prison became the threshold for the development of Transbaikalia by the Russians. The first in time among those built on the Buryat lands, it was of enormous importance for the Russians, and the sense of a guard post covering the path from the Yenisei to the Lena, as a strong point for collecting yasak from the Buryats, as well as an advanced reconnaissance point about the lands lying beyond Lake Baikal.
In 1631 ataman Ivan GALKIN on Lena was replaced by centurion Petor BEKETOV. He completed the construction of the Ust-Kutsk fort and went with the Yenisei Cossacks up the Lena to collect information about the Buryats. His attempt failed, he withstood the fight with superior forces drilled and barely escaped. Going down the Lena River to the Tutura River, he founded the Tutur prison, both for yasak from the Tungus and to protect them from attacks by the Buryats.
Having overwintered in Ust-Kut and prepared for a further campaign, Beketov went down the Lena in the spring of 1632 and in the same year settled in the Yakutsk prison, which soon became of paramount importance in the entire north-east of Siberia.
Squeezed from all sides by the Yenisei and Mangazei Cossacks for the right to collect yasak in favor of everyone, the Yakuts rebelled. Having gathered to a significant number, they decided to destroy the Yakutsk prison.
The Yenisei ataman GALKIN, who ruled the Yakutsk prison at that time, came out with a rather large armed "force of Cossacks and servicemen to meet the rebels. He gave them a battle, which had a very sad" outcome for the Cossacks. They lost all their horses, most of the Cossacks were killed, and Galkin himself was wounded four times. The detachment retreated to the prison. The Yakuts surrounded him and held him under siege from January 9 to February 1634. Ostrog did not really tolerate the Yakuts. The lucky star again lit up the Cossacks and they, recovering, forced the Yakuts to lift the siege, so defeated them that they began to move in whole crowds to the river. Vilyui.
The meeting on the Lena of the Mangazey and Yenisei Cossacks led them to a hostile clash. Maybe the Mangazeans discovered the river earlier. Lena, but they did not settle on it as firmly as the Yenisei people, who founded a kind of stages in the form of prison and winter quarters, therefore the Yenisei Cossacks formed the future of the Yakut Cossacks.
For six years Yakutsk was under the jurisdiction of the Yenisei voivode, and only in 1638 an independent voivodeship was established there. This year can be taken as the beginning of the existence of the Yakut Cossacks, walking in historical documents the name of the Yakut Cossacks begins to be found since 1635, along with the Yenisei. Yakutsk became a stronghold of all Russians on the river. Lena and the population quickly flocked to him. The next year after its foundation, there were already up to 200 Cossacks, industrial and commercial people. In the same year, 1632, in the year of the founding of Yakutsk, the Yenisei Cossacks founded the Zhiganskoye winter hut.
In 1633, the enmity of the Yenisei Cossacks who founded Yakutsk and Mangazeisknh, who owned the mouth of the river, flared up especially strongly. Vilyuya.
Thus, the Yakut Cossacks descended from the Yenisei Cossacks, mainly, and partly from industrial people; subsequently replenished from a wide variety of sources, not excluding all sorts of exiles.
In 1634, the Yenisei Cossacks withstood many attacks on the Yakutsk prison.
In 1635, the Yenisei Cossacks built the Olekminsky prison.
In 1636, the Cossack foreman Elisey BUZA with 10 Cossacks was sent from Yeniseisk to study the rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean and tax the coastal residents with yasak. Having recruited 40 industrialists in the Olekminsky prison, BUZA set off and spent six whole years in his research, and more than once he undertook sailing in the Arctic Ocean in fragile ships of his own manufacture, and fulfilled his task with amazing conscientiousness.
In the same 1636, the Yenisei ataman Maxim PERFILYEV with 36 Cossacks and industrialists set out to explore the river. Vitim; and in the next year, 1637, he reached the Amur, about which he reported the first information,
In 1637 on the river. Lena, a party of 50 Tomsk Cossacks arrived under the command of Ataman Dmitry KOPYLOV, who set off this year to explore the Aldan River and in subsequent years became hostile to the Yenisei Cossacks.
By the way, we note that in view of the scarcity of people in the Siberian lands, the government took measures to strengthen the colonization of the country, and in the same 1637, 300 families were sent from Russia and, in addition, 150 girls to marry the Cossacks. In general, the women's question was very acute. The wives of the Cossacks were "girls" from Russia, as well as women from the local population.
In 1638 the Cossack Ivan POSTNIKOV opened the mouth of the river. Indigirka and laid a winter hut there, and the next year the mouth of the river was opened. Alazen. By the same time, yasak winter huts were laid on Ust-Aldan, Ust-May, Ust-Amga.
In the same 1638, the centurion IVANOV, with a party of the Yenisei Cossacks, went by dry route to the upper reaches of the Yala, Kolyma and Indigirka rivers. By the latter, around the same time, the Cossack foreman Elisey BUZA also entered from the sea.
IVANOV is the first to discover the Chukchi and Koryak tribe.
In 1639, 20 Tomsk and 11 Krasnoyarsk Cossacks were sent by KOPYLOV under the command of Ivan MOSKVITIN along the Maya River. After a 78-day voyage, the Cossacks crossed the ridge and along the Ulya River came to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, where they laid a winter hut.
Thus, at the age of 57, counting from the appearance of Ermak in Siberia, the Cossacks uncontrollably moved to the east and reached the shores of the Great Ocean, the huge country was occupied with amazing speed.
Soon it became clear the need to separate the Yakutsk prison from the jurisdiction of the Tomsk province and create the Yakutsk special independent voivodeship, to which the governors Peter GOLOVIN and Matvey GLEBOV, who arrived in Yakutsk in 1641, were expelled from Moscow in 1638.
To consolidate the importance of the Bratsk fort among the Osa and Angara Buryats, the Yenisei governors began to think again about exploration beyond Baikal.
In these types in 1638 from Yeniseisk, ataman Maxim PERFILYEV was sent across Vitim for new intelligence about the Daurian country and the search for the river. Amur.
Having overwintered in the Olekminsky prison, in 1639, with 36 Cossacks, he climbed up the Vitim to the mouth of the river. Kutamaly, where he spent the winter.
In 1640 PERFILIEV began to climb again up the river. Vitimu to the Tsina River, returned back, having received 20 forty sables from the passing Tungus as yasak. This journey is interesting in that it brought the first official news, more detailed, about the Dauras and the Amur River.
More than one discovery of new lands was the task of the Cossacks: at the request of the government, in the same 1640, drawings and routes of the localities were drawn up “from the Yenisei prison up to the Lena port and from the Kuta river and up the Lena river and to the top and along the side rivers, which fell into Lena. "
In 1641, Pentecostal Vasily VITYALEV from Ilimsk was sent with 10 Yenisei Cossacks to the upper Lena for reconnaissance; after his return, a detachment of 100 Yenisei and Krasnoyarsk Cossacks with boyar son Vasily VLASV was sent there on skis in severe frosts; at the same time, fifty Martyn VASILIEV was sent with 50 Cossacks to build the Verkholensk prison, which was laid at the mouth of the Kulenga River.
1643 Yenisei centurion Kurbat IVANOV with the Cossacks appeared on the western shore of Lake Baikal and the island
In 1644, ataman Vasily KOLESNIKOV was sent from Yeniseisk with a command of 100 Cossacks for Lake Baikal with the order "to visit about silver and silver ore wherever there is." In the spring of 1645, he moved to Baikal, intending to go to its southern side, but could not do this because of the uprising of the Angara and Verkholensk Buryats. He went along the northern shore of the lake. Baikal and reached the Kutushnaya river, overwintered on it. Then in 1647 he again wintered on the Upper Angara, where he laid the Angarsk prison and from there returned 40 Cossacks to Yeniseisk due to a lack of supplies.
Having found out that the Mongols have neither silver nor gold, they themselves buy it from the Chinese, KOLESNIKOV himself went to Yeniseisk to report with evidence of his trip.
Meanwhile, the Yenisei voivods, not receiving information from the Kolesnikov expedition for a long time, in 1646 equipped an expedition for Lake Baikal of 84 Cossacks under the command of the boyar son Ivan Pokhabov, appointed to replace Kolesnikov.
In 1647 Pokhabov crossed to the southern shore of Lake Baikal and immediately attacked a small detachment of Mongols they met. However, it soon became clear that these Mongols were subjects of the Mongolian prince Turukai, who provided assistance and attention to the Kolesnikov expedition. Having handed over the prisoners to Prince Turukai, Pokhabov learned that silver and gold were being bought from Khan Tsizyan, a subject of the ruler of the Chinese state, Bogdykhan. Thus, Pokhabov visited Urga. Not having received from Tsizan an escort to Bogdykhan, he had to return to Yeniseisk to go to Moscow. where he persuaded Prince Tsizan to send ambassadors.
In 1648, the boyar son Ivan GALKIN with 60 Cossacks was appointed to replace POKHLBOV from Yeniseisk with a mandate to impose yasak on new peoples, a place near the lake. To describe Baikal exactly, but what was most important was “to look for gold and silver veins”. GALKIN reached the mouth of the Barguzin River, built a prison, transferred the entire garrison from the Angarsk prison, and appointed a new one of 50 Cossacks there. From Barguzin GALKIN imposed a tribute to the Tungus near the lake. Eravny sent a small party of Cossacks to the Shilka River for the same purpose. In 1649 he founded the Verkhneudinsky prison by the Cossacks.
In 1650, ataman Vasily KOLESNIKOV arrived to replace Galkin in Barguzin, who for two years of his stay took care of maintaining the established order and collected information about the region. Under him, in 1650, the ambassadors of Khan Tsizan returned from Moscow, with whom was the tsar's ambassador, boyar son ZABOLOTSKY, with 7 Cossacks. At the site of the Posolsky Monastery, ZABOLOTSKY with his family and all the Cossacks was killed by the Buryats.
In 1651 ataman Maxim PERFILIEV s. Cossacks went up the Angara for the resettled Buryats.
