Crimea ... The majestic mountain peaks, the azure sea, the boundless steppes, bursting with heat, fragrant with herbs ... Covered with legends ... and the inhabitants of the Crimean Khanate. She remembers the Crimean land and the times of the Ottoman Empire, she did not forget Russia either.
The land of Crimea gave life, and then eternal peace to Tatars, Russians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Estonians, Czechs, Turks, Armenians, Germans, Bulgarians, Jews, Karaites, Gypsies, Crimeans. What are people to her, if the land of Crimea quietly whispers a song with steppe herbs about how she buried entire civilizations. Oh, truly mad are the people who think that time passes too quickly. Foolish people. This is you passing through.
History of Crimea since ancient times
The first people appeared on the Crimean peninsula back in the distant Paleolithic times, as evidenced by archaeological excavations near the sites of Staroselye and Kiik-Koba. And in the first millennium BC, tribes of Cimmerians, Scythians and Taurus settled on this land. By the way, it was on behalf of the latter that the land of the coastal and mountainous part of the Crimea got its name - Tavrida, Tavrik or, more familiar, Tavria. But already in the sixth - fifth century BC, the Greeks settled in the Crimean territories.
At first, the Hellenes settled in colonies, but soon Greek city-states began to arise. Thanks to the Greeks, magnificent temples to the Olympic gods, theaters and stadiums appeared on the peninsula, the first vineyards appeared and ships began to be built. Several centuries later, part of the coast of the Taurian land was captured by the Romans, whose power continued until the invasion of the Goth peninsula in the third-fourth centuries AD, putting an end to the existence of the Greek city-states. But the Goths stayed in Crimea also for a short time.
Already other tribes forced the Goths, like the Taurus and Scythians, to scatter in the human sea, without preserving their national identity, ceasing to be a single people. Since the fifth century, for several hundred years, Crimea fell under the rule Byzantine Empire, but from the seventh to the ninth century, the entire peninsula (except for Kherson) becomes the territory of the Khazar Kaganate. In 960, in the rivalry between the Khazars and Ancient Rus, the Old Russian state won the final victory.
The Khazar city of Samkerts, on the Caucasian coast of the Kerch Strait, began to be called Tmutarakan. By the way, it is here, in the Crimea in the year 988 from the birth of Christ grand Duke Kiev Vladimir was baptized, occupying Kherson (Korsun). In the thirteenth century, the Mongol-Tatars invaded Tavria, where they formed the so-called Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde. And in 1443, after the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate arose on the peninsula. In 1475, the Crimean Khanate became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, and it was the Crimean Khanate that Turkey used as a weapon, carrying out its raids on the Russian, Ukrainian and Polish lands. It was to combat the raids of the Crimean Khanate that the Zaporizhzhya Sich was founded in 1554.
Accession of Crimea to Russia
But it put an end to the three hundred years of Ottoman rule in the Crimea. So the Crimea becomes Russian territory. At the same time, the fortress cities of Simferopol and Sevastopol were built in Tavria. But Turkey was not going to surrender Crimea just like that - it was preparing for a new war, which was a completely natural decision at that time. But the Russian army was not a bastard either. Another Russian-Turkish war ended in 1791 after the signing of the Yassy Peace Treaty.
Crimea in the Russian Empire
Since that time, palaces have begun to be erected in the Crimea, fishing and salt production, and winemaking have developed. Crimea has become the most beloved health resort of the Russian aristocracy, and ordinary peoplegoing to the Crimean sanatoriums to treat all sorts of ailments. The population census of the Tauride province was not carried out, but according to Shagin-Girei, the peninsula was divided into six kaymakamstvo: Perekop, Kozlov, Kefin, Bakhchisarai, Karasubazar and Akmechet.
After 1799, the territory was divided into districts with 1400 villages and 7 cities: Alushta, Kerch, Simferopol, Feodosia, Sevastopol, Evpatoria and Yalta. In the year 1834, the Crimean Tatars still dominated the Crimea, but after the Crimean War it was decided to gradually resettle them. According to the records of 1853, 43 thousand people in Crimea already professed Orthodoxy, and among the Gentiles there were reformers, Lutherans, Roman Catholics, Armenian Catholics, Armenian Gregorians, Muslims, Jews - Talmudists and Karaites.
Crimea during the Civil War
During the civil war at the beginning of the twentieth century, both whites and reds came to power in Crimea. In November 1917, the Crimean People's Republic, but a year later, in January 1918, after Soviet power was established in the Crimea, it ceased to exist. Throughout March and April 1918, Crimea was part of the RSFSR as the Soviet Socialist Republic of Taurida.
On April 13, 1918, with the support of the Tatar militia and units of the UPR army, German troops invaded the republic and liquidated Soviet power by May 1. For several months, until November 15 of the same year, 1918, the Crimea was under German occupation. After that, the Second Crimean Regional Government was created, which existed from November 15, 1918 to April 11, 1919.
From April to June 1919, Crimea again became part of the RSFSR as the Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic. But already from July 1, 1919 to November 12, 1919, the Crimea is under the rule of the Armed Forces of South Russia and the Russian army of the baron. The Crimea was conquered by the Red Army in 1920, causing terror on the peninsula, which claimed about 120 thousand lives.
Crimea during the USSR
After the civil war in Crimea, where, in addition to the whites and the reds, the French and the British also perished, the Soviet authorities made an unprecedented and radical decision - to evict crimean Tatars to Siberia, and in their place to settle the Russians. So Crimea finally ceased to be a part of the East. After the Red Army was forced to leave the Crimea, retreating to the Taman Peninsula.
But the counter-offensive directed from there ended in failure, and the army was thrown back even further, beyond the Kerch Strait. Great Patriotic War and seriously aggravated ethnic conflicts in Crimea. So, in 1944, not only the Tatars were finally evicted from the Crimea for the cooperation of some of them with the Germans, but also the Bulgarians, Greeks and Karaites.
Accession of Crimea to Russian Empire - the inclusion of the Crimean Khanate into Russia, which occurred in 1783 after the abdication of the last Crimean Khan Shahin Giray. In the annexed territory in 1784, the Tauride region was formed. In the second half of the 16th century, the Muscovy, seeking to ensure the security of its southern territories and gain access to the Black Sea, began a struggle for the Crimea. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Russian troops captured the Crimean peninsula. Under the treaty with Khan Sahib II Girey (1772) and the Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace treaty of 1774 with the Ottoman Empire, the independence of the Crimean Khanate from the Ottoman Empire was declared and its transition under the protectorate of Russia, and the fortresses of Yenikale, Kerch and Kinburn were directly annexed to Russia At the same time, the sultan was recognized as the supreme caliph, and this circumstance caused difficulties and bickering between Russia and Turkey, since among Muslims religious-ritual and civil-legal life are interconnected, due to which the sultan was given the right to interfere in the internal affairs of Crimea , for example, by the appointment of qadis (judges). After the withdrawal of Russian troops, a widespread uprising took place in Crimea. Turkish troops have landed in Alushta; the Russian resident in Crimea Veselitsky was captured by Khan Shahin and handed over to the Turkish commander-in-chief. There were attacks on Russian troops in Alushta, Yalta and other places. The Crimeans elected Devlet IV as Khan. At this time, the text of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy treaty was received from Constantinople. But the Crimeans even now did not want to accept independence and cede the indicated cities in Crimea to the Russians, and the Porta considered it necessary to enter into new negotiations with Russia. Dolgorukov's successor, Prince Prozorovsky, negotiated with the khan in the most conciliatory tone, but the Murzas and ordinary Crimeans did not hide their sympathy for the Ottoman Empire. Shahin Giray had few supporters. The Russian party in Crimea was small. But in the Kuban he was proclaimed a khan, and in 1776 he finally became the khan of the Crimea and entered Bakhchisarai. Shahin Girey became the last khan of Crimea. He tried to carry out reforms in the state and reorganize management according to the European model, to equalize the rights of the Muslim and non-Muslim population of the Crimea, but the reforms were extremely unpopular, and in 1781 an uprising took place in Crimea, led by Shagin Giray's brother Batyr Giray and the Crimean mufti. The uprising was suppressed, but after a series of executions a new riot began, forcing Shagin Giray to flee to the Russian garrison in Kerch. In Feodosia, Mahmut Girey was proclaimed the new Crimean khan. The uprising of Mahmut Giray was also suppressed, and Shahin Giray was restored to the khan throne, but by February 1783, Shahin Giray's position again became critical, mass executions of political opponents, Tatars' hatred of the reforms and policies of Shahin Giray, the actual financial bankruptcy of the state, mutual Mistrust and misunderstanding with the Russian authorities led to the fact that Shahin Giray abdicated the throne and went with his supporters under the protection of the Russian troops, and part of the local nobility hostile to Russia fled to the Turks.
