Sawing up the Altai forest is a family matter. Natural and climatic conditions of soil degradation

The urgency of the problem. In the arid belt of Russia, stretching from the western borders to Transbaikalia, desertification processes are manifested to a strong degree due to deflation, erosion, and salinization. The area of \u200b\u200bagricultural land, according to K.N. Kulik and S.E. Tikhonov (2003), subject to degradation, in various regions ranges from 40 to 80%, and the rest of the land is dangerous in this respect. In the country, about 43% of agricultural land is located in the zone of dry steppes, over 60% of grain crops suffer from droughts and often from dust storms (Petrov, 1995).

The steppe part of the territory of the south of Western Siberia is characterized by flatness, the predominance of light and medium-sized soils, their plowing contributes to the occurrence of wind erosion, which often developed into black storms and brought irreparable losses to agricultural production.

A way out of this situation in the conditions of multi-structure agriculture can be found in the translation into an adaptive strategy of land use, in the widespread use of ecologically-economical reclamations on the dry land, which are most fully adapted to local conditions. The basis of this strategy is formed by forest-agricultural landscapes, which should be considered as an integral link of the farming system, which have a high ecological purity, as well as are characterized by relatively low costs for their creation and long-term return.

Research conducted in the Altai Territory (Andrianov, 1961, 1962, 1973; Bivalkevich, 1997; Burlakova, 1989, 1997; Vandakurova, 1950; Gribanov, 1954; Dolgilevich, Simonenko, 1979, 1984; Kukis, 1968, 1971; Mattis, Pavlovsky, 1984, etc.), prerequisites have been created for a more intensive use of land resources under the protection of forest plantations, which has not only theoretical but also applied significance.

The success of solving these issues is predetermined by the level of their scientific substantiation, based on a quantitative and qualitative assessment of agronomic and forestry resources in their joint manifestation. In this regard, it is extremely important for the steppe regions of the south of Western Siberia to solve the problem of reliable, permanent achievement of real results by forestry methods in stabilizing the process of soil cover degradation.

The purpose of the research is to assess the current situation in land use in the steppe part of the region and the role of protective forest plantations in stabilizing the process of soil cover degradation.

Research objectives:

To develop a system of measures, in which the tape forest is considered as the basis of the forest ecological framework for the Kulunda steppe;

To develop a program for the restoration of forest ecosystems on burnt-out areas in belt-like forests and the creation of a system of protective flax plantations in the arid zone of the south of Western Siberia;

To reveal the degree of degradation of arable land, pastures and hayfields, as well as the reasons causing the death of protective forest plantations;

Clarify the significance of chopped forests in the steppe and forest-steppe with the establishment of criteria for the minimum forest cover for individual agroforestry areas.

Scientific novelty.

For the first time, based on the results of many years of research using various methods, an assessment of the degradation of agricultural land and protective forest plantations was given according to a set of features characterizing their biological resistance in contrasting environmental conditions of the Altai Territory;

The theoretical provisions of the conceptual approach to the study of the environmental protection functions of forest belts in steppe conditions, taking into account the assortment of trees and shrubs and especially conifers, have been determined;

For the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Altai Territory, the basic principles for the creation and placement of protective forest plantations for various types of soils have been determined. It has been established that the land use system should be based on a combination of agronomic and forest reclamation techniques aimed at stabilizing crop yields.

Protected provisions.

The role of protective forest plantations in the agroforestry landscapes of the region under study is determined by the level of their protective functions, which are associated with the forest cover of the territory, taxation and silvicultural characteristics of the plantations. In the arid zone of the south of Western Siberia, under the conditions of increasing manifestations of soil degradation processes, the creation of a system of protective forest plantations is one of the main factors in the intensification of agricultural production.

Regionalization of types of protective forest plantations, their species structure is the basis for the optimal combination of arable land, meadows, forests.

