The Great or Pacific Ocean is the greatest ocean on Earth. It accounts for about half (49%) of the area and more than half (53%) of the water volume of the World Ocean, and the surface area is equal to almost a third of the entire surface of the Earth as a whole. In terms of the number (about 10 thousand) and the total area (more than 3.5 million km2) of islands, it ranks first among the rest of the Earth's oceans.
In the northwest and west Pacific Ocean limited by the shores of Eurasia and Australia, in the northeast and east - by the shores of North and South America. The border with the Arctic Ocean is drawn through the Bering Strait along the Arctic Circle. Southern border The Pacific Ocean (as well as the Atlantic and Indian) is considered the northern coast of Antarctica. When the Southern (Antarctic) Ocean is distinguished, its northern boundary is drawn along the waters of the World Ocean, depending on the change in the regime of surface waters from temperate latitudes to Antarctic ones. It passes approximately between 48 and 60 ° S. (fig. 3).
Figure: 3. The boundaries of the oceans
Borders with other oceans south of Australia and South America are also conventionally drawn along the water surface: with the Indian Ocean - from Cape South East Point at about 147 ° E, from Atlantic Ocean - from Cape Horn to the Antarctic Peninsula. In addition to a wide connection with other oceans in the south, there is a communication between the Pacific and the northern part of the Indian Ocean through the inter-island seas and straits of the Sunda Archipelago.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe Pacific Ocean from the Bering Strait to the shores of Antarctica is 178 million km2, the volume of water is 710 million km3.
The northern and western (Eurasian) coasts of the Pacific Ocean are dissected by seas (there are more than 20 of them), bays and straits, separating large peninsulas, islands and entire archipelagos of continental and volcanic origin. The shores of Eastern Australia, southern North America and especially South America are usually straight and difficult to access from the ocean. With a huge surface area and linear dimensions (more than 19 thousand km from west to east and about 16 thousand km from north to south), the Pacific Ocean is characterized by a weak development of the continental margin (only 10% of the bottom area) and a relatively small number of shelf seas.
Within the intertropical space, the Pacific Ocean is characterized by clusters of volcanic and coral islands.
The Pacific Ocean (a world map makes it possible to visually understand where it is) is a constituent part of the world's water area. It is the largest on planet Earth. In terms of water volume and area, the described object occupies half of the volume of the entire water space. In addition, it is in the Pacific Ocean that the deepest depressions of the Earth are located. By the number of islands in the water area, it also ranks first. Washes the shores of all continents of the Earth, except Africa.
Characteristic
As stated earlier, geographical position The Pacific Ocean is conditioned in such a way that it occupies most of the planet. Its area is 178 million km 2. By volume of water - 710 million km 2. From north to south the ocean stretches for 16 thousand km, and from east to west - for 18 thousand km. The entire Earth will have an area less than the Pacific Ocean by 30 million km 2.
Borders
Allows him to occupy an impressive area in both the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. However, due to the large amount of land in the latter, the water area noticeably narrows to the north.
The boundaries of the Pacific Ocean are as follows:
- In the east: washes the shores of two American continents.
- North: Bordered by the southeastern part of Malaysia and Indonesia, the eastern edge of Australia.
- In the south: the ocean abuts against the ice of Antarctica.
- In the north: through the Bering Strait, separating American Alaska and Russian Chukotka, it merges with the waters of the Arctic Ocean.
- In the southeast: it connects to the Atlantic Ocean (conditional border from Cape Drake to Cape Sternek).
- In the southwest: it meets the Indian Ocean (conditional boundary from Tasmania to the shortest, meridionally located point off the coast of Antarctica).
Challenger Abyss
The peculiarities of the geographical position of the Pacific Ocean allow us to speak of its unique mark, which characterizes the distance from the bottom to the surface of the waters. The maximum depth of the Pacific Ocean, as well as the entire World Ocean as a whole, is almost 11 km. This trough is located in the Mariana Trench, which, in turn, is located in the western part of the water area, not far from the islands of the same name.
