While this sounds somewhat paradoxical, the opening of the New World marked the emergence of the Old. Five centuries have passed since then, but the Old World is a concept that is still used today. What value was put into it before? What does it mean today?

Definition of the term

The Old World is that part of the landmass that was known to Europeans before the discovery of the American continent. The division was conditional and was based on the position of the land relative to the sea. Merchants and travelers believed that there are three parts of the world: Europe, Asia, Africa. Europe spreads in the north, Africa in the south, and Asia in the east. Subsequently, when the data on the geographical division of the continents became more accurate and complete, they found out that only Africa is a separate continent. However, ingrained views were not easily defeated, and all 3 continued to traditionally be mentioned separately.

Sometimes the name Afroeurasia is used to define the territorial array of the Old World. In fact, this is the largest continental massif - a supercontinent. It is home to approximately 85 percent of the world's population.

A period of time

Speaking of the Old World, they often mean more than just a specific geographic location. These words carry information about a specific historical period, culture and discoveries made then. We are talking about the Renaissance, when the ideas of natural philosophy and experimental science are replacing medieval asceticism and theocentrism.

The attitude of a person to the surrounding world is changing. Gradually, out of the toy of a whole host of gods who have the power to dispose of human life according to their whims and whims, a person begins to feel like the master of his earthly home. He strives for new knowledge, which leads to a number of discoveries. Attempts are made to explain the structure of the surrounding world with the help of mechanics. Measuring devices, including navigation devices, are being improved. It is already possible to trace the emergence of such natural sciences as physics, chemistry, biology and astronomy, which are replacing alchemy and astrology.

The changes that were taking place then gradually paved the way for expanding the boundaries known world... They served as a prerequisite for the discovery of new lands. Brave travelers traveled to uncharted lands, and their stories inspired even more daring and risky ventures.

Historical journey of Christopher Columbus

In August 1492, three well-equipped ships under the command of Christopher Columbus sailed from the harbor of Palos to India. It was a year, but the famous discoverer himself never knew that he had discovered a continent previously unknown to Europeans. He was sincerely convinced that he had made all four of his expeditions to India.

The journey from the Old World to new lands took three months. Unfortunately, it was neither cloudless, nor romantic, nor selfless. The admiral could hardly keep the subordinate sailors from revolt on the first voyage, and the main driving force for the discovery of new territories was greed, lust for power and vanity. These ancient vices, brought from the Old World, subsequently brought a lot of suffering and grief to the inhabitants of the American continent and nearby islands.

He himself did not get what he wanted either. Setting out on his maiden voyage, he prudently tried to protect himself and secure his future. He insisted on concluding an official agreement, according to which he received the title of nobility, the rank of admiral and viceroy of the newly discovered lands, as well as a percentage of the income received from the above lands. And although the year of the discovery of America was supposed to be a ticket to a secure future for the discoverer, after a while Columbus fell out of favor and died in poverty without receiving the promise.

A New World Appears

Meanwhile, ties between Europe and the New World grew stronger. Trade was established, the development of lands lying deep in the mainland began, claims of various countries to these lands were formed, the era of colonization began. And with the advent of the concept of "New World" in terminology they began to use the stable expression "Old World". After all, before the discovery of America, this simply did not arise.

It is interesting that the traditional division into the Old and New Worlds has remained unchanged. At the same time, Oceania and Antarctica, unknown during the Middle Ages, are not taken into account even today.

For decades, the New World has been associated with a new and better life. The American continent was in which thousands of settlers sought to get. But they retained their native places in their memory. The Old World is traditions, origins and roots. Prestigious education, fascinating cultural travel, historical monuments - this is still associated with European countries, with the countries of the Old World.

Wine lists replace geographical

If in the field of geography terminology that includes the division of continents into the New and Old Worlds is already a relatively rare phenomenon, then among winemakers such definitions are still in high esteem. There are stable expressions: "Old World wine" and "New World wine". The difference between these drinks is not only in the place where the grapes grow and the location of the winery. They are rooted in the same differences that are characteristic of the continents.

Thus, wines of the Old World, mostly produced in France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Austria, are distinguished by their traditional taste and delicate elegant bouquet. And the wines of the New World, for which Chile, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand are famous, are brighter, with obvious fruity notes, but somewhat lose in sophistication.

Old World in the modern sense

Today, the term "Old World" is mainly applied to the states located on the territory of Europe. In the overwhelming majority of cases, neither Asia nor even more so Africa is no longer taken into account. So, depending on the context, the expression "Old World" can include either as many as three parts of the world, or only European states.