Accession In 1783, Crimea was annexed to Russia. The accession was bloodless. On April 19, 1783, Empress Catherine II signed the "Manifesto on the acceptance of the Crimean Peninsula, Taman Island and the entire Kuban side under the Russian state" eternal peace between the All-Russian and Ottoman Empires<…> no less and in exchange and satisfaction of losses "the empress decided to" take under the power "of the Crimean peninsula, Taman Island and the entire Kuban side. On December 28, 1783, Russia and Turkey signed the "Act on the annexation of Crimea, Taman and Kuban to the Russian Empire", which canceled article (article) 3 of the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace treaty on the independence of the Crimean Khanate. In turn, with this act, Russia confirmed the Turkish ownership of the fortresses of Ochakov and Sudzhuk-kale. After a long turmoil, peace came to Crimea. In a short time, new cities arose: Evpatoria, Sevastopol, etc. The peninsula began to quickly turn into the most important cultural and trade region of the Black Sea region for Russia, and the creation of the Russian Black Sea Fleet began in Sevastopol.
In 1784 Crimea became part of the Tauride region with the center in the city of Simferopol. According to the decree "On the compilation of the Tauride region of seven counties and the opening of public places in the cities thereof" (Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. T. XXII, No. 15924), the region was composed of 7 counties: Simferopol, Levkopolsky, Evpatoria, Perekop, Dnieper, Melitopol and Fanagoria. After the Russo-Turkish war of 1787-1791, the Russian ownership of Crimea was re-confirmed by the Yassy Peace Treaty, which secured the entire northern Black Sea region to Russia. By the decree of Paul I of December 12, 1796, the Tauride region was abolished, the territory divided into 2 counties - Akmechetsky and Perekopsky, was annexed to the Novorossiysk province ("... divided simply into counties, according to the number of inhabitants and the vastness of the area."). In 1802, the Tauride province was formed, which existed until Civil War in Russia.
Date of publication: 2015-02-03; Read: 448 | Page copyright infringement
The annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire is the inclusion of the Crimean Khanate into Russia, which occurred in 1783 after the abdication of the last Crimean Khan Shahin Giray. In the annexed territory in 1784 the Tauride region was formed. In the second half of the 16th century, the Moscow kingdom, seeking to ensure the security of its southern territories and achieve access to the Black Sea, began a struggle for the Crimea.
During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Russian troops took possession of the Crimean peninsula. Under the treaty with Khan Sahib II Girey (1772) and the Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace treaty of 1774 with the Ottoman Empire, the independence of the Crimean Khanate from the Ottoman Empire was declared and its transition under the protectorate of Russia, and the fortresses of Yenikale, Kerch and Kinburn were directly annexed to Russia At the same time, the sultan was recognized as the supreme caliph, and this circumstance caused difficulties and bickering between Russia and Turkey, since among Muslims religious-ritual and civil-legal life are interconnected, due to which the sultan was given the right to interfere in the internal affairs of Crimea , for example, by the appointment of qadis (judges).
After the withdrawal of Russian troops, a widespread uprising took place in Crimea. A Turkish landing has landed in Alushta; the Russian resident in Crimea Veselitsky was captured by Khan Shahin and handed over to the Turkish commander-in-chief. There were attacks on Russian troops in Alushta, Yalta and other places. The Crimeans elected Devlet IV as Khan. At this time, the text of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy treaty was received from Constantinople. But even now the Crimeans did not want to accept independence and cede the indicated cities in the Crimea to the Russians, and Porta considered it necessary to enter into new negotiations with Russia.
Dolgorukov's successor, Prince Prozorovsky, negotiated with the khan in the most conciliatory tone, but the Murzas and ordinary Crimeans did not hide their sympathy for the Ottoman Empire. Shahin Giray had few supporters. The Russian party in Crimea was small.
But in the Kuban he was proclaimed a khan, and in 1776 he finally became the khan of the Crimea and entered Bakhchisarai. Shahin Giray became the last khan of Crimea. He tried to carry out reforms in the state and reorganize management according to the European model, to equalize the rights of the Muslim and non-Muslim population of Crimea, but the reforms were extremely unpopular, and in 1781 an uprising took place in Crimea, led by Shagin Giray's brother Batyr Giray and the Crimean mufti.
The uprising was suppressed, but after a series of executions a new riot began, forcing Shagin Giray to flee to the Russian garrison in Kerch.
In Feodosia, Mahmut Girey was proclaimed the new Crimean khan. The uprising of Mahmut Giray was also suppressed, and Shahin Giray was restored to the khan throne, but by February 1783, Shahin Giray's position again became critical, mass executions of political opponents, Tatars' hatred of the reforms and policies of Shahin Giray, actual financial bankruptcy of the state, mutual mistrust and misunderstanding with the Russian authorities led to the fact that Shahin Giray abdicated the throne and went with his supporters under the protection of the Russian troops, and part of the local nobility hostile to Russia fled to the Turks.
Accession In 1783, Crimea was annexed to Russia.
The accession was bloodless. On April 19, 1783, Empress Catherine II signed the "Manifesto on the acceptance of the Crimean Peninsula, the island of Taman and the entire Kuban side under the Russian state", which "owing to the duty of taking care of the welfare and greatness of the Fatherland" between the All-Russian and Ottoman Empires<…> no less and in exchange and satisfaction of losses "the empress decided to" take under the power "of the Crimean peninsula, Taman Island and the entire Kuban side.
On December 28, 1783, Russia and Turkey signed the "Act on the annexation of Crimea, Taman and Kuban to the Russian Empire", which canceled article (article) 3 of the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace treaty on the independence of the Crimean Khanate.
In turn, with this act, Russia confirmed the Turkish ownership of the fortresses of Ochakov and Sudzhuk-kale. After a long turmoil, peace came to Crimea. In a short time, new cities arose: Evpatoria, Sevastopol, etc. The peninsula began to quickly turn into the most important cultural and trade region of the Black Sea region for Russia, and the creation of the Russian Black Sea Fleet began in Sevastopol.
In 1784 Crimea became part of the Tauride region with the center in the city of Simferopol.
According to the decree "On the compilation of the Tauride region of seven counties and the opening of public places in the cities thereof" (Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. T. XXII, No. 15924), the region was composed of 7 counties: Simferopol, Levkopolsky, Evpatoria, Perekop, Dnieper, Melitopol and Fanagoria.
After the Russo-Turkish war of 1787-1791, the Russian ownership of Crimea was re-confirmed by the Yassy Peace Treaty, which secured the entire northern Black Sea region to Russia. By the decree of Paul I of December 12, 1796, the Tauride region was abolished, the territory divided into 2 counties - Akmechetsky and Perekopsky, was annexed to the Novorossiysk province ("... divided simply into counties, according to the number of inhabitants and the vastness of the area.").