For the first time they tried to measure the depth of the depression in 1875 with the help of the English corvette Challenger. For this, a deep-sea lot was used (a special device for measuring the distance to the bottom). The first recorded indicator during the study of the trench was a mark of slightly more than 8,000 m. In 1957, a Soviet expedition took up the measurement of the depth. According to the results of the work carried out, the data of previous studies were changed. It is worth noting that our scientists have gotten closer to the real value. The depth of the trench, according to the measurement results, was 11,023 m. This figure was considered correct for a long time, and was indicated in reference books and textbooks as the deepest point on the planet. However, already in the 2000s, thanks to the appearance of new, more accurate instruments that help to determine various values, the real, most accurate depth of the trench was established - 10 994 m (according to the research in 2011). This point in the Mariana Trench was named the "Challenger Abyss". The geographical position of the Pacific Ocean is so unique.
The gutter itself stretches along the islands for almost 1,500 km. It has sharp slopes and a flat, 1.5 km long, bottom. The pressure at the depth of the Mariana Trench is several tens of times higher than at shallow oceanic depths. The depression is located at the junction of two tectonic plates - the Philippine and Pacific ones.
Other areas
A number of transitional areas from the mainland to the ocean pass next to the Mariana Trench: Aleutian, Japanese, Kuril-Kamchatka, Tonga-Kermadek and others. All of them are located along the fault of tectonic plates. This area is the most seismically active. Together with the eastern transitional regions (within the mountainous regions of the western outskirts of the American continents), they form the so-called Pacific volcanic ring of fire. Most of the active and extinct geological formations are located within it.
Seas
The description of the geographical position of the Pacific Ocean must necessarily relate to the seas. There are quite a lot of them at the outskirts of the oceanic coast. They concentrated to a greater extent in the Northern Hemisphere, off the coast of Eurasia. There are more than 20 of them, with a total area (including straits and bays) of 31 million km 2. The largest are Okhotsk, Barents, Yellow, South and East China, Philippines and others. Off the coast of Antarctica there are 5 Pacific reservoirs (Ross, Dyurville, Somova, etc.). The eastern coast of the ocean is uniform, the coast is poorly cut, inaccessible and has no seas. However, there are 3 bays here - Panama, California and Alaska.
Islands
Of course, a detailed description of the geographical position of the Pacific Ocean also includes such a feature as a huge amount of land located directly in the water area. There are more than 10 thousand islands and island archipelagos of various sizes and origins. Most of them are volcanic. They are located within the subtropical and tropical climatic zones. Formed by a volcanic eruption, many of the islands are overgrown with coral. Subsequently, some of them went under water again, and only the coral layer remained on the surface. It usually has the shape of a circle or semicircle. Such an island is called an atoll. The largest is located on the border of the Marshall Islands - Kwajlein.
In this water area, in addition to small islands of volcanic and coral origin, there are also the largest land areas of the planet. This is quite natural given the geographical position of the Pacific Ocean. New Guinea and Kalimantan are islands in the western part of the water area. They respectively occupy the 2nd and 3rd place in terms of area all over the world. Also in the Pacific Ocean is the largest archipelago of the planet - the Great Sunda Islands, consisting of 4 large land areas and more than 1,000 small ones.
The Great or Pacific Ocean is the greatest ocean on Earth. It accounts for about half (49%) of the area and more than half (53%) of the water volume of the World Ocean, and the surface area is equal to almost a third of the entire surface of the Earth as a whole. In terms of the number (about 10 thousand) and the total area (more than 3.5 million km 2) of islands, it ranks first among the rest of the Earth's oceans.
In the northwest and west, the Pacific Ocean is bounded by the shores of Eurasia and Australia, in the northeast and east - by the shores of North and South America. The border with the Arctic Ocean is drawn through the Bering Strait along the Arctic Circle. The southern border of the Pacific Ocean (as well as the Atlantic and Indian) is the northern coast of Antarctica. When the Southern (Antarctic) Ocean is distinguished, its northern boundary is drawn along the waters of the World Ocean, depending on the change in the regime of surface waters from temperate latitudes to Antarctic ones. It passes approximately between 48 and 60 ° S. (fig. 3).