In 1652, the ataman KOLESNIKOV was replaced by the boyar son Ivan Pokhabov, who, passing through Lake Baikal, for the convenience of collecting Isak, built a winter hut at the confluence of the Irkut River into the Angara, which, 10 years later, by the same Pokhabov, was moved to the right bank of the Angara, to the mouth of the Ushakovka River, and renamed to the Irkutsk prison.
Following the example of Pokhabov, the boyar son Dmitry FIRSOV in 1653 founded the Balagansky prison.
In 1653 the centurion Peter Beketov investigated the paths to Lake Irgen along the rivers Khilok, Selenga, Ingoda and Nerche, and in 1954 he was ordered to build the Nerchinsk prison, which he did.
By this time, many ostrozhki by the Yenisei Cossacks had already been built beyond Lake Baikal, and the Siberian order recognized it necessary to establish the Amur Voivodeship, where the Yenisei voivode Afanasy PASHKOV was appointed the first voivode. Thus, in 1656, Transbaikalia was dominated by the Yenisei Cossacks (all of them were no more than 600 people), who had a communication line of the river. R. Selenga h Angara, and Amur was under the jurisdiction of the Yakut voivode. As on r. Lena, the Yenisei Cossacks were at enmity with the Mangazei, and on the Amur they were unfriendly to the Yakut, who paid them with the same coin. The Chinese took advantage of the enmity of the Cossacks, attacked the prison and cut the mouth of the Cossacks. With the establishment of the Amur Voivodeship in 1658, the advancement of the Yenisei Cossacks in the eastern direction, in general, ends and is transferred to the development of territories up the Yenisei River, its tributaries and plains north of the Sayan Mountains. The listed data clearly indicate that the Yenisei Cossacks captured a huge area between rivers Yenisei, Lena and Shilka and tried to keep it under the hand of the Moscow tsars; having seniority since the founding of the Yenisei prison, that is, since 1618.
Comparing this date with the time of the emergence of other Cossack troops in Siberia, we will see that the beginning of the Yakut Cossacks must be recognized as 1638 - the year of the separation of Yakutsk into a separate province; for the beginning of the Irkutsk Cossacks - 1698, as indicated in the report of the Senate, approved on October 28, 1796, it becomes known about the establishment in Irkutsk in 1698 of an "irregular army" from people who paid state duties. The very first settlement of the Cossacks on the Irtysh, on the territory of the Siberian Cossack army, dates back to 1700, with which it is believed to be considered the seniority of this army. Thus, it is established that the oldest Cossacks existing in Siberia should be recognized as the Yenisei Cossacks from 1618. After the Yeniseyskys, the Yakutskys should be placed with seniority in 1638, then Irkutskys from 1698. The Irkutsk Cossacks are followed in seniority by the Siberian Cossacks.
In February 1692, a detachment of Cossacks and servicemen of Colonel Much SINK, brother of the hetman of Ukraine (both were exiled to Siberia for treason), as a result of a long battle defeated the aggressive Tuba principality, on the Tuba river with the center near the village Tes, Minusinsk district. The principality ceased to exist.
In 1701, a detachment of 1243 Cossacks, including 728 people from Yeniseisk and Krasnoyarsk with cannons and 515 from Tomsk and Kuznetsk, took part in a campaign to the Sayan Mountains to counter the withdrawal of the indigenous population of the Khakas (Kyrgyz) to Dzungaria and Mongolia. In addition, another 200 people provide the trip: translators, trackers, scouts and other support groups.
The opposition of the non-peaceful Kyrgyz princes was broken in 1704-1705 by the campaigns of the Tomsk, Kuznetsk and Krasnoyarsk Cossacks. At this time, the pro-Russian sympathies of the local population intensified, they pinned their hopes only on Russia in order to live in their homeland, and not be taken away, and engage in peaceful labor. They appealed to the Russian authorities with a request to build a prison on their land, "so that they can live safely under the great sovereign" (Kopkoev K-G. Accession of Khakassia to Russia).
The central government, aware of the events in the upper reaches of the Yenisei and the Sayan, demands that the Krasnoyarsk voivode fulfill the decree of 1697 on the establishment of a prison on the river. Abakan. After the personal decrees of July 6, December 22, 1706 and February 27, 1707 in Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, as well as in Yeniseisk and Kuznetsk, preparations began for the construction of a prison. The decrees instructed the governors to allocate 1000 Cossacks and servicemen with "fiery, regimental and iron supplies for the city structure" (400 from Tomsk, 300 from Krasnoyarsk, 200 from Yeniseisk, 108 from Kuznetsk), according to the decree of the Siberian order of March 22 1707, the "grain" stock should have been taken in Yeniseisk. Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk were designated collection points. The Tomsk and Kuznetsk, led by the ataman Ilya TSITSURIN, went "dry way" through the steppes. Yenisei and Krasnoyarsk split at the bottom of the group. The bulk of the Cossacks and servicemen, led by the Yenisei boyar son Vasily CHEMESOV, sailed up the Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk by 80 ships, and the Yenisei by 50. A small equestrian detachment, led by the boyar son Kokon SAMSONOV, set off along the right bank of the Yenisei on July 9, spruce forest, ridges, stones and steppe "by the shortest way to the place of meeting with TSITSURIN" at the stone Batenev bull or Jiri ", where, after consulting, they laid a prison" 20 versts from the mouth of Abakan. ... ... lower than the Turanu stone on the right side, near the forests and the village are suitable, and near that place there are few hobodny places. "
In total, 946 people took part in the construction of the prison. TsITSURIN, in his report to the Siberian order, describes in detail the prison “And that prison is 50 fathoms long, 33 fathoms wide, 2 fathoms high. There are 4 towers in the corners. The fifth tower, passing large into the steppe with upper and lower battles, and a folding gate to the Yenisei River. ... ... ". The model of the Abakan stockade is in the Minusinsk Museum named after Martyanov.
Simultaneously with the construction of the fort TSITSURIN and SAMSONOV, taking care of "bringing under the sovereign's high hand the non-peaceful lands." With the founding of the Abakan prison (the village of Krasnoturanskoe now in the flooded zone of the Krasnoyarsk reservoir), the Yenisei Kirghiz remaining after the hijacking from the Uluses of the Tubinskaya zemlitsa, which were closest to the fortification, were brought into Russian citizenship. Judging by the significant scale of the expedition, the precautions taken during the campaign and during the construction of the fort in the upper reaches of the Yenisei, most of the Yenisei Kirghiz, as the government believed, managed to avoid being deported to Dzungaria.
With the construction of the Abakan prison, the local and central authorities did not consider the region to be completely annexed, and therefore there "... to live up to the decree" was appointed a significant Cossack garrison of 375 people at that time. All "eager Cossack children and retired servicemen" with their families were allowed to move to the prison.
In 1715-1718, the government of Peter I was taking measures to prevent the withdrawal of the yasak people from the Sayan Mountains and the territorial claims of the Manzhur and Dzungar princes.
In 1716, the boyar children Nikita Bogdanov and Fyodor KOCHETOV built and settled a prison near the lake. Kosogol.
In 1717, the garrison of Kansk increased due to the resettlement of 20 families of the White Local Cossacks.
On June 6, 1717, the Siberian governor, Prince MP GAGARIN, ordered the Krasnoyarsk commandant ZUBOV to build two forts “above the Abakan fort near the Sayan stone and beyond the Sayan stone”. It was indicated that "Abakansk should be multiplied by people" by transferring 50 Yenisei Cossacks, giving them 2 rubles 10 altyns from the provincial office "for the purchase of boats on vacation under the Sayan stone".
Preparation for the construction of the fort near Sayan was entrusted to the son of the boyar Andrey EREMEEV, the clerk of the Abakan prison. In the early spring of 1718, a Krasnoyarsk nobleman Ilya NASHIVONKOV With 300 Cossacks set up the Sayan prison on the right bank of the Yenisei, 120 versts from Abakan, at the foot of the Sayan mountains, several versts north of the "Place designated in 1716-17) for these purposes."
The description of the prison says that it is “one structure, around the prison it is cut into a paw. At the corners there are 4 towers, the fifth tower, passing through - to the pine forest, and to the Yenisei river - a gateway, and around one fort a ditch was dug and behind the ditch there were nadolby. And in that place there are two huts (the sovereign's court), and 4 huts for towers, 2 barns, and a barn on the banks of the Yenisei. " Ostrog occupied an area of \u200b\u200b50 sq. fathoms, on 4 corner towers were installed cannons, one copper, two two-pound, two one-pound. The garrison consisted of 100 Cossacks, who were ordered to send out guards in the southern direction.
The Russian government planned to build a prison at the mouth of the river. Khemchik, presumably for establishing strong trade ties with Mongolia and China, such as, for example, the Kyakhta outpost. But the Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Sayan and Yenisei Cossacks, fearing a burdensome service beyond the Sayan Mountains, stubbornly resisted against the building of the prison. The information received by the government about the impassability of "large ships and light boats" of the great Sayan threshold and the resistance of the Cossacks forced the government to abandon these plans.
After the signing of the Burinsky (Kyakhtinsky) treaty in 1727, the Tashtypsky, Arbatsky and Shadatsky (Karatuz) guards were founded and settled by Cossacks.
The Senate has repeatedly issued decrees on the need to build new fortresses in Southern Siberia. In addition to the construction of the Sayan prison, it was planned to build fortifications along the line: the Sayansk prison, on the river. Uty, r Beya, r. Tabat, r. Soe, at the mouth of the river. Monok and prison on the river. Tashgyp. The garrisons of each fortification were to consist of "20 regular and 40 irregular service people (Cossacks)." Wintering guards were set up east of the Yenisei river on the Shadat, Kebezh, and Naryssy rivers. In connection with the aggravated relations with Manzhuria in the second half of the 18th century and the raids on the yasak that began, the Sayan fort, which occupied a central place in the system of border protection, and fortifications along the Sayan fort - Tashtyp, were rebuilt. They were also fortified and consisted of one or two barracks, surrounded by a log patch with a watchtower over the gate, a moat and a rampart around, along which slingshots went in one or two rows.
