Great Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal princes. Nizhny Novgorod encyclopedia Nizhny Novgorod Suzdal princes of the 14th century

Appanage princes, got their name from the main centers in their principality - Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod.

Regarding the time of the founding of Suzdal (now the district town of the Vladimir province), the chronicles do not give any indications; in any case, it is one of the oldest Russian settlements and, no doubt, existed already at the end of the 10th century. The first reliable mention of him we find in Nestor under the year 1024: "This summer you rose up in Suzdali, beat up the old child according to the devil by teaching and demonia." For the next two centuries, Suzdal, with significant adjacent lands, was a volost, first of Kiev, then Pereyaslavl, and finally of Vladimir princes.

In 1237 it was burned by Batu, and its surroundings were devastated.

In 1238, upon the departure of the Tatars from north-eastern Russia, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich became the Grand Duke of Vladimir, who in the same goal gave Suzdal an independent inheritance to his younger brother Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. Thus, 1238 can be considered the beginning of the existence of the Suzdal appanage principality.

Svyatoslav reigned in Suzdal only until 1246 inclusive, when (after the death of his brother Yaroslav) he took the grand-princely throne.

Although Svyatoslav could not hold onto the epithet of Prince of Suzdal, ousted by his grand-ducal title (about Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, see the volume "Sabaneev - Smyslov"), nevertheless, he was nevertheless the first prince in Suzdal, and when establishing the order of changing princes on this table with it should be started.

With the transition of Svyatoslav to Vladimir, Suzdal passed to his nephew Andrei Yaroslavich (the second prince in Suzdal), who retained this inheritance for himself during his short-term grand dynasty.

He was followed in the order of time by his sons Yuri, Mikhail and Vasily Andreevich, then the son of the latter, Alexander Vasilievich.

Under the next Suzdal prince - Konstantin Vasilievich (the youngest son of Vasily Andreevich), the inheritance was significantly expanded with new lands - Nizhny Novgorod, Gorodets, Yuryevets, Shuya, etc. were annexed to it, and even the residence of the prince for some time (from 1350 BC). ) was moved to Nizhny Novgorod.

From that time on, the whole principality began to be called Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod, and sometimes Suzdal-Gorodetsky.

Nizhny Novgorod was founded in 1221 by Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich on the site of an ancient Bulgarian village with the aim of protecting against the Mordovians and Bulgarians.

Located at the confluence of the Volga and Oka, the city soon became an important trading point between Russia and Asian foreigners.

As the easternmost point of the Vladimir Grand Duchy, it also had an important strategic importance, - the meaning of the watchhold.

In 1238, he apparently escaped the Tatar defeat, but then he was subjected to it more than once.

Before its merger with the Suzdal principality, it was in the possession of the great princes of Vladimir.

After the annexation of Nizhny Novgorod and other places to Suzdal, the principality existed independently for another 42 years. In 1392, both Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod were annexed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

From that time on, Suzdal never rose from a subordinate position, while Nizhny-Novgorod two more times (each time for a short time) acquired the significance of an independent principality, - the first time in 1412-1417, when Prince Daniil Borisovich, with the help of Zeleni-Saltan, took the city from Moscow, and the second time in 1446-1450, when Vasily and Fyodor Yuryevich reigned in it, who received it from Vasily Shemyaka.

Thus, the Suzdal appanage principality itself existed for 112 years, and in the connection with Nizhny Novgorod for another 42 years, over 150 years in total. His princes achieved considerable power, successfully fought with other appanage princes, and only before the strengthening Moscow had to lay down their arms.

Six princely families originated from the Suzdal princes, all long extinct: in the 15th tribe (from Rurik) - the Nogtev princes, the 16th tribe - Shuisky, the XVII - Humpbacked-Shuisky and Glazaty-Shuisky, XVIII - the Barbashin princes and the XIX - Skopins-Shuisky. I. Genealogies: a) Handwritten: in the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Moscow, no. 84/110 (4 °, ch. 9); 174/280 (F °, ch. 9); 187/296 ("Genealogical book about the grand dukes from Augustus Caesar of Rome and about the great Russian princes of the Moscow state and about appanage princes", 4 °); 222/383 ("Genealogist", 4 °); 592/1094 ("The genealogy of the Russian grand dukes ... and the appanage princes of the Russians"). - In the Imperial Public Library, dep. Q, IV, Nos. 47, 102 and 272. - Ibid., In dep. ancient depositories ?. ?. Pogodin, Nos. 1518 ("Ladder of the Great Sovereigns and Grand Dukes of Russia") and 1604. - In the Moscow Society of Russian History and Antiquities, Nos. 177, 178 and 179 (4 °, ch. 11). - In the library Imperat. Academy of Sciences, №№ 29 (4 °, ch. 10), 31 (4 °), 37 (F °.) - b) Published: "Genealogical book of princes and nobles of Russia and abroad" ("Velvet book"), h . II, M., 1787, ch. 8. - T. Malgin, "The Mirror of Russian Sovereigns", ed. 3rd, St. Petersburg, 1791 - MG Spiridov, "Abridged description of the services of noble Russian nobles", M ·, 1810 - "Genealogical book of the great and appanage princes of the Rurikov clan", in "Notes on Russian history ", part V, St. Petersburg., 1793 - Miton," Genealogy of sovereign Russian princes according to the paintings of HM Karamzin ", St. Petersburg, 1821 - (Attributed to Catherine II)" Genealogy of the great princes and appanage clans of Ryurikov ", St. Petersburg. , 1793 - "Genealogical book in three copies, synodal and two others", published. "Times.

Imper. Moscow.

Common History. and Antiquity.

Russian. ", Book. X, M., 1851 - P. Stroyev," On the genealogy of the sovereign Russian princes "," Son of the Fatherland ", 1844, part XIV and" Life and works of P. M. Stroyev " - N. Golovin, "Pedigree list of descendants led. book Rurik ", M., 1851 - P. Khavsky," On the genealogical paintings of the offspring led. book Rurik "," Northern Bee ", 1835, No. 135. - Ermerin," General overview of the births from the Great. book Rurik ". - I. Zhanti," Genealogy of Russian kings and princes ... with the addition of chronological tables ", Tiflis, 1888 - Prince P. Dolgorukov," Russian genealogical book ", 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1854- 1855 - Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky. "Russian genealogical book", St. Petersburg, 1895 -?.?. Petrov, "For the few; special notes on genealogy, history and art ", St. Petersburg, 1871 - His own," History of the families of the Russian nobility ", vol. I, St. Petersburg, 1885 - Mr. Bobrinsky," Russian families included in the General Herbovnik ", St. Petersburg, 1890 - P. D. Khmyrov," List of princes of Rurik's house ". -" Alphabetical reference list of appanage princes of Russia and members of the reigning house of Romanovs ", St. Petersburg, 1871 - V. Durasov," Genealogy book of the All-Russian nobility ", part I, St. Petersburg, 1906. II. Chronicles and acts:" Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles ", vols. I, II, IV - VIII, XV. -" Nikon Chronicle ", vol. III - V ". - V. Tatishchev, "History of Russia", vol. IV. - "Collection of State Letters and Treaties", vol. I, No. 41, 42, 62. - "Historical Acts", vol.?, No. 25, 28, 29, 38, 58. - "Nizhny Novgorod Chronicler", printed in "Ancient Russian Vivliofica" Novikov, in "Scientific Notes of the Kazan University", 1836, book II, pp. 126-157 and was published separately by A. S Gatsissky (best edition) - "Book of Degrees", v. I, 66. - "Book of the Big Drawing", published by GI Spassky, M., 1846. III.

N. M. Karamzin, "History of the Russian state", St. Petersburg, 1843, vols. IV - V. - S. M. Soloviev, "History of Russia", Vol. I, according to ed. t-va "Public.

Benefit ". - M. M. Shcherbatov," Russian history ", vol. II. - History of Russia by Ilovaisky, Bestuzhev-Ryumin and others - Artsybashev," Narration about Russia ", vol. II. - Prof. Sergeevich," Lectures on Russian law ", St. Petersburg., 1887 - A. V. Exemplery," Great and appanage princes of Northern Russia in the Tatar period ", 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1891 vol. - V. S. Borzakovsky," History of Tverskoy Principality ", St. Petersburg, 1876. IV. Special works: a) About Suzdal: Ananiy Fedorov," About the God-saved city of Suzhdal ", compiled in 1770, published in" Ancient Russian.

Vivliofike "Novikov and in" Times.

Moscow.

Common History. and Russian Antiquities ", v. XXII. - Shaganov," On the ancient tombs in Suzdal "," Nizhegor.

Gubernsk.

Vedomosti ", 1847, No. 40. - His own," Kideksha ", ibid., 1847, No. 68 (about the founding of Suzdal). - Metropolitan.

Eugene, "Dictionary of Historical Spiritual Writers", vol. I, p. 34 (about the same). - Kislensky, "History of Suzdal and its Ancient.", St. Petersburg, 1848 and "Journal. Minist.

Narodn. Prosvesh. ", 1848, added., Pp. 19-47. - Protopopov," Suzdal from reign led. book Yuri Dolgoruky before the invasion of the Tatars "," Vladimirsk.

Gubernsk.

Vedom. ", 1839, №№ 25, 26. - His own," Suzdal from the invasion of the Tatars to its annexation to the Moscow principality ", ibid., 1839, №№ 27, 30, 35-37. - Hieromonk Joasaph, "Suzdal sights", ibid., 1839, No. 3-13. - "About the most ancient princely persons buried in the Suzdal cathedral church", ibid., 1842, No. 29. - Gr. M. V Tolstoy, "Travel notes from the ancient Suzdal region", St. Petersburg, 1869 - Tikhonravov, "Archaeological notes about the city of Suzdal and Shuya", "Notes Russk Archeologich. society by department. Russian-Slavic archeology ", vol. I, St. Petersburg., 1851 -" Princes of Suzdal-Shuiskie "," Archive of historical and legal information "Kalachov, Prince I. - A. Schekatov," Geographic. dictionary of the Russian state ", vol. V, 1807, p. 1237 (about Suzdal). - Semenov," Geographical and statistical dictionary. "- N. Barsov," Materials for historical and geographical. Dictionary of Russia ". - b) About Nizhny Novgorod:?. I. Melnikov," Historical news of Nizhny Novgorod "," Fatherland.