Figure: 3.
Borders with other oceans south of Australia and South America are also conventionally drawn along the water surface: with the Indian Ocean - from Cape South East Point at about 147 ° E, with the Atlantic Ocean - from Cape Horn to the Antarctic Peninsula. In addition to a wide connection with other oceans in the south, there is a communication between the Pacific and the northern part of the Indian Ocean through the inter-island seas and straits of the Sunda Archipelago.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe Pacific Ocean from the Bering Strait to the shores of Antarctica is 178 million km 2, the volume of water is 710 million km 3.
The northern and western (Eurasian) coasts of the Pacific Ocean are dissected by seas (there are more than 20 of them), bays and straits, separating large peninsulas, islands and entire archipelagos of continental and volcanic origin. The shores of Eastern Australia, southern North America and especially South America are usually straight and difficult to access from the ocean. With a huge surface area and linear dimensions (more than 19 thousand km from west to east and about 16 thousand km from north to south), the Pacific Ocean is characterized by a weak development of the continental margin (only 10% of the bottom area) and a relatively small number of shelf seas.
Within the intertropical space, the Pacific Ocean is characterized by clusters of volcanic and coral islands.
Ocean floor, mid-ocean ridges and transition zones
Until now, there are different points of view on the question of the time of the formation of the Pacific Ocean in its modern form, but, apparently, by the end of the Paleozoic era, a vast reservoir already existed in the place of its basin, as well as the ancient ancestral land of Pangea, located approximately symmetrically with respect to the equator. At the same time, the formation of the future Tethys ocean in the form of a huge bay began, the development of which and the invasion of Pangea led later to its disintegration and the formation of modern continents and oceans.
The bed of the modern Pacific Ocean is formed by a system of lithospheric plates bounded from the ocean by mid-ocean ridges, which are part of the global system of mid-ocean ridges. These are the East Pacific Rise and the South Pacific Ridge, which, reaching up to 2,000 km wide in places, are connected in the southern part of the ocean and continue to the west, into the Indian Ocean. The East Pacific Ridge, stretching to the northeast, to the shores of North America, in the Gulf of California, connects with the system of continental rift faults of the California Valley, the Yosemite Basin and the San Andreas Fault. The middle ridges of the Pacific Ocean themselves, in contrast to the ridges of other oceans, do not have a clearly defined axial rift zone, but are characterized by intense seismicity and volcanism with a predominance of emissions of ultrabasic rocks, i.e., they have features of a zone of intensive renewal of the oceanic lithosphere. Throughout their entire length, the middle ridges and adjacent plate sections are intersected by deep transverse faults, which are also characterized by the development of modern and, especially, ancient intraplate volcanism. Located between the middle ridges and bounded by deep-sea trenches and transition zones, the vast Pacific Ocean bed has a complexly dissected surface, consisting of a large number of basins with a depth of 5,000 to 7,000 m and more, the bottom of which is composed of oceanic crust covered with deep-sea clays, limestones and silts of organic origin ... The bottom relief of the basins is mostly hilly. The deepest basins (about 7000 m or more): Central, West Mariana, Philippine, South, North-East, East Carolina.
The basins are separated from each other or intersected by arched uplifts or block ridges on which volcanic edifices are planted, often crowned with coral structures within the intertropical space. Their tops protrude above the water in the form of small islands, often grouped into linearly elongated archipelagos. Some of them are still active volcanoes, spewing out streams of basaltic lava. But for the most part these are already extinct volcanoes, built on by coral reefs. Some of these volcanic mountains are located at a depth of 200 to 2000 m. Their peaks are leveled by abrasion; the position deep under water is obviously associated with the sinking of the bottom. Formations of this type are called guyots.
Of particular interest among the archipelagos of the central part of the Pacific Ocean are the Hawaiian Islands. They form a 2500 km chain stretching north and south of the Northern Tropic, and are the tops of huge volcanic massifs rising from the ocean floor along a powerful deep fault. Their apparent height is from 1000 to 4200 m, and their underwater is about 5000 m. By their origin, internal structure and appearance The Hawaiian Islands are a typical example of oceanic intraplate volcanism.