In 1802, the Taurida province was formed, which existed until the Civil War in Russia.
Date of publication: 2015-02-03; Read: 447 | Page copyright infringement
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Before the conquest of Crimea, the Russian Empire went on for quite a long time. Back at the end of the 17th century. for this purpose, by order of the kings, two major military campaigns were carried out. In the first of them, which took place in 1687, 50 thousand Ukrainian Cossacks, led by hetman I. Samoilovich, took part with the 60 thousandth Russian army. During the campaign to "Crimea in 1689, the combined army numbered 100 thousand.
russians and 40 thousand Ukrainian, which were ruled by Hetman I. Mazepa.
These grandiose military operations for various reasons ended in failure. But, as we can see, the resources of Ukraine, primarily human, in the struggle for access to the Black Sea, the Russian monarchs used in full. In the next, XVIII ct.s after consolidation on the shores of the Baltic Sea, Russia with renewed forces begins to fight with the Ottoman Empire for the right to be one of the masters of the Black Sea. War with Turkey 1735-1739 pp. was noted by the fact that the Cossack regiments from the Left-Bank Ukraine (Hetmanate), Slobozhanshchina and Zaporizhzhya Sich were directly included in the Russian army.
According to the military register of 1,739 Ukrainians, there were 32 thousand people. Although this war ended in failure for St. Petersburg, valuable experience was gained, because during the military operations Russian troops operating in the territory of Crimea.
It was the Zaporozhye Cossacks in May 1736.
the first to cross the Sivash and, led by the ataman I. Malashevich, carried out reconnaissance in the enemy's rear. After a while, the Cossacks defeated the horde of the Nuredin Sultan (one of the Crimean Khan's deputies) and captured his banner, bunchuk and mace. During this battle, about 200 Sichs were killed, and in total during the entire war, almost 1,500 Ukrainian Cossacks died. In particular, during the receipt of Gezlev (modern.
Evpatoria) in June 1736, Mirgorod Colonel Pavel Apostol was mortally wounded. And in the battles for the Crimea, the famous Ukrainian chronicler, Gadyach Colonel Grigory died. On June 16, 1736, Major General Repnin's corps, which included about a thousand Cossacks, even conquered the Tatar capital of Bakhchisarai. This is how highly the Russian commander B. Minich assessed the actions of the Ukrainian ones: "... they were always ahead of them on the march in enemy land."
In subsequent years, the Zaporozhye Sich played the role of a border outpost of the Russian Empire in the confrontation with Istanbul over the Crimea. In addition, the Cossacks carried out constant reconnaissance of the combat readiness of the Turkish and Tatar forces and reported this to the Kiev and Petersburg authorities.
The Ukrainians also took a large part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 pp., Which, in fact, ended with the conclusion of the aforementioned Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace.
On October 14, 1768, Turkey declared war on Russia, and already on October 31, the President of the Little Russian Collegium P. Rumyantsev ordered P. Kalnyshevsky, the chieftain of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, "... arrange all your army ... in military order at that hour, So that you are ready for a sudden militia."
According to modern research, during this war, the Ukrainian element was 25% of the composition of the 2nd Russian army, which operated in the Northern Black Sea region, the Azov region and the Crimea, and 10% of the 1st army operating on the Turkish front. The main task Cossacks was an outpost service, which provided for the conduct of reconnaissance and sabotage operations. During the hostilities on the Danube, the Zaporozhye flotilla captured dozens of Turkish ships of various types, a large number of guns, weapons, ammunition, destroyed and captured thousands of Turkish soldiers.
In the battles for the Crimea, the Cossack infantry was noted, directly guided by the koshev ataman. On January 5, 1771 P. Kalnyshevsky was awarded a gold medal with diamonds on the Andreevskaya ribbon for successful actions against the Turks. Besides him, 16 more Ukrainian foremen were awarded.
In this war, which led to the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace, Ukrainian resources were used on an even greater scale than in the previous one.
Field Marshal P. Rumyantsev, with the outbreak of hostilities in the Crimea, immediately took from the Little Russian treasure 100 thousand rubles in banknotes for "Tatar expenses." Recall that one paper ruble was then equated to a silver one. The money is huge! On initial stage During the war, the Chancellery of the Little Russian Treasure sent 95,000 337 rubles 52 kopecks to the main provision office for the needs of "six dragoon regiments, also generals and a field pharmacy, and the Glukhiv garrison regiment."
After that, the war machine of the empire used Ukrainian finance more than once. June 12, 1770 The Little Russian Collegium issues a decree granting 4 thousand rubles for the needs of the formation of one of the divisions of the Russian fleet. And two years later, on March 22, Empress Catherine II ordered the Ukrainian authorities to once again issue the commander of the 2nd Army, Prince Dolgoruky, 100 thousand rubles.
According to the decree of the Ukrainian Senate, they were obliged to provide the necessary funds for transporting artillery to the theater of operations.
From the Little Russian Treasure, money was also constantly issued to Russian officers, with teams of recruits they moved to the gathering place of the main forces.
It should be noted that Ukraine financed the acquisition of large consignments of oxen, horses and carts for the army of the Russian Empire. During 1768-1772 pp. Through the efforts of the military expedition of the Little Russian Collegium, “for the armies, 5 thousand pairs of oxen with the proper number of drivers and 2,500 trucks were collected.” In addition, for the needs of the 2nd Army, 1,472 volition and 422 trucks were additionally purchased at a total cost of 30 thousand rubles.
For the imperial artillery of the Ukrainian funds, 1,269 pairs of oxen with carts worth 22,743 rubles 68 kopecks were purchased from the population. FROM last year wars to acquire russian officers horses allocated 19,888 rubles 50 kopecks.
Money from the Ukrainian budget was also used to reward successful military operations. For this purpose, 23,900 rubles were given to P. Rumyantsev himself.
In addition to money, provisions, draft animals, and entrenching equipment were collected from the population of Ukraine. Repeatedly peaceful peasants were involved in fortification works, transporting provisions and fodder to the active army, organizing crossings of Russian troops through water obstacles, etc.
Tens of thousands of Ukrainian villagers dried crackers and prepared hay for the army. The constant extortions of the Russian command forced the Cossack foreman at his congress as early as the end of 1768 to put forward a demand to the imperial government "About paying the debts of the Little Russian people." A thorough analysis of the peace agreements between Russia and Turkey was carried out in 1955 by the Soviet historian Elena Druzhinina in her book "The Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy Peace of 1774 (its preparation and conclusion)".
Appendices to scientific research placed original text agreement, which can be found in the publication "Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire." O. Druzhinina writes that about the rapid end of the war 1768-1764 pp. dreamed equally both in St. Petersburg and in Istanbul. If for Russia this was caused by the unfolding of the peasant war led by A.
Pugachev, then for Turkey - by the change of the sultans in January 1774 after the death of Mustafa III, Abdul-Hamid I came to power, was an opponent of the continuation of hostilities.
"Points of eternal reconciliation and peace between the All-Russian Empire and the Ottoman Port" - this was the name of the peace treaty between Russia and Turkey, which was concluded on July 10 (21), 1774.
in the small village of Kuchuk-Kaynardzhi near the town of Silistria. On the Russian side, it was signed by Field Marshal P. Rumyantsev, and on the Turkish side - by the Supreme Vizier Musun-zade Megmet Pasha. The agreement consisted of an introduction, 28 articles and a secret addition.
Already in the preamble, it was indicated that the treaty should end the long-term war between the two states. Why are we focusing on this? And therefore, so that readers do not get the impression of the voluntariness of the transition to the rule of the Russian Empire of certain lands.
All territorial concessions to Turkey in favor of the Russian monarchs were made by him as a result of local military losses.