Notes ", 1840, v. XI, no. 7, and" A journal for reading brought up. military training institutions ", 1840, v. 27, No. 106, 107. - His own," Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy "," Nizhegor.

Lips. Vedom. ", 1847, No. 4, p. 13-15; No. 5, p. 17-19; No. 6, p. 21-22; No. 7, p. 25-27; No. 8, p. 29 -30. - His own, "History of Nizhny Novgorod up to 1350", ibid., 1847, No. 2, 3. - He also informed the "Legend of the emergence of Nizhny Novgorod", ibid., 1845, No. 3 and 1847, No. 7. - N. Khramtsovsky, " Brief outline history and description of Nizhny-Novgorod ", 2 vols., N.-Novgorod., 1857 - Ivan. Guryanov," Historical review of Nizhny-Novgorod ", M., 1824 -" Foundation of Nizhny-Novgorod "," Zhurn ... for reading upbringing. military training institutions ", 1848, vol. 74, No. 291. - Dukhovsky," A look at the events that took place over six centuries in Nizhny Novgorod "," Kazan Bulletin ", 1826, part 18, book 9, pp. 15-34. - "History of events that happened in Nizhny-Novgorod, from 1462 to 1600", "Nizhegor.

Lips. Ved. ", 1846, №№ 50-52, 54-57. - Peretyatkovich," The Volga region in the XV and XVI centuries. "(" Essays from the history of the region and its colonization "). - Ambrose," History of the Russian hierarchy " , V, p. 164. - Dobrotvorsky, "Description of the Nizhny Novgorod Caves monasteries -" Genealogical table of the Nizhny Novgorod grand dukes "," Commemorative book of the Nizhny Novgorod province for 1895 " - Khvolson, "Ibn-Dasta", p. 188. - N. Shiganov, "For the history of Gorbatov", "Nizhegor.

Lips. Vedom. ", 1847, No. 68. 1. Alexander Vasilievich, the eldest son of Vasily Andreevich (7), the sixth prince on the Suzdal table, which he received in 1309, after the death of his father, however, was first mentioned by V. A. only in 1327, when he, together with other Russian princes, under the leadership of Ivan Kalita, went to Tver in order to punish the Tver prince Alexander Mikhailovich and the inhabitants of Tver for the fact that the latter exterminated the Tatar detachment and its chief Shevkal (Shchelkan-Dudentievich ).

Alexander Mikhailovich fled to Pskov, where he was elected a prince, but Kalita did not leave him and there alone, and in 1329 undertook a campaign against the city that had sheltered this prince. In this campaign, again, A.V. also participated. From a marriage with an unknown woman, he had a daughter, Anastasia, who was the second wife of the Tver prince Boris Alexandrovich.

Full Sobr. Russian. Letop., Vol. III, p. 74; vol. IV, pp. 51, 53; vol. V, pp. 218, 220; vol. VII, pp. 200, 201, 203; vol. XV, p. 417. Nikonovsk. Letop., vol. III, p. 138, 151, 160. - "Book of degrees", vol. I, p. 66. - Ambrose, "History of the Russian hierarchy", vol. V, p. 164. - Dobrotvorsky , "Description of the Nizhny Novgorod Pechersk Monastery". - PI Melnikov, "Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy", "Nizhegor.

Lips. Vedom. ", 1847, №№ 3, 4. - N. Khramtsovsky," A brief sketch of the history of Nizhny Novgorod ", N.-Novgorod., 1857, part I. - Karamzin," History of state. Rossiisk. ", Einerling's publishing house, St. Petersburg, 1843, vol. V, p. 349. - S. M. Soloviev," History of Russia ", publishing house" Societies.

Benefit ", book. I, pp. 922, 951, note 1. - A. V. Inst.," Great and appanage princes of the North. Rus ", vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1891, pp. 269, 388, 398-400, 478, 511. - V. S. Borzakovsky," History of the Tver principality ", St. Petersburg 1876, p. 125 2. Alexander Daniilovich, nicknamed Vzmeten, the only son of Daniil Borisovich (10), is mentioned in the annals only once, on the occasion of his marriage in 1419 to the widow of Alexander Ivanovich Bryukhaty (3), Vasilisa Vasilievna.

He had no offspring. Full Sobr. Russian. Letop., Vol. V, p. 261; t. VIII, p. 90. - Nikonovsk. years., vol. V, p. 73. - PI Melnikov, "Utensils in the village of Medvedev", "Nizhegor.

Lips. Vedom. ", 1846, No. 46. - Karamzin," History of state. Russian ", vol. V, approx. 254. - A. V. Inst.," Great. and specific. princes of North. Rus ", vol. II, pp. 433, 435, 441. 3. Alexander Ivanovich, nicknamed Bryukhaty, the only son, according to one genealogy, Ivan Vasilievich (15), and according to others - Ivan Borisovich (14), which is more likely, as it finds confirmation in official documents.

The news about him is rather scarce.

Until 1414 he was at one with the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod princes Daniel (10) and Ivan (14) Borisovich, Vasily Semenovich (9) and Ivan Vasilievich (15), who fought against Moscow for the possession of Nizhny Novgorod, when this year the brother of the Grand Duke Yuri Dimitrievich expelled the named princes from Nizhny Novgorod, pushing them behind p. Cypy, A.I. hastened to reconcile with the Grand Duke, and somewhat later even became related to him, marrying his daughter Vasilisa in 1418.

As a dowry, he received Nizhny Novgorod and was written by the Grand Duke, although his reign was, of course, completely dependent on Moscow.

He did not reign for long, since at the end of the same 1418 he died, leaving his only son, Semyon, who had no offspring. Full Sobr. Russian. Letop., Vol. I, p. 235; vol. V, p. 261; vol. VI, p. 140; t. VIII, p. 88. 90; vol. XV, p. 487. - Nikonovsk. chronicle., vol. V, pp. 67, 73. - "Nizhny Novgorod. chronicler", ed. A. S. Gatsissky. - "Historical Acts", vol. I, No. 25, 38, 58. - "Acts of Archaeographic Expedition.", Vol. I, No. 17. - "Collection of State. Charter and Agreement.", Vol. I, No. No. 41, 42. - PI Melnikov, "Utensils in the village of Medvedev", "Nizhegor.

Lips. Ved. ", 1846, No. 46. - N. Khramtsovsky," A brief sketch of the history of Nizhny-Novgorod ", N.-Novg., 1857, part I. Karamzin," History. state Rossiyskogo ", ed. Einerling, vol. V, p. 76; notes. 146, 254, 282. - A. V. Inst.," Great. and specific. princes of North. Rus ", vol. II, pp. 422, 431, 434-438, 441, 442. 4. Andrey Konstantinovich, the eldest son of Konstantin Vasilyevich (17), the eighth prince of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod, was born no later than 1329, for the first time in chronicles are mentioned only under 1355, when his father died, and A.K. in the same winter went to Khan Chanibek: "and the tsar honored him, and granted him, and gave him his father's table, the reign of Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets ". From the horde, A. one can only guess.

A.K., a gentle and peace-loving character, not wanting to continue the strife over the grand-princely table, so jealously contested by his father, the first, apparently, took some steps towards reconciliation about the Moscow prince, in favor of the latter he renounced all claims to the great reign, and the aforementioned meeting, as it seems, took place in order to formalize this refusal.

It is known that the Moscow prince generously gave his "young brother", that is, AK, and "let him go in peace." Under 1359, the annals mark A.K. as staying in the horde, where troubles took place at that time - palace coups and hanicides followed in a continuous row. Abusive times in the horde almost captured A.K. as one of their victims, which is evident from the words of the chronicle: ".... God barely saved him from the bitter death at the hands of the naughty." When the khan's throne was briefly occupied by one of the many contenders for him, Narbus, all Russian princes in the same 1359 went to the horde with gifts and bows to the new khan; Among them was A.K.Around this time, the Moscow prince Ivan Ivanovich died, and in this connection the question arose of who should sit on the grand ducal table, for the son of the deceased, Dimitri (Donskoy), was still a child.

The Khan offered the Grand Ducal Vladimir throne to A.K., but he “didn’t appear,” that is, he refused the offered honor, and not out of modesty, as many historians tend to assume, but more likely from a simple calculation: having accepted the gift, he he would have to wage a fierce struggle for him with other princes, and above all with Moscow, with which he was, of course, unable to measure himself. These quite probable considerations find some confirmation in the words that Tatishchev, who got them from nowhere, puts into the mouth of AK: "To seek a label (for the great reign) is to spend only money, and then, when Dimitri grows up, it will be necessary to fight with him and must break the oath given to his father. " As you know, after A.K.'s refusal, the grand-ducal throne went to his younger brother, Dmitry Konstantinovich (12), who less than two years later became convinced of the validity of A.K.'s fears. In 1360 A.K. participated in the congress of princes. held in Kostroma to resolve the issue of how to respond to the Khan's demand for the extradition of Novgorod robbers, "ushkuiniks", whom the Zhukotin princes complained about in the horde.

One must think that A.K. has joined the general opinion, in the sense of satisfying the demand.

Along with other Russian princes, A.K. in 1361 went to the horde to introduce himself to the new khan Khidyr and got there just at the time when a new "zamyatyu" was taking place there - Khidyr was killed by his eldest son, Temir-Khozem, in turn also soon killed.

The Russian princes hastened to leave.

On the way back from the horde to ?. ?. attacked by some Tatar prince Ryatyakoz, repulsed only with great difficulty.

In 1364, A.K., feeling his strength to belittle, cut his tonsure, and on June 2, 1365, he died, having taken the schema before his death, and was buried in the Nizhny Novgorod Spaso-Preobrazhensky monastery.

Chronicles speak of his character in the warmest terms, calling him - meek, humble, quiet, "extremely spiritual" and many virtues.

He was married, according to some sources, to a certain Anastasia, whose origin is unknown to us, and according to others, to Vasilisa, the daughter of the Tvertian Ivan Kiasovsky, but he did not leave offspring.