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In the wine world, concepts such as the Old and New World are often used. The first includes countries where the tradition of making wine is counted for millennia: Europe and the Mediterranean basin. The New World includes drinks produced in regions that began to be actively engaged in winemaking relatively recently - 200-300 years ago: Australia, New Zealand, the countries of North and South America, as well as South Africa.

The difference between the Old and New World

Over the centuries-old history for the countries of the Old World, wine production has become an integral element of culture with numerous traditions that are strictly observed and zealously protected. An important role in the winemaking of the Old World is played by the concept of "terroir" - it is a kind of metric of wine that speaks of its place of origin, climate, soil. Recognition of the concept of terroir dates back to the ancient Greeks, who noted that wines made from one grape variety grown in
different regions, have different properties and taste characteristics. A long period of experimentation in the vineyards of the Old World made it possible to find those grape varieties and methods of work that are best suited for a given area. This experience was put into the appellation of origin.

Each wine region in the Old World has its own style and characteristics that are almost impossible to repeat. New World relies on innovation and technology, they are constantly experimenting and looking for something new. Also in these countries, irrigation is widely used (artificial irrigation of waterless lands), which for the most part is prohibited by winemakers in Europe. Irrigation and the hot climate of the New World allow for a ripe harvest with a high sugar content, and the New World wines themselves contain a higher degree of alcohol, a more concentrated structure and many fruit flavors. It is believed that Old World wines are less strong and more acidic.

Wines also differ in cost, often Old World drinks are sold at a higher price, firstly, since more manual labor is used in their production, and secondly, because of the difference in labor legislation; many European countries have shorter working hours than South American countries.

The most active wine producers from the New World countries are Argentina, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the USA. It is about these wine-growing regions that our further conversation will go.

California wines

The USA is the fourth country in terms of wine production in the world, behind only the eminent France, Italy and Spain. Of the 50 states, 46 are engaged in wine production, but 90% of the total volume is made up of wines from California.

A real breakthrough in the history of California wines came in 1976, when 11 wine experts from around the world gathered for the Paris Tasting, in which the best wines were blindly identified, and it was wines from California that won many nominations. After this event, the drinks of the published region began to be included in the menus of many restaurants around the world.

In California, still produced (about 80% of all production), sparkling and fortified wines. Whites make up 65%, reds 20%, pink 15%. It produces both simple ordinary wines for the mass segment, as well as exclusive and more expensive drinks. Today in California, about a hundred different grape varieties are cultivated, the most popular are “Chardonnay”, “Sauvignon Blanc”, “Cabernet Sauvignon”, “Zinfandel”, “Merlot” and “Pinot Noir”. "Zinfandel" has become a symbol of the region, according to many experts, it is a local Californian grape variety. Zinfandel can be classified as one of the most versatile grape varieties in the world, and it produces drinks of various styles, from light white wines to rich, full-bodied reds.

There is no strict wine classification in the USA, everything is quite simple and democratic. The only standard appeared in 1983, which introduced the American Viticultural Areas (AVA). If the label says AVA, then 85% of the grapes used in the production of this drink must be grown in this area.

If only the state is listed on the label, then 100% of the grapes come from that area. If only America is listed on the wine, then the drink may be a blend of grapes from several states.

Chilean wines

Unique geographical position Chile has allowed many famous grape varieties to be cultivated and various types of wines produced in this country. The most common grape varieties here are Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc. In addition, Chile managed to preserve an interesting French grape variety - "Carmenere", which was almost completely exterminated in Europe due to the phylloxera epidemic. Now this variety has been elevated to the rank of a national treasure, and the wines made from it have become the country's hallmark.

Chilean wines fall into three categories:
Vinos de Mesa - table wines, the label of which is prohibited from mentioning the grape variety, vintage and the name of the region.

Vinos sin Denomination de Origen - wines with an uncontrolled origin. The label contains only information about the producer and grape variety, as well as the harvest year.

Vinos con Denomination de Origen - wines with controlled origin. The label must indicate the place of origin of the wine, the grape variety, the harvest year, the company where the wine was bottled (bottling). There are some additional regulations, for example, varietal wines must contain at least 85% of the grape variety indicated on the label.

According to the aging period, Chilean wines are classified:
Corriente - wines aged one year.
Special - two and three year old wines.
Reserva - four and five year old wines.
Gran Reserva - wines six years old and older.