The creation of a single ecological frame in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Altai Territory, composed of forests of natural and artificial origin, is necessary in order to stabilize the process of agricultural soil degradation.

Maintaining a high environmental protection level with belt pine forests provides for rapid reforestation in large-area burned-out areas with the prevention of both soil degradation and waterlogging of the territory.

The validity and reliability of the results is confirmed by many years of research in various regions of the steppe and forest-steppe, a large number of experimental and analytical materials, and its processing using mathematical and statistical methods.

Practical significance.

The established schemes for the construction of agroforestry landscapes in order to preserve and improve soil fertility have been tested by wide industrial practice, they are an integral part of the zonal system of nature management. The research results are used by forest management organizations developing projects for various purposes in the forest fund. On their basis, the Program of Elimination of the Consequences of Large Forest Fires in the Altai Territory for 1998-2008 has been developed and purposefully implemented.

The results of studying protective forest plantations in various agroforestry areas made it possible to differentiate them according to their adaptive properties, highlighting the most productive and biologically stable tree species and recommend them for introduction into forest belts for various purposes, which became an integral part of the recommendations for creating forest belts in the Kulunda steppe.

Approbation. The research results were reported at scientific and practical conferences: "Pine forests of Russia in the system of multipurpose forest management" (Voronezh, 1993), "Fires in the forest and at the objects of the wood chemical complex" (Tomsk-Krasnoyarsk, 1999), "Problems of forestry and reforestation in Altai" (Barnaul, 2001), “Anthropogenic impact on forest ecosystems” (Barnaul, 2002), “Kulundinskaya steppe: past, present, future” (Barnaul, 2003), “Restoration of disturbed landscapes” (Barnaul, 2004), “Structural and functional organization and dynamics of forests ”(Krasnoyarsk, 2004), as well as at meetings and seminars at various levels.

The personal participation of the author consists in posing a problem, developing methodological provisions, conducting theoretical research and performing the main types of work on the collection, processing and analysis of experimental material, approbation and implementation of completed research works.

Publications. The main content of the dissertation is presented in 40 works, including 12 collective monographs with a total volume of 178 pp. including the author's share 62.2 pp.

Workload. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 9 chapters, conclusions and recommendations for production. The total volume of the manuscript is 332 typewritten pages and includes 74 tables, 30 figures and 342 bibliographic sources.

1. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe Kulunda steppe within the administrative boundaries of the Altai Territory is 8829.0 thousand hectares, including agricultural land 6364.3 thousand hectares (72.0%) of which arable land is 4559.0 thousand hectares or 51.6% .Under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, 85.7% of the agricultural land area is subject to degradation, which is a component of deflation, erosion and soil salinization. The total area of \u200b\u200bnatural forests within the Kulundin steppe is 1124.0 thousand hectares, and the split forests of the forest-steppe are 133.0 thousand hectares.

2. Protective forest plantations in the Kulunda steppe occupy an area of \u200b\u200b64.4 thousand hectares, that is, the forest cover excluding natural forests is 0.73%). Most of the forest belts were created in the most arid West-Kulundinsky and East-Kulundinsky agroforestry regions, and now they have 65.6% of all plantations of the steppe. Due to the extreme climatic conditions in these areas, the loss of stripes for the entire period of their creation was 58.6%, with an average death at the edge of 37.3%.

3.The species composition of protective forest plantations is not very diverse: 52.8% of the area is occupied by poplar strips, 36.4% by birch, 8.7% by ash-leaved maple and small-leaved elm, and 2.1% by strips from other species (apple tree Siberian, golden currant, yellow acacia). The safety of trees in forest belts depends on soil and climatic conditions. Forest belts with tree preservation up to 30% occupy 25.9% of the area in the dry steppe, and 33.2% with preservation above 50%, while in the arid steppe, respectively, 1.4 and 89.4%), and in the forest steppe - 0.4 and 92.2%.