Cossacks of Tashtypsky, Monsky, Blagodatny *, (on the river Soe, village Bondarevo) Beisky, Abakansky, Tabatsky
* The fertile guard (now the village of Bondarevo) was founded in 1734 by the Cossack foreman Timofey ANIKIN with the Cossacks KOPYLOV, KONCHAKOV, MEAT, CHESS, KARPOV, FEDYANOVS, YUKHAROTS, YUKARATS
In 1830, peasants set free by Count KUSHELEV-BEZBORODKO settled there: SHISHLYANNIKOVS, BORISOVS, GRIGORIEVS, BOGDANOVS, SAPUNKOVS, PETROVS - only 84 people, they call this place der. Promised. The Yenisei governor, having learned that they profess the Molokan and Subbotnik faith, ordered in 1851 to call it Judah. Since 1958 the village has been called Bondarevo.
guards sent out patrols "to inspect the redoubts on the Shaban-Dobaga mountains and at the mouth of the Khemchik." The Cossacks of the Sayan fort of the Shadat (Karatuz) guard, part of the Abakan fort, sent summer guards along the Kebezh, Amyl rivers to the upper reaches of the river. Oya, on the Sabine ridge, as well as at the border signs "where the river Us was crossed", at Khoin-Dabag.
In total, 36 Cossacks served on this line on the Abakan Cardon, 35 in the Kebezhek Guard, 30 in Shadatsky, 30 in Tashtypsky, 36 in Monskoy, Blagodatny, Tabatsky, Vienna - 36, in the Abakan prison with artillery - 14,
Solenoozernoe and Kamchatsky - 46.: "
The Cossacks, who considered such a service burdensome, turned to the authorities for permission to move to places close to the guards or right at the place of the guards, where there were convenient lands. This permission was followed and the villages and villages of the same name were formed. Later, the provincial and central authorities began to transfer to the settlement in these places the families of commoners, retired and catch-up Cossacks, who were obliged to bear for bread and money allowance and the use of land border guard... At the same time, about a hundred families of Don Cossacks (Bulavins) exiled to Siberia and living in areas near Omsk and Petropavlovsk were resettled to these places. By the decree of April 23, 1733, it was supposed to endow all the Cossacks with lands of six dessiatines in order to stop paying their salary; where there is no arable land - to grant the right to free trade.
By a decree on August 28, 1761, the issuance of provisions instead of 28 poods was compared with a soldier's ration; flour 3/4 pood, cereals 1 pood 20 pounds per year. By the decree of October 28, 1796, the salary was determined for a horse Cossack 6 rubles 16 kopecks,
- 4 rubles 40 kopecks, for fodder - 90 kopecks per year.
By the time of this decree, the Cossacks had accumulated an arrears of 18,500 rubles. Catherine II added up this arrears, ordered to exclude it from the Cossack capitation salary on the condition that "for the future, they and their children belong to the sole military service."
What were the Cossacks in the 17th century, there are no sufficient sources. But it can be said with confidence that in general the Siberian Cossacks were true sufferers who declared themselves incredible feats; the grave hardships to which they were subjected and their small number in battles with the natives, made them necessary to resort to measures that were not always justified by morality.
When exactly the Yenisei and Irkutsk Cossacks began to form the Cossack regiments, it has not yet been possible to establish; but the most suitable for this time seems to be 1737 (the year of the introduction of the Cossack state) or 1764 (the year of the largest reorganization of the regiments and the formation of the Tunguska and Buryat regiments). One thing is certain, that from the very first years of the 19th century the Irkutsk regiment existed, as did the Yenisei regiment, but they were under the jurisdiction of the civilian authorities. In 1813, "regular discipline training" was introduced for the first time in the regiments, and battle horses were introduced.
According to the proposal of the Siberian governor M.I. SPERANSKY, all Siberia in 1822 was transformed on a new basis and administratively divided into two parts - Western and Eastern, under the main management of a special governor-general, the first in Tobolsk, and the second in Irkutsk. With the transformation of Siberia in the same year, 1822, on July 22, a special institution was issued for the administration of the Siberian provinces and under it various statutes and regulations, including those on Siberian city Cossacks. This charter, leaving the city Cossacks as before in the civilian department and entrusted them with police duties, gave them some privileges and advantages, such as: exemption from taxes and zemstvo fees, the issuance of provisions, a land allotment of 15 acres per capita, the use of local crafts, etc. But the delimitation of the lands of the Yenisei Cossacks did not receive due completion.
According to the charter of SPERANSKY, seven regiments were formed: Tobolsk (6 hundred), Siberian Tatar (originally formed around 1700 from Muslims), Tomsk, Yenisei, Irkutsk, Zabaikalsk and Yakutsk; the last six regiments of five hundred, each, all cavalry, with the exception of the Yakutsk.
By the nature of their service, the city Cossacks were divided into two categories: consisting of regiments (regimental) and stanitsa. The first were the Cossacks who had not yet acquired a solid economy or had to serve in places far from their permanent place of residence. Stanitsa Cossacks must serve in their places of residence, including at border posts and outposts.
The Yenisei city Cossack regiment was formed from the Cossacks of the Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, Abakan and Stanitsa Sayan. The Yenisei regiment, like others, was commanded by the regimental chieftain with the rank of IX class (according to the Table of Ranks), hundreds - by centurions in the XII class. At the headquarters of the regiment, there were 5 cornet in the XIV class: 18 ordinary and Pentecostals, 28 junior officers, 7 clerks, 7 artisans, and 500 Cossacks.
The Cossack received a salary of 6 rubles per year, the junior sergeant - 12 rubles. Pentecostal - 36 rubles, cornet - 240 rubles, centurion - 270 rubles, regimental commander - 400 rubles in banknotes. In addition, flour 1 pood 35 pounds, cereals 7.5 pounds per month.
They were enrolled in the service from the age of 16. About the term of service it was said "The officers and the Cossacks are in the service like other irregular troops until the time they continue to do so in the forces."
The duties of the city Cossacks were as follows:
- night police patrols in cities;
- catching runaways in cities and counties;
- convoy of government transports;
- pickets and patrols near plants and factories in order to prevent the exiles from escaping;
- escorting the exiles to the stage road;
- drawing up a guard convoy at the stages;
- execution of individual assignments for officials;
- protection of salt lakes;
- inducement to pay taxes, install arrears and fulfill obligations;
- maintaining law and order;
- execution of the posts of quarterly overseers;
- surveillance in state settlements;
- delivery, storage and sale of food items from the treasury in remote northern places;
- collection of taxes from foreigners;
- various assignments at state and private gold mines;
- various orders for state procurement by means of commissions;
- in border guards and traveling;
- on the guard at government property, where there are not enough military teams;
- execution of the post of postmen in case of their shortage in remote places;
- counters for the treasury.
Cossacks must have their own uniforms, equipment and horses. The horse was given fodder for 7 months. For mowing hay, meadows were allocated, and the Cossacks received 2 kopecks from the treasury, for a pood of hay and oats they were supposed to have 1 garnet per day.
Children of the Cossacks were specially prepared for the service. In Krasnoyarsk, a school was opened (the house of the merchant Ivan POPOV, who donated it in 1824) for Cossack children, which was soon transformed into a district Cossack school, giving secondary education, and in the villages - Cossack schools. The time of the annual conscription is set from 15 October to 15 November.
By the regulation of January 4, 1851, it was determined to reorganize the Yenisei five-hundredth city Cossack regiment into the Yenisei Horse Cossack regiment of six-hundred strength with headquarters in Krasnoyarsk and subordinate it to the military department. Hundreds of headquarters were located in the most populated Cossack villages, all the Cossack villages were divided into stanitsa districts.
Together with the Irkutsk Cossack Cavalry Regiment, they formed a brigade. They had brigade, regimental and village administrations, the brigade headquarters was located in the city of Irkutsk.
Yenisei Governor A.P. STEPANOV, as a purely military man, was actively involved in the Cossacks. According to him, hundreds were staffed with Cossacks:
1st hundred - Krasnoyarsk, Drokinskaya stanitsa, Tinginskiy and Esaulovskiy areas;
2nd hundred - Mininskaya, Bugachevskaya stanitsa and Tinsky area;
3rd hundred - Torgashinskaya, Bazayskaya stanitsa and the Innokentyevsky site under construction;
4th hundred - Beloyarskaya, Preobrazhenskaya, Kamchatskaya, Solyanoozerskaya, Yeniseiskaya and Turukhanskaya stanitsa;
5th hundred - Tashtypskaya, Sayanskaya stanitsa, Arbat outpost;
6th hundred - Karatuz, Suetuk stanitsa, Buzunovsky and Altai outposts.
In addition to the Cossacks living in these settlements, the Cossacks living in the villages of the Krasnoyarsk District were assigned to reinforce the regiment: - Torgashina, Changinova, Minderlinskaya, Korkina, Ladeiskaya, Bugachevskaya, Mininskaya, Areyskaya, Lukina's village and Krasnoyarsk itself;
Minusinsk circle: - Kurtanskaya, Belynskaya, Tesineka, Svetlobova, Inzhulskaya, Ust-Beiskaya, Blagodatny (Bondarevo), Buzuno-vskiy, Tabat.
In total, according to the position, the regiment should number 3391 Cossacks.
The regiment staff was as follows:
1. Regimental commander, lieutenant colonel, maybe a military sergeant major, salary by rank and mess halls 280 rubles. 20 kopecks;
2. The commander of the centenary, six, in the rank of a centurion, but there may be esauls;
3. Regimental adjutant, he is also treasurer and quartermaster with the rank of centurion;
4. Cornet - 12. Salary: centurion - 88 rubles 80 kopecks; cornet - 71 rubles. 55 kopecks in year;
5. Police officers:
- seniors - 24, salary - 10 rubles. 65 kopecks silver;
- junior - 24, salary - 4 rubles. 80 kopecks silver;
6. Ordering officers - 24, salary - 3 rubles. 45 kopecks. silver;
7. Cossacks - 750, salary - 3 rubles. 45 kopecks. silver;
8. Writers: regimental - 1, salary - 8 rubles. 40 kopecks. silver;
9. Centennial - 12, salary - 4 rubles. 80 kopecks silver;
10. Paramedics - 6, salary - 25 rubles. 35 kopecks silver.
According to the regulation, the duties of the service remained basically the same as in the regulation of January 4, 1822. The service was divided into external and internal. The general service life was set at 20 years: three years in the preparatory category, 12 years in the combatant and 5 years in the reserve, and the service in the combat category was organized as follows: 4 years in the ranks and 8 years on privilege. Those incapable of performing service paid a special tax to the treasury. By decision of the village government, as an exception, it was allowed to replace the called-up Cossack with another by mutual consent.