Argentine wines

For several decades, thanks to a large number of migrants from Europe, Argentina has created its own wine industry with a unique variety of varieties. The best varieties from different countries are grown here: French "Cabernet Sauvignon", "Merlot", "Syrah", Italian "Sangiovese" and "Bonarda", German "Riesling". But the symbols of Argentine winemaking are red wines based on the Malbec variety and whites from the Torrontes grapes.

Typically, Argentine wine labels include information about the place of origin, the name of the winery, as well as the vintage. The name of the wine is either designated by the variety of the grape from which it is made, or by whom and where it was produced, and a variant of the name is also possible, consisting of both components.

In 1999, Argentina created a classification system for local wines, according to which all wines are divided into three categories by quality and place of origin of grapes:
Indication de Procedencia (IP) - wines with a common place of origin.
La Indication Geografica (IG) - wines with the indication of a specific geographic region.
La Denomination de Origen Controlada (DOC) - wines controlled by origin. This is the highest category of Argentine wines.

As in Chile, in Argentina, wines are classified by aging.

Vino de mesa is a simple table wine without aging.
Vino fino is a slightly aged wine.
Reserva - wine with four and five years of aging.

South African wines (South African wines)

Today South Africa is the 8th largest wine producer in the world, with white wines accounting for the bulk of the production. About 30% of South Africa's vineyards are chenin blanc, followed by sauvignon blanc and chardonnay. The most popular red varieties are Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz and Pinot Noir. In addition to such popular international varieties, South Africa has a unique red variety that is not found anywhere else in the world. - "pinotage". It was bred in 1926 by crossing two French varieties - Pinot Noir and Senso.
Pinotage is used to make both light drinks and full-bodied red wines.
Fortified wines are also produced in South Africa - light and dry analogues of sherry, as well as drinks in the style of port.

In 1973, South Africa introduced a sophisticated wine control system based on geographical origin (Wine de Origin, WO). Wine can get the WO status only after serious quality tests. On the labels of such wines, the manufacturer indicates its logo (the absence of a logo immediately indicates that the wine is of lower quality), grape variety, year of production, and region of origin.

Australian wines

Wine in Australia is mainly produced by large companies - about 80% of all production comes from the four largest corporations. Most Australian wines are produced by blending - a mixture of wines obtained from grapes from different regions. It is blending that makes Australian wine so consistent in quality.

Like every wine-making country, Australia has its own trademark - red wines from the "Syrah" ("Shiraz") variety. This variety allows you to get wines of various styles, depending on the region of production of wine from this variety can be both light and fruity, and quite dense.

Australia does not have specific laws on winemaking and wine naming. Nevertheless, Australian winemakers put on the label as much information about the drink as possible: grape varieties (the dominant variety comes first, then in descending order), the harvest year, the method of obtaining the wine, and even tips for serving it.

New Zealand wines

Over the past 15 years, New Zealand wine exports in monetary terms have grown by 753%. Due to the relatively small area of \u200b\u200bthe country, the volume of wine production in New Zealand is small. Thus, in neighboring Australia 10 times more wine is produced. Today, there are about 300 small wineries in New Zealand.

New Zealand is considered a country of white wines, and Sauvignon Blanc drinks are especially famous - about 80% of the wines produced here are made from these grapes. Also on the islands are grown "Chardonnay", "Riesling" and "Gewurztraminer". The red varieties are Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Pinot Noir.

So far, at the legislative level, there is no strict classification system in New Zealand. However, wines with proven geographic origin may be labeled with the Certified Origin (CO) mark. New Zealand wines are named with the grape variety and region of origin.

Europeans traditionally referred to the concept of the Old World as two continents - Eurasia and Africa, i.e. only those that were known before the discovery of the two Americas, and to the New World - North and South America. These designations quickly became fashionable and widespread. The terms quickly became very capacious, they referred not only to the geographic known and unknown world. The Old World began to call something generally known, traditional or conservative, the New World - something fundamentally new, little-studied, revolutionary.

In biology, it is also customary to divide flora and fauna according to the geographical principle into gifts of the Old and New Worlds. But unlike the traditional interpretation of the term, the New World biologically includes the plants and animals of Australia.

Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania and a number of islands in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans were later discovered. They did not enter the New World and were designated by the broad term Southern Lands. At the same time, the term Unknown South Earth is a theoretical continent at the South Pole. The ice continent was discovered only in 1820 and also did not become part of the New World. Thus, the terms Old and New Worlds refer not so much to geographical concepts as to the historical border “before and after” the discovery and development of the American continents.