4. Forest belts have an effective impact on the environment at the age from 5-7 years to 40-45 years, and this age should be considered critical. Currently, 79.3% of protective forest plantations are between 20 and 30 years old, which means that in 10-15 years they will reach a critical age and the area will decrease to 55.7 thousand hectares, and this will cause a decrease in forest cover in the steppe to 0.50% and the influence of 1 ha of forest strips on inter-strip fields will increase from 66 ha to 119 ha.

5. The height of the forest belt is of great importance in protecting fields from dry winds, the higher it is, the more effective its impact on climatic factors. The average height of birch and poplar forest belts in the arid steppe with a 3-row arrangement at the age of 31-35 is, respectively, 13.1 and 15.3 m, in the dry steppe - 13.8 and 21.7 m and in the forest-steppe 16.0 and 23.2 m. Taking as a basis in agroforestry area 1a the average height of the field-protective forest belt equal to 10 m, subject to its effective influence at a distance of 25N, the distance between the main belts should be no more than 250 m. In this case! hectares of strip will protect 25 hectares of inter-strip field. In area 16, with an average strip height of 13 m, the distance between the main strips increases to 350 m, and 1 hectare of them will be protected by 33 hectares of field. In area 2a, with an average height of poplar trees of 16 m, the distance between the stripes increases to 400 m and 1 hectare of the forest belt protects 40 hectares of the inter-strip field.

6. Agroforestry landscapes created in steppe conditions increase the food and forage base for humans, domestic and wild animals, lengthen trophic links in the natural cycle, increase the stability of the agrosphere under conditions of constantly increasing anthropogenic loads, improve the comfort of living of the population and produce wood.

7. When creating new protective forest plantations for various purposes, it is necessary to strictly apply to the selection of tree and shrub species, but in all agroforestry areas in field protective forest belts, exclude ash-leaved maple and small-leaved elm. The main species should be considered drooping birch in region 1a, and balsam poplar in regions 16 and 2a. In regions 1a and 16, Scots pine and Siberian larch should be introduced more widely into the belts of various purposes.

8. To create an integral system of protective forest plantations in the Kulunda steppe, based on their current state, it is necessary in the next 20 years to carry out work on the reconstruction of existing forest belts on an area of \u200b\u200b10.3 thousand hectares, to carry out forestry maintenance on an area of \u200b\u200b44.2 thousand hectares. and create new forest belts on an area of \u200b\u200b196.6 thousand hectares. The area of \u200b\u200bartificially created protective forest plantations in the steppe will amount to 260.9 thousand hectares, and the average forest cover of the steppe part will increase to 3%.

9. In order to prevent further intensification of the process of soil cover degradation and not to create a more tense socio-ecological situation in the region, it is necessary to have a single SYSTEM of protective forest plantations in the Kulunda steppe, constituent parts which are natural and artificial forest plantations. This approach requires the rapid restoration of forest ecosystems on burned-out areas in the belt forests and a sharp intensification of activities for the care and creation of new forest belts for various purposes in the steppe Altai.

1. In the conditions of the Kulunda steppe, it is possible to achieve sustainable nature management only with the creation of agroforestry landscapes, and therefore the creation of a system of protective forest plantations is an absolutely necessary measure. Compliance with the perpendicularity of the main stripes to harmful winds increases their efficiency while maintaining the maximum distance between them in the dry steppe - 250 m, in the arid steppe - 350 m and in the forest-steppe - 400 m.

2. When creating artificial forest plantations, one should focus on 3-row strips with row spacing of 3 m. The main tree species should be hanging birch in region 1a, balsam poplar in region 16 and 2a. When creating shelterbelts from Scots pine, their width should be determined at 6 m and with obligatory branching from 0.7 m to a height of 2 m.

3. The greatest effect on inter-lane fields is created when the main anti-erosion agronomic measures are observed (non-moldboard plowing, sowing with stubble seeders, creating wings from tall-stemmed grasses, etc.) with timely implementation of measures to care for protective plantings.

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