Uniforms, equipment and a horse must be their own, from the treasury was issued: weapons, flour, cereals, fodder.
The land allotment to the Cossack was determined at 30 dessiatines, for officers at 60 dessiatines.
In 1852, the number of the Yenisei Equestrian Cossack Regiment was 4391 people.
In 1855-50, during the Crimean War, detachments of troops, including Cossacks, were sent to occupy the mouth of the Amur. The Yenisei Cossacks took part in the hostilities in small numbers.
According to the regulation of May 19, 1871, the Yenisei Cossack cavalry regiment is disbanded, and the entire population of its constituent, with the exception of the sergeants and Cossacks enrolled in these regiments, according to the regulation of January 4, 1851, from the Cossacks of the former city regiment turns to the civil department.
The order of serving conscription Cossacks remaining in the military department is determined by a special provision on the Cossacks of the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces. And by 1874-76 only one hundred remained from the regiments in Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk.
The Krasnoyarsk Cossack hundred had a state number 98
Chief officers
commander of a hundred, esaul (maybe a military foreman), he is a clerk for a Cossack unit in the administration of a provincial military chief - 1; his assistant - 1
for managing Cossack teams in the established departments - 4
and so: 6
lower ranks
a) combatants
Uryadnikov - 8, 36 rubles a year;
trumpeter - 1, 36 rubles per year;
Cossacks - 80, 24 rubles a year; total: 89
b) not combatants
clerks: senior - 2, 25 rubles a year;
juniors - 2, 16 rubles per year;
total; 4
There are 93 lower ranks in total.
Released per year from the treasury:
1. Table money for the commander hundreds - 546 rubles, additional money for the position of a clerk - 144 rubles.
assistant commander of the centenary - 276 rubles.
Portions of money for chief officers who do not receive canteen money - 183 rubles. in year
Office expenses - 120 rubles.
The service life for the Cossacks was set at 22 years:
- in the field category for 15 years (19-35), 7 years (35-42) - in the category of internal employees, with which they are alternately 1 year in active service and after that on a benefit for at least 2 years. Those who have reached 42 years of age are retired. This order of periodic service - a year in service, two on privilege has long been canceled in all Cossack troops, is recognized as extremely inconvenient in all respects, and especially adversely affects the economic well-being of the Cossacks, who are obliged to equip five times for service.
The order of internal management of the Yenisei Cossacks is also sharply different from other Cossack troops, and the local authorities have repeatedly declared the urgent need to arrange their internal life on a common basis for all Cossack troops *
Until 1900, the question of the land management of the Cossacks is in the most uncertain position, because the norm and boundaries of Cossack allotments have not yet been determined, and the Cossack lands are not even given due prominence and are not always demarcated.
* On January 22, 1874, it was decided for the Yenisei Cossacks to produce welding leave on a par with other parts.
On September 24, 1874, a cadet school was opened in Irkutsk, where there were 30 vacancies for the Cossacks.
In 1878, the Yenisei Cossacks received needle rifles, and in 1880 the Cossacks received Berdan rifles and Smith-Wesson revolvers.
March 12, 1891 announced new form Krasnoyarsk Cossack hundreds: Tatar uniform and so on, and introduced as in all Cossack troops Cossack saber arr. 1881 with a shoulder harness.
In 1894 the Krasnoyarsk Hundred was assigned to the field units of the troops.
In 1895, the Yenisei Cossacks were rearmed with a Mosin rifle.
In 1899, officers of the Krasnoyarsk Hundreds received revolvers of the Nagant system.
With regard to economic activity, based on the statistical data of 1887-1890, the following information is available. Being almost the same as the peasants in family strength and the number of workers and somewhat stronger than the peasants in terms of the number of horses and all kinds of livestock, the Cossacks are nevertheless weaker than the peasants in everything that concerns arable farming: the percentage of existing farms that do not sow grain at all (do not have their own no rented plowing) from peasants - 7.3, from Cossacks - 10.1; the percentage of cash farms that do not have either arable land or estates (their own) among the peasants - 2.9, and among the Cossacks - 3.7; those who do not have their own arable land - 6.3% of the peasants and 9.2% of the Cossacks; one farm accounts for 15.3 tithes for peasants, and 8.3 tithes for Cossacks; arable land leased by peasants - 5.4%, by Cossacks - 3.1%; farms that lease all arable land, from peasants - 2%, from Cossacks - 3.8%. All these data indicate that the Cossacks, as farmers, are worse than the peasants in all respects and a very significant part of their land remains unused. Utilizing less of his land allotment, the Cossack needs a wide area of \u200b\u200bland in order to have a better choice of fresh land and for the same well-being as a peasant neighbor needs more land.
Such a sad situation of the Cossack farms is explained both by the above information about the service of the Cossacks, and by the existing conditions of their service. In fact, it is difficult to run a household if they are torn away from it in a year, there are hundreds of services, and a year on a privilege, and such a change is made 5-6 times. Under this condition, the very prosperous economy will quickly fall into decay, and it will not be possible to raise and improve the neglected one.
Many years of experience in the application of the 1871 provision in practice showed its extreme unsatisfactoriness in almost all respects, and its possible early resolution became by 1900 especially necessary, both in the interests of the service and the Cossack population itself, who until now did not use that amenities, those benefits and advantages that have long been granted to the rest of the Cossack troops.
Thus, the question of the best and more expedient organization of the Yenisei Cossacks has been raised since the time of Governor-General MURAVIEV, and has become the subject of discussion both in the administration of the Irkutsk and Yenisei Governorates, and the War Ministry of Russia. Opinions ranged from extreme to extreme, from the creation of the Irkutsk-Yenisei Cossack Army, for which the Irkutsk Governor-General Count IGNATIEV spoke out with particular vigor, which in 1886 presented in war department the draft of this provision, and the active support of his successor, General from Infantry GOREMYKIN.
However, the Ministry of War found it extremely difficult to form a special, independent Cossack army and spoke in favor of joining the Cossack population of the Yenisei and Irkutsk provinces to the neighboring Siberian Cossack army, its fourth department.
In view of the fact that the study of this issue had already begun in 1900, it could be expected that in two years the Yenisei, as well as the Irkutsk Cossacks - the descendants of the conquerors of Siberia, would receive a new device and, merging with their related Siberian Cossack army, would heal one common life with all the Cossack troops and will take advantage of all the benefits and advantages that have long been granted.
However, this project failed to come true. And that's why. All these measures are associated with huge costs, the alteration of many organs of the existing government and with the need to transfer back to the Cossacks peasants from the Cossacks and even add foreigners or peasants, counting at least one regiment, but such an increase in the Cossack population is hardly possible, so that is not there would be the necessary amount of land to provide the Cossacks with proper allotments; There is, of course, as much taiga as you like, but there are almost no lands suitable for sowing crops, since everything that was found by special land intelligence agencies was allocated for resettlement plots. And besides, the economic and living conditions of the Yenisei province are sharply different from the region of the Irtysh basin, that the management of a new, fourth department from Omsk would only lead to significant difficulties.
One of the reasons for the disorder was the terrible scattering of the Cossacks from the headwaters of the Yenisei to its mouth. For example, in the Minusinsk district, up to 100 Cossacks live in the villages of sin; the rest in peasant villages; in three villages there are groups of 70-80 people, in others - in groups of less than 50 people, and in five locations for 5-10 people. But the current political activity the British and Germans in 1900 in China, which clearly enough reveals the ultimate tasks of these new allies in relation to Russia, eliminated any thought about the uselessness of the Yenisei and Irkutsk Cossacks: they will be badly needed especially, beyond the Sayan Mountains, in those parts of Mongolia and the Uryankhai Territory, which once were under the high hand of the Moscow tsars. Regardless of the various circumstances associated with the reorganization, the passages through the Sayan mountains to the upper reaches of the Yenisei, Abakan and other rivers have always been observed by the stanitsa Cossacks. Despite such a scatter of opinions, in 1900 the Regulation on the land arrangement of the Yenisei Cossacks was issued, although it did not solve all the problems, but significantly facilitating their position with the land.
In 1900, during the boxing uprising in China, in the Minusinsk district, to guard the border and prevent the invasion of the Yenisei province by Chinese gangs, military foreman PUTINTSEV formed three Cossack squads: Arbat, Sayan, Karatuz. From Krasnoyarsk, fifty Cossacks were dispatched, led by a commander of a hundred and and two officers, then two more officers were seconded. Upon arrival of fifty to Minusinsk, she was left there, where she was temporarily located. Then, by order of the Minister of War, the military sergeant PUTINTSEV handed over, and the commander, hundreds of esaul MUNGALOV received the Cossack squads and in early August, consisting of 127 people, set out for the Usinsk border district.
In November, an order was issued to disband the squads and return fifty to Krasnoyarsk.
On January 27, 1904, the Russo-Japanese War began and mobilization was declared.
The Krasnoyarsk Cossack Hundred turned into a three-hundredth division (pr. On VV of 04.14.1904, No. 197), which carried a security service (one hundred in Tomsk, one in Minusinsk and one in Krasnoyarsk), in addition, Cossack posts were appointed and pickets on aisles in the Sayan mountains *.
* In February 1904, a volunteer hundred of the Yenisei Cossacks was formed in Krasnoyarsk, who fought as part of the 1st Army Corps. 6 Cossacks received IV degree military insignia.
In 1905, the Cossacks increased their food ration: 3/4 pound of meat, 6 spools of sugar, tea, the issue of bedding was established, and the salary was increased in addition to the repair allowance.