The Hawaiian Islands are the northern edge of a huge island group in the central Pacific Ocean, collectively known as Polynesia. Continuation of this group to about 10 ° S latitude. are the islands of Central and South Polynesia (Samoa, Cook, Society, Tabuai, Marquesas, etc.). These archipelagos tend to stretch from northwest to southeast, along transform fault lines. Most of them are of volcanic origin and are composed of basaltic lava strata. Some are crowned with wide and gently sloping volcanic cones 1000-2000 m high. The smallest islands are in most cases coral structures. Numerous clusters of small islands, located mainly north of the equator, in the western part of the Pacific lithospheric plate, have similar features: the Mariana, Caroline, Marshall and Palau islands, as well as the Gilbert archipelago, which partially extends into the southern hemisphere. These groups of small islands are collectively called Micronesia. All of them are of coral or volcanic origin, mountainous and rise hundreds of meters above sea level. The coasts are surrounded by surface and underwater coral reefs that greatly impede navigation. Many of the smaller islands are atolls. There are deep ocean trenches near some of the islands, and to the west of the Mariana Archipelago there is a deep water trench of the same name, which belongs to the transition zone between the ocean and the continent of Eurasia.
In the part of the Pacific Ocean floor adjacent to the American continents, usually small isolated volcanic islands are scattered: Juan Fernandez, Cocos, Easter, etc. The largest and most interesting group is the Galapagos Islands located at the equator near the coast of South America. It is an archipelago of 16 large and many small volcanic islands with peaks of extinct and active volcanoes up to 1,700 m high.
Transitional zones from the ocean to the continents differ in the structure of the ocean floor and the peculiarities of tectonic processes both in the geological past and at the present time. They encircle the Pacific Ocean in the west, north and east. IN different parts In the ocean, the processes of formation of these zones are not the same and lead to different results, but everywhere they are distinguished by great activity both in the geological past and at the present time.
On the side of the ocean floor, the transition zones are limited by arcs of deep-sea trenches, in the direction of which the lithospheric plates move and sink under the continents of the oceanic lithosphere. Transitional types prevail within the transitional zones in the structure of the ocean floor and marginal seas. crust, and oceanic types of volcanism are replaced by mixed effusive-explosive volcanism of subduction zones. Here we are talking about the so-called "Pacific Ring of Fire", which encircles the Pacific Ocean and is characterized by high seismicity, numerous manifestations of paleovolcanism and volcanic landforms, as well as the existence within its limits of more than 75% of the currently active volcanoes of the planet. This is mainly a mixed effusive-explosive volcanism of intermediate composition.
All the typical features of the transition zone are most clearly expressed within the northern and western margins of the Pacific Ocean, i.e., off the coast of Alaska, Eurasia, and Australia. This wide strip between the ocean floor and the land, including the underwater margins of the continents, is unique in terms of the complexity of the structure and the ratio between land and water area, it is distinguished by significant fluctuations in depths and heights, the intensity of processes occurring both in the depths of the earth's crust and on the water surface.
The outer edge of the transition zone in the north of the Pacific Ocean is formed by the Aleutian deep-water trench, which extends for 4000 km in a convex arc to the south from the Gulf of Alaska to the shores of the Kamchatka Peninsula, with a maximum depth of 7855 m. from the rear it borders the underwater foot of the Aleutian Islands chain, most of them are volcanoes of the explosive-effusive type. About 25 of them are active.
The continuation of this zone off the coast of Eurasia is a system of deep-sea trenches, with which the deepest parts of the World Ocean are connected and at the same time the regions of the most complete and diverse manifestation of volcanism, both ancient and modern, both on island arcs and on the outskirts of the continent. In the rear of the Kuril-Kamchatka deep-water trench (maximum depth over 9700 m) there is the Kamchatka Peninsula with its 160 volcanoes, 28 of which are active, and the arc of the volcanic Kuril Islands with 40 active volcanoes. The Kurils are the peaks of an underwater mountain range that rises above the bottom of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk by 2000-3000 m, and the maximum depth of the Kuril-Kamchatka trench running from the Pacific Ocean exceeds 10,500 m.
