On some features of the Iranian navy. Iranian Navy - Real Force or Skillful Propaganda? Iranian naval forces

The situation in the region of the Persian and Hormuz straits is slowly but surely heating up. Threats, repeatedly voiced by various politicians and the military of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) about the closure of the Strait of Hormuz in response to the embargo of Iranian oil supplies to the EEC and thus stopping the transportation of oil from other supplying countries to the West, forced the United States and its allies to take real action. The US Navy is strengthening its grouping in the waters around Iran. At the same time, both sides provoke each other, and there is a real possibility that the conflict may become "hot". The US Navy is preparing to counter Iran's plans to cut off oil supplies. The stakes in the game are very high, since even a short interruption in the supply of oil resources will lead to a catastrophe in the global market and raise the question of the competence of the United States as a "world policeman".

The combat capabilities of the US Navy are widely known. It is clear that in the long term, in the event of a full-fledged war against the Western coalition, Iran will have little chance, but under certain conditions the Iranian naval forces may seriously paralyze oil supplies, at least at the initial stage.

The importance of the Strait of Hormuz for the world economy can hardly be overestimated - according to Lloyd's Marine Statistics Department, in 2006 up to 33% of world oil exports passed through the Strait of Hormuz. Considering all types of petroleum products, the strait accounts for about 40% of the global maritime exports of this mineral.

Strait of Hormuz

The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow strait of strategic importance both militarily and economically, connecting the Gulf of Oman in the southeast with the Persian Gulf in the southwest, naturally being the most important transport artery. The northern coast of the strait belongs to Iran, and the southern one belongs to the United Arab Emirates and the Sultanate of Oman.

The strait is 195 kilometers long, the narrowest point of the strait is about 54 kilometers wide. The maximum depth is 230 meters. The strait is divided into two transport channels, each about 2.5 kilometers wide, separated from each other by a 5-kilometer buffer zone. At the moment, the strait is the only sea route that allows the export of Arab gas and oil to third countries, in particular the United States.

What forces can the Iranian Navy and the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) oppose? What are their capabilities?

The main tasks facing the Iranian Navy, which are declared by the country's leadership:

conducting military operations against enemy naval groups and aviation with the aim of gaining dominance in the waters of the Persian and Oman Gulfs;
protection of the territorial waters and the sea coast of Iran, including important administrative and political centers in the south of the country, economic regions, oil fields, naval bases, ports and islands;
ensuring the protection of coastal sea communications and disrupting enemy sea communications in the Caspian Sea, in the Persian and Oman Gulfs;
permanent control over the Strait of Hormuz (ed. emphasis.);
providing direct support ground forces and the Air Force in the course of operations in sea areas, conducting amphibious operations, combating enemy amphibious assault forces, conducting continuous reconnaissance at sea.

Organizationally, the Iranian Navy consists of a fleet headquarters, four commands, four naval regions (BMP) and includes surface and submarine forces, fleet aviation, marines, coastal anti-ship missiles, maritime guards, coastal services and rear services. In addition to the Navy itself, subordinate to the country's Ministry of Defense, the protection of Iran from the sea is carried out by units of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.

IN last years Iran's leadership pays special attention to increasing the naval component of its Armed Forces. New surface ships and small submarines are being built, missiles of various types and ranges are being tested, Iranian ships have completed a number of long-range cruises, and tactical-level exercises are regularly held.

The Iranian naval forces in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Oman are based on several naval bases on the coast (the main one is Bandar Abbas, where the naval headquarters is located) and on the islands, several more bases are being built.

Moudge-class destroyer of the Iranian Navy

In the same area, the main forces of the ship-and-boat fleet are concentrated. The basis of the submarine forces is three diesel-electric submarines of project 877EKM built in Russia in the 90s of the last century. These boats are considered low-noise and, in terms of the capabilities of their weapons, pose a serious threat. They can effectively act both against warships and be used to strike at tankers.

In addition to the diesel-electric submarines of project 877EKM, there are a number (perhaps several dozen) of ultra-small submarines, including as part of the IRGC - for actions of special forces.

The surface fleet is represented by several large ships both of their own construction and those inherited from the shah's regime. It is worth mentioning two destroyers (actually frigates) of the Jamaran class, about 10 frigates and corvettes. The main surface striking force of both the fleet and the IRGC is numerous (quantitative estimate: from 50 to 70 units) high-speed missile boats of various displacement. All ships are armed with anti-ship missiles of several types, both of their own production and purchased abroad, in the event of massive use they are capable of causing significant damage to the forces of the United States and NATO and, undoubtedly, disrupting tanker shipments.