Even during his lifetime, A.K. gave inheritances to two younger brothers: Dimitri (12) - Suzdal, and Boris (6) - Gorodets with the Volga region, and only the third of them, Dimitri Jr. (13), nicknamed Nogot, left without a special volost ...

Full Collection of Russian. Letop., Vol. I, p. 231; vol. IV, pp. 4-6, 63-65; vol. V, pp. 228-230; t. VIII, pp. 10-11, 13. -? Ikonovsk. years., vol. III, pp. 205, 207, 212-218; vol. IV, pp. 7-8, 18, 78-79. - Arkhangelsk. years. under 1360 - "Book of Degrees", vol. I, p. 486. - "Vremennik" by P. M. Stroev, vol. I, p. 336. - M. D. Khmyrov, "List of princes of Rurik's house", No. 72, 328. -?. ?. Petrov, "History of the Clans of the Russian Nobility", vol. I, genus. table book. Suzdal. - Tatishchev, "Russian history", vol. IV, 188. - Karamzin, "History of the Russian state", ed. Einerling, vol. IV, pp. 174, 181, 183; approx. 376, 396; vol. V, p. 3, 4; pr. 1, 4, 114, 137. - S. M. Soloviev, "History of Russia", ed. t-va "Societies.

Benefit ", book. I, p. 956, 959. - A. V. Inst.," Great and specific. princes of North. Rus ", vol. II, pp. 41, 49, 50, 104, 182, 344, 388, 403-409, 417, 423, 424. - N. Khramtsovsky," A short sketch of the history of N.-Novgorod ", N. -Novgor., 1857, part I. - PI Melnikov, "Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy", "Nizheg. Lips. Ved. ", 1847, №№ 4-8. - His," History of Nizhny Novgorod ", in the same place, 1845, №№ 2 and 3. -" Nizhny Novgorod chronicler "A. S. Gatsissky. 5. Andrey Yaroslavich, the second prince of Suzdal, from 1248 the Grand Duke of Vladimir (see separately about him - Andrei Yaroslavich) 6. Boris Konstantinovich, the third son of Konstantin Vasilyevich (17), the tenth prince of Suzdal, the prince of Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodetsky, was born around 1335 ., but in the annals for the first time occurs only in 1354, on the occasion of his marriage to the daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd.

The next year, B.K.'s father died, having assigned special destinies to his children before his death: he gave his eldest son, Andrei (4), to N.-Novgorod, Dmitry (12) - Suzdal, B.K.-Gorodets.

Ten years later, Andrei also died, leaving no offspring.

Then the Moscow prince sent the Monk Sergius (of Radonezh) to him to summon him for trial in Moscow, to which B.K. replied, according to the chronicle - "Only God judges the princes," that is, he refused the trial and to Moscow, of course, did not go.

At the insistence of the Metropolitan and Dimitri Ivanovich, Sergius applied a harsh measure - he closed all the churches in Nizhny Novgorod, but this did not help either.

When, finally, all peaceful means were exhausted, the Moscow prince resorted to a more effective one - he sent his regiments to help Dmitry, and the latter, having added his rather significant army to them, in 1365 approached Nizhny Novgorod.

Not hoping for the success of the resistance, BK came out to meet his brother and asked for peace, retreating from Nizhny.

Peace was given, and B.K. again settled in his Gorodets.

Since then, he never once violated the agreement that had been established between him and his brother, and in this respect he is a rare and gratifying exception against the background of the then historical life, when the violation of concluded agreements, the addition of kissing on the cross, etc. were a common phenomenon.

Like brother Dmitry, so he did. book He always remained a loyal Moscow ally: in 1367, together with his brother, he fought against the Mongol Murza Bulat-Temir, who plundered the Nizhny Novgorod lands; with the combined forces of the princes defeated the Tatars and drove them out for p. I'll explain; in 1370, at the request of his brother, he went to the Bulgarian king Asan, who surrendered without a battle and was removed from the throne; further, in 1375 BK helped Dimitri Ivanovich in his struggle with the Tver prince Mikhail Alexandrovich; finally, in 1377, BK defeated and severely punished the Mordovians who burned down Nizhny Novgorod and robbed the inheritance of Dmitry, who himself at that time was powerless, since not long before that his regiments had been defeated y p. Drunk by the Horde native Arapshe.

In 1383, Dmitry Konstantinovich died, and after this the question arose of who should get the main inheritance in the Suzdal principality, Nizhny Novgorod, whether to his children or B.K., as the next brother of the deceased.

B.K., who was at that time in the horde near Tokhtamysh, led energetic efforts before the latter and managed to beg for himself a label for the Nizhny Novgorod inheritance. The sons of Dmitry, Semyon (20) and Vasily (8) Kirdyapa, were thereby forced to be content with Suzdal.

Of course, they remained dissatisfied with this, and in 1387, when the youngest of them returned from the horde, Vasily, who had been held there since 1382 as a hostage, the brothers began a struggle with B.K. for Nizhny and even for Gorodets, on who received a label from Khan Vasily.

Since they were helped by the Moscow prince, BK was forced to yield to force, retreated from Nizhny and again settled in Gorodets, which he received under an agreement concluded with his nephews.

Considering his rights to the Nizhny Novgorod inheritance as undoubted, BK did not lose hope of returning it to himself and was only waiting for an opportunity.

Such a case presented itself in 1389, when Dimitri Donskoy died, in which B.K.'s nephews found strong support.

B.K. immediately went to the horde to plead for the label.

Not finding Tokhtamysh in the horde, who went to the borders of Persia to fight with Tamerlane, he overtook him on the way, wandered with him for a long time, finally achieved what he wanted and in 1390 returned to Nizhny.

But this time the reign of V.K. in Nizhny did not last long.

In 1393, the Moscow prince Vasily Dimitrievich went to the horde "with much honor and gifts", "umzdil" there all the khan's nobles and the khan himself in particular, and together with other inheritances received a label on the principality of Nizhny Novgorod.

In the same year, returning from the horde, he sent ambassadors to Nizhny Novgorod, whom the Nizhny Novgorod boyars, who, as some historians believe, did not like V.K. or, more likely, who understood on whose side strength and success were on, betrayed the city , and the people were told that it now belongs to the Moscow prince. After some time, Vasily Dimitrievich came to Nizhny, seized V.K., his wife and children, put them in chains and took them to different cities, and put his governors in Nizhny.

Since then, the independence of the Nizhny Novgorod principality, which became the possession of the Moscow princes, ceased.

BK died in Suzdal, according to some reports in 1393, according to others - on May 12, 1394; his body was buried in the Suzdal Nativity of the Mother of God Cathedral; later his ashes were transferred to Gorodets Mikhailovsky Cathedral. As mentioned above, he was married to the daughter of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd, Maria, and from marriage with her had two sons - Daniel (10) and Ivan (14), nicknamed Tugiy Luk. B.K. is also known as a builder: in 1372, in the form of a stronghold from the raids of the Mordovians, Cheremis and Tatars, he founded on p. Sure city. Kurmysh (now a county town in Simbirsk province), and in 1369 he erected a cathedral church in the name of the Archangel Michael in Nizhny.

Complete Collection Russian. Letop., Vol. IV, p., 62, 65, 95, 99; vol. V, pp. 228, 230, 242, 245; t. VI, pp. 122-124; vol. VIII, pp. 9, 13-14, 16-17, 26, 48-50, 52, 60-62, 64; v. XV, p. 446. - Nikonovsk. Letop., t. IIІ, p. 204; Vol. IV, pp. 9-10, 17, 23-24, 34, 42-41, 54-56, 138, 142-143, 149, 191, 202, 203-241, 254- "Nizhny Novgorod Chronicle" ed. A. S. Gatsissky. - "Historical meeting about the God-saved city of Suzhdal", Anania Fedorova, "Times.

Moscow.

Common Russian History and Antiquities ", v. XXII. - Protopopov," Historical sketch of the city of Suzdal. "

Provincial Vedom. ", 1839, №№ 25-37. - Kislensky," History of Suzdal and its antiquity ", St. Petersburg. 1848 - Tikhonravov," Archaeological notes about the city of Suzdal and Shuya "," Notes of Russian. Archaeological. total by department. Russian-Slavic. archeology ", v. I, SІІb., 1851 - Taganov," On ancient tombs and Suzdal "," Nizhegorodsk.

Lips. Vedom. ", 1847, No. 40. -" Acts of Archeographic.

Expeditions ", t.?, No. 12. -?. Khramtsovsky," A brief sketch of the history of Nizhny-Novgorod ", N.-Novgorod., 1857 - P. I. Melnikov," Historical news of Nizhny-Novgorod "," Fatherland.

Notes ", 1842, vol. XI, section I. - His own." Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy, "Nizhegor.

Lips. Ved ", 1847, No. 6 and 7. - Dukhovsky," Look at the events that took place over six centuries in Nizhny Novgorod "," Kazan Bulletin ", 1826, book 9. - Karamzin," History state Rossiyskogo ", ed. Einerling, St. Petersburg., 1843, vol. IV, p. 174; note. 377; vol. V, pp. 4, 6, 21, 24, 27, 57, 62, 71, 74- 76, 118; notes 4, 33, 39, 114, 122, 137, 138, 144, 145. - S. M. Soloviev, "History of Russia", published by the t-va "Societies.

Benefit ", book. I, pp. 959, 960, 973, 974, 976, 985, 1009-1011. -" About the most ancient princely persons buried in the Suzdal cathedral church "," Vladim.

Gubsrnsk.

Vedom. ", 1842, No. 29. - A. V. Copy," Great and appanage princes of Northern Russia ", vol. II, pp. 59, 223, 225, 308, 344, 397, 403, 404, 409 -412, 414-429, 431, 434-437, 440, 443, 482, 544. - BC Borzakovsky, "History of the Tver principality", St. Petersburg., 1876, p. 159. - "Encyclopedia. dictionary "Brockhaus-Efron, half-volume 7, p. 413. 7. Vasily Andreevich, the third son of Andrei Yaroslavich (5), the fifth prince in Suzdal, which he owned for three or four years, since he inherited it not earlier than 1306-1307, when did brother die?.?., Michael (8), and in 1309 he died ?.?.; he is mentioned only about his death, namely in the Nikon Chronicle, which clearly confuses the news about him, considering him direct a descendant not of Andrei Yaroslavich (5), but of his brother, Alexander Nevsky.