The system of deep-water trenches continues to the south with the Japan Trench, and the volcanic zone continues with the extinct and active volcanoes of the Japanese Islands. The entire system of troughs, as well as island arcs, starting from the Kamchatka Peninsula, separates the shallow shelf seas of Okhotsk and East China from the Eurasia mainland, as well as the basin of the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan located between them with a maximum depth of 3720 m.
At the southern part of the Japanese Islands, the transition zone expands and becomes more complex, the strip of deep-sea trenches is divided into two branches, bordering on both sides the vast Philippine Sea, the depression of which has complex structure and a maximum depth of more than 7000 m. From the side of the Pacific Ocean it is limited by the Mariana Trench with a maximum depth of the World Ocean of 11 022 m and the arc of the Mariana Islands. The inner branch, which limits the Philippine Sea from the west, is formed by the Trench and the Ryukyu Islands and continues further by the Philippine Trench and the arc of the Philippine Islands. The Philippine Trench stretches along the foothills of the islands of the same name for more than 1,300 km and has a maximum depth of 10,265 m. There are ten active and many extinct volcanoes on the islands. Between the island arcs and Southeast Asia, the East China Sea and most of the South China Sea (the largest in this region) are located within the continental shelf. Only the eastern part of the South China Sea and the inter-island seas of the Malay Archipelago reach depths of over 5000 m, and their base is a transitional type of crust.
Along the equator, the transition zone within the Sunda Archipelago and its island seas continues towards the Indian Ocean. The islands of Indonesia have a total of 500 volcanoes, of which 170 are active.
Difficult southern region transition zone of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia. It stretches from Kalimantan to New Guinea and further south to 20 ° S, bordering Australia's Sokhul-Queensland shelf from the north. This entire section of the transition zone is a complex combination of deep-water trenches with depths of 6,000 m or more, underwater ridges and island arcs separated by basins or shallow water areas.
Off the east coast of Australia, between New Guinea and New Caledonia, lies the Coral Sea. From the east, it is bounded by a system of deep-sea trenches and island arcs (New Hebrides, etc.). The depths of the Coral and other seas of this transitional area (the Fiji and especially the Tasmanov seas) reach 5000-9000 m, their bottom is composed of oceanic or transitional crust.
The hydrological regime of the northern part of this area is favorable for the development of corals, which are especially common in the Coral Sea. From the side of Australia, it is limited by a unique natural structure - the Great Barrier Reef, which stretches along the continental shelf for 2300 km and reaches a width of 150 km in the southern part. It consists of individual islands and entire archipelagos, built of coral limestone and surrounded by underwater reefs of living and dead coral polyps. Narrow channels crossing the Great Barrier Reef lead to the so-called Great Lagoon, the depth of which does not exceed 50 m.
From the side of the South Basin of the ocean floor between the islands of Fiji and Samoa, the second, external to the ocean, arc of troughs extends to the southwest: Tonga (its depth is 10,882 m is the maximum depth of the World Ocean in the southern hemisphere) and its continuation Kermadec, maximum depth which also exceeds 10 thousand meters. From the side of the Fiji Sea, the Tonga and Kermadec troughs are limited by underwater ridges and arcs of the islands of the same name. In total, they stretch for 2000 km to the North Island of New Zealand. The archipelago rises above the underwater plateau that serves as a pedestal. This is a special type of structures on the underwater margins of continents and transition zones, called microcontinents. They vary in size and represent uplifts, folded by the continental crust, crowned with islands and surrounded on all sides by basins with oceanic crust within the World Ocean.