What were these concessions? First of all, these are “fortresses: Yenikale and Kerch ... from their pier and with everything in them, and from the county, starting from the Black Sea and following the ancient Kerch border to the Bugaku tract and now Bugaku in a straight line upwards even to Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, remain in the complete, eternal and unquestioning possession of the Russian Empire. "
In addition, the Kinburn Castle and the city of Azov with the surrounding lands fell to the possessions of the Russian Empire. That is all the territorial acquisitions that Russia received after a grueling six years of war.
As for Crimea, it was declared a "free and independent region", which the "Tatar nation" should have. "The Russian empire will leave this Tatar nation ... all the cities, fortresses, villages, lands and marinas in the Crimea and the Kuban, acquired by its weapons," - noted in the third article of the treaty.
A big victory for Russian diplomacy was the fact that Turkey refused to keep its fortresses and military garrisons in the Crimea. Thus, according to the provisions of the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhiyskogo world of 1774, the Crimean Khanate was declared an independent state.
Of course, the main consequence of the Russian-Turkish treaty of 1774 was the refusal of the Ottoman Empire from the protectorate over the Crimean Khanate, which it had been exercising since 1475.
The proclamation of Crimea as a "free and independent region" was only a clever diplomatic plan of Russia. This was done only for the sake of: firstly, to give Turkey an opportunity to get out of the war with dignity and at the same time to abandon the Crimea, and, secondly, to completely seize the Khanate, which remained without Turkish support in the future. The consequences of the conclusion of a peace treaty between the Russian and Turkish empires in the village of Yuochuk-Kainardzhi was the liquidation of the Zaporozhye Sich by Catherine II.
Projects of the destruction or transfer to another place of this Ukrainian "island of freedom" have arisen in court circles since the middle of the 18th century. However, the military force of the Cossacks was still needed to fight the Turks. When the threat from Istanbul disappears, the question of canceling the Sich immediately arises.
This was done at the beginning of June 1775 with the help of a 40,000-strong Russian army under the command of Generals A. Prozorovsky and P. Tekelia, who were returning from the theater of operations.
It is also interesting that in the manifesto of Catherine II about the destruction of Zaporozhye, along with the misdeeds of the Cossacks, the main of which was the construction by them "in the middle of the Fatherland of a completely independent region under their own frantic control", the great role of the Cossacks in the victory of Russia over Turkey was also noted "A considerable part of the Zaporozhye army, in the past now as glorious, so happy war with the Ottoman Port, said excellent experiences of courage and bravery during our armies ..."
However, the merits of the Ukrainian Cossacks in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 did not become an obstacle to the destruction of the Sich and the conclusion of its leadership. Ataman P. Kalnyshevsky, the military clerk I. Globa, died in exile in Turukhansk, and the Zaporozhye judge P. Golovaty, Tobolsk, served a quarter of a century in the Solovetsky Monastery. This is how the Russian Empire repaid the Ukrainian for their participation in the struggle against the Turks and Tatars for the right to own Crimea. Obviously, the treaty signed in the village of Kuchuk-Kainardzhi became the first international legal document that testified to the attempt of the Russian Empire to seize Crimea.
But it was not until April 1783 that Catherine II signed a rescript of its incorporation into the empire. Obeying military force Russians, in July of the same year the last Crimean Khan Iagin-Girey abdicates the throne. The Crimean Khanate ceases to exist as a state, and the Tauride region of the Novorossiysk Territory is formed on its lands.
It included the Crimean and Taman peninsulas and the lands between the Dnieper, horse Waters and Berda.
After the end of the war over Crimea, the Russian authorities continued to use Ukrainian human and material resources to establish their presence there.
In February 1780, Catherine II ordered "to release from the income available, which is in the department of the Little Russian Collegium, in the disposition of our lieutenant general and the fleet, general-shop master Hannibal, on the building necessary for our Black Sea fleet 208 640 rubles." This money, which was collected mainly by the Ukrainian population, was used in the construction of the seaport in Sevastopol.
Tens of thousands of peasants and former Cossacks from Ukraine were used for various construction work in the Crimea. The Russian Empire, using during the war for the Crimea in 1734-1739 pp.
the Ukrainian military force was soon canceled by the hetman's structure, which led to the loss of the Left-Bank Ukraine of political autonomy and its transformation into an ordinary province. The same empress Catherine II acted after the end of the war of 1768-1774 pp., When the Zaporizhzhya Sich was liquidated, which took an active part in the struggle against the Turks and Tatars.
This is the Ukrainian account in the history of many years of confrontation between the Russian and Ottoman empires. By the way, the wars for the Crimea between the then superpowers continued in the 19th century. Let us recall at least the so-called. Crimean War 1853-1856 pp., During which russian army a considerable amount of Ukrainian fought again.
"Like a Crimean tsar will come to our land ..."
The first raid of the Crimean Tatars for slaves on the lands of Muscovite Rus took place in 1507. Before that, the lands of Muscovy and the Crimean Khanate divided the Russian and Ukrainian territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, so Muscovites and Krymchaks even sometimes united against the Litvinians who dominated the entire 15th century in Eastern Europe.
In 1511-1512, the "Crimeans", as the Russian chronicles called them, twice ravaged the Ryazan land, and the next year the Bryansk one. Two years later, there were two new devastations of the environs of Kasimov and Ryazan with a massive withdrawal of the population into slavery. In 1517 - a raid on Tula, and in 1521 - the first Tatars raid on Moscow, devastating the surrounding area and taking many thousands into slavery. Six years later, the next big foray into Moscow. The crown of the Crimean raids on Russia was in 1571, when Khan Girey burned Moscow, plundered more than 30 Russian cities and took about 60 thousand people into slavery.
As one of the Russian chroniclers wrote: "Vesi, father, this very misfortune is upon us, as the Crimean tsar came to our land, to the Oka River on the shore, many hordes with him." In the summer of 1572, 50 kilometers south of Moscow, a fierce battle at Molody went on for four days - one of the largest battles in the history of Moscow Rus, when the Russian army with great difficulty defeated the army of Crimea.
During the Time of Troubles, the Crimeans almost every year made major raids on the Russian lands, they continued throughout the 17th century. For example, in 1659 Crimean Tatars near Yelets, Kursk, Voronezh and Tula burned 4,674 houses and drove 25,448 people into slavery.
By the end of the 17th century, the confrontation shifted to the south of Ukraine, closer to the Crimea. For the first time, Russian armies are trying to attack directly the peninsula itself, which for almost two centuries, since the time of the Lithuanian raids on Crimea, did not know foreign invasions and was a reliable refuge for slave traders. However, the XVIII century is not complete without the raids of the Tatars. For example, in 1713 the Crimeans robbed the Kazan and Voronezh provinces, and the next year the Tsaritsyn neighborhood. A year later - Tambov.
It is significant that the last raid with the mass withdrawal of people into slavery took place just fourteen years before the annexation of Crimea to Russia - the Crimean Tatar "horde" in 1769 devastated the Slavic settlements between modern Kirovograd and Kherson.
The Tatar population of Crimea lived virtually natural agriculture, professed Islam and was not taxed. The economy of the Crimean Khanate for several centuries consisted of taxes collected from the non-Tatar population of the peninsula - the trade and artisan population of the Khanate consisted exclusively of Greeks, Armenians and Karaites. But the main source of super profits for the Crimean nobility was the "raid economy" - the capture of slaves in Eastern Europe and their resale to the Mediterranean regions. How in mid XVIII For centuries, a Turkish official explained to a Russian diplomat: "There are more than a hundred thousand Tatars who have neither agriculture, nor trade: if they do not make raids, then what will they live on?"
Tatar Kafa - modern Feodosia - was one of the largest slave markets of that time. For four centuries, from several thousand to - after the most "successful" raids - several tens of thousands of people were sold here annually as living goods.