On December 6, 1908, as a reward for faithful and zealous service in peacetime and in wartime, white buttonholes for cuffs and collars of lower ranks were granted.
On July 10, 1910, by order of the La 334 Military Department, the regulations on the Krasnoyarsk Cossack Division were approved.
In 1911, the "Charter on conscription of the Don Cossack army" was extended to the Yenisei Cossacks.
With the outbreak of the Great War (1914), the Krasnoyarsk Cossack Hundred was again deployed into a three-hundredth division. It was allowed to hire well-to-do Khakass on the rights of Cossacks, and from December 1916 literate Khakass, "having the education of a higher school head (grade 8)", were called up without fail. The Sayanskaya, Tashtypskaya, Karatuzskaya squads were re-formed, which were aimed at strengthening the protection of the southern border in the Usinsk border district.
In 1915, a consolidated Yenisei Cossack regiment was formed and sent to the Turkish front. In addition, the Cossack population sent several marching Cossack teams to the front. According to various sources, the Cossack population of the Yenisei province sent 3 Cossack regiments and 2 batteries to the front, but these data require clarification.
According to the All-Russian Agricultural Census in 1917, the Yenisei Cossacks numbered over 14 thousand people of both sexes.
On May 25 (June 8), the 1st congress of the Yenisei Cossacks was held in Krasnoyarsk, which formed the Yenisei Cossack army. At the end of May 1917, a delegate was sent from the Yenisei Cossack army to the Council of the Union of Cossack troops, which unanimously decided to recognize the Yenisei Cossack army as a full member of the Union.
In September 1917, A.A. Sotnikov, the chieftain, was elected military chieftain.
On January 18 (31), 1918, Ataman Sotnikov A.A. led the EKV division from Krasnoyarsk to the village of Torgashinskaya, then the Cossacks arrived in the Minusinsk district at st. Karatuz, where the mobilization of the Cossacks was announced.
On February 28, 1918, the 11th Extraordinary Congress of the Yenisei Cossack Host was convened. At the same time, the Minusinsk District Council convened an Extraordinary District Congress of Workers and Peasants, which appealed to the Cossacks with a demand to lay down their arms and arrest A. A. Sotnikov. A detachment of the Red Guard was also formed here (about 1 thousand people). In early March 1918, this detachment came out against the Cossacks. In Art. Karatuz general meeting peasants and Cossacks refused to support Sotnikov. Ataman A. A. Sotnikov with the Cossacks withdrew to st. Decoy. On the way, many Cossacks left the detachment. On the order of A. A. Sotnikov to prepare for battle, the rank-and-file Cossacks refused and soon laid down their arms by agreement with the revolutionary troops.
Ataman A. A. Sotnikov, several officers and Cossacks were forced to hide in the taiga.
During 1918-1920, uprisings broke out in the villages of the EKV, but they were scattered, did not have a general leadership and, naturally, were brutally suppressed.
In 1920, the Yenisei Cossack army, like others, was abolished. The EKV Cossacks suffered the same fate as the other Cossack troops of Russia.
List of churches of the Yenisei Diocese, in whose parishes the Cossack villages were
LITERATURE
1. Cossacks of Russia. M., 1992
2. M. Khlynovsky. Forgotten Cossack regiment. VSB, No. 10, 1901
3. M. Khlynovsky. Irkutsk and Yenisei Cossacks. VSB number 10, 1903
4. N. Putintsev. Irkutsk and Yenisei Cossacks, VSB number 4, 1900
5. Soviet Khakassia. Newspaper No. 28 dated 13.02. 1992 year
6. A. E. Mungalov. Historical note for the Cossacks: to the 300th anniversary of the existence of the Cossack population of Siberia (1607-1907).
7. Materials of the Yenisei State Archives.
8.GF Bykonya. The settlement of the Yenisei region by Russians.
9. Materials of the Krasnoyarsk State Archives.
10. Regulations on the Irkutsk and Yenisei Cossack cavalry regiments. St. Petersburg, 1851
11. Regulations on the disbanded Irkutsk and Yenisei Cossack cavalry regiments. St. Petersburg, 1871
12. Code of staff of the military-land department of the book. 3, ed., St. Petersburg, 1893
13. Khoroshkhin M. P. Cossack troops. St. Petersburg, 1881
14. Khoroshkhin M.P. Essays on the Cossack troops, St. Petersburg, 1884,
15. Katanaev G. Ye. About the seniority of the Cossack troops.
16. Materials of TsGVIA.
17. Materials of GADA.
18. Great October Socialist Revolution. Encyclopedia. M., 1987
19. Civil War and military intervention in USSR. Encyclopedia. M., 1983
20. Romanov. NSPU dissertation.
Colonel Milyukhin Valery Pavlovich was born on December 18, 1947 in the village. Bondarevo (former Blagodatny Cossack guard on the Soya River) of the Republic of Khakassia. After graduation high school studied at the Krasnoyarsk Agricultural Institute, specializing in mechanical engineer and graduated in 1970. In the same year he was drafted into the ranks of the Armed Forces. He graduated from the Omsk Higher Military School as an external student. After graduating from the Military Academy. M.V. Frunze served in the Group Soviet troops in Germany. During his service he commanded a platoon, company, battalion, was the chief of staff of a regiment. Currently, the head of a department of one of the departments of the headquarters of the Siberian Military District.
For many years he has been engaged in historical work. He and his comrade in this work, the Yu. L. Factory, own the historical date of the formation of the Siberian Military District, established in the archives and confirmed by the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation - August 6, 1865. This date was dedicated to the celebration of the 130th anniversary of the formation of the district in August 1995. In co-authorship with V.A. Kopylov and Yu.L. Factory the book “Siberian Military District. The first pages of the history of 1865-1917. " Colonel VP Milyukhin has published more than 30 works on the history of the district and the Cossacks. At present, he is carrying out further work on these problems.
major General V. PUSHKAREV
The author asks to send suggestions, comments and materials to the address: 630091, Novosibirsk-91, Krasny Prospekt, 53 Headquarters of the Siberian Military District
On March 15, 1809, in the village of Gugninskaya, Region of the Don Army, the Legend of the Caucasus, Cossack general, Donskoy Ataman Yakov Petrovich Baklanov was born. "Highlanders! If you were afraid of Allah as well as Baklanov, you would have been saints for a long time. But do not be cowards. Persevere in the struggle and battles with enemies more than you did before." Imam Shamil. Furious Boklyu, Donskoy Suvorov, Thunderstorm of Shamil - these nicknames were earned by the hero of the Caucasian War Baklanov. Cossack general Yakov Petrovich Baklanov, one of the most colorful heroes of the Caucasian war of the century before last, is a sullen two-meter hero, an enemy of political correctness and "democracy" in all their manifestations. He, like many of his contemporaries, earned military victories for the Motherland and created the glory of Russia. The future thunderstorm of the Caucasus was born on March 15, 1809 in the village of Gugninskaya (Baklanovskaya) of the Don army. Yakov Petrovich was brought up on the street of his native village with the children of ordinary Cossacks. By the age of sixteen, Yakov had learned to read, write and count, but best of all he learned to wield a pike and saber, to shoot accurately. He entered the service on May 20, 1824 as a sergeant in the 1st Don Cossack Regiment (Popov), in which his father commanded a hundred. By 1828, Yakov Petrovich received the cornet's shoulder straps. He took part in the war against Turkey. Distinguished in the case near Burgas. In battles, Yakov Baklanov was brave, impudent, sometimes too ardent. Took part in russian-Turkish war 1828-1829, at the beginning of 1829 he was promoted to cornet, and on May 20 of the same year, for the difference in the case with the army of the great vizier at Kyulevchi near Shumen, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 4th degree with the inscription "For bravery" ; On July 11, 1829, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna of the 3rd degree with a bow for the difference in business during the conquest of the Turkish cities of Mesemvria and Anhialo (now Nessebar and Pomorie in Bulgaria). At the end of the war until August 1831, he stood with a regiment on the border guard line along the river. Rod. On September 21, 1831 he was promoted to centurion. On October 22, 1837, he was promoted to the esauls and transferred to the 41st Don Cossack regiment. In the spring of 1839 he was assigned to serve in the Don training regiment, and in 1841 he was transferred to the 36th Don Cossack regiment (Rodionov), with which he kept cordons on the border with Prussia in Poland. Upon returning from Poland, on October 18, 1844. Baklanov was awarded the rank of centurion (according to other sources - military foreman). An active participant in the Caucasian campaigns. It was the Caucasian period of service that brought Yakov Petrovich the greatest fame and helped the daring Cossack to become a brilliant military officer. Under the command of the commander of the Kuban line, Baron G.H. Zass, whom he called his teacher all his life, participated in many expeditions and battles. For courage and fearlessness was awarded the order St. Vladimir of the 4th degree. True, even in the first serious skirmishes Yakov Petrovich could easily lay down his violent head. In 1845, the military sergeant major Baklanov was appointed commander of the 20th Don Regiment. It should be noted that the regiment by this time was distinguished by extremely low combat capability: the Don Cossacks, unfamiliar to the conditions of the mountain war, were inferior to the line Cossacks, and some of the Cossacks were generally doing auxiliary work ... Baklanov could not come to terms with such a situation. First of all, he returned to service all the Cossacks of his regiment. He established the strictest control over the maintenance of horses (he could screw up for drunk oats) and weapons. He also introduced training for the Cossacks in sapper and artillery business, and the intelligence service. The seventh hundred was organized in the regiment, where, under the supervision of Baklanov, junior commanders and Plastun teams were trained to carry out especially dangerous cases - a kind of "special forces". And in many other ways, Yakov Petrovich found unexpected and non-standard solutions. So, he ordered to hide the statutory uniform until better times, and the regiment transferred to uniforms and weapons exclusively with captured property. Thus, after a while, the 20th regiment was dressed in Circassians, and the Cossacks flaunted in front of each other expensive daggers, excellent Circassian sabers and rifled guns. In battle, Baklanov was terrible. In difficult moments of a combat situation, he was the first to rush forward on his horse with a saber in his hands. His famous "Baklanov strike" cut the enemy from crown to saddle. Baklanov was irreconcilably strict and merciless to his cowards and usually said to a blundering Cossack, showing a huge fist: "Once again, you chicken out, see this fist of mine? I'll smash you with this fist!" On the other hand, he encouraged his subordinates for their courage in every way and whenever possible, while teaching: - "Show your enemies that your thought is not about life, but about the glory and honor of the Don Cossacks." For his strict temper, courage and