From a marriage with an unknown woman, he had two sons - Alexander (1) and Constantine (17). Nikonovskaya Letop., Vol. III, p. 105 (mistakenly named Mikhailovich). - A. V. Copy, "Great and specific princes of Northern Russia", vol. II, pp. 388-390, 397-399. - Karamzin, "Historical Russian State", vol. IV, p. 247, 263-Nizhny Novgorod Chronicle., Ed. Gatsissky. - H. Khramtsovsky, "A Brief Sketch of the History of Nizhny Novgorod", Part I, Ch. 1. - "Encyclopedic Dictionary", Brockhaus-Efron, half. 10, St. Petersburg, 1892, p. 591. 8. Vasily Dmitrievich, nicknamed Kirdyapa, the eldest son of Dmitry Konstantinovich (12), Prince of Suzdal and Gorodetsky, was born around 1350. He entered the political arena early, precisely from 1365 This performance was in connection with the struggle for the Nizhny Novgorod principality between father V.D. and his uncle, Boris Konstantinovich (6), who arbitrarily occupied Nizhny Novgorod in addition to his older brother. On the instructions of his father, V.D. in this 1365 together with his brother Semyon (20) went to his uncle for negotiations, but he did not let him in; then V.D. went to the horde, from where he soon returned with the khan's ambassador and, most importantly, with a label for his father for the great reign of Vladimir, from which Dmitry Konstantinovich, however, voluntarily abandoned in favor of the Moscow prince, thereby securing the latter's support in the fight against Boris.

When Boris was broken and Dmitry Konstantinovich sat in Nizhny, V.D. received Suzdal, in which he reigned until 1382. During this time, few information about him survived: in 1367 he participated with his father and uncle Boris in the campaign against the Horde native of Bulat-Temir, in 1370 only with his uncle went to the Bulgarian Tsar Asan and, finally, in 1376 with his brother Ivan (16) led the united army of Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow again to the Bulgarians, whom he defeated near Kazan, imposed a tribute and took from them a one-time ransom in the amount of 5,000 rubles. There is news that V.D. initiated the beating of the Tatar ambassador Sarayka and his retinue that took place in Nizhny in 1374, but its reliability is doubtful.

In the tragic battle with the Tatars on p. Pyane V.D. did not participate, being at that time in Suzdal; Having received news of the defeat of the Russians and the death of his brother Ivan, he went to the place of the battle and there he found his brother's body, which he brought to Nizhny and buried it. In 1382, a thunderstorm in the person of Tokhtamysh came to Russia and in particular to Moscow.

VD's father, who wanted to deflect a new defeat from the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality, was sent with gifts to meet the khan. When the Muscovites refused to open the city gates in front of Tokhtamysh, V.D. and his brother Semyon entered into negotiations with the besieged, and swore to them that the khan had no evil intentions, in good faith, apparently being convinced of this. However, as it turned out, they were mistaken - the khan, having achieved his goal, treacherously broke his promise not to kill or rob, and V.D. and his brother are thus an indirect cause, albeit involuntary, of the massacre that took place in Moscow. From near Moscow, Tokhtamysh took BD with him into the horde as a hostage, an amanat.

There he languished until 1386, when, unable to withstand bondage any longer, he fled, but on the road he was caught and brought back to the horde, where for his attempt he took from the khan "true greatness." However, he soon managed to appease Tokhta with something and in 1387 was released to Russia, and even received a label for Gorodets.

Returning to Russia, V.D. found that it was a shame to own Gorodets, and began to harass Nizhny Novgorod, where his uncle Boris Konstantinovich was sitting.

In alliance with his brother Semyon, he gathered the Suzdal, Gorodets regiments, begged for help from Dimitri Ivanovich Donskoy and approached Nizhny Novgorod, under which he stood for eight days, and forced his uncle to surrender. However, V.D. did not possess Nizhny-Novgorod for long, since in 1389, according to the khan's label, he again passed to Boris, and a little later, in 1393, he was annexed to Moscow. book Vasily Dimitrievich (son of Donskoy), who, not content with this, went to Suzdal, where V.D. again reigned together with his brother Semyon.

According to the Tatischevsky archives, the Moscow prince brought the brothers out of Suzdal and gave them Shuya, which is why they, as the elders in the family of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod princes, were extremely unhappy and in 1394 they "ran" into the horde to seek their patrimony, - one must assume, not Suzdal, and Nizhny.

The Grand Duke sent a pursuit after them, but the brothers eluded her. From that time, until the very death of V.D., it was not mentioned in the annals anymore.

One must think that he made peace with the Moscow prince, of course, at the latter's will, and probably got Gorodets; at least it is known that he died in it, exactly in 1403; his body was buried in the Nizhny Novgorod Transfiguration Cathedral.

From a marriage with an unknown, he had four sons: Ivan (15), Yuri (22), Fedor (23) and Daniel (11), through whom he is considered the ancestor of the Shuisky princes of the senior branch. Full Sobr. English Letop., Vol. IV, pp. 84, 86-87, 89, 95, 107, 145; vol. V, pp. 242, 253; vol. VI, pp. 98, 100-101, 103, 124, 132; t. VIII, p. 13-14, 17, 24, 26, 42-43, 45, 47, 50, 52, 64. - Nikonovskaya Letop., t. IV, p. 8-10, 17, 24, 47 -48, 53, 132, 135-137, 149, 155-156, 254, 256, 307. - Tatishchevsk. collection, vol. IV, p. 375. - "Nizhny Novgorod chronicler", ed. A. S. Gatsissky. - D. Kislensky, "History of Suzdal and its Antiquity", "Journal of the Minister.

Nar. Prosvesh. ", 1848, added., Pp. 19-47. - Protopopov," Suzdal from the invasion of the Tatars to its annexation to the Moscow principality "," Vladim.

Gubernsk.

Vedom. ", 1839, No. 35-37. -" Princes of Suzdal-Shuisky "," Archive of historical and legal information "Kalachov, vol. I - Tikhonravov," Archaeological notes about the city of Suzdal and Shuya "," Notes Russian. Archaeological. total by department. Russian-Slavic. archeology ", v. I, St. Petersburg., 1851 -?. Melnikov," Historical news of Nizhny Novgorod "," Fatherland.

Notes ", 1840, vol. XI, No. 7. - N. Khramtsovsky," A brief sketch of the history of Nizhny-Novgorod ",? .- Novgor., 1857, vol. I. - Karamzin," History of state. Rossiyskogo ", Einerling's ed., SІІb., 1843, vol. V, pp. 4, 24, 27, 45, 47, 57, 76; notes 4, 31, 44, 90, 98, 114, 137, 144-146; v. XII, note 1. - S. M. Soloviev, "History of Russia", published by the t-va "Societies.

Benefit ", book. I, pp. 973, 974, 982, 983, 1010, 1011, 1012. - A. V. Inst.," Great and appanage princes of the North. Rus ", vol. II, St. Petersburg., 1891, pp. 223, 225, 245, 251, 323, 390, 409-417, 419, 420, 423-432, 434-440. 9. Vasily Semenovich, the only son of Semyon Dmitrievich (20) - about him it is only known that he owned Shuya and that together with Daniel (10) and Ivan (14) Borisovich was in Nizhny Novgorod in 1414, when they were all ousted from there by the brother of the Grand Duke , Yuri Dmitrievich.

Of the six uncaught sons, his eldest, Alexander, nicknamed Glazaty, gave rise to the dull family of the Shuisky-Glazaty princes, and from Alexander's third son, Ivan Barbash, the Shuisky-Barbashin princes originated.

Another son of V.S., Ivan, nicknamed the Humpbacked, is considered the ancestor of the also extinct princes Shuisky-Humpbacked.

Of the other children of V.S., it should be noted also Andrei, nicknamed Lugvitsa, who fell in the battle at Sukhodrov, and Vasily, nicknamed Grebenka, who was a prince and voivode in Pskov and Novgorod the Great without the consent of Moscow and then in 1477 passed into the service of John III. Full Sobr. Russian. Letop., Vol. XV, p. 487. - "Collected State. Gram. And Dogs.", Vol. II (agreement between the children of V.S. with Vasily the Dark). - N. Shiganov, "For the history of Gorbatov", "Nizhegorodsk.

Gubernsk.

Ved. ", 1847, No. 68. - A. V. Inst.," Great. and specific. princes of North. Rus ", vol. II, pp. 225, 430, 438, 440, 441. 10. Danil Borisovich, the eldest son of Boris Konstantinovich (6), was born earlier than 1370, probably in Nizhny Novgorod, was first mentioned under 1392 This year, the Grand Duke of Moscow took Nizhny-Novgorod away from Boris Konstantinovich, and took him, his wife and children prisoner and sent them to different cities.

Freed from captivity - it is not known exactly when - D.B. lived first in the horde, then with the Kazan Tatars, in Bulgaria.

This wandering through foreign lands testifies that he probably fled from captivity. From Bulgaria, D. B., the elder among the cash of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod princes, or, as the chronicles call him, "the stepfather of Nizhny Novgorod," tried to snatch his fatherland from the hands of the Moscow prince Vasily Dimitrievich.

In 1411, he and his brother Ivan (14) with the Bulgarian, Zhukotin and Mordovian princes approached Nizhny Novgorod and surrounded it. Upon learning of this, the Moscow prince sent his son Peter to the rescue of the besieged, to whom he gave the Rostov and Yaroslavl regiments. Opponents met on January 15 at s. Lyskov. "Being between them is the slash of evil", from which DB emerged victorious, but it is not entirely clear whether he managed to use his favorable position, whether he took possession of Nizhny or not; only indirect data make it possible, with some probability, to answer this question in the affirmative.

In the same 1411, DB, "hiding secretly from everyone, bring to yourself," probably to Nizhny, the Tatar prince Talych and in July sent him along with his boyar Semyon Karamyshev to Vladimir, who was terribly ruined and devastated.