The amphibious fleet is represented by a significant number of ships and boats. About 15 of them are relatively large (with a displacement of 1400 to 2500 tons), capable of landing tactical assault forces with light equipment. A significant part of the amphibious forces are boats, including hovercraft. For direct action against the US Navy, the Iranian DCS are of little use, but very useful for laying minefields.

In addition to the sea-based anti-ship missiles, the fleet and the IRGC have dozens of coastal mobile anti-ship missile systems with a strike potential in a salvo of up to 200-250 missiles (according to various sources, up to fifty launchers, organizationally combined into 4 brigades), which pose a significant potential threat to the US Navy ships. their allies and in general shipping in the region.

Another and, perhaps, the only effective way to completely block traffic in the Strait of Hormuz is to lay minefields. The Iranian fleet has accumulated large stocks of mine weapons (albeit outdated), and almost all ships of the fleet are adapted for laying mines. Moreover, the staging can be carried out in a very short time, and literally the first or second detonation of supertankers can paralyze all shipping. In addition, minefields will seriously impede the actions of the American naval groupings.

In general, the quality of the Iranian Navy's equipment lags far behind the level of a potential enemy, the weak point of the fleet is the almost complete lack of experience in modern combat operations at sea, anti-submarine capabilities, and problems with air cover.

The US Navy needs to develop two tactics for dealing with the Iranian Navy. The reason for this is largely due to the fact that Iran has two fleets that are significantly different from each other. The "classic" naval forces coexist with less modern but more fanatical forces representing the "affiliate" of the IRGC (the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps - the personal army of clerics holding the highest power in Iran). These two fleets are equipped, trained and operated in very different ways.

In the past thirty years, the Iranian Navy has mainly consisted of ships and vessels of foreign construction and only recently became capable of independently building ships. These ships are underdeveloped, but they float and their weapons are usually functional. Surface ships are small (1400-ton corvettes and 2200-ton frigates), and miniature submarines are very diverse. There are only a few examples of each type, and their construction is slow, so it seems that mistakes made in previous ships can be discovered and corrected. Currently, the only large surface ships at Iran's disposal are three new corvettes and frigates, three old English-built frigates (1540 tons each) and two American-built corvettes (1100 tons each). There are also about fifty small patrol boats, ten of which are armed with Chinese anti-ship missiles. In addition, there are several dozen more minesweepers, landing ships and support ships. Most powerful force of the fleet are three Russian submarines of the Kilo class. There are about fifty mini-submarines, most of them Iranian-built. The fleet has several thousand marines and about 20 aircraft and helicopters.

The IRGC Navy includes about the same number of people as the Navy (23,000, including the marines and naval aviation) and about 40 large missile and torpedo boats (displacement 100-200 tons each), as well as almost a thousand small boats, many of which are simply boats with two outboard motors and machine gun mountings. The crews of these ships are about a dozen armed with assault rifles, machine guns and RPGs "guards of the revolution." Some boats are equipped as kamikaze and carry only a crew of two or three suicide bombers, plus half a ton or a little more explosives. Anti-tank missile systems were seen on some of these boats. The Guards Fleet also possesses several helicopters and several thousand marines.

Information received from refugees and radio intercepts shows that the Islamic Revolutionary Guards' naval forces are mainly suited for intimidation (their boats often approach foreign ships and commercial ships) and suicide attacks. This worries Western naval commanders, as fanatics can be unpredictable and subject to extreme bravery. It is not just about suicide boats, but also sea mines and combat swimmers (scuba divers who fly small mines attached to ships and make a hole in the hull). On the other hand, the chances of a fanatical victory in a decisive sea battle are very low, but these maniacs are very determined and they can get lucky sometimes.

The Iranian naval command is composed of officers with a more traditional outlook. Western ship commanders tend to have good professional relationships with their Iranian counterparts, even when Iranian navies are ordered to "spoil" Western ships. When the Iranian commander "receives an order," he will carry it out, no matter how strange this order may be, but he will be apologetic (feeling guilty) before his foreign colleagues.

The Iranian Navy has fewer capabilities than the Islamic Revolutionary Guards simply because it has fewer ships and the available ships are larger (easier to find and sink). In the past decade, the Navy has mainly operated in the Indian Ocean and the Caspian Sea, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards have been assigned responsibility for the Persian Gulf and the protection of all Iranian oil facilities along the coast. In fact, the Islamic Revolutionary Guards pose a great threat to Arab oil fields and tankers, because the Arabs and their Western allies have air superiority and thus are able to destroy Iranian oil fields and tankers.