powerful health (Baklanov was wounded more than ten times), he was called "Ermak Timofeevich". The Cossacks loved, were proud and valued their commander. In one battle, Yakov Petrovich unsuccessfully put himself under the aimed fire of mountain riflemen. Without hesitation, the famous scout-scout Skopin, who by that time had three george cross... A bullet shattered his shoulder, but Baklanov was saved. For this feat Skopin was promoted to the rank of cornet. Baklanov's regiment did not miss the slightest opportunity to fight the mountaineers, as well as inflict damage on them in the form of a punitive expedition, an ambush, a burnt aul, trampled crops or a stolen herd. In general, Yakov Petrovich paid the mountaineers with their own coin, and his 20th regiment soon became an exemplary partisan formation. Having an extensive network of agents among the mountaineers, on whom he spent almost all of his salary, Baklanov could outpace their predatory raids. In this situation, the highlanders from the attacking side were forced to become the defender. Now it was no longer a question of an attack on the Cossack villages and Russian settlements, but of how not to become victims of the raids of the Baklanovites themselves. In his declining years, the conqueror of the Caucasus calculated that, under his leadership, the Cossacks requisitioned 12 thousand heads of cattle and 40 thousand sheep from the Chechens - an astounding scale. The bosses were delighted with achieved results and did not pay attention to his partisanship. For the successes achieved in the war with the highlanders, Yakov Petrovich is awarded the Order of St. Anna, 2nd degree and golden weapons. Under Baklanov, people and horses did not experience a shortage of provisions, and the commander himself, a convinced supporter of the idea of \u200b\u200bself-sufficiency of the troops, could easily outwit the most crafty mountaineers who unsuccessfully tried to hide their flocks from the gluttonous army of the 20th regiment. On the eve of Easter 1849, Yakov Petrovich presented his Cossacks with a great gift. There seemed to be nothing to talk about - the old stocks of mutton were eaten, and the Chechens hid their herds from prying eyes. The agile Baklanov during Lent personally scouted all the secret paths and on the eve of the bright holiday made a successful trip for cattle. Confused aborigines had no choice but to suspect the Cossack commander of friendship with the devil himself. The highlanders called their sworn enemy - Dajjal (Satan) - and considered him spellbound from death. The mere sight of "Shaitan-Boklyu (Lion) inspired mystical and superstitious horror on them - two meters in height, a heroic build, a face pitted with smallpox, a huge nose, bushy eyebrows, a thick long mustache, turning into sideburns that fluttered ominously in the wind, and in a red shirt - he was in their eyes a living embodiment and a messenger of hell. Even his compatriots could not marvel at the texture of Yakov Petrovich. The author of famous memoirs Alexander Vasilyevich Nikitenko described his appearance as follows: "... on Baklanov's face it was as if such a program was printed, that if he fulfilled at least a fourth part of it, then it was worth hanging him ten times. "Yakov Petrovich supported his demonic reputation in every possible way. Somehow the Chechen elders came to look at the Cossack commander - they could not wait to make sure that they were fighting a true accomplice of the devil. the baklanov appearance was enough for the desired impression, and even when our hero met the guests in a twisted sheepskin coat, with a face stained with soot and eyes rolling incessantly, no further evidence was required. The highlanders were sure that "Shaitan-Boklya" could only be killed with a silver bullet, they shot at him like that, but they did not take the Cossack. Dzhan, a well-known shooter among the mountaineers, specially sent by Shamil, swore on the Koran to lay down the hated "Boklyu" from the first shot and boasted that he was breaking a chicken egg from fifty steps. one hundred and fifty. The fight took place on a hill by the Michik River. Yakov Petrovich appeared before Dzhanem on horseback. At the decisive moment, the Chechen sniper hesitated and fired two inaccurate shots. Baklanov, without dismounting, calmly took aim and put a bullet between his opponent's eyes. When Baklanov, turning his horse, began to descend from the hill, the Russian troops roared with a bang! .. Chechens, waving their hats, jumped out onto the rubble, beat in their palms and announced the air frantically: "Yakshi, Boklyu! .. Malodets, Boklyu! .." Since then, a saying has been circulating in Chechnya, applied to hopeless boasters: "Do you want to kill Baklanov?" The black banner of the 20th regiment was no less terrifying. On a black silk cloth embroidered on it with a dead Adam's head (skull) and two bones crossed under it, a gilded inscription from the "Symbol of Faith" - "To the tea of \u200b\u200bthe resurrection of the dead and the life of the century to come. Amen." The banner was the Baklanov's badge of the 20th regiment and was the hallmark of a desperate warrior. Yakov Petrovich, until the end of his days, did not part with this military traveling relic. One of the eyewitnesses wrote: “Wherever the enemy saw this terrible banner, fluttering high in the hands of a stately bottom, a shadow following its commander, there was also the monstrous image of Baklanov, and the inevitable defeat and death of anyone who got in the way was inseparable from it. " At the end of the service, now famous in the entire Caucasus of the 20th regiment, at the personal request of the commander-in-chief of the troops in the Caucasus M.S. Vorontsov, sent to the emperor (Vorontsov - to the minister of war: "Tell, dear prince, the sovereign that I beg him to leave us Baklanov "), Baklanov was left for a second term. He was entrusted with the management of the 17th Don Regiment. The love of the Cossacks for their leader was so deep that many commanders and ordinary Cossacks of the 20th regiment remained with him. Soon the 17th regiment also became exemplary - and again battles, reconnaissance, ambushes ... In 1855 Baklanov was sent to the Caucasian theater of the Crimean War. During the storming of the fortress Kars Baklanov was wounded, but remained in the ranks. For his distinction and courage during the storming of enemy positions, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna of the 1st degree, and in 1860 he was promoted to lieutenant general. During the Polish uprising in 1863, Baklanov was appointed commander of the Don regiments in the Vilnius district. In Poland, Yakov Petrovich acted with completely different methods than in Chechnya. He voiced himself harsh, but in the highest degree a fair boss. Contrary to the instructions, he did not indiscriminately confiscate the property of the rebels, but, whenever possible, established guardianship over the young children of exiled Poles and retained their property. To General-Governor of Poland Muravyov, Baklanov fearlessly said: "You can put me on trial and fire me without asking, but I will say one thing: my goal was to do this so that no stain would fall on the name of the Russian army, and my conscience says, that I have succeeded. " This answer aroused the gratitude of Muravyov. Yakov Petrovich was a deeply religious person. On the famous black badge of Baklanov there is a white inscription: “I wish the resurrection of the dead and the life of the century to come. Amen. ”, Silver Adam's head and bones; this ensign with an Orthodox inscription and symbols was donated by unknown or unknown persons (it is believed that it was sewn in the Starocherkassk maiden monastery). The words in which Baklanov concluded his personal strategy are known: "Faith in God, secrecy of movement, speed, then a bold blow to the first attraction of the heart." God comes first in this stratagem. And Baklanov was famous not only for his blow - but for the fact that all his life he spared neither himself nor his property for his comrades and subordinates: he bought uniforms and weapons for the Cossacks with his own money, shared bread, heat, cold and the danger of service with them. Baklanov's courage, which even experienced fighters could not understand, considering the Don hero to be charmed, flowed from the same source. It was based on the simplicity and calmness of a man who put his hopes in God - because it was impossible to survive with his own, even “Baklanov's” forces in that many years of meat grinder of battles, skirmishes, shootings and ambushes, which consisted of his service. Baklanov was not bewitched: he repeatedly received gunshot wounds and cold weapons, concussions; it happened to him to lie near death with a bullet in his chest ... His whole secret was that even wounded, he did not withdraw from the battle until its end, did not show his pain. But the prowess was not the same - the old warrior was worried about a sick liver, and in 1864 a big fire in Novocherkassk deprived him of his home and all his property. Since 1867, Yakov Petrovich lived out his life in St. Petersburg - he distributed his entire general's pension to injured soldiers and beggars. But God saved his servant on the path of war: Yakov Petrovich died “his own death” in Petersburg, at the sixty-fourth year of his life. He died on February 18, 1873 in poverty and obscurity. The hero was buried at the expense of the "grateful Don army" at the cemetery of the Resurrection nunnery in St. Petersburg. A monument to the sculptor Nabokov was erected on the grave, which amazed the imagination of eyewitnesses: a burka, a hat, a saber and the famous Baklanov badge made of dark bronze were thrown on a piece of granite rock. On October 4, 1911, Baklanov's ashes, together with the monument, were transferred to the capital of the Don Cossacks, Novocherkassk. Under the Bolsheviks, they tried to erase the memory of the hero of the Caucasian War, like many other heroes of Russia who did not fit into the doctrine of the world international brotherhood. In the 30s, the monument was partially destroyed. A cloak, a hat, a saber and a bronze skull with crossed bones were stripped from him. Only in 1996 the monument was restored in its original form. ETERNAL MEMORY TO HIM!
Yenisei Cossacks historically live on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, including autonomous regions Republic of Khakassia (in the past it was the territory of the Yenisei province), as well as on the territory of the Republic of Tyva (in the past - the Uryankhai Territory). For the first time the Cossacks came to the banks of the Yenisei in the area of \u200b\u200bold Turukhansk in 1607. and founded the Turukhansk winter hut there. In 1617, the Makovsky prison was built, and in 1619 - the Yenisei prison, which soon became the main center of the Yenisei region and the starting point for further advancement to the south and east. Cossack parties, relying on these
fortified points, they began to conduct reconnaissance along the tributaries of the Yenisei, make their way to the Chulym, Angara, Lena and Lake Baikal, laying new fortified points, winter huts and forts on their way. In 1628. The Krasnoyarsk prison and the Kansk prison were founded, in 1621 the Achinsk prison, in 1631. - Bratsk prison, in 1632 - Yakutsk prison, in 1649. - Verkhneudinsky prison (Ulan-Ude), in 1652. - Irkutsk prison, and in 1639. 20 Tomsk and 11 Krasnoyarsk Cossacks under the command of Ivan Moskvitin went to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, where they laid a winter quarters.