The next news about D.B. says that he went to the horde to plead for a shortcut to the Nizhny Novgorod principality, which he received, thanks to the fact that the Zeleni-Saltan (Jedal-Edin) khan was angry with the Moscow prince. The latter, however, himself went to the horde, where he found a new khan, brother and murderer of Zeleni-Saltan, Kerimbendey, who approved Nizhny for the Moscow prince.

Nevertheless, D. B. did not submit, and only in 1414, Prince Yuri Dimitrievich sent by the Grand Duke. Galitsky forced him, after unsuccessful resistance, to leave Nizhny.

For the next three years, D. B. wandered around different lands, looking for help against Moscow and finding it nowhere. Seeing the fruitlessness of their efforts, he and his brother Ivan, who always shared both joys and failures with D. B., came to Moscow in 1417 and made peace with the Grand Duke, but this peace was short-lived, since the next year they fled from Moscow, but where is unknown.

This is where the chronicle news about DB stops.

From marriage with Mary, patronymic and origin unknown (in monasticism Marina), he had a son, Alexander, nicknamed Vzmeten.

Full Sobr. Russian. Let., Vol. I, p. 235; vol. III, p. 104; vol. IV, p. 12, 112, vol. V, p. 254.261; vol. VI, p. 141: vol. VIII, pp. 85, 88-90; v. XV, p. 446, 485, 487. - Nikonovsk. Letop., vol. IV, p. 241; vol. V, pp. 36-39. 44, 70. - "Nizhny Novgorod. Chronicler", ed. A. S. Gatsissky. - "Historical Acts.", Vol. I, No. 29. - "Acts of Archeographic.

Expeditions ", t. 1, No. 18. - Karamzin," History. state Rossiyskogo ", ed. Einerlinga, vol. V, pp. 118, 119; notes 135, 146, 211. - S. M. Soloviev," History of Russia ", ed. T-va" General. Benefit ", book. I, p. 1012, 1013. - A. V. Inst.," Great and specific. princes of North. Rus ", vol. II, pp. 59, 60, 90, 225, 308, 310, 344, 421, 431-434, 438, 440-441. - N. Khramtsovsky," A short sketch of the history of Nizhny Novgorod ", part I, N.-Novg., 1857 - P. I. Melnikov, "Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy", "Nizhegor.

Lips. Ved. ", 1847, No. 4-8. 11. Daniil Vasilyevich, the fourth and youngest son of Vasily Dimitrievich Kirdyapa (8), is known only from one fact noted in the chronicles: in 1411, while in the ranks of the grand ducal troops, he He took part in the battle of the village of Lyskov, and in this battle he fell. His genealogies consider him childless.

Floor. Sobr. Russian. Letop., Vol. III, p. 104; vol. IV, p. 12; vol. V, p. 258; vol. VIII, p. 85; v. XV, p. 485. - Nikonovsk.

Let., Vol. V, pp. 36-39. - "Nizhegorodsk.

Chronicle. ", Published by A. S. Gatsissky. - Karamzin," Istor. state Russian ", vol. V, approx. 254. - A. V. Inst.," Great. and specific. Prince of Northern Russia ", vol. II, pp. 426, 432, 440. 12. Dmitry Konstantinovich the elder, the second son of Konstantin Vasilyevich, the ninth prince of Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod, at one time the Grand Duke of Vladimir, was born, as can be concluded from the indirect instructions of the Resurrection and Nikon's chronicle, in 1323. No news has survived about the first half of his life - for some reason, for some reason, his name was mentioned in the pages of the chronicles only in 1359, when the Russian princes, including D.K., went to the horde to bow to the new khan, Navrus.

It is remarkable that during the whole 35 years he was never even mentioned by the chroniclers, therefore, how can one think on this basis, who did not take any part in modern events, did not show himself in any way and did not see anything, D.?. on this trip, thanks in part to coincidences, and in part, apparently, to personal qualities, he immediately comes to the fore in the historical plan in order to soon get off it. Shortly before the trip of the princes to the horde, the Moscow prince Ivan Ivanovich, who was at the same time the Grand Duke of Vladimir, died.

Since even his eldest son, Dimitri (Donskoy), was a minor, the question arose whether to give the grand prince's throne to someone older.

Khan first proposed it to D.K.'s elder brother, Andrei Konstantinovich (4), but he refused this honor. Then Navrus gave the label to D.K. The latter, according to the chronicle, received the reign "not according to his fatherland and not according to his grandfather," that is, neither his father nor his grandfather were grand dukes of Vladimir, therefore, he did not have. D.K. himself, however, had a different opinion (if only because he was a knee older than the children of Ivan Ivanovich), accepted the label and went from the horde directly to Vladimir, in which, in order to secure him more firmly for himself, he remained to live, returning to this city the importance of the capital.

But Moscow did not intend to concede.

Her boyars, accustomed to being boyars of the strongest princes, did not want to descend to the lowest level and did their best to get a shortcut for the young Demetrius.

The latter was sent for this purpose to the horde, where his influential relatives, the princes of Tver and Rostov, fought for him, believing that it was safer for them to have a weak-willed baby on the Vladimir table than an adult ambitious, which they considered D.K. , and it was not possible to achieve anything.

Then the Moscow boyars in 1362 moved a large army against D.K., due to which he, not considering it possible to resist, retreated from the great reign, and it passed to Dimitri Ivanovich.

This was not the end of D.K.'s struggle for the great reign.

In 1363, he again received a grand-ducal label, this time from Khan Murid, who was angry with the Moscow prince and wanted to punish him with this.

D.K. immediately went to Vladimir, but reigned there only 12 days, since Dimitri Ivanovich again went against him with a large army, drove him out of Vladimir, besieged him in Suzdal and forced him to peace at all his will. Although in that year several influential Russian princes came running to Suzdal, who were offended by Moscow in one way or another, and offered him an alliance against the latter, he, however, did not dare to resume the struggle.

Even when in 1365 he received the label for the great reign of Vladimir for the third time and the struggle for the exercise of his rights, so to speak, suggested itself, D.K., having twice experienced the power of the Moscow prince, preferred to evade it, voluntarily giving up from the label in favor of Dimitri Ivanovich, which won him favor and secured for himself in difficult cases his support, which came in handy in the very near future.

In the same 1365, Andrei Konstantinovich died, and D.K., as the eldest after the deceased, was supposed to inherit Nizhny Novgorod for him, but he was warned by his younger brother, Boris Konstantinovich (6), who did not allow D.K. even to enter in town. Under such difficult circumstances, himself not having enough strength to cope with his unauthorized brother, D.K. turned to Dimitri Ivanovich for help, who through the mediation of St. Sergius of Radonezh first offered Boris a court, then threatened to close all churches in Nizhny, and when these measures did not affect Boris, he gave D.K. a significant army, at the head of which the latter approached Nizhny.

Boris was forced to yield to power, and D.K. sat down to reign in Nizhny Novgorod, the largest and richest city in the Suzdal principality, giving Gorodets to his defeated brother.

Moscow's help to D.K. finally reconciled him with Dimitri Ivanovich, and in 1366 the friendship between them was consolidated by ties of property - the Moscow prince married D.K.'s daughter, Evdokia.

Having reconciled with Dimitri Ivanovich and his brother Boris, D.K. could turn his attention to opponents of a different kind. Even earlier, the Nizhny Novgorod land was disturbed by the Volga pirates, "ushkuiniks" or, as the Nikon Chronicle calls them, "young noblemen"; adopted in 1360 at the Kostroma congress of princes, in which DK also participated, the decision to extradite the robbers to the khan did not lead to anything, since they were elusive on their light ships, "ears".

In 1366, these "young noblemen" suddenly swam on 200 ears to the lower one, robbed the guests here and left with a lot of booty, and D.K. was powerless even to pursue them, limiting himself to taking only defensive measures in case of repeated raids.

In 1367 he had a military affair with the Horde descendant of Prince. Bulat-Temir, who, taking advantage of the incessant turmoil in the horde, took possession of the middle reaches of the Volga and from there began to harass and plunder the Nizhny Novgorod region.

In order to put an end to this predator at once, D.K. gathered a significant army and personally led it against the Tatar prince, whom he met near the banks of Piana, which played such a fatal role in the fate of D.K., and utterly defeated him.

Finally, in 1370, DK sent his brother Boris and son Vasily against his neighbor, the Bulgarian prince Asan (Osan), who, without even going into battle, met the Russians with petitions and gifts.

The campaign was undertaken by D.K. not of his own free will, since he maintained the most good-neighborly relations with the Bulgarians, but by order of the khan, which probably explains the rather rare act in the history of Russian princes: having accepted petitions and gifts from Asan, they, nevertheless, he himself was deposed and a certain Saltan, Bakov's son, apparently a protege of the khan, was imprisoned in the Bulgarian principality. In 1372, fearing new raids by robbers - "ushkuiniks" and foreigners, DK surrounded Nizhny-Novgorod with a stone wall.

After that, there is no news about D.K. until 1374. This year, 1? thousand Tatars, who, as you can see, were only the vanguard of a larger army and were heading for Moscow, where at that time D.K. was also a guest at the christening of his son-in-law, Dimitri Ivanovich.

The Nizhny Novgorod Tatars not only did not let them through, but attacked them, killed many, and the main ambassador, named Sarayka, and his squad were captured alive and put in the fortress.

Returning from Moscow, D.K. ordered to separate the captured Tatars in different places, but they, as the chronicle tells, broke free, made their way to the bishop's court and from there, led by Sarayka, began to shoot at the attackers of Nizhny Novgorod.

The latter, of course, overpowered and, having come to a bitterness, killed all the Tatars. Taking revenge for his detachment and ambassadors, the then Khan Mamai sent a significant army against the Nizhny Novgorod, which devastated the coast of pp. Kishi and Drunk, many people were interrupted and overwhelmed.

D.K. could not resist. He also reacted passively to the invasion of the Tatars and in the next 1375, sent by Mamai to punish him for helping the Moscow prince in the latter's campaign against Mikhail Alexandrovich, Prince. Tverskoy, who at that time was in the mercy of Mamai. And this time the Tatars burned and plundered the settlements in Nizhny Novgorod and left with a large crowd.