Old World and New World: winemaking

Today, the terms Old and New World in a geographical sense are used only by historians. These concepts have acquired a new meaning in winemaking to designate the founding countries of the wine industry and countries developing in this direction. The Old World traditionally includes all European states, Georgia, Armenia, Iraq, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. To the New World - India, China, Japan, the countries of North, South America and Africa, as well as Australia and Oceania.

For example, Georgia and Italy are associated with wine, France with Champagne and Cognac, Ireland with whiskey, Switzerland and Great Britain with Scotland with absinthe, and Mexico is considered the ancestor of tequila.

In 1878, on the territory of Crimea, Prince Lev Golitsyn founded a sparkling wine factory, which was named "Novy Svet", later a resort village, which is called Novy Svet, grew around it. The picturesque bay annually receives crowds of tourists who want to relax on the Black Sea coast, get a tasting of the famous New World wines and champagne, take a walk along grottoes, bays and a reserved juniper grove. In addition, there are settlements of the same name on the territory of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

Tip 2: Which states belong to the Old and New World

The ancient chroniclers described the Earth as an outstretched faded cloak lying on the vast expanses of the Universe. What is beyond the horizon, knew only one God. And all states at that time were in only one World.

Instructions

The original homeland of mankind was the African continent. The dispersal over the Earth took place gradually over tens of thousands of years. While settling, people did not even suspect that the Earth has the shape of a ball. Therefore, only those parts of the inhabited territories in which they lived were known. The Europeans knew only their territory, the Chinese and Indians theirs. The ancient settlers of modern America and Australia knew only their land. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe World was limited at that time only to trade relations.

Marco Polo opened Asia to Europeans. He described his journey in his diaries, thanks to which people have expanded their understanding of the Earth. But people still guessed that the planet could not be flat.

Observing the round disk of the Moon, ancient scientists and philosophers identified the unity of the universe and even tried to calculate the circumference of the Earth. On the maps created in antiquity, even then the meridians had semicircular outlines. And at the beginning of our era, the first globe appeared. But on it was only the Old World known to Europeans - China, India, the territories of Khorezm, Persia, Egypt and European states: the Roman Empire, Kievan Rus, the kingdoms of Portugal, Spain, France, the Netherlands, England and many duchies.

Old Europe is considered a traditional region for the production of classic wines, or rather, France, Italy, Spain, and to a lesser extent Portugal and Germany. The term "New World wines" primarily refers to products from countries in Africa, Australia, South and North America: this category includes Argentina, Chile, New Zealand, South Africa, USA and Canada. Unlike the "Old World", there are no wine-making traditions that have developed over the centuries, so local brands turn out to be exotic, vibrant and very distinctive. This is the only way young, ambitious manufacturers can win back a share of the market from famous competitors.

Features. Several factors contribute to the popularity of New World wines:

• rich soils and sunny climate of producing countries;
• affordable prices (due to cheap labor and the absence of European restrictions on yields);
• exotic flavors due to local grape varieties and unique geographic location.

The area and variety of the "New World" is incomparably larger than the "Old", but Europe still benefits from more developed winemaking traditions and established positions in the world market

Historical reference. Until the 15th century - the era of the Great geographical discoveries - winemaking was not very common on the territory of modern Venezuela, Mexico and Colombia. Locals they skillfully made low-alcohol alcoholic beverages from corn, quinoa, shinus and even strawberries, but remained completely indifferent to grapes. Everything changed with the arrival of the Spaniards: the conquerors were not going to abandon their usual gastronomic traditions, and it was impossible to export wine from their homeland - the wine could not withstand the long journey and turned sour.

In the XVI-XVII centuries, a number of American countries could already boast of blooming and fruitful vineyards, in particular: Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina. Some of them were so successful that the Spanish government, fearing competition, forbade the establishment of new vineyards in the colonies. However, unsuccessfully: the process could no longer be stopped.

True, there was not enough local produce: the European colonizer needed wine not only for gastronomic, but also for religious purposes, and the Indians themselves were more willing to make pisco - the local grape vodka - and the weather conditions did not always allow for a rich harvest. Therefore, the Spaniards gradually opened up new territories, and by XVIII century began to import South African wines.

In Australia, winemaking was established by 1820, and in 1873, in blind testing in Vienna, judges even confused the brands of "antipodes" with French samples.

New World wines are not always worse than European wines in quality, much depends on the manufacturer

Characteristics. In the countries of the New World, the climate is predominantly hotter than in Europe, respectively, local wines are made from more mature and juicy grapes, which is why they get richer and more bocage in taste. In addition, New World wines are usually a couple of degrees stronger than the "old world" ones.