The Iranians hope to create as significant a threat at sea as possible, even if the threat (in the form of kamikaze boats and missile boats covered by coastal anti-ship missiles) is short-lived. In a prolonged war, any Iranian naval force would be quickly defeated.

The military-political leadership of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), assessing the threats to the country's national security, pays special attention to increasing the combat power of the naval component of its armed forces. The efforts being made by Tehran are a preventive measure to neutralize the attempts of the United States and a number of NATO countries to prevent the strengthening of Iranian influence in the region of the Middle and Middle East and in the world as a whole.

According to the national military doctrine, the main tasks Iranian Navyare:

conducting hostilities against enemy naval groupings and aviation in order to gain dominance in the waters of the Persian and Oman Gulfs and the Caspian Sea;
defense of the territorial waters and the sea coast of Iran, including the important administrative and political centers of the south of the country, economic regions, oil fields, naval bases, ports and islands;
disruption of enemy sea airlifts and communications in the Caspian, in the Persian and Oman gulfs;
control over the Strait of Hormuz;
providing direct support to the ground forces and air forces in conducting operations in coastal areas;
carrying out amphibious operations and combating enemy amphibious assault forces;
conducting continuous reconnaissance at sea.

ORGANIZATION, NUMBER, SHIPBOARD OF THE IRANIAN Navy

The Iranian Navy includes the Army and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).

The number of personnel of the Army Navy is more than 20 thousand people (of which about 9 thousand are marines), the IRGC Navy is over 20 thousand (5 thousand marines).

Organizationally, the Navy of the Army includes: headquarters, five commands, four naval regions (BMP), combat formations and units, support, service and training centers.

The Naval Headquarters of the Army (GVMB Bandar-Abbas), which includes directorates and departments, is the main body of administrative and operational management of formations and units of the Army's Navy. It is entrusted with planning functions combat use, daily and combat activities of troops and their material and technical support, as well as the direct management of subordinate command headquarters: in the Strait of Hormuz zone, in the Gulf of Oman zone, in the Caspian Sea zone, naval aviation and the Army training command. Commands direct the day-to-day activities of the units of the country's naval forces.

The naval command in the Strait of Hormuz zone (GVMB Bandar Abbas) ensures the solution of the main tasks assigned to the naval forces in this region. It includes an operational-tactical formation - the 1st naval region (BMP, GVMB Bandar Abbas). The BMP units are designed to provide defense and maintain the necessary operational mode in their areas of responsibility, protect water areas, and organize control of the surface and underwater situation. The naval region is headed by a commander, to whom, in addition to the main units, the chief of the naval base is administratively subordinate, as well as coastal units and services that provide basic services to ships.

The 1st BMP, in addition to the headquarters, includes:

3rd brigade of ships and boats (divisions of submarines, destroyers, frigates, landing ships, air-cushion landing boats (DKAVP), patrol and artillery boats);
1st brigade of the MP (about 4.5 thousand people), consisting of three battalions.

Naval aviation units are assigned to this area: a squadron of basic patrol aviation, the 3rd squadron of anti-submarine helicopters and a squadron of transport aviation. The 1st BMP also has a Navy training center.

The command of the Navy of the Army in the Gulf of Oman (naval base Jask) manages the operational formation of the fleet and is designed to solve the tasks assigned to the navy in its area of \u200b\u200bresponsibility.

It includes two operational-tactical formations - the 2nd (naval base Jask) and the 3rd (naval base Chahbahar) naval areas. The 2nd BMP along with the headquarters includes:

8th brigade of ships and boats (divisions of frigates, minesweepers, large patrol anti-submarine boats);
7th brigade of ships (71st and 72nd battalions of missile boats, a battalion of air-cushion landing ships;
2nd brigade of the MP.

Naval aviation units are assigned to the 2nd BMP: the 7th squadron of helicopter minesweepers, aircraft of the transport aviation squadron and the squadron of command and communications aircraft.

The 3rd BMP has a headquarters, a battalion of ships and boats.

The command of the Navy of the Army in the Caspian Sea zone (naval base Bender-Anzali), which is a tactical unit, is intended primarily for conducting patrol services and naval reconnaissance in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. It includes the 4th BMP (naval base Bender-Anzali), which includes a headquarters, a battalion of ships and boats, a battalion of patrol boats, and a training center for technical specialists.