"Crimean Tatars will never be useful subjects"
Russia launched a counteroffensive at the end of the 17th century, when the first Crimean campaigns of Prince Golitsyn followed. Archers with the Cossacks reached Crimea on the second attempt, but did not overcome Perekop. For the first time, the Russians avenged the burning of Moscow only in 1736, when the troops of Field Marshal Minich broke through Perekop and captured Bakhchisarai. But then the Russians could not stay in Crimea because of epidemics and opposition from Turkey.
“A notch line. Southern frontier "Maximilian Presnyakov. Source: runivers.ru
By the beginning of the reign of Catherine II, the Crimean Khanate did not pose a military threat, but remained a problematic neighbor as an autonomous part of the powerful Ottoman Empire. It is no coincidence that the first report on Crimea issues for Catherine was prepared exactly one week after she ascended the throne as a result of a successful coup.
On July 6, 1762, Chancellor Mikhail Vorontsov presented a report “On Little Tartary”. The following was said about the Crimean Tatars: "They are very prone to kidnapping and atrocities ... they attacked Russia with sensitive harm and insults by frequent raids, capturing many thousands of inhabitants, driving away livestock and robbery." And the key importance of Crimea was emphasized: “The peninsula is so important by its location that it can really be considered the key of Russian and Turkish possessions; as long as he remains in Turkish citizenship, he will always be terrible for Russia. "
Discussion of the Crimean issue continued at the height of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Then the de facto government of the Russian Empire was the so-called Council at the highest court. On March 15, 1770, at a meeting of the Council, the issue of annexing Crimea was considered. Companions of Empress Catherine judged that "Crimean Tatars, by their property and position, will never be useful subjects", moreover, "no decent taxes can be collected from them."
But the Council ultimately made the cautious decision not to annex Crimea to Russia, but to try to isolate it from Turkey. “By such immediate citizenship, Russia will incite against itself a general and not unfounded jealousy and suspicion of an unlimited intention to multiply its regions,” the Council's decision on a possible international reaction said.
The main ally of Turkey was France - it was her actions that were feared in St. Petersburg.
In her letter to General Pyotr Panin on April 2, 1770, Empress Catherine summed up: “There is absolutely no intention of having this peninsula and the Tatar hordes belonging to it in our citizenship, but it is desirable only that they be torn away from Turkish citizenship and remain forever independent ... Tatars will never be useful to our empire. "
In addition to the independence of Crimea from the Ottoman Empire, Catherine's government planned to get the Crimean Khan to agree to grant Russia the right to have military bases in Crimea. At the same time, the government of Catherine II took into account such a subtlety that all the main fortresses and the best harbors on the southern coast of the Crimea belonged not to the Tatars, but to the Turks - and in which case the Tatars were not too sorry to give the Turkish possessions to the Russians.
For a year, Russian diplomats tried to persuade the Crimean Khan and his divan (government) to declare independence from Istanbul. During the negotiations, the Tatars tried not to say yes or no. As a result, at a meeting on November 11, 1770, the Imperial Council in St. Petersburg made a decision "to impose strong pressure on the Crimea, if the Tatars living on this peninsula remain stubborn and do not stick to those who had already deposited from the Ottoman Port".
Fulfilling this decision of St. Petersburg, in the summer of 1771, the troops under the command of Prince Dolgorukov entered the Crimea and inflicted two defeats on the troops of Khan Selim III.
Regarding the occupation of Kafa (Feodosia) and the termination of the largest slave market in Europe, Catherine II wrote to Voltaire in Paris on July 22, 1771: "If we took Kafa, the costs of the war are covered." Regarding the policy of the French government, which actively supported the Turks and Polish rebels who fought with Russia, Catherine deigned in her letter to Voltaire to joke all over Europe: “Constantinople grieves very much about the loss of Crimea. We ought to send them a comic opera to dispel their sadness, and a puppet comedy to the Polish rebels; it would be more useful to them than the large number of officers that France sends to them. "
"The most amiable Tatar"
Under these conditions, the nobility of the Crimean Tatars preferred to temporarily forget about the Turkish patrons and quickly make peace with the Russians. On June 25, 1771, a meeting of beys, local officials and clergy signed a preliminary act on the obligation to declare the khanate independent from Turkey, as well as to enter into an alliance with Russia, electing as khan and kalgi (the khan's heir-deputy) of the loyal to Russia descendants of Genghis Khan - Sahib-Girey and Shagin-Girey. The former khan fled to Turkey.
In the summer of 1772, peace negotiations began with the Ottomans, at which Russia demanded to recognize the independence of the Crimean Khanate. As an objection, the Turkish representatives spoke in the spirit that, having gained independence, the Tatars would start "doing stupid things."
The Tatar government in Bakhchisarai tried to evade signing a treaty with Russia, awaiting the outcome of the Russian-Turkish negotiations. At this time, an embassy headed by Kalga Shagin-Girey arrived in Petersburg from the Crimea.
The young prince was born in Turkey, but managed to travel around Europe, knew Italian and Greek. The Empress liked the representative of the Khan's Crimea. Catherine II described him in a very feminine way in a letter to one of her friends: “We have here the Kalga Sultan, a clan of the Crimean Dauphin. This, I think, is the most amiable Tatar one can find: he is handsome, intelligent, more educated than these people generally are; writes poems; he is only 25 years old; he wants to see and know everything; everyone loved him. "
In St. Petersburg, a descendant of Genghis Khan continued and deepened his passion for contemporary European art and theater, but this did not strengthen his popularity among the Crimean Tatars.
By the fall of 1772, the Russians managed to crush Bakhchisarai, and on November 1, an agreement was signed between the Russian Empire and the Crimean Khanate. It recognized the independence of the Crimean Khan, his election without any participation of third countries, and also assigned to Russia the cities of Kerch and Yenikale with their harbors and adjacent lands.
However, the Imperial Council in St. Petersburg experienced some confusion when Vice-Admiral Aleksey Senyavin, who successfully commanded the Azov and Black Sea fleets, arrived at its meeting. He explained that neither Kerch nor Yenikale are convenient bases for the fleet and new ships cannot be built there. The best place for the base of the Russian fleet, according to Senyavin, there was Akhtiarskaya harbor, now we know it as the harbor of Sevastopol.
Although the agreement with the Crimea had already been concluded, but fortunately for St. Petersburg, the main agreement with the Turks had yet to be signed. And Russian diplomats hastened to include new requirements for new harbors in Crimea.
As a result, some concessions had to be made to the Turks, and in the text of the Kucuk-Kaynardzhi peace treaty of 1774, in the clause on the independence of the Tatars, the provision on the religious supremacy of Istanbul over Crimea was nevertheless fixed - a demand that was persistently put forward by the Turkish side.
For still medieval society of the Crimean Tatars, religious supremacy was weakly separated from the administrative one. The Turks considered this clause of the treaty as a convenient tool for keeping Crimea in the orbit of their policy. Under these conditions, Catherine II seriously thought about the elevation of the pro-Russian-minded Kalga Shagin-Giray to the Crimean throne.
However, the Imperial Council preferred to be careful and decided that "by this change we could violate our agreements with the Tatars and give the Turks a reason to take them back to their side." Khan remained Sahib-Girey, the elder brother of Shagin-Girey, who was ready to alternate between Russia and Turkey depending on the circumstances.
At that moment, the Turks were brewing a war with Austria, and in Istanbul they rushed not only to ratify the peace treaty with Russia, but also, in accordance with his demands, to recognize the Crimean Khan elected under pressure from the Russian troops.