The transition zone of the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean facing the continents of North and South America differs significantly from its western margin. There are no marginal seas or island arcs. From the south of Alaska to Central America, there is a strip of a narrow shelf with continental islands. Along the western coast of Central America, as well as from the equator along the outskirts of South America, there is a system of deep-water trenches - Central American, Peruvian and Chilean (Atacama) with maximum depths of more than 6,000 and 8,000 m, respectively. Obviously, the formation of this part of the ocean and neighboring continents took place during the interaction of the then existing deep-sea trenches and continental lithospheric plates. North America pushed over and closed the troughs located on its way to the west, and the South American Plate moved the Atacama Trench to the west. In both cases, as a result of the interaction of oceanic and continental structures, collapse into folds, uplift of the marginal parts of both continents and the formation of powerful suture zones - the North American Cordilleras and the Andes of South America - took place. Each of these structural zones is characterized by intense seismicity and the manifestation of mixed types of volcanism. O.K. Leontiev found it possible to compare them with the underwater ridges of the island arcs of the western transition zone of the Pacific Ocean.
THEME 1. PACIFIC OCEAN
LESSON 59. PACIFIC OCEAN. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. BOTTOM RELIEF. CLIMATE AND WATER
Goal:
· To deepen and systematize the knowledge of students about the features of nature. The World Ocean; to form the ability to determine the geographical position of the Pacific Ocean, to explain the features of its nature; improve the skills of working with thematic maps of the atlas;
Develop the ability to perform ways of rational learning activities: to compose a purposeful description of the object according to the standard plan;
· To bring up cognitive activity, interest in studying the topic, independence; to form a value attitude towards the natural resources of the World Ocean, ecological consciousness.
Equipment: physical map of the world, atlases, textbooks, contour maps, computer, multimedia projector, multimedia presentation.
Lesson type: assimilation of new knowledge
Expected results: Students will be able to name the characteristic features of the geographical location and nature of the Pacific Ocean; find and show on the map known geographic objects - seas, bays, straits, currents; give examples of bottom topography, currents, islands.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT
II. UPDATING REFERENCE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
Reception "Blitzopros"
· What are the components of the World Ocean?
· What is the ratio of the areas of the oceans to each other?
· Which ocean is the largest?
· What features of the structure of the earth's crust and bottom topography are characteristic of all oceans?
III. MOTIVATION OF LEARNING AND COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES
Reception "Problematic issue"
Despite the unity of the waters of the World Ocean, its constituents have certain natural features, which you should find out in the following lessons.
The first object of our research is the Pacific Ocean.
Among all the oceans of the Earth, this ocean has every right to be called a unique geographic object.
What do you think is the uniqueness of the Pacific Ocean?
(Student responses.)
Indeed, this is a unique geographic feature of our planet. On its area - 178.7 million km2 - all continents would be freely located, and at the same time there would be room for one more Africa! It is the largest, deepest and most ancient of the Earth's oceans.
However, the list of facts about its natural features does not end there.
Today our work will be aimed at studying the geographical position, features of the bottom topography, climate and waters of the greatest ocean on Earth.
IV. STUDYING NEW MATERIAL
1. Familiarization with the plan for the study of the oceans
(See in Additional materials to the lesson.)
2. Geographical location and size
Work with the map "World Ocean", the physical map of the Pacific Ocean, the plan of the characteristics of the geographical position of the ocean, multimedia presentation.
Tasks
1) Determine the features of the geographical position of the Pacific Ocean using the atlas maps.
2) Make an assumption about the nature of the ocean.
Geographical location of the Pacific Ocean |
|
Feature plan |
Features of the geographical location |
Area, million km2 |
|
Position relative to the equator, prime meridian, continents and other oceans |
Located in all four hemispheres of the Earth. The equator divides the Pacific Ocean into approximately two equal parts, the nature of which is similar. The widest part is located between the tropics. It stretches from west to east for 19 thousand km (almost half of the earth's equator!), And from north to south - 16 thousand km. It washes the coasts of North and South America, Antarctica, Australia and Eurasia. The border with the Arctic Ocean passes through the Berin Strait. Borders with the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are drawn along conventional meridians |
Features of the coastline: seas, bays, straits, islands |
The coastline of North and South America is relatively leveled and heavily indented near the shores of Eurasia. There are many marginal seas here. The ocean contains a significant number of archipelagos and individual islands. In the north and west, they form island arcs. The world's largest cluster of islands - Oceania - is concentrated in the central and eastern parts of the ocean |
Conclusion 1... The position of the ocean in almost all geographic zones of the Earth, with the exception of the northernmost one, predetermines the extraordinary diversity of its nature.