The Yenisei Cossacks made a great contribution to the development of the vast expanses of Siberia. In 1621. The Yenisei Cossack head Lavrov founded the Meletsky prison on the Chulym river. In 1627. Ataman Maxim Perfiliev explored the upper reaches of the Angara, and in 1631 laid the foundation for the Bratsk prison. In 1628. The Krasnoyarsk ataman Ermak Evstafiev laid the foundation of the Kansk prison. Ataman Ivan Galkin in 1631. on the Lena River he founded the Ust-Kutsk fort, which after him was completed by the centurion Beketov.
The main, and in most cases the only force in the garrisons of Siberian cities, fortresses and forts were the Cossack hundreds and regiments. By the nature of their service, the Cossacks were divided into 2 categories: police or regimental Cossacks and stanitsa. The first were the Cossacks who had not yet acquired a solid economy or had to serve in places far from their permanent place of residence. The Stanitsa Cossacks had to serve in their places of residence, including at border posts and outposts.
The Yenisei city Cossack regiment was formed from the Cossacks of the Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, Abakan and Stanitsa Sayan. The Cossacks were enrolled in the service from the age of 16 and served "until that time, until they could continue it."
The duties of the Cossacks were as follows:
-night police patrols in cities;
-catching runaways in cities and counties;
-convoy of state transports;
- pickets and patrols near factories and factories in order to prevent the exiles from escaping; escorting exiles to the stage road;
-composition of a guard convoy at stages;
-execution of individual orders for officials;
- protection of salt lakes;
- inducement to payment of taxes, payment of arrears and execution of duties;
- maintenance of law and order;
-performing the posts of quarterly overseers;
- collection of taxes from foreigners;
-various assignments at state and private gold mines;
- various orders for state procurements by means of commissions;
-in border guards and traveling;
-in Karaulakh at state property, where there are not enough military teams;
-execution of the post of postmen in case of their shortage in remote places, etc.
The size of the Yenisei city Cossack regiment at different times was different: from several hundred in the XVIII century. up to 4391 people in 1852. According to the regulation from 05/19/1887. The Yenisei Cavalry Regiment is disbanded and most of its composition, excluding the old indigenous Cossack settlement, is transferred to the civilian department. The same fate befell the Irkutsk Cossack regiment. In Irkutsk and in Krasnoyarsk, 1 Cossack hundred remained each, which in wartime were deployed into divisions of 3 centennials (1904 and 1914). In 1915. the combined Yenisei Cossack regiment was formed and sent to the Turkish front. In addition, the Cossack settlement of the Yenisei province formed three Cossack squads and sent several marching Cossack teams to the front. In total, during the years of the Great War, according to various sources, the Yenisei Cossacks deployed 3 Cossack regiments and 2 batteries, but these data require clarification.
According to the All-Russian Agricultural Census in 1917. The Yenisei Cossacks numbered more than 14,000 people of both sexes.
May 25 (June 8, old style) 1917 in Krasnoyarsk, the 1st congress of the Yenisei Cossacks took place, which formed the Yenisei Cossack army. In September 1917. the cornet A.A. Sotnikov was elected the army chieftain.
18 (31) January 1918 Ataman Sotnikov, having received an ultimatum from the Krasnoyarsk Soviet of workers 'and peasants' deputies on disarmament, withdrew the Yenisei Cossack division from Krasnoyarsk to the Torgashinskaya station, and then in marching order - to the station. Karatuz, where he announced the mobilization of the Cossacks.
February 28, 1918 the 2nd Extraordinary Congress of the Yenisei Cossack Host was convened. At the same time, the Minusinsk District Council convened an extraordinary congress of workers and peasants, which appealed to the Cossacks with a demand to lay down their arms and arrest Ataman Sotnikov. Here, a detachment of the Red Guard was formed (about 1 thousand), which in early March 1918 opposed the Cossacks. In Art. Karatuz general meeting of peasants and Cossacks refused to support Sotnikov. The Cossacks retreated to the village of Monok, but the order of the chieftain to prepare for battle, the rank-and-file Cossacks refused and soon laid down their arms by agreement with the revolutionary troops. Sotnikov, several officers and Cossacks were forced to hide.
On February 15-21, 1919, already during the Kolchak regime in Minusinsk, the 5th Big Circle of the Yenisei Cossack Army took place, where the issues of the organization of the Army, the land issue, the question of admission to the Cossacks, the resettlement of the Cossacks to the Uryankhai Territory, as well as the election of a new ataman and military rule.
Two candidates were proposed for the post of ataman: Major General Mungalov and Sotnik Teshlinsky. After discussing the candidacies, the members of the Circle came to a unanimous decision to elect centurion Teshlinsky ataman of the EKV with production to the rank of colonel.
During 1918-1920. uprisings broke out in the villages of the EKV, but they were spontaneous, scattered, did not have a general leadership and, naturally, were brutally suppressed.
In January 1920. two regiments of the Yenisei Cossacks with the army of General Verzhbitsky retreated to the east and subsequently ended up in Manchuria. In the same year, the Yenisei Cossack army, like other Cossack troops, was abolished. The Cossacks suffered the same fate as all the Cossacks in Russia - the elimination of the Cossack class, the physical destruction of the most authoritative and active representatives of the Cossacks, the emigration of a significant part of the Cossacks abroad, mainly to Manchuria.
The revival of the Cossacks on the Yenisei, as well as throughout Russia, began in the early 90s of the last century. In April 1991. passed the Constituent Circle of the Yenisei Cossack Host, at which the Honored Worker of Culture of the Russian Federation Nikolai Alekseevich Shulpekov was elected ataman. After that, Kaletin Viktor Alexandrovich, Platov Pavel Ivanovich and Vysotin Alexander Lukich were elected atamans at different times.
In 1993. In the administration of the region, a department for Cossack affairs was created in the number of 4 people, Valery Ivanovich Nechay was appointed head of the department.
In 1998. a department for the affairs of the Cossacks of the regional administration was created, headed by Platov Pavel Ivanovich. There were 3 departments in the management: public service and local government, economy and agriculture and education and culture.
In 1999. Directorate for Cossack Affairs was reorganized into Directorate for Cossack Affairs and Cadet Educational Institutions headed by Vladimir Nikolaevich Mironov.
At present, the Yenisei Cossack Troop Society (Yenisei Cossack Host) is located and operates on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The charter of the Yenisei Military Cossack Society was approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 613 of 17.06.1997. By the decision of the Main Directorate of Cossack Troops under the President of the Russian Federation No. 2 of 16: 01.1997, the Yenisei Military Cossack Society was entered into the State Register of Cossack Societies in the Russian Federation - certificate No. 14 dated 01.07.1997, which was awarded in Krasnoyarsk on 02.08.1997.
Cossack Colonel V.N.Mironov was elected the chief of the Yenisei military Cossack society from March 11, 2000 to July 2003, by the decision of the Great Cossack Circle of the Army, the head of the department for the affairs of the Cossacks and cadet educational institutions, Cossack colonel V.N. And by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 131 of February 6, 2001, he was awarded the highest rank of a Cossack general.
Since October 2003, Cossack Colonel Pavel Ivanovich Platov has been elected Chieftain of the EVKO by the decision of the Great Cossack Circle of the Army.
The structure of the Yenisei military Cossack society includes the following structural units: Krasnoyarsk Cossack department; Sayan Cossack District - Abakan; Upper Yenisei Cossack District - Kyzyl; two years ago, the Yenisei Cossack Department was actually created and is currently being legally registered.
The supreme consultative and representative body is the Council of Elders of the Yenisei East Kazakhstan region. The Chairman of the Council is the associate professor of the Krasnoyarsk Pedagogical University Brunov Boris Petrovich.
Districts and departments The troops, in turn, consist of city, village and farm Cossack organizations.
The uniqueness of the Yenisei Cossack Host lies in the fact that the atamans of the registered and public Cossack organizations, from farm and village organizations to district and military ones, act in one person, i.e. The chieftain of the Yenisei military Cossack society is also the chieftain of the social organization of the Army. So it is at the grassroots levels.
The Yenisei Cossacks are currently engaged in those types of activities that are defined in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 04.16.96, No. 563 "On the procedure for attracting members of Cossack societies to government and other services."
The Cossacks of the Yenisei EKO were staffed with the Yenisei Cossack missile brigade (Krasnoyarsk), which last year was disbanded according to the plan to reduce the Armed Forces. Supplied with military unit 2061 - Kyzyl border guard detachment. The Cossacks took part in the command-staff mobilization exercises in January and July 2001, which were conducted by the headquarters of the Siberian Military District.
Joint raids are regularly conducted with the public security police, the passport and visa service and the tax inspectorate in the markets of Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Nazarovo, etc.
June 5, 2001 the Law of the Krasnoyarsk Territory "On the Regional Target Program of State Support of Cossack Societies on the Yenisei for 2001-2004" was adopted, however, due to the deficit of budgetary funds, this program was never financed, and the Law was suspended on 20.12.02.
On the initiative of Ataman and the Military Administration of the Yenisei EKR in Krasnoyarsk for the first time in the history of the existence of the Cossacks on June 14-15, 2002. the Council of atamans of all Cossack troops of Russia and the Meeting of representatives of the subjects of the federation and the Cossack troops of the Siberian Federal District were held.
At present, the Board of the Yenisei East Kazakhstan region is working with the deputies of the City Council of Krasnoyarsk to adopt a city target program for supporting the Cossacks in Krasnoyarsk for 2004-2007.
The main stages of the revival of the Yenisei Cossack army (1990-2002).
February 1917 - the 12th Yenisei Cossack army was created with the administrative center in the city of Krasnoyarsk.