As provided by the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi treaty, the sultan sent his caliph blessing to Sahib-Girey. However, the arrival of the Turkish delegation, the purpose of which was to hand over to the khan the Sultan's "firman", confirmation of the rule, produced the opposite effect in the Crimean society. The Tatars took the arrival of the Turkish ambassadors for another attempt by Istanbul to return Crimea to its usual rule. As a result, the Tatar nobility forced Sahib-Girey to resign and quickly elected a new khan, Davlet-Girey, who never concealed his pro-Turkish orientation.
Petersburg was unpleasantly surprised by the coup and decided to stake on Shagin-Giray.
The Turks, meanwhile, suspended the withdrawal of their troops from Crimea, provided for by the peace treaty (their garrisons still remained in several mountain fortresses) and began hinting to Russian diplomats in Istanbul about the impossibility of the independent existence of the peninsula. Petersburg realized that diplomatic pressure and indirect actions alone would not solve the problem.
After waiting for the beginning of winter, when the transfer of troops across the Black Sea was difficult and in Bakhchisarai they could not count on an ambulance from the Turks, the Russian troops concentrated at Perekop. Here they received news of the election of the Nogai Tatars Shagin-Girey as khan. In January 1777, the corps of Prince Prozorovsky entered the Crimea, accompanying Shagin-Girey, the legitimate ruler of the Nogai Tatars.
The pro-Turkish Khan Davlet-Girey was not going to surrender, he gathered a 40,000-strong militia and set out from Bakhchisarai to meet the Russians. Here he tried to deceive Prozorovsky - he began negotiations with him and, in their midst, unexpectedly attacked the Russian troops. But the actual military leader of Prozorovsky's expedition was Alexander Suvorov. The future generalissimo repulsed the unexpected attack of the Tatars and defeated their militia.
Khan Davlet-Girey. Source: segodnya.ua
Davlet-Giray fled under the protection of the Ottoman garrison to Kafu, from where he sailed to Istanbul in the spring. Russian troops easily occupied Bakhchisarai, and on March 28, 1777, the Crimean sofa recognized Shagin-Girey as khan.
The Turkish sultan, as the head of Muslims around the world, did not recognize Shagin as the Crimean khan. But the young ruler enjoyed the full support of Petersburg. Under the agreement with Shagin-Girey, Russia received revenues from the Crimean treasury from salt lakes, all taxes collected from local Christians, as well as the harbors in Balaklava and Gezlev (now Evpatoria) as compensation for its costs. In fact, the entire Crimean economy came under Russian control.
"Crimean Peter I"
Having spent most of his life in Europe and Russia, where he received an excellent education, modern for those years, Shagin-Girey was very different from the entire upper class of his native country. Court flatterers in Bakhchisarai even began to call him "the Crimean Peter I".
Khan Shagin began by creating a regular army. Prior to that, in Crimea, there was only a militia, which gathered in case of danger, or when preparing for the next raid for slaves. The role of the permanent army was played by the Turkish garrisons, but they were evacuated to Turkey after the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi peace treaty. Shagin-Girey conducted a population census and decided to take one soldier from every five Tatar houses, and these houses were supposed to supply the soldier with weapons, a horse and everything necessary. Such a costly measure for the population caused strong discontent and the new khan did not succeed in creating a large army, although he did have a relatively combat-ready khan guard.
Shagin is trying to move the capital of the state to the seaside Kafa (Feodosia), where the construction of a large palace begins. He introduces a new system of bureaucracy - following the example of Russia, a hierarchical service with a fixed salary issued from the khan's treasury is being created, local officials are deprived of the ancient right to take levies directly from the population.
The wider the reform activities of “Crimean Peter I” developed, the more the discontent of the aristocracy and the entire Tatar population with the new khan grew. At the same time, the Europeanized Khan Shagin-Girey executed those suspected of disloyalty in a completely Asian way.
The young khan was no stranger to both Asian splendor and a penchant for European luxury - he subscribed to expensive pieces of art from Europe, invited fashionable artists from Italy. Such tastes shocked the Crimean Muslims. Rumors spread among the Tatars that Khan Shagin "sleeps on the bed, sits on a chair and does not do the prayers that are due by law."
Dissatisfaction with the reforms of "Crimean Peter I" and the growing influence of St. Petersburg led to a massive uprising in the Crimea, which broke out in October 1777.
The revolt, which began among the newly recruited troops, instantly engulfed the entire Crimea. The Tatars, having gathered a militia, managed to destroy a large detachment of Russian light cavalry in the Bakhchisarai area. The Khan's Guard went over to the side of the rebels. The uprising was led by the brothers Shagin-Giray. One of them, the former leader of the Abkhaz and Adygs, was elected by the rebels as the new khan of Crimea.
"We must think about appropriating this peninsula"
The Russians reacted quickly and harshly. Field Marshal Rumyantsev insisted on the most drastic measures against the insurgent Tatars, in order to "feel the full weight of Russian weapons and bring them to the point of repentance." Among the measures to suppress the uprising were the actual concentration camps of the 18th century, when the Tatar population (mainly rebel families) was herded into the blocked mountain valleys and held there without food supplies.
A Turkish fleet appeared off the coast of Crimea. Frigates entered Akhtiarskaya harbor, delivering troops and a note of protest against the actions of Russian troops in the Crimea. The Sultan, in accordance with the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace treaty, demanded the withdrawal of Russian troops from the independent Crimea. Neither the Russians nor the Turks were ready for a big war, but formally, Turkish troops could be present in the Crimea, since Russian units were there. Therefore, the Turks tried to land on the Crimean coast without using weapons, and the Russians also tried to prevent them from doing this without firing shots.
Here Suvorov's troops were helped by chance. A plague epidemic broke out in Istanbul and, under the pretext of quarantine, the Russians announced that they could not let the Turks ashore. In the words of Suvorov himself, they were "refused with full affection." The Turks were forced to leave back to the Bosphorus. So the Tatar rebels were left without the support of the Ottoman patrons.
After that, Shagin-Girey and the Russian units managed to quickly cope with the rioters. The defeat of the uprising was also facilitated by the immediately begun showdown between the Tatar clans and applicants for the khan throne.
It was then in St. Petersburg that they seriously thought about the complete annexation of Crimea to Russia. A curious document appears in the office of Prince Potemkin - the anonymous "Reasoning of a Russian Patriot about the wars with the Tatars, and about the methods that serve to end them forever." In fact, this is an analytical report and a detailed 11-point accession plan. Many of them have been put into practice in the coming decades. So, for example, in the third article "Reasoning" it is said about the need to provoke civil strife among various Tatar clans. And indeed, since the mid-70s of the 18th century, riots and strife have not stopped in the Crimea and in the nomadic hordes around it with the help of Russian agents. The fifth article talks about the desirability of evicting unreliable Tatars from Crimea. And after the annexation of Crimea, the tsarist government actually encouraged the movement of "muhajirs" - agitators for the resettlement of the Crimean Tatars to Turkey.
Potemkin's plans to populate the peninsula with Christian peoples (Article 9 "Discourses") were very actively implemented in the near future: Bulgarians, Greeks, Germans, Armenians were invited, Russian peasants moved from the inner regions of the empire. Found application in practice and paragraph 10, which was supposed to return the cities of the Crimea to their ancient Greek names. In Crimea, already existing settlements were renamed (Kafa-Feodosia, Gezlev-Evpatoria, etc.); and all newly formed cities received Greek names.
In fact, the annexation of Crimea went according to the plan, which is still preserved in the archives.
Shortly after the suppression of the Tatar rebellion, Catherine wrote a letter to Field Marshal Rumyantsev, in which she agreed with his proposals:"The independence of the Tatars in Crimea is unreliable for us, and we must think about appropriating this peninsula."
On this memorable day, Crimea passed from one empire to another - from the Ottoman to the Russian
231 years (new style) ago, Empress Catherine II signed a manifesto on the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, Taman Island and the Kuban Region to the Russian Empire. After which Russia became a full-fledged Black Sea power. After the annexation in 1783, the slave trade was eliminated in the Crimea. By the way, on the same day on another continent, the war for the independence of the States against the British colonial empire ended.