3. Bottom relief
Work with the physical map of the Pacific Ocean, the map "Structure of the Pacific Ocean"
Tasks... Compare the maps and identify patterns in the distribution of the main landforms of the Pacific Ocean floor.
Much of the Pacific Ocean lies on a single lithospheric plate, which interacts with other plates. The zones of their interaction are adjacent deep-water trenches (the deepest Mariana, 11022 m) and island arcs. The system of deep-sea trenches and mountain structures on the continents and islands that surround the ocean is associated with an almost continuous chain of active volcanoes that form the Pacific Ring of Fire. In this zone, ground and underwater earthquakes often occur, causing tsunamis.
The bottom relief of the Pacific Ocean is complex. The continental shelf in the ocean is about 10% of its total area, the largest is in the western part, the continental slope is steep, dissected by canyons. The ocean floor makes up over 65% of the seabed area. It is crossed by numerous underwater mountain ranges (Skhidnotikhookeanske, Pivdennotikhookeanske uplifts), which divide the bed into several basins (the most North-Eastern one). There are many volcanic mountains at the bottom of the hollows.
Conclusion 2... The relief of the Pacific Ocean floor is complex: there are large basins on the ocean floor, separated by oceanic uplifts. A characteristic feature is extremely intense seismic events and volcanism.
4. Climate and water
Working with thematic maps
Tasks
1) Using the climatic map and the map of climatic zones, establish air temperature indicators, types of atmospheric circulation, climatic zones in which the Pacific Ocean is located.
2) Using the Water Temperature and Water Salinity maps, establish the temperature and salinity of the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean. Explain the reasons for the distribution of these indicators.
The vast majority of the Pacific Ocean lies in the equatorial, subequatorial and tropical zones. The air temperature in these areas ranges from +16 ° С to +24 ° С. In the north of the ocean in winter it drops below 0 ° C, and near the shores of Antarctica will outweigh freezing temperatures for almost a year. In tropical latitudes, trade winds dominate the ocean, in temperate latitudes - westerly winds, and monsoons form off the coast of Eurasia.
In temperate latitudes, storms often occur due to strong westerly winds.
The location of the Pacific Ocean in almost all climatic zones of the Earth is the cause of the formation of all types of surface water masses, except arctic. Due to the large area of \u200b\u200bthe ocean between the tropics, the average temperatures of its surface waters are higher than in other oceans (+ 19.1 ° C). The salinity of surface waters ranges from 30 to 35 ‰. There is little floating ice in the north of the Pacific Ocean, in contrast to the southern part, where icebergs form near the shores of Antarctica.
The flow systems form two rings. North: North Passatnoye, Kuroshio, North Pacific, California; South - South Trade wind, East Australian, Peruvian, the course of the West Winds.
Conclusion 3... The sheer size of the Pacific Ocean has caused significant differences in its climate. This led to the presence in it of almost all types of water masses. The indicators of temperature and salinity of surface waters have a predominantly zonal distribution.
V. ASSIGNMENT OF THE STUDIED MATERIAL
Practical work 12
Tasks... Designate at outline map seas: Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese, Yellow,< Східнокитайське, Южнокитайская, Филиппинское, Коралловое, Фиджи, Тасманово; заливы: Аляска, Калифорнийский; острова: Алеутские, Курильские, Японские, Филиппинские, Новая Гвинея, Новая Зеландия, Гавайские, Соломоновы, Тонга; полуострова: Аляска, Камчатка, Калифорния; желоба: Марианский, Алеутський, Чілійський; котловины: Восточная, Южная.
Vi. LESSON OUTCOME, REFLEXION
The teacher reminds the students of their assumptions about the uniqueness of the Pacific Ocean. Can you add new evidence to the list?