In terms of names, originally American, Australian and African manufacturers used established names like Burgundy, Champagne, Sherry, etc. (especially since the wines were made from grape varieties exported from the respective regions). This caused confusion and resentment among European winemakers.

Since the 1960s, New World wines have been produced under alternative “local” labels, even if the composition of the drink is fully consistent with, say, classic Chardonnay. However, completely original blends appeared, for example - Syrah with Cabernet Sauvignon or Semillon with Sauvignon Blanc.

Argentina

Argentina is considered the fifth largest wine region in the world. Initially, the style of Argentine wines was dictated by the Spanish colonialists, but then the local production was strongly influenced by Italian and German immigrants.

One of the brightest representatives of this category is the white aromatic wine Torrontes; the red varieties of Malbec, Barbera, Bonarda (aka Corbeau) are also popular.

Wine regions: Province of Mendoza, San Juan, Rioja, Salta, Catamarca, Rio Negro, Buenos Aires.

Australia

Excellent wines that are in no way inferior in taste to European ones. The phylloxera epidemic that broke out at the end of the 19th century did not affect the South Australian regions, thus, local vineyards were not affected and are currently considered one of the oldest in the world. In 2000, Australian table wine exports to the UK exceeded French shipments. Despite the fact that wines from the "kangaroo country" are often criticized for the excessive sweetness of taste, at the moment this alcohol is considered one of the most complex and sophisticated.

Wine-growing regions: Barosa Valley (Syrah variety), Kunawara (Cabernet Sauvignon variety), Eden Valley (Riesling variety), Hunter Valley (Semillon variety).

Canada

In Canada, as in the eastern states of the United States, it was not possible to plant and cultivate the European variety Vinis vinifera, which led to the export of varieties Vitis Labrusca and Vitis riparia, which have a characteristic "fox" aroma due to the presence of specific essential oils in the skin of the berries. The greatest commercial success in Canada is enjoyed by "ice wines" from Riesling, Vidal Blanc and Cabernet Franc.

Chile

The tenth largest wine producer in the world, the local varieties have long belonged to Merlot, although, as it turned out, they actually belong to the Carmenere family. Traditionally, in this country, quantity is valued over quality, and therefore Chilean wines entered the "top league" only after the 1990s.

Wine-producing areas: Lleida Valley, Bio-Bio Valley.

Colombia

In Colombia, unlike other South American countries, wine production functioned with an advantage for religious purposes, while the state did not accept European emigrants, as a result of which wine-making here developed distinctively and independently.

Colombian wines are of excellent quality, but almost never exported, so you can only get acquainted with the drinks in the country.

Wine-producing regions: Villa de Leyva, Valle del Cauca.

Mexico

In 2013, nearly 90% of all Mexican wine was produced in Baja California. It is one of the oldest wine-growing regions not only in Mexico, but throughout the New World.

New Zealand

The beginning of winemaking in this country was laid by immigrants from Croatia who arrived in New Zealand at the end of the 19th century, but the industry was in its infancy for about a hundred years. New Zealand winemakers experimented with different varieties and ended up settling for Sauvinon Blanc, complementing it later with Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.

Today in the "land of kiwi birds" aromatic wines are loved: Gewurztraminer, Riesling, Auslese.

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Peru

In 2008, Peru had about 14 thousand hectares of vineyards, which produced more than 610 thousand hectoliters of wine per year.

Wine-growing areas: the cities of Pisco and Ica.

South Africa

The most popular African variety is Pinotage (a mixture of Pinot Noir and Senso), but South African winemakers also use varieties more familiar to Europeans - a variety of Cabernet, Shiraz, Merlot, Chardonnay.

Despite the fact that the first portion of African wine was made just over 300 years ago, today the aromatic and full-bodied wines from Cape Town are considered a real gem of the New World.

USA

More than 90% of American wine is produced in California, with the remaining 10% in Washington, New York and Oregon. In the northern states, wine is produced from autochthonous grape varieties, but their specific "fox" aroma is not to everyone's taste.

"Fox smell" is found in wines of the USA and Canada, due to the presence of specific essential oils in some grape varieties

A huge influence on the development of winemaking in the USA (or rather, its stagnation) was exerted by Prohibition, as a result of which noble dry wines gave way to sweet fortified alcohol of low quality. In the northwestern states today, good Pinot Noir and Riesling are made, and in New York, Vitis Labrusca and its hybrids are popular, and California is famous for Zinfandel.