The Naval Aviation Command (GVMB Bender Abbas) consists of a headquarters and eight squadrons: one each for patrol aviation, command and control and communications, minesweeping helicopters and transport helicopters, and two each for anti-submarine transport helicopters.

The training command directs the training of personnel for the Iranian naval forces. It has a training ship, a Navy training center and a training center for technical specialists of the 4th BMP.

The naval forces of the IRGC of Iran are an independent structure of the country's Armed Forces. The personnel in 2013 totaled about 20 thousand people. The IRGC naval forces are designed to protect coastal territories, conduct hostilities both independently and together with other types of the Armed Forces of the Corps and the Army. Organizationally, they include a headquarters, three separate commands, four naval areas, combat formations and units, support and service subunits, training centers and institutions.

The command and control of troops in peacetime is carried out by the commander of the IRGC Navy through his apparatus, which includes deputies, a secretariat, headquarters, the corresponding commands and headquarters of the BMP.

The headquarters is the main body for the administrative and operational management of formations and units of the naval corps. It is entrusted with the functions of planning the combat use, daily and combat activities of troops and their material and technical support. He directly supervises the command headquarters under his jurisdiction: in the Persian and Oman Gulfs, missile and training commands of the IRGC Navy.

Commands direct the day-to-day activities of the corps' formations, units and subunits.

Part naval command in the Persian and Oman Gulfs includes four naval areas:

1st BMP (GVMB Bender Abbas), which includes the headquarters, a brigade of ships and boats (divisions of landing ships, high-speed missile boats (RSA), patrol boats (PKA), landing boats, a brigade of boats, a division of small and midget submarines, as well as a marine brigade.
2nd BMP (naval base Bushehr), which includes the headquarters, a brigade of ships and boats (divisions of amphibious ships, high-speed RCA and PKA), a marine brigade and a coast guard battalion.
3rd BMP (naval base Bender-Khomeini), including headquarters, a brigade of boats (divisions of PKA and small patrol boats), as well as a coast guard battalion.
4th BMP (naval base Assa-luye), including headquarters, a battalion of high-speed missile boats, a battalion of patrol boats and a coast guard battalion.

Missile Commande (Bandar Abbas) has three missile brigades. The 26th (Bandar Abbas) and 36th (Bushehr) consist of three missile divisions, while the 16th (Minab) includes four divisions.

Training command supervises the IRGC Naval Officer School (Chalus), the 1st, 2nd and 3rd missile training centers, as well as training centers in Bandar Abbas and Qum.

Part surface forces of the fleet includes: three frigates of the "Alvand" type (former British frigates "Vosper" Mk 5) and two corvettes "Bayandor" of the PF103 type of American construction, as well as FR "Jamaran" (project "Movji") of national production; 23 boats (missile and patrol boats of the Kaman type, 10 units of French construction and Tondor of Chinese construction, three small patrol boats of the PGM 71 type of American construction) and about 170 PKA of various types.

Mine sweeping forces include the American-built "Cape" type harbor sea minesweeper "Riazi" (the second is removed from service), equipped with contact, acoustic and magnetic trawls, as well as two base minesweepers MSC 292/268 with a displacement of 384 tons.

Auxiliary fleet has the following ships: four tank-landing "Hengan" of British construction (51 "Hengan" - 1973, 52 "Larak" - 1974, 53 "Lavan" - 1985, 54 "Tonb" - 1985), three landing "Iran Hormuz-24"; three small landing craft Iran Hormuz-21, two small landing craft Foke (MIG-S-3700), as well as six air-cushion landing craft Wellington (VN-7) and Yunis-6 (all highlighted in fleet reserve).

In addition, it includes: one tanker (supply vessel) "Kharg" of the "Svoi Hunter" type (1993) of British construction (1980); two tankers (supply vessels) "Bandar Abbas" of the "Laring Yard" type of German construction (1973-1974); four Indian-built Kangan tankers (1979); six Pakistani-built Delwar supply vessels (1978-1982); 12 auxiliary vessels “Bakkhtaran” (“Khondiyan”, MIG-S-4700), as well as one training vessel “Khamzakh”.

As of early 2013 iranian submarine forces consisted of three submarines of project 877EKM ("Kilo" according to NATO classification) of Russian construction.

Boats of this class are designed to combat enemy submarines and surface ships, to protect naval bases, the sea coast and sea communications. They are low-noise and, in their sonar characteristics, are comparable to Israeli submarines of the Dolphin type. Currently, two out of three boats are in need of repair.