Vii. HOMEWORK
1. Work out the corresponding paragraph of the textbook.
2. Leading (individual students): compose a message about ecological problems Pacific Ocean, coastal and aquatic conservation areas.
Geographical location Describe the Pacific Ocean SOE plan :. 1. The area of \u200b\u200bthe ocean and its place among other oceans. 2. The location of the ocean relative to the equator, the tropics (polar circles), the zero and 180th meridians. 3. Extreme points of the ocean, coordinates. Extension in degrees and kilometers from north to south and from west to east. 4. What continents is washed by the ocean. 5. Location in the hemispheres and climatic zones. 6. Oceans, seas, which are part of the ocean 7. Location relative to continents and other oceans. 8. Ocean currents.
SIZE Area with seas 178.620 million km², volume 710 million km³, average depth 3980 m, maximum m. The Pacific Ocean occupies half of the entire water surface of the Earth, and more than thirty percent of the planet's surface area.
Name Its original name is "Great", and it was given by the Spaniard Vasco Nunez de Balboa, who, exploring New World, September 30, 1513 crossed the Isthmus of Panama from north to south. Magellan discovered the Pacific Ocean in the fall of 1520 and called the ocean the Pacific Ocean, “because, as one of the participants reports, during the transition from Tierra del Fuego to the Philippine Islands, more three months we have never experienced the slightest storm. " Vasco Nunez de Balboa 30 September 1513 Magellan F. Magellan Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Composition of the Sea: Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese, East China, Yellow, South China, Javan, Sulawesi, Sulu, Philippine, Coral, Fiji, Tasmanovo, etc. The Amundsen, Bellingshausen, Ross Seas are now included in the Southern Ocean. In terms of the number (about 10 thousand) and the total area of \u200b\u200bthe islands (about 3.6 million km²), the Pacific Ocean ranks first among the oceans. In the northern part of the Aleutian; in the western Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Japanese, Philippine, Large and Small Sunda, New Guinea, New Zealand, Tasmania; in the central and southern parts there are numerous small islands. Mark the islands and seas of the Pacific Ocean on the map. Bering HuntingJapanese
Bottom topography The bottom topography is various. In the east there is the East Pacific uplift, in the central part there are many depressions (North-East, North-West, Central, East, South, etc.), deep-water trenches: in the north the Aleutian, Kuril-Kamchatka, Izu-Boninsky; East-Pacific uplift in the west, the Mariana (with the maximum depth of the Marian World Ocean m), Philippine, etc .; in the east, Central American, Peruvian and others.
Currents Main surface currents: warm Kuroshio, North Pacific and Alaskan and cold California and Kuril currents in the North Pacific Ocean; in the southern part there are warm South-Trade winds and East Australian and cold West Winds and Peruvian. The surface water temperature at the equator is from 26 to 29 ° C, in the polar regions up to 0.5 ° C. Salinity 30-36.5 equator Salinity Mark the currents of the Pacific Ocean on a contour map.
Economic importance The Pacific Ocean accounts for about half of the world's fish catch (pollock, herring, salmon, cod, sea bass, etc.). Fishing for crabs, shrimps, oysters, mintai, herring, salmon, sea bass, crabs, shrimp and oysters Important sea and air communications between the countries of the Pacific Basin and transit routes between the countries of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans lie across the Pacific Ocean. Major ports: Vladivostok, Nakhodka (Russia), Shanghai (China), Singapore (Singapore), Sydney (Australia), Vancouver (Canada), Los Angeles, Long Beach (USA), Huasco (Chile) AtlanticIndian OceansPortsVladivostokNakhodkaRussiaShanghaiChina Singapore -BichUSA HuascoChile The date change line passes through the Pacific Ocean along the 180 meridian.
Date line The date line runs here, between the Diomede Islands - Krusenstern Island (USA) (left) lives "yesterday", and Ratmanov Island (Russia) (right) - "today" by the Diomede Islands
The degree of ruggedness of the Pacific Ocean coastline is characterized by ... a. strong dissection in the west and east b. strong dissection in the west and weak in the east c. weak dissection in the west and strong in the east of the city weak dissection in the west and east