Russian military camp in the Crimea in 1783 M.M. Ivanov. 1783 year.
On August 7, 1782, a monument to Peter the Great, created by Falcone, was opened in St. Petersburg. The inscription on the pedestal - "Catherine the Second to Peter the First" - directly indicates the historical continuity of the policy of the Empress, who continued Russia's movement to the Black Sea. And the very next year, the Manifesto of Empress Catherine II was published "on the acceptance of the island of Taman, the Crimean peninsula and the entire territory of the Kuban under the Russian state."
MK Help reference
The name of the peninsula probably comes from the Turkic word "kyrym" - shaft, wall, ditch.
Having solved the Crimean issue, Russia got rid of its aggressive southern neighbor. And if Peter the First opened a "window to Europe", then Catherine, one might say, "opened the doors" to the Black Sea. Then, officially, no country disputed this document. By the end of winter, news came to Taurida (Crimea) about the reaction of Istanbul, its decision of February 24, 1784: "The Ottoman Porta solemnly recognized the citizenship of the Crimea and the Kuban to the All-Russian Imperial throne."
MK Help reference
The most ancient known population of the mountainous and south-coastal part of the Crimea is Taurus.
For the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula and the formation of the Tauride region, Prince G. Potemkin received the title of Tauride for his labors.
After the victories of Field Marshal Count P.A.Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky in the second Russian-Turkish war of 1768–1774. Between Russia and Turkey, the Kuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace was concluded, as a result of which the territory between the Bug and the Dnieper, as well as the fortresses of Kerch, Yenikale and Kinburn, were included in Russia. Russia was able to get access to the Black Sea, as well as to confirm its rights to the territory of Kabarda, Azov and the Azov lands, conquered by Peter the Great. The task of ensuring the security of the southern borders of Russia and the development of the newly acquired lands was entrusted to the Empress Potemkin.
At the end of 1782, assessing the advantages of the annexation of Crimea to Russia, Potemkin expressed his opinion in a letter to Catherine II: “Crimea is tearing our borders by its position ... You are obliged to raise the glory of Russia ... The acquisition of Crimea can neither strengthen nor enrich you, but only will bring peace. " Soon after that, Catherine II issued a manifesto on the annexation of Crimea, according to which the Crimean residents were promised “sacredly and unwaveringly for themselves and the successors of our throne to keep them on an equal footing with our natural subjects, to protect and defend their faces, property, temples and their natural faith. .. ".
With the arrival of the Russian administration in 1783, the slave trade was eliminated in the Crimea, and the state administration of the European type began to develop. The government resettled state peasants here from the central and Ukrainian provinces. Gradually, large landowners' holdings were concentrated in the North-West Crimea. Through the efforts of Potemkin, specialists were discharged from England and France for the arrangement of gardens and parks, and the prince himself wrote a special instruction for the operation of the Office of Agriculture and Household Economics in the Crimea. On the basis of the “Institutions of Provinces”, which had been in effect in the Russian Empire since 1775, GA Potemkin created a kind of management system with the involvement of the local multinational population, which contributed to the government policy of settling and economic development of the Crimean Peninsula.
The annexation of Crimea to Russia was of great progressive importance: in a short time, new ports and cities arose in the Black Sea steppe. Russian fleet then reliably established itself on the Black Sea.
However, on February 19, 1954, the Crimean region was transferred from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR. The broadcast was timed to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the Pereyaslav Rada. The initiator of the transfer to the Ukrainian SSR of the Crimean region, as Vladimir Putin noted in the Crimean speech in March 2014, "was personally Khrushchev."
According to the current president of Russia, only the motives that drove Khrushchev remain a mystery: "the desire to enlist the support of the Ukrainian nomenklatura or to make amends for organizing mass repressions in Ukraine in the 1930s."
In turn, Khrushchev's son Sergei Nikitich, in an interview with Russian television on a teleconference from the United States on March 19, 2014, explained, referring to his father's words, that Khrushchev's decision was associated with the construction of the North Crimean water canal from the Kakhovsky reservoir on the Dnieper and the desirability of conducting and financing large-scale hydraulic engineering works within the framework of one union republic.
And now, exactly 60 years later, on March 18, 2014, an agreement was signed on the entry of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol into the Russian Federation as constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, Ukraine does not recognize either the proclamation of the independence of Crimea, nor its entry into Russia ...
Sources of copyleft: prlib.ru, history.scps.ru, litopys.net, wikipedia.org.
As a result of the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhiyskiy peace between Russia and Turkey in 1774, the final conquest of the Crimea became possible. The credit for this belongs to the favorite of the Empress G.A. Potemkin. This event was of key military-political and economic importance.
"GREEK PROJECT"
On July 10, 1774, peace was concluded with the Ottoman Empire in the village of Kuchuk-Kaynardzhi. The Black Sea cities of Kerch, Yenikali, Kinburn departed to Russia. Kabarda was recognized as Russian in the North Caucasus. Russia received the right to have a military and merchant fleet in the Black Sea. Merchant ships could freely pass into the Mediterranean through the Turkish straits of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles. The Danube principalities (Wallachia, Moldavia, Bessarabia) formally remained with Turkey, but in fact Russia kept them under its protection. Turkey pledged to pay a huge contribution of 4 million rubles. But the most significant loss of the Sublime port was the recognition of the independence of the Crimean Khanate.
In 1777-1778. in Russia, the commander-in-chief G.A. Potemkin, who became the first person in the state after the Empress, developed the "Greek project". This project provided for the expulsion of Russia, in alliance with Austria, of the Turks from Europe, the liberation of the Balkan Christians - Greeks, Bulgarians, the seizure of Constantinople and the revival of the Byzantine Empire.
It was not by chance that both of the Empress's grandsons who were born at that time received the "antique" names - Alexander and Constantine. They expected to put the second grandson, Konstantin Pavlovich, on the throne of Constantinople. This project, of course, was utopian. The Ottoman Empire was still not so weak, and the European powers would not have allowed Russia to create a vassal "Byzantium".
A truncated version of the "Greek project" provided for the creation of the state of Dacia from the Danube principalities with the same Constantine on the throne. Part of the Danube lands was planned to be ceded to Austria, Russia's ally. But they also failed to agree on the Dacia with the Austrians. Russian diplomats believed that Austrian territorial claims were excessive.
Soon, a Russian protege, Khan Shagin-Girey, reigned in Crimea with the help of Russian troops. The former khan Devlet-Girey raised an uprising, but was forced to flee to Turkey. And on April 8, 1783, Catherine II promulgated a decree on the incorporation of the Crimea into Russia. The newly annexed Crimean possessions were called Tavrida. The Empress's favorite Grigory Potemkin (Prince of Tauride) was supposed to take care of their settlement, development of the economy, construction of cities, ports, fortresses. Sevastopol in Crimea was to become the main base of the Russian Black Sea military fleet being created. This city was built on the land of ancient Chersonesos, known in Russian chronicles as Korsun.
FROM THE MANIFESTO OF CATHERINE II OF APRIL 8, 1783
... In such circumstances, WE were forced, in order to preserve the integrity of the building erected by US, one of the best gains from the war, to accept well-meaning Tatars in OUR patronage, to give them freedom, to choose another lawful Khan in Sahib-Girey's place, and to establish his rule; for this it was necessary to put OUR military forces in motion, to detach from them in the most severe time the nth corps to the Crimea, to keep it there for a long time, and finally to act against the rebels by force of arms; from which almost caught fire with the Ottoman Port new war, like that in everyone's fresh memory.