The submarine with tail number 901 ("Tarek") was built in 1991, with the number 902 ("Nor") in 1992 and 903 ("Janes") in 1994. Their basing point is the naval base of Bandar Abbas.

The Iranian Navy also has nationally developed mid-size submarines (SMPL) of the Kadir type. They are used by the naval forces mainly in the Strait of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf, in particular, for the transfer of special forces, mining and reconnaissance. Due to its small size, the SMPL data is difficult to detect, but at the same time, in terms of their combat capabilities, they are inferior to the Project 877EKM submarine. In the summer of 2011, the Iranian Navy had 11 Qadir-class submarines, and in 2013 their number increased to 20.

In addition, the Iranian Navy has three nationally developed Al-Sabehat-15 submarine delivery vehicles for combat swimmers (length 9.2 m). They are intended for the special operations forces of the Navy. The last tool entered service in 2000.

Coastal defense units included two brigades of anti-ship missiles HY-2 Silkuorm (CSSL-3 Siriker) - four launchers (from 100 to 300 missiles) and PU anti-ship missiles YJ-2 (C-802) - four launchers (from 60 to 100 missiles).

Part marines includes two brigades of the Army Navy and the IRGC.

As part of naval aviation there are: 19 aircraft (Do-228 - five units, P-3F Orion - three, Falcon 20E - three, Rockwell Turbo Commander - four, F-27 Friendship - four); 30 helicopters (RH-53D Sea Stellen - three units, SH-3D Sea King - 10, AV-212 - 10, AV-205A - five, AV-206V Jet Ranger - two).

BASE POINTS

Iran's naval forces have a well-developed infrastructure. The main base of the Navy is Bandar Abbas, the naval bases are Bushir, Kermanshah, about. Kharg, oh. Farsi, Bandar-Khomeini, Bandar-Mashar, Bandar-Lenge, Jask, Chahbahar and Bandar-Anzeli.

IRGC Navy bases: Sir Abu Noair, Abadan oil terminal, Abu Musa oil fields and platforms, al-Fasiyah, Kurus, Halal, Larak, Qeshm, Rostam and Siri.

The repair and shipbuilding bases are represented by the MAN floating dock "Nordhamen" with a displacement of 28,000 tons, where the production of small submarines, patrol and landing boats, as well as auxiliary vessels has been established.

VIEWS ON THE PROSPECTS OF CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF THE IRANIAN NAVY

At present, the naval personnel are capable of solving tasks mainly in territorial waters.

Iran's naval forces are developing in accordance with the views of the country's military-political leadership on the prospects for creating favorable conditions for ensuring national interests in the region. It is planned to implement the concept of reforming and re-equipping the Navy until 2025. The main provisions of target programs and directions for the development of this type of Armed Forces, taking into account the tasks they solve, were formulated based on the strategic intention of the leaders of the state to retain and expand the dominant role in the Middle East and specifically in the Persian Gulf zone.

A certain influence on the rethinking of the country's significance in the region was exerted by the results of the events in northern Africa within the framework of the so-called Arab Spring, during which the USA and NATO initiated the removal of the leaders of a number of Arab states from power. In addition, they took into account the persistent desire of Washington and its allies to establish control over the Iranian nuclear program, using various forms of pressure in the diplomatic, economic and other fields.

The main geostrategic goal of the Iranian leadership is the desire to expand its zone of influence in the region with access to the waters of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. According to Iranian specialists, this is possible by changing the organizational structure of the country's naval component, as well as by improving the coordination of actions of formations and units to solve problems in their areas of responsibility.

Since 2012, the Iranian leadership has allocated about 5% of GDP for military needs. A significant part of these funds goes to the implementation of targeted programs for reforming the Navy. This made it possible by the beginning of 2013 to create in the region a sufficiently powerful naval grouping in terms of its potential, which significantly surpasses the groupings of the countries of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Persian Gulf (GCC).

Since 2012, there has been a tendency for the gradual integration of the military structures of the Army and the IRGC. The reform plan envisages by 2015 on the basis of these independent components to create a single military structure. The main attention will be paid to the implementation of a set of measures to form an optimal combat strength and equip it with modern weapons and military equipment.

In the interests of ensuring interaction between the components of the Navy, as well as in order to check the effectiveness of measures taken to create a new operational structure within the framework of operational and combat training, a number of special tactical exercises of the Iranian Navy were held in 2010-2013. One of the main tasks in the course of these events was to rethink the plans to involve the Army and the IRGC units in order to eliminate duplicate actions in their operational areas, as well as the choice of forms and methods of their use outside the traditional areas of responsibility. According to Iranian military experts, this will free up some of the forces and means to solve problems not only in the territorial waters of the country, but also in the waters of the Red Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean. In addition, the possibilities for realizing the views of the command on conducting asymmetric military operations at the operational-strategic level are increasing.