It is not known for what reasons, in 1376, D.K. had a quarrel with the Bulgarians, and in the winter of this year he undertook a campaign against them, in which his own large army was reinforced by a still significant army sent to help, at his request, by the Moscow prince. On March 16, the Russians approached Kazan.

The inhabitants went out of town to take up the fight - they started shooting, "thunder to the Pushcha, terrifyingly Russian regiments", rode camels in the hope of arousing the Russian horses, but they could not stand the unanimous and impetuous onslaught and fled to the city, pursued and beaten by the Russians, who then began to ravage and to plunder villages and winter quarters around Kazan, and on the Kama they burned all the Bulgarian ships. Not seeing the outcome, the besieged princes Mahmet-Saltan and the aforementioned Asan finished off D.K. with two thousand rubles with their brows, they gave three thousand rubles for the soldiers, and besides, they were forced to agree to tax the country with tribute. In 1377, Prince Arapsha (Arab Shah), a warrior from the Blue Horde (from the Aral Sea), "a warrior is great and courageous, and strong, and exceedingly fierce," went to Nizhny Novgorod, not without Mamai's knowledge. DK sent to ask for help from the Moscow prince, who appeared personally to Nizhny Novgorod and brought numerous regiments with him. Since the rumors about the invasion of Arapsha gradually died down, Dimitri Ivanovich decided to leave for Moscow, leaving his army at the disposal of D.K. It soon became clear that the Tatars for the time being were hiding near the Volchie Vody tract (somewhere in the present Simbirsk province). ... D.K. immediately sent his son Ivan (16) and some prince. Semyon Mikhailovich with a large army, which was joined by the Moscow regiments. During the campaign, both the army and its commanders behaved very carelessly: they kept their armor, shields and helmets on carts, their weapons were not ready for battle, "they had their ports down from their shoulders, and the loops were loose, like in a bathhouse," all "honey piahu dopiana and catching things, creating fun for yourself ... you think you are at home. " Meanwhile, the Tatars, secretly directed by the Mordovian princes to the Russians, entered from the rear and not far from the same river. The drunks hit them on August 2, "hitting, stabbing and cutting." An unimaginable panic arose among the Russian regiments: persecuted and beaten by the Tatars, people rushed to flee in disorder to Piana, in the waters of which many found their death, among them D.K.'s son, Ivan. Only a small handful of people survived or survived in this unfortunate battle, the memory of which has long lived among the people in the sarcastic "proverb": "People are drunk for a drunken woman." The victorious Tatars "stasha on the bone", and then quickly marched towards Nizhny.

DK did not have to think about defense under such circumstances, when the entire army was destroyed, and he went to Suzdal, and most of the inhabitants followed his example. On August 5, the Tatars were already in the city, killed the people who remained there, burned houses, churches and monasteries, and then poured destructive lava over the outskirts of Nizhny Novgorod, devoting everything to fire and sword. The principality of D.K. was so devastated and weakened by the invasion of Arapsha that, after the Tatars left, even an insignificant Mordovian dared to attack it, who beat many people and burned the surviving villages.

His noble brother Boris, who, hastily gathered a small army, rushed in the footsteps of the departing Mordovians, at the same fateful river, came out to fight this not so much misfortune as shame for D.K. Drunk overtook her and brutally smashed, avenging her outrage.

The revenge was not limited to this, and in the winter of the same 1377, D.K. himself, rallying himself with strength, sent a significant army to the predators, which, in alliance with the Moscow regiments sent to help, "made the entire Mordovian land" empty, plundered and burned the villages, the inhabitants beaten and killed.

In revenge for this punitive campaign against the Mordovians subject to the khan, Mamai in 1378 sent his army to Nizhny.

D.K., who was at that time in Gorodets, hurried home, but found the residents scattered.

Not hoping for the success of the resistance, he tried to get rid of the disaster by ransom, but the Tatars did not accept the latter, entered the city, plundered and burned it, and went into the horde with a large crowd.

Having described these disastrous events, the chronicles for some time, about four years, stop talking about D.?. Apparently, he did not even take part in the Battle of Kulikovo, maybe because of his impotence, maybe for some reason.

Namely, one can think that, frightened by the previous invasions of the Tatars and fearing even greater devastation, he not only did not support the Moscow prince in his anti-Horde policy, but, on the contrary, began to seek mercy from the khan for himself.

The explanation of D.K.'s turn must be sought in the fact that it was more difficult for him than for anyone else due to the close proximity to the Tatars and even closest to the foreign tribes subject to them and due to the fact that both of them could at any time run into the Nizhny Novgorod volosts.

Indeed, when in 1382 a formidable cloud began to approach Moscow and Russia in general - the victorious Mamai, Tokhtamysh, walked with countless hordes, D.K., wishing to save his land from new troubles, sent a large embassy headed by his sons to meet him. Vasily (8) and Semyon (20), and the latter accompanied the khan throughout his stay in Russia. Tokhtamysh liked such obedience, and he left the lands of D.K. alone, and on the way back to the horde, in a non-Tatar way, he also answered him with an embassy, \u200b\u200bat the head of which he put his brother-in-law Shikhmat.

Together with the embassy, \u200b\u200bhis son Semyon was released to D.K., while the other khan took with him into the horde as a hostage.

DK died on July 5, 1383, "alive for all 61 years", before his death he assumed a monastic image with the name of Theodore; buried in the church of St. Spas. He was married to Anna, unknown to us, from the marriage with whom he had three sons - Vasily (8), Ivan (16) and Semyon (20), and two daughters - Maria, who was behind Nikolai Vasilyevich Velyaminov, and Evdokia - as said, wife of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.

DK possessed the most ancient harate list of Nestor's chronicle; a list made by his order from this list has come down to us and is published under the title "Laurentian Chronicle". Complete Collection Russian. Letop., Vol. I, pp. 209, 230; vol. III, pp. 87, 91; vol. IV, pp. 63, 65, 70, 73, 74, 84, 86, 89, 91; vol. V, pp. 228-230, 233, 236, 238, 239; vol. VI, pp. 98, 100-111; vol. VII, p. 220; vol. XV, pp. 428, 434-437. - Nikonovsk. Letop., vol. III, pp. 214-215; vol. IV, pp. 8, 12, 13, 17, 24-25, 34; 38, 40-48, 51-55, 79, 131-132, 137-142-Tatishchevsk. collection, vol. IV, p. 203. - Chronicle of Lvov, vol. II, p. 143. - "Nizhny Novgorod chronicler", ed. A. S. Gatsissky. - "Historical Acts", vol. I, letter of August 1. 1591 - T. Malgin, "The Mirror of Russian Sovereigns", ed. 3rd, St. Petersburg. 1791, p. 336-M. D. Khmyrov, "List of Princes of Rurik's House", No. 72. - P. H. Petrov, "History of the Russian Nobility Clans", v. I, St. Petersburg. 1885, rodosl. tab. book Suzdal. - N. Khramtsovsky, "A brief sketch of the history of Nizhny-Novgorod", N.-Novgor., 1857, vol. I, p. 24 and following; t. II, p. 49. - NI Melnikov, "Historical news about Nizhny Novgorod", "Fatherland.

Notes ", 1842, vol. XI, part I, p. 17 and gave. - His own," Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy "," Nizhegor.

Gubernsk.

Vedom. ", 1847, №№ 6 (about the proverb:" Dmitry and Boris fought for the city ") and 17. -" History of Nizhny-Novgorod until 1350 ", ibid., 1847, №№ 2, 3 - Dukhovsky, "A look at the events that took place over six centuries in Nizhny Novgorod", "Kazan Bulletin", 1826, part 18, book 9, pp. 15-34. - Tatishchev, "Russian history" , vol. IV, p. 188. - Karamzin, "History of state. Rossiyskogo ", Einerling's edition, St. Petersburg, 1843, vol. IV, pp. 181-184; notes 326, 392, 396, 397; vol. V, pp. 2, 4, 6, 20-21, 24-27, 45, 49, 57, 151, 187; notes 1, 4, 39, 90, 98, 114; vol. XII, p. 1; note I. - Artsybashchev, "Story of Russia", vol. . II, pp. 122, 790, 793; approx. 872. - S. M. Soloviev, "History of Russia", published by the t-va "Societies. benefit ", book 1, pp. 956, 957, 959, 960, 968, 973-976, 985. - A. V. Inst.," Great. and the appanage princes of the Severn.

Russia ", vol. II, St. Petersburg., 1891, pp. 40, 41, 49, 50, 85, 104, 105, 164, 182, 183, 218, 280, 281, 294, 297, 403-431, 438, 440, 482, 486, 544. - V. S. Borzakovsky, "History of the Tver principality", St. Petersburg, 1876, pp. 159-160; approx. 712. 13. Dmitry Konstantinovich the lesser, nicknamed Nogot, brother the previous one, the fourth son of Konstantin Vasilyevich (17), the prince of Suzdal can only be named as a representative of the clan, for he did not own either Suzdal or any special lot, although, apparently, he had some volosts given to him by his older brothers The few chronicles that have survived about him are hardly reliable.

According to these sources, in 1367, together with his older brothers Dmitry (12) and Boris (6) Konstantinovich, he went against the Horde native Bulat-Temir, who ravaged the Nizhny Novgorod land with his raids, and in 1375 he was on the campaign of Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy ) against Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich of Tver.

Meanwhile, an official document has been preserved - given to the Suzdal Vasilievsky Monastery - in which the death of the prince is marked in 1353. "Dmitry Kostyantinovitsa", and this prince, in the opinion of A. V. Eksemplyarsky, is none other than D. K. The name of his wife is known - Maria, in monasticism Marina; she died and was buried in Suzdal, in the present church of St. Alexander of Pertsky, a former convent.

D.K. had an only son, Yuri, through whom he is considered the ancestor of the awkward princes of the Nogtevs.