Thanks be to the Almighty! Then this thunderstorm passed by the recognition of the lawful and autocratic Khan in the person of Shagin-Girey from the Porta. The product of this breakthrough cost OUR Empire dearly; but WE at least hoped that it would reward the future of the neighborhood with security. Time, and even a short time, however, in fact, contradicted this assumption.
A new rebellion that arose last year, of which the true principles were not hidden from US, forced US again to full armament and to a new detachment of OUR troops in the Crimea and on the Kuban side, which remain there to this day: for without them peace, silence and arrangement among the Tatars, when the active test of many children in every possible way already proves that just as their previous subordination to Porte was an occasion for coldness and strife between the two powers, so their transformation into a free area, with their inability to eat the fruits of such freedom, serves to the everlasting OUR worries, losses and troubles of OUR troops ...
"I HAVE MADE MORE FOR RUSSIA IN THE SOUTH THAN PETER I IN THE NORTH"
By order of Catherine II, immediately after the annexation of the Crimea, the frigate "Ostorozhny" was sent to the peninsula under the command of Captain II Rank Ivan Mikhailovich Bersenev to select a harbor off the southwestern coast. Having examined in April 1783 the bay near the village of Akhti-ar, located not far from the ruins of Chersonesos-Tavrichesky. IM Bersenev recommended it as a base for the ships of the future Black Sea Fleet. Catherine II by her decree of February 10, 1784 ordered to establish here "a military port with an admiralty, a shipyard, a fortress and make it a military city." At the beginning of 1784, a fortress port was laid, which Catherine II called Sevastopol - "The Majestic City". In May 1783, Catherine II sent to Crimea a person who had returned from abroad after treatment, who brilliantly solved all diplomatic and political problems concerning the Russian presence on the Crimean peninsula.
In June 1783, in Karasubazar, on the top of Mount Ak-Kaya, Prince Potemkin took an oath of allegiance to Russia of the Crimean nobility and representatives of all strata of the Crimean population. The Crimean Khanate ceased to exist. The Zemstvo government of Crimea was organized, which included Prince Shirinsky Mehmetsha, Haji-Kyzy-Aga, Kadisker Musledin Efendi.
The order of G.A. Potemkin to the commander of the Russian troops in the Crimea, General de Balmain, dated July 4, 1783: "The will of Her Imperial Majesty is that all the troops staying in the Crimean peninsula treat the residents in a friendly manner, without any offense, for which chiefs and regimental commanders have an example." ...
In August 1783, De Balmain was replaced by the new ruler of the Crimea, General I.A. Igelstrom, who turned out to be a good organizer. In December 1783, he created the "Tavricheskoe regional government", which, together with the zemstvo rulers, included almost all of the Crimean Tatar nobility. On June 14, 1784, the first meeting of the Tavricheskiy regional government was held in Karasubazar.
By the decree of Catherine II of February 2, 1784, the Tauride region was established under the management of G.A. Potemkin, consisting of the Crimean Peninsula and Taman. The decree said: “... the Crimean peninsula with the land lying between Perekop and the borders of the Yekaterinoslav governorship, establishing a region under the name of Tauride, as long as the multiplication of the population and various necessary institutions will make it convenient to arrange its province, we will entrust it to our general, Yekaterinoslavsky and the Tavrichesky governor-general prince Potemkin, whose feat and our very and all these lands, the assumption was fulfilled, leaving him to divide that region into districts, appoint cities, prepare for opening during the current year, and inform us about all the details related to this and our Senate. "
On February 22, 1784, by decree of Catherine II, the upper class of the Crimea was granted all the rights and benefits of the Russian nobility. Russian and Tatar officials, by order of G.A. Potemkin, compiled lists of 334 new Crimean nobles who retained their land ownership. On February 22, 1784, Sevastopol, Feodosia and Kherson were declared open cities for all peoples friendly to the Russian Empire. Foreigners could freely come and live in these cities, and take Russian citizenship.
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1 Comment
Citizen Marina Yurievna / Ph.D., associate professor
Very interesting material, but it is not clear why not a word is said about the entry into the Russian Empire along with the Crimean Khanate and the right bank of the Kuban. This was a very significant event, in many ways, it was this that contributed to the advancement of Russia to the North Caucasus.
At the end of the 18th century, the right bank of the Kuban was inhabited by nomadic hordes of Nogai, as well as Nekrasov's Cossacks. It was urgent to strengthen southern borders Russian Empire. An important role in this was played by A.V. Suvorov, under whose leadership the construction of Russian defensive fortifications in the Kuban began. He is also considered the founding father of the city of Yekaterinodar (Krasnodar), which was founded in 1793 on the site of a fortress erected by order of A.V. Suvorov.
An important role in the fate of the Cossacks was played by the main "culprit" of the entry of Crimea into the Russian Empire, gr. G.A. Potemkin. On his initiative, the Black Sea was created from the remains of the former Zaporozhye Cossacks in 1787. cossack army, which earned this name for itself for the brilliant victories in the Black Sea in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791.
The entry of Crimea into the Russian Empire is a brilliant victory for Russian diplomacy, as a result of which the threat of constant invasion or betrayal by the Crimean Khanate was removed.
Russia regained the lands where the legendary Tmutarakan principality once stretched. In many ways, the intensification of Russian politics in Wed. XVIII century this region was facilitated by the concern for the Christian brothers, whose situation under the rule of the Muslim Crimea was very difficult. According to the recollections of Archpriest Tryphyllius, the closest assistant of the Goth [f] o-Kefai metropolitans Gideon and Ignatius, the life of the Orthodox in these places was extremely difficult: “We have endured great fears from the Tatars; they hid wherever they could, in houses and in the closets themselves. I hid the Metropolitan in secret places known to me. And the Tatars were looking for us; if they found it, they would cut it into pieces ”. The burning of the entire Christian village Rusokhat by the Tatars also testifies to the tragedy of Christians. Acts of oppression of the Greek Christian population were recorded in 1770, 1772, 1774.
In 1778 a mass exodus of Christians from the Crimea was organized. There is still no consensus among the studies as to why this happened. Some see this as an attempt by the Russian autocracy to withdraw the Christian population of Crimea from the influence of the Patriarch of Constantinople, while others believe that by providing aid and land on the territory of the Russian Empire, Catherine II sought primarily to economically weaken the Crimean Khanate. In a rescript to Rumyantsev of March 19, 1778, Catherine II, referring to the issue of resettlement to the Novorossiysk and Azov provinces, wrote that there "under the patronage of Ours they will find a quiet life and possible prosperity." Prince Potemkin and Count Rumyantsev were ordered to take all measures to provide new subjects with food, supply them with everything they need on the ground, as well as privileges. The management of the resettlement process was entrusted to A.V. Suvorov.
As a result of these measures, the number of the Christian population in Crimea has sharply decreased. According to the statistical sheet compiled for Prince Potemkin, in 1783 there were 80 Orthodox churches in Crimea, including only 33 that were not destroyed. Only 27,412 Christians lived on the peninsula. After the entry of Crimea into the Russian Empire, the reverse process of restoration of Christianity in this region began, but it was carried out at a very slow pace. On this occasion, Archbishop Innocent wrote in a report to the Holy Synod (1851) “... according to the present Code of Laws, it is much more profitable for the Mohammedans to remain in Islam than to convert to Christianity; for along with this transition, he is immediately subjected to various duties new to him, such as: recruitment, payment of large taxes, and so on. The dignity of the prevailing faith, the most just and sane policy would require the removal of this obstacle, at least to the extent that a Mohammedan, after converting to Christianity, if he did not enjoy new rights, would retain the old ones, albeit for life. If Christianity is opened through this door, the sense is obvious, the benefit of the state itself: for a Muslim, until he enters the temple, will always turn his gaze and heart to Mecca and honor the foreign Padishah as the head of his faith and all devout Muslims. "