During this period, the Iranian Navy also took part in joint exercises with the naval forces of Saudi Arabia, Oman, Turkey, Qatar, Syria, Djibouti, within which main task was the development of maritime theater of operations, joint actions with the navies of the participating countries in addressing issues of protection of sea communications, search and rescue, as well as the conduct of mine warfare. In addition, the effectiveness of the new command and control system of the Army and the IRGC Navy was tested.

Iranian Navy takes part in the fight against Somali pirates

Measures for the reorganization of the Navy of the Army and the IRGC envisage the joining of efforts to solve identical problems with smaller forces and means within the geographical boundaries from the Bab al-Mandeb Strait to the Arabian Sea and the Strait of Malacca. As a result, the Army's naval forces will be able to effectively control the waters in the Caspian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Indian Ocean to the coast of Pakistan, as well as increase the mobility and combat capabilities of coastal artillery systems. This will require the construction of new naval bases in the region, the disposal of old equipment and the supply of modern weapons and military equipment to service. In addition, it is planned to approve large-scale programs for the modernization of existing and construction of new warships.

To increase the combat capabilities of the national Navy, it is planned to adopt the latest high-speed missile and torpedo boats, as well as anti-ship missiles (ASM). So, in 2012, 12 modern Peykaap RCA entered the combat strength of the IRGC Navy. High tactical and technical characteristics, in particular stealth for enemy radar, ensure their effective use in the shallow waters of the northern part of the Persian Gulf.

In addition, the armament of this component is expected to receive high-speed combat ships of national development, which will be equipped with anti-ship missiles with a firing range of up to 300 km, as well as target detection radar at a distance of up to 500 km.

The modernization program provides for the signing by 2015 of a contract for the purchase of three Amur-class submarines from the Russian Federation. According to Iranian military experts, existing technologies also make it possible to build a new type of submarine at national enterprises.

Thus, the Iranian Navy today and for the foreseeable future is the most powerful in the region. Practical steps in the field of reforming and improving the naval component of the armed forces, taken by the Iranian leadership, will optimize the structure of operational formations, increase the combat capabilities of the Navy to address the tasks of ensuring the country's national interests not only in the traditional zones of responsibility, but also beyond them. The implementation of the declared target programs until 2025 can create preconditions for changing the geopolitical and geostrategic situation in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East, which consists in increasing Iran's role in the region and its capabilities to ensure national security.

(Material prepared for the portal "Modern Army" © http: //www.site according to S. Stazherov's article. When copying the article, please do not forget to link to the primary source page of the portal "Modern Army").

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Political background

The basis of the declared independence, according to the Iranian leaders, will be provided by nuclear missiles. Therefore, in the direction of possession of nuclear weapons and their delivery vehicles - long-range missiles - the main efforts are being concentrated. Experts believe that the development of traditional species military equipment in Iran is of secondary importance. Also, most experts question the reality of efforts to destroy the State of Israel with nuclear missiles, although there are many political statements about this from Tehran.

The Tehran Nuclear Research Center, the Isfahan Nuclear Technology Center, and the Nuclear Research Center are working on the problem of creating nuclear weapons in Iran. agriculture and medicine in Keredj, the nuclear research department in the city of Yazd (nearby there is a uranium deposit, the reserves of which are estimated at 3000-4000 tons of uranium oxide equivalent, the content of U-235 is 0.08-1.00 percent) and the Moallem Kalaye facility.

It is difficult enough to estimate the possible time frame for Iran's acquisition of nuclear weapons, but most experts believe that this will happen in the coming years. Former head of the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy Yevgeny Adamov once noted that Iran could develop nuclear weapons. “They have quite qualified people. Nuclear experts have been trained in the West since the Shah's times, ”he stressed.

Naval development concept

According to available data, the main efforts in the development of the Iranian fleet are aimed at deploying a combat-ready naval group in the Indian Ocean. In the Caspian Sea, the Iranian Navy is represented only by patrol boats (PKA), operating in the interests of the border guard and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. At the same time, the development of the navy itself is of secondary importance in comparison with the ground forces and the air force, and this branch of the country's armed forces is still assigned very limited tasks.