Full Sobr. Russian. Years, vol. XV, p. 435-Nikonovsk. years., vol. IV, p. 17, 42. - "Legal Acts", vol. I, No. 63. - N. Khramtsovsky, "A brief sketch and history of N.-Novgorod", p. 26. - Karamzin, " Historical Russian State ", vol. V, p. 21; approx. 33. - A. V. Copy, "Great and appanage princes of Northern Russia", vol. II, pp. 404, 422-423. 14. Ivan Borisovich, nicknamed Tuga Luk, the second and youngest son of Boris Konstantinovich (6), was born in 1370 in Nizhny Novgorod and was baptized there by Metropolitan Alexy.

He entered the arena of political activity very early - at the age of 12; Namely, in 1383, following his father, he went to the horde, where he took, as it seems, additional gifts for Khan Tokhtamysh, from whom Boris Konstantinovich was looking for mercy, and after three years, therefore 15 years, I.B. on the instructions of his father, he again went to the horde - with the aim, apparently, to petition the khan for the further detention of Vasily Kirdyapa in the horde (8), in which Boris Konstantinovich, not without reason, was afraid to see a dangerous rival on the Nizhny Novgorod table. In 1392, when Nizhny-Novgorod was forcibly taken away from the Suzdal princes and annexed to Moscow, I. B., together with his father, mother and brother, was captured by the Moscow prince, from which he later fled into the horde. In the future, his fate is closely connected with the fate of his older brother, Daniel (10); together with him, in 1411, he led the Kazan Tatars to Nizhny, and together he won the battle of the village. Lyskov at the book. Peter Dmitrievich, the son of the Moscow prince, then took possession of Nizhny Novgorod, in 1412 he went to the horde, where a shortcut was procured for the Nizhny Novgorod principality, in 1414 he was expelled by Moscow from Nizhny Novgorod, in 1417 he reconciled with the Grand Duke and, finally, in 1418 fled from Moscow - no one knows where. I.B. died, at least in Nizhny, according to some reports in the same 1418, according to others - in 1448 (probably a typo or a typo), and was buried there, in the Transfiguration Cathedral.

Whom IB was married to is unknown; as for his offspring, some genealogies consider IB childless, while others give him a son, Alexander, by the nickname Gruffy (3). Full Sobr. Russian. Let., Vol. I, p. 235; vol. IV, p. 112; vol. V, p. 261; vol. VI, p. 140; vol. VIII, pp. 48-49, 88, 90; v. XV, pp. 446, 485, 487. - Nikon. Letop., vol. IV, pp. 67, 70, 73, 142, 155; vol. V, pp. 36-39. - "Nizhny Novgorod. Chronicler", ed. A. C. Gatsissky. - "Historical Acts", vol. I, №№ 25, 38. - PI Melnikov, "Utensils in the village of Medvedevka", "Nizhegor.

Lips. Vedom. ", 1846, No. 46. - N. Khramtsovsky," A brief sketch of the history of Nizhny-Novgorod ", N.-Novg., 1857 - Karamzin," History of state. Russian ", vol. V, notes 114, 122, 137, 146, 211. - S. M. Soloviev," History of Russia ", ed." General. Benefits ", book. I, pp. 1012, 1013. - A. V. Inst.," Great. and specific. princes of North. Russia ", vol. II, pp. 59, 60, 90, 91, 225, 308, 310, 344, 416, 419. 421, 432, 434-438, 440-442. -" Encyclop. words. "Brockhaus-Efron, half. 7, p. 413; half. 24, page 766. 15. Ivan Vasilyevich, the eldest son of Vasily Dmitrievich Kirdyapa (8), reigned in Suzdal, but not independently, but under the will of the Moscow prince , to whom he was generally subdued.

Only in 1414 did he enter into some kind of deal with his cousins, the children of Boris Konstantinovich (6), who fought with Moscow for Nizhny Novgorod, but was soon pacified by the grand duke's brother, Yuri Dmitrievich Galitsky.

He died in 1417. Some genealogies give him a son, Alexander the Bubble (3), which is hardly correct.

Full Sobr. Russian. Let., Vol. I, p. 235; t. VI, pp. 140-141; vol. VIII, p. 88; vol. XV, p. 487. - Nikonovsk. Letop., vol. V, p. 67. - Karamzin, "History of the state. Ros.", vol. V, p. 76; approx. 146. - "Assembly of States.

Gram. and Contract. ", vol. I, No. 39. - S. M. Soloviev," History of Russia ", ed." Societies.

Benefits ", book. I, pp. 1012, 1013, 1127. - A. V. Inst.," Great. and specific. princes of North. Rus ", vol. II, pp. 225, 426, 434, 436-438, 440, 441. 16. Ivan Dmitrievich, the second son of Dmitry Konstantinovich (11), the prince of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod, had no special destiny. : in 1367, together with his father, uncle Boris (6) and brothers, he pursued Bulat-Temir, in 1376 he took part in the campaign against Kazan and in 1377 he went with the Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow troops against Tsarevich Arapsha who came from the Blue Horde , moreover, during the tragic battle for the Russians on the banks of the Pyana River on August 2, ID, fleeing the Tatars, threw himself into the river and drowned.

His body was later found by his brother Vasily Dmitrievich (8) and buried in the Nizhny Novgorod Spassky Cathedral.

ID did not leave offspring and it is not even known whether he was married. Poly. Sobr. Russian. Letop., Vol. III, p. 91; vol. IV, p. 73; vol. V, p. 236; t. VIII, pp. 14, 24-26; vol. XV, pp. 436-437. - Nikonovsk. years., vol. IV, pp. 17, 47-48, 51-63. - "Nizhny Novgorod Chronicler", ed. A. S. Gatsissky. - H. Khramtsovsky, "A brief sketch of the history of Nizhny-Novgorod", v. I, N.-Novg., 1857 - Karamzin, "History of the Russian state", ed. Einerling, vol. V, pp. 24, 26, 27; approx. 39, 44-C. M. Soloviev, "History of Russia", ed. "Societies.

Benefits ", book. I, pp. 974, 975. - A. V. Inst.," Great and specific. princes of North. Rus ", vol. II, pp. 413, 414, 417, 424, 425, 427. 17. Konstantin Vasilievich, the second and youngest son of Vasily Andreevich (7), the seventh prince of Suzdal - see Konstantin Vasilievich, prince of Suzdal. 18. Mikhail Andreevich, the second son of Andrei Yaroslavich (5), the fourth prince in Suzdal, who received after the death of his older brother Yuri (21) in 1279, and until that year owned Gorodets-Volzhsky.

Like his brother, M. A. for a long time ruled over Suzdal and its volosts, while in Nizhny Novgorod there was the son of Alexander Nevsky, Andrei Alexandrovich.

Only in 1304, after the death of this prince, did Nizhniy-Novgorod go over to M.A., for the approval of which he went to the horde in 1305. Having achieved his goal in the horde, M. A. drove straight to the city approved for him and there, first of all, "beat the veterans" - executed and punished many residents for having beaten the boyars of the deceased prince. Andrei Alexandrovich, moreover, such a decision was made at the veche, "the rabble, according to Karamzin, did not have judicial power, the exclusive right of the prince." On the above-mentioned trip to the Khan, MA married some Horde woman, unknown to us.

Nikonovskaya chronicle. through a misunderstanding gives him a son, Vasily, in fact, MA did not leave offspring.

His death on the basis of chronological considerations should be attributed to 1306 or 1307. Sobr. Russian. Let., Vol. III, pp. 68, 22; vol. IV, p. 47; vol. V, p. 204; t. VII, p. 84. - Nikonovsk. years., vol. NI, p. 67. - Khramtsovsky, "A short sketch of the history of Nizhny Novgorod". ch. І. - Karamzin, "History of the Russian state.", Ed. Einerling, vol. IV, p. 106; approx. 182, 209, 244, 263. - S. M. Soloviev, "History of Russia", ed. "General. Benefits", book. I, p. 851. - A. V. Inst., "Great and appanage princes of Northern Russia", vol. II, pp. 388-391, 393, 396-398. - Protopopov, "Suzdal from the invasion of the Tatars to its annexation to the Moscow principality", "Vladim.

Lips. Ved. ", 1839, No. 27, 30, 35-37. 19. Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, son of Vsevolod the Big Nest, the first prince on the Suzdal table, since 1246 the Grand Duke of Vladimir [see Svyatoslav (Gabriel) Vsevolodovich] 20. Semyon Dmitrievich, the youngest son of Dmitry Konstantinovich (11), the twelfth prince of Suzdal, begins to be mentioned in chronicles since 1375, when he was in the campaign of the Moscow prince against Tver, although with great probability one might think that as early as 1367 he participated in the pursuit of Murza Bulat-Temir.

In 1377, S.D., together with his uncle Boris Konstantinovich (6), leading the united Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow regiments, went to the Mordovians, who dared after the unfortunate battle for the Russians y p. Drunk with Tsarevich Arapsha to attack the Nizhny Novgorod land; the campaign was so cruel that the Mordovian land "was created empty." During the invasion of Russia in 1382, Tokhtamysha S.D., together with his brother Vasily (8), on behalf of his father, accompanied the khan on a campaign against Moscow and was one of the people who advised Muscovites to open the city gates, since the khan feeds the most peaceful intentions, which, as indicated in the biography of Vasily Dmitrievich, turned out to be wrong: the Tatars betrayed the city to terrible destruction.

On the way back to the horde of Tokht, having detained Vasily Dmitrievich with him, S.D. himself let go to his father along with his brother-in-law Shikhmat and a whole embassy, \u200b\u200bdressed up by the khan to Dmitry Konstantinovich as a sign of the khan's mercy to him for his obedience.

After the death of S.D.'s father in Nizhny Novgorod, his uncle Boris took the princely table, and S.D. himself and his brother were to reign in Suzdal, with which they were dissatisfied, and in 1387, with the help of the Moscow troops, they took Nizhny from his uncle. in which, however, they did not spend more than two years, since Boris Konstantinovich achieved the khan's label on Nizhny, and S.D. and his brother were forced to yield, again sat down in Suzdal.