December 1990 - the first urban Cossack circle took place. Dmitry Ermakov was elected ataman.
05/15/1990 - the first big circle of the Yenisei Cossack army. Nikolai Alekseevich Shulpekov was elected ataman. Elected Council of Old Men EVKO. BP Brunov was elected as the Chairman of the Council and approved by the Circle of Polesaul.
February - May 1991 - 2 Cossack districts were created: Krasnoyarsk and Special Minusinsky. Military sergeant major VN Krechet was elected ataman of the Minusinsk Special District.
January - June 1992 - Cossack villages were created in the districts. In the Krasnoyarsk District, a new Cossack village of Voskresenskaya was founded near the village of Drokino.
June - December 1992 - The Yenisei Cossacks solemnly accepted the text of the new Cossack oath. The Krasnoyarsk legal agency "Cossack Protection" was created. Cossack Colonel M.D. Shugalov was appointed director of the legal agency.
April - June 1993 - Cossacks willing to receive land in the village of Voskresenskaya. The Stanitsa circle elected G.A. Cossack Cossack Ataman.
May 1993 - big circle EVKO. Elected Ataman EVKO V.A.Kaletin Two districts were approved: Krasnoyarsk and Sayansk. The Cossack security service began to operate. The Yenisei Cossack army began to be called the United Yenisei Cossack army (EEKB). The first court of Cossack honor was elected, consisting of B.P. Brunov, A.S. Ishuk, M.D. Shugalov.
04/07/1994 - the charter of the United Yenisei Cossack Host was approved by the governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory V.M. Zubov. The position of the head of the department for Cossack affairs was approved in the regional administration. The head of the department was Lieutenant Colonel V.I.
November 1994 - the first call of young Cossacks to the Cossack army formations was carried out. The Cossacks were sent to serve in the border troops of the Siberian Military District and the Far East.
1994 - 1995 academic year - the first Cossack Sunday school was opened in Krasnoyarsk on the basis of boarding school No. 111 in the Kirovsky district. Taught by Cossacks Brunov B.P., Shugalov M.D., Gapich A.V., Kaletina L.F., Luchko E.N.
May 28, 1995 - on Tatyshev Island, a massive Cossack festivities took place on the occasion of the 388th anniversary of the appearance of the Cossacks on the Yenisei.
18.11.1995 - a large circle of EEKB. Colonel Platov YI was elected the chieftain of the troops. The EEKB Council of Elders was elected, consisting of 11 people. Esaul B.P. Brunov was elected as the chairman of the Council of the elderly. The court of Cossack honor, consisting of 3 people, was approved.
October 15-16, 1996 - at the IV All-Russian Big Circle of the Union of Cossacks of Russia, held in Krasnodar, the Yenisei Cossack delegation consisted of 38 people.
01.16.1997 - by the decision of the Main Directorate of Cossack Troops under the President of the Russian Federation, the Yenisei Cossack Host was included in the State Register of Cossack Troops of the Russian Federation.
March 1-2, 1997 - A meeting of the Council of Elderly EEKV was held on the organization of the work of the Voskresenskaya Cossack village (allotment of land to the Cossacks). Information from the Chairman of the Council Starikov B.P. Brunov Passed through the village circle, the Cossack G.V. Dobrovolsky was elected ataman.
17.06.1997 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 613 approved the Charter of the Yenisei Cossack Army Society (Yenisei Cossack Host).
2.08.1997 - the army was solemnly presented with a certificate of registration in the State Register of Cossack Troops in the Russian Federation.
05/30/1998 - at a joint meeting of the Council of Atamans and the Council of Old Men of the Army, the Cossacks' Appeal to the elected Governor-General A.I. Lebed was read. about the support of the Cossacks for all his good deeds. The appeal was signed by Ataman A.L. Vysotin. and the Chairman of the Council of the elderly Brunov B.P.
02.22.1999 - at a meeting of the Council of the Elders of the EVKO and in the presence of the ataman of the army Vysotin A.L. a decision was made to issue a festive booklet for the opening of the big circle.
12/29/1999 - the Appeal of the Council of Elders EVKO was sent to the head of the Department for Cossack Affairs and Cadet Educational Institutions of the Territory Administration, Cossack Colonel V.N. on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the revival of the Yenisei Cossacks and the awarding of the medal “10 years of EVKO” to the most distinguished Cossacks.
02/12/2000 - The Council of Atamans of the army was held. The question of preparation for the Big Circle of troops was considered.
11.03.2000 - a large circle of troops elected V.N.Mironov as Ataman of EVKO. Cossack colonel, head of the Office for Cossack Affairs and cadet educational institutions of the Regional Administration.
May 9, 2000 - for the first time a parade was held in honor of the 55th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The parade was received by the Governor-General A.I. Lebed, Presidential Decree No. 447 of 21.04.1998. Regulation No. 6 dated 26.01.2000. - Presidential Decree No. 447 of 21.04.1998. Order of the Office for Cossacks Issues No. 6 dated 26.01.2000. “On conferring the Cossack rank of military sergeant-major Brunov Boris Petrovich”, Chairman of the Council of Elders of the EVKO.
06.02.2001 - Decree No. 131 of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Ataman EVKO Vladimir Nikolaevich Mironov was awarded the rank of Cossack general.
08/31/2000 - for the first time, EVKO Cossacks, cadets and students of Cossack educational institutions took part in the Governor's Review of the KUZ.
September 2000 - opening of the monument to the founder of Krasnoyarsk A. Dubensky with the participation of the Governor-General A.I. Lebed, who was presented with a personalized Cossack saber from the EKV Cossacks.
January-July 2001 - For the first time, the Cossacks of the Yenisei EKR took part in the command-staff mobilization exercises conducted by the headquarters of the Siberian Military District.
May 2001 - 10th anniversary of the EVKO revival. Atamans of all Cossack troops were invited, General of the Army Deinekin, Lebed. The EVKO banner was presented on behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, Putin. The banner was accepted by the ataman of the EVKO Cossack General V.N. Mironov.
19.09.2001 - EVKO Cossacks took an active part in the preparation and installation of the city cannon as a symbol of Krasnoyarsk and in memory of the Cossacks - the founders of the city.
May 2002 - The EVKO Cossacks took under protection the water reserves of the upper reaches of the Yenisei.
06/15/2002 - Opening of the memorial museum of the Governor-General A.I. in connection with his tragic death on April 28, 2002.
12.10.2002 - Cossacks took part in the opening of the Cossack cadet corps in the village of Kedrov, on the basis of the disbanded missile division.
02/01/2003 - Council of Atamans, which adopted an appeal to the deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Legislative Assembly of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia, and the Supreme Khural of the Republic of Tyva.
Address: 660053, Krasnoyarsk, st. Malinovsky, 20.
Tel.: 656383,246054.
Yenisei Cossacks - being a branch of the Siberian Cossacks, they were formed in the same way as these last ones, that is, from the remnants of Ermak's squad and various natives of the Moscow state, from local foreigners and the like. They got their name from the towns or "ostrozhki" on the Yenisei River, which served as their main place of residence; Being subordinate to the governors who ruled the cities on the orders of the Siberian order, the Yenisei Cossacks in the first time, that is, in the 2nd half of the 16th century, were under the command of heads, centurions, Pentecostals and foremen, appointed by the governors from among them.
Development of Siberia
Organizational activities
The result of this report was the transfer of the Yenisei city regiments to the military department. In 1851, the Yenisei Cossack Cavalry Regiment was formed from the Cossacks of the Yenisei city regiment and the Cossacks of the Sayan and Abakan villages. Several local settlements of state peasants, together with retired soldiers living in them, were turned to strengthen its composition. The regiment was entrusted with the maintenance of guards and patrols in cities and around factories, escorting prisoners and state transports, capturing fugitives and other duties of a police nature. At the same time, the Yenisei Cossack Cavalry Regiment was combined with the Irkutsk Cossack Cavalry Regiment into a brigade. In 1864, in order to improve the organization of guard and stage service in the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces, local teams of regular troops were established.
However, this could not satisfy the special needs of the local service, which demanded, along with foot, mounted military units. In view of this, although with the establishment of local teams the question arose about the abolition of the Yenisei Cossack Regiment, the local authorities found it possible to provide the Cossack population, with the transition to a civilian department, to retain their original way of serving military service by annually setting up mounted Cossacks or militiamen. In 1871, the Yenisei Cossack regiment was abolished, and its entire composition, with the exception of the police officers and Cossacks, was converted to peasants, while the persons who remained in the Cossack estate made up a separate Krasnoyarsk Cossack hundred. In 1900, a regulation was issued on measures to complete the land arrangement of ranks and the population of the abolished Yenisei Cossack Cavalry Regiment. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, the Cossack population of the Yenisei province fielded the Krasnoyarsk Cossack division of 3 hundred.
On May 25 (June 8), 1917, at the first congress of the Yenisei Cossacks in Krasnoyarsk, it was decided to form the Yenisei Cossack army. Soon, the Council of the Union of Cossack Troops accepted the Yenisei Cossack Host as its full member. The 6th Extraordinary Big Circle of the Yenisei Cossacks, held in August 1919 in the city of Krasnoyarsk, established civil administration of the Yenisei Cossack army, approved by the military ataman General Popov in October 1919 (6). In 1920, the Yenisei Cossack army, like all Cossack troops, was abolished by the Soviet government.
State of the art
After Perestroika, the revival of the Cossacks began, which also affected the Yenisei land (Krasnoyarsk Territory). In 1997, the charter of the Yenisei Cossack Host was approved, and it was entered into the register. To date, the headquarters of the army is located in Krasnoyarsk, the number is St. 7 thousand people, who are distributed across 6 district Cossack societies.
Notes
Sources
- Military encyclopedia / Ed. V.F. Novitsky and others. - St. Petersburg. : t-in I.V. Sytin, 1911-1915. - T. 10.
- Centenary of the Ministry of War, Volume XI, Main Directorate of Cossack Troops, historical sketch of A.I. Nikolsky
Links
- Website of the Yenisei Cossack Army Society (Yenisei Cossack Host)
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