These tasks include the conduct of hostilities against enemy ship groups and aircraft in order to gain dominance in the waters of the Persian and Oman Gulfs, the protection of the territorial waters and the sea coast of Iran, including important administrative and political centers in the south of the country, economic regions, oil fields, military - naval bases, ports and islands, ensuring the protection of coastal sea communications and disruption of enemy sea communications in the Persian and Oman Gulfs, control over the Strait of Hormuz, providing direct support to ground forces and the Air Force during operations in sea areas, conducting amphibious operations, combating enemy amphibious assault, continuous reconnaissance at sea.

Taking into account the experience of the war with Iraq and periodic military clashes with the NATO Navy, the Iranian naval command still gives preference to the development of non-nuclear submarines (NNS), ultra-small submarines (SMPL) and combat boats (BKA) of small displacement. That is, those combat forces that will be able to maintain combat effectiveness in an atmosphere of total air domination of a potential enemy, which is primarily the United States.

It should be noted that Iran also has difficult relations with its neighbors, besides Russia. For some time, Iran had claims against Azerbaijan, but in recent years they have not been expressed anymore: obviously, Tehran takes into account the close multilateral ties between Moscow and Baku.

Combat composition

The estimate of the size of the Iranian Navy by 2015–2020, given in the table, is quite cautious and shows that the trend continues for the development of only small and ultra-small combat assets (SMPL and BKA).

Dynamics of changes in the combat composition of the Iranian Navy

Subclass of ships	Number for 1998	Number for 2012	Projected population by 2020
NAPL	3	3	3
SMPL	-	15	>20
EM	2	there is no data	there is no data
KRV	5	6	4-5
RKA	11	48	23
PKA	139	>150	130
MTK	5	there is no data	there is no data
DC	9	9	12-15
DKA	8	12	22
Non-nuclear submarine SMPL - midget submarine EM - destroyer KRV - corvette RKA - missile boat PKA - patrol boat MTK - mine-sweeping ship DK - landing ship DKA - landing boat

Submarine forces

NPS. Currently in combat strength The Navy has three Russian-built project 877EKM submarines. They are designed to solve combat missions mainly in the Indian Ocean, although in peacetime they actively demonstrate their combat capabilities in the Persian Gulf. According to some reports, these boats may soon be upgraded to use the Club-S cruise missiles (CR). In the early 2000s, the activity of the project 877EKM submarine was reduced due to problems with batteries (requiring replacement) and the need to repair equipment. By 2011, these problems were overcome and boats began to make long hikes, including the Red Sea.

However, today the basis of Iran's submarine forces are SMPLs, intended mainly for operations in the Persian and Oman Gulfs. As of the end of 2011, according to Rear Admiral Golam Reza Khadem-Bigam, there were 15 SMPLs of two projects in the combat composition: 14 of the Ghadir type (work has been underway since 2004, another three or four such SMPLs are at different stages of construction) and one of the Nahang type. SMPLs of the Ghadir type were created with the technical assistance of the DPRK (development of Yugo type boats). The total program for the construction of Iranian small submarines can reach 30 units.

The Iranian naval leadership emphasizes that the country was able to master the construction of small submarines from national components. However, most experts are skeptical about this, believing that if it succeeded, then the technical level of the components corresponds to the world analogs of the 70s-80s of the last century.

All Iranian submarines are likely to receive a Shkval-type rocket torpedo (the IRI Navy successfully tested it on April 4, 2009). According to a spokesman for the Iranian command, this is the fastest torpedo in the world. Some experts claim that several samples of the Shkval torpedo were purchased by China in the CIS through Kyrgyzstan and then delivered to Iran.

Amphibious forces

The Navy has nine tank landing ships (seven medium - STDK and two small - MTDK), 12 landing boats, of which six are on an air cushion. There are long-term plans for the construction of three more STDK.

Multipurpose forces

KRV. The navy has three Alvand-type KRVs (Vosper Mk 5). They were ordered in the UK back in 1966 and underwent two modernizations - in 1977 and 1988. In 1997, on the ships, the Sea Killer anti-ship missile launchers were replaced with the Chinese-made C-802 anti-ship missile launchers. Iran independently built one KRV of this type Jamaran according to the available technical documentation, to which some changes were made. In particular, a diesel unit (DU) was used instead of a diesel-gas turbine unit (DGTU), and a helicopter runway was located in the stern. The construction of the second KRV of this type is underway, due in 2013.

In addition, the Navy has two American-built corvettes, transferred to the United States to the Shah's regime under the aid program in 1964. Despite the long service life, all KRVs are actively used and are in good technical condition.

Patrol force

RCA. As of the beginning of 2012, there are 23 relatively large RCA with a displacement of 200-275 tons in the combat composition of the Navy. Ten boats of the Houdong type with the C-802 anti-ship missiles were built in China, ten Combattante II boats, mainly with the C-802 anti-ship missiles, in France, and three more boats of this type in Iran. In addition, there are 35 small spacecraft with a displacement of 10-14 tons with anti-ship missiles or NUR short-range, built with the help of China, North Korea or independently.

PKA. At the beginning of 2012, there were a large number of BKA (more than 150) mainly for patrol purposes with a displacement of 1.5 to 170 tons. At the same time, three boats of the Kajami type are so-called semi-submerged, that is, they can move at a shallow depth using a device of the RDP type (engine operation under water). Similar projects were developed in the Soviet Union in the 60s, but were not implemented.

Iran, to a certain extent, repeats the path of development of the Soviet Navy at the beginning of the 60s, when the USSR tried to create a "huge and invincible mosquito fleet." For the sake of fairness, it should be noted that during the Gulf War, even the powerful US Navy carrier-based aircraft could not effectively fight the Iranian Navy's ultra-small BKA. Firing anti-ship missiles at them turned out to be impossible, and the use of guns, conventional bombs and NAR was also difficult due to the small size and high maneuverability of the boats.

Mine sweeping forces

Currently, there are no minesweepers (TSP) in the Iranian Navy, but there are six RH-53D type minesweepers (VTSC). The absence of ships of this class and even plans for their construction indicates that the Iranian naval command during the war plans to use mainly boats and small submarines, for which mines pose a lesser threat than for large ships.

Shipbuilding programs

Iran is currently aiming at the construction of small submarines, the completion of one KRV and the construction of boats (RCA, PKA and DKA).

Iranian Defense Minister Mostafa Mohammad Najjar said at the ceremony of laying a new ultra-small submarine in 2008: "The Islamic Republic is becoming self-sufficient in the production of all types of military vessels." He also highlighted the fact that this submarine was equipped with a new submarine missile. According to him, the development of new weapons such as surface and submarine missiles will increase the defense capability of the fleet in Iran's territorial waters and prevent an attack on the country.

Most experts point out that the Iranian naval shipbuilding program basically copies a similar program of the North Korean naval shipbuilding. However, in the technological aspect, Iran lags behind the DPRK by 10-20 years, since its national shipbuilding industry is in its infancy.

Military industrial base assessment

The development of missile and even nuclear weapons will not be able to provide Iran with a technological breakthrough in the field of military shipbuilding. There are several reasons for this.

For example, with all the complexity of creating a rocket and nuclear weapons, their production, in the opinion of most experts, at present can be based only on a limited number of specialized enterprises. That is, with a small serial production, it is possible to create them in a pilot production. The creation of ships, naval weapons and aviation technology takes place at a large number of industries, and this requires a high technological level of development of the entire country.

A fundamentally new moment in the reform of the military-industrial complex of Iran was the focus on the priority development of licensed production of technologically complex weapons.

Currently, the shipbuilding industry is represented by enterprises of the Shahid Dgalai Industrial Group. It has three shipbuilding yards (SSY) located in the cities of Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Anzali, which have experience in construction, including assembly under foreign licenses and with the help of other countries, landing ships, patrol and landing boats (with a displacement of up to 90 tons), as well as auxiliary vessels. In Bushehr, with the help of Chinese specialists, at the end of the 90s, work began on the licensed construction of two Hudong-class missile boats, more precisely, their assembly from blocks supplied from China. At the shipyard in Bandar Abbas, with the help of specialists from the DPRK, the construction of an SMPL has been launched.

However, with all these successes, the main difficulty remains - the general technological backwardness of Iran. Although the country has been producing oil for over a hundred years, the Iranians are still unable to drill without the help of foreign firms. Without foreign help, Iran cannot build oil refineries, which is why it is forced to import a third of the gasoline consumed by the country. And this is in a country - an oil exporter, claiming regional leadership.

That is why the majority of experts believe that Iran does not yet have a scientific and technological base for the independent creation of modern military equipment and it needs to start by training its own scientific and technical personnel. In this regard, it is likely that in the coming years there will be a significant influx of specialists and teachers in Iran. Experts also fear that a large part of the arrivals will be brought into the country illegally.

In the event of hostilities, it is possible that irreparable damage could be inflicted on the Iranian shipbuilding industry by the United States and Israel, the consequences of which can hardly be compensated for in the near future.