In 1393, the Moscow prince, having bought a label for the Nizhny Novgorod reign in the horde, took Nizhny from Boris and expelled S.D. and Vasily from Suzdal, giving them Shuya. The brothers remained dissatisfied with the new lot and "ran" into the horde to complain to Tokhtamysh, and happily escaped the pursuit sent after them from Moscow.

At Tokhtamysh, they apparently did not achieve anything, and Vasily, having lost all hope of returning the estate, calmed down and made peace with the Moscow prince.

However, S. D. did not abandon his harassment and began to act on his own.

In 1395 he, having gathered some of his own forces and having received reinforcements from the Kazan Tatars, approached Nizhny Novgorod and surrounded it. The besieged resisted for a long time, but, finally, they had to agree to surrender, provided that nothing would be plundered, in which SD and his soldiers kissed the cross, and the Tatars "drank the company according to their faith." Nevertheless, the latter did not keep their word: they broke into the city and plundered it. “I didn’t do revenge, but the Tartars; and I’m not free in them, but I’m not free from them,” cites the chronicle of SD's acquittal. The Moscow prince soon sent a strong detachment to the rescue of Nizhny Novgorod; the Tatars fled, and with them S.D., who did not want to submit to the Grand Duke and abandon Nizhny.

In 1399, S. D. again tried to seize Nizhny Novgorod with the help of the Kazan Tatars, but Moscow learned about this in advance, from where a chase was sent for S. D., which pursued him to Kazan, but "did not drive away." In 1401, the Grand Duke again sent two governors to look for S. D. and his family. The latter found the family of S.D. in the Mordovian land and brought it to Moscow, where it was imprisoned in the courtyard of the boyar Beleut.

Having learned about this, S. D., hiding in the horde, began to ask the Moscow prince for "peace and love", which he received in the same year. The Moscow prince agreed to peace, probably under the influence of a message from the abbot of the Belozersk monastery, Kirill, in which he exhorted the grand duke in his struggle with the Suzdal princes not to succumb to malice and a sense of revenge, but to be fair, peaceful and kind-hearted.

After that, S.D. left with his family to Vyatka, where he soon died - on December 21, 1402, leaving two sons, of whom only one is known by name - Vasily (9). The chronicle draws SD's vain cares and troubles about the return of his patrimony in the following words: “This prince Semyon Dmitrievich of Suzdol from Nizhny Novgorod will raise many misfortunes and endured many languors in the Horde and in Russia, laboring to achieve his fatherland, and not resting for 8 years in a row in the Horde he served as four tsars: the first - Takhtamysh, the second - Askak-Temir, the third - Temir-Kutluy, the fourth - Shadibek; and all that raising his army to the Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich of Moscow, how would he find his fatherland - the reign of Novgorod Nizhny , and Suzdal and Gorodets; and for this, for the sake of a lot of labor uplifting, and many misfortunes and misfortunes have endured, not having a refuge and not finding rest for their feet, and do not have time for nothing. " Full Sobr. Russian. Letop., Vol. IV, pp. 84, 86-87, 89, 95, 101; vol. V, pp. 233, 242-254; vol. VI. pp. 98, 100-101, 103, 124, 128, 130-131, vol. VIII, pp. 14, 22, 26, 42-43, 45, 47, 52, 64, 72; v. XV, p. 435, 461, 470. - Nikonovsk. Letop., vol. IV, pp. 17, 42-44, 54-55, 132, 135-137, 142, 155-156, 254, 256, 267, 278, 303-304. Tatishchevsk. collection, vol. IV, p. 375. - "Nizhny Novgorod chronicler", ed. A. S. Gatsissky. - "Historical Acts.", Vol. I, No. 12. - Karamzin, "Historical Russian State", ed. Einerling, vol. V, pp. 21, 27, 45, 47, 51, 57, 76; approx. 33, 90, 95, 98, 114, 137, 144-146, 175. - S. M. Soloviev, "History of Russia", ed. t-va "Societies.

Benefit ", book. I, pp. 976, 982, 983, 1010, 1011. - A. V. Inst.," Great. and specific princes of the North. Rus ", vol. II, pp. 223-225, 390, 412, 415-420, 423-431, 434, 440. - Protopopov," Suzdal from the invasion of the Tatars to its annexation to the Moscow principality "," Vladim.

Lips. Vedom. ", 1839, No. 27, 30, 35-37. -?. I. Melnikov," Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy "," Nizhny Novgorod Gub. Vedomosti ", 1847, №№ 4-8. - N. Khramtsovsky," A brief sketch of the history of Nizhny-Novgorod ", Nizhny-Novgorod, 1857. 21. Yuri Andreevich, the eldest son of Andrei Yaroslavich (5), the third prince on the Suzdal table, which he received in 1264, after his father's death.His inheritance inherited significantly reduced, for part of it, in the center of which was Gorodets-Volzhsky, by the will of Andrei Yaroslavich passed to the nephew of the latter, the son of Alexander Nevsky, Andrei Alexandrovich.

Possessing Suzdal, Yu. A. nevertheless spent almost his entire life in Veliky Novgorod, in which he reigned, however, not as a prince called by the population, but as a governor. book Tverskoy Yaroslav Yaroslavich.

The date of birth of Yu. A. is unknown, but, according to the chronicle data, he appeared on the historical stage in 1267, when the Novgorodians "thought of their prince Yury, wanting to go to Lithuania." In the brow from Yu.A., the army of Veliky Novgorod and moved to the borders of Lithuania, approached Dubrovka, a small churchyard in the present Porkhovsky district, but there was a disagreement because of the further path: some wanted to remain faithful to the adopted intention, that is, to invade Lithuania, others advised to move to Polotsk, and the third, among whom was, it seems, Yu.A., insisted on a campaign for Narva, against the Livonian knights.

The last current prevailed, and the army went to Rakovor (Vesenberg), subject to the Danes, which, however, could not be taken and was limited to the devastation of the adjoining region - "you spent a lot of their land", according to the chronicle.

The following year, the Novgorodians, in order to make amends for the previous failure, again moved to Rakovor.

This time, in addition to Yu.A., other Russian princes, including Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky, Svyatoslav and Mikhail Yaroslavich, Konstantin Rostislavich of Smolensky, and the Pskov prince Dovmont, took part in the campaign, at the request of the Novgorodians.

On p. There was a great bloodshed at Kegoli, "a terrible battle, as if neither fathers nor grandfathers had seen", known as the Battle of Rakovorskoy, in which the Novgorodians won a decisive victory.

About the role of Yu. A. in this battle, the chronicler's review, which was not entirely flattering for his memory, was preserved: "Yuri is on his shoulders," that is, he showed the enemy the rear; moreover, the chronicle, although not categorically, casts suspicion on the motivating reasons for the flight; "or the translation was in him, then God knows," and this, according to the interpretation recent historians, means that the rumor suspected him of intercourse with the enemy.

Be that as it may, in the next 1269 Yu. A. made amends. Driven by a sense of revenge, the Livonians in the second half of May this year approached Pskov and surrounded it from all sides.

Then Yu. A. with the Novgorod army went to the rescue of the besieged and forced the "noblemen of God", that is, the knights, first to flee, and then to a very unprofitable peace for them, concluded "in the entire will of Novgorod." The last time Yu. A. was mentioned in connection with a quarrel between Yaroslav Yaroslavich and Novgorodians; it is clear that Yu. A. took the side of the first, left Novgorod and settled in Torzhok, where he detained merchants traveling to Novgorod and ships and goods going there.

It is not known whether he was married, but in any case he did not leave offspring.

Full Sobr. Russian. Letop., Vol. III, pp. 59-61; vol. IV, pp. 40, 43; vol. V, pp. 193, 195, 199; t. VII, pp. 167-169, 174. - Nikonovsk. years., vol. III, pp. 46-49, 67. - Tatisch. vault, v. IV, p. 37. - Contractual letter of Novgorod with the Great. book Yaroslav Yaroslavovich in the Foreign Archives. collegiums, no. 1, printed. in "Collected State. Gram. and Dogs.", Vol. I, No. 1. - N. Barsov, "Materials for the Historical-Geographical Dictionary of Russia". p. 71. - Kelch, "Lieflandische Geschichte", p. 97 - Arndt. The Lieflandische Chronik, p. 63. - Karamzin, "History of the Russian state", ed. Einerling, St. Petersburg, 1843, vol. IV, pp. 62-64, 67; approx. 122, 123, 127, 128, 132, 182, 263, - S. M. Soloviev, "History of Russia", ed. t-va "Societies.

Benefit ", book. I, pp. 845, 851. - A. V. Inst.," Great and appanage princes of the North. Rus ", vol. II, pp. 388-390, 393-397, 451. -" Velvet Book ", Part I, p. 67. - V. S. Borzakovsky," History of the Tver Principality ", St. Petersburg, 1876 city, pp. 76-77. - Kalaydovich, "Historical. and chronological experience about the Novgorod mayor ", M., 1821 - Pasek," Novgorod in itself "," Reading in the Society of History. and Russian Antiquities ", 1869, vol. IV. 22. Yuri Vasilyevich, the second son of Vasily Dmitrievich Kirdyapa (8), owned Shuya, is known only by genealogy as the ancestor of the Shuisky princes, the senior branch. His sons Vasily and Fedor Yuryevich lived in the most turbulent time of the 15th century, when there was a stubborn struggle between Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich (Dark) and the contenders for the Grand Duke's table, the Galician princes.

During the troubles, the brothers fled from their patrimony to Novgorod the Great, and from there they came to Shemyaka and concluded an agreement with him, according to which, "when God gives him (Shemyaka) to get ... a great reign", they should receive Suzdal in independent possession, Nizhny Novgorod, Gorodets and even Vyatka. This was the last time the dream of the princes of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod flared up to regain the former possessions of the clan; with the defeat of Shemyaka, she also went out forever. About the third son of Yu. V., Ivan, it is only known that he died childless.

Vasily Yurievich had two sons - Vasily, by the nickname Pale, who was the governor of John III in Pskov and Nizhny Novgorod, and Mikhail.

The middle of the first three sons, Ivan, nicknamed Osprey, is the ancestor of a special branch of the Shuisk princes, the Skopin-Shuisky; the hero of the Time of Troubles, Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky - his great-grandson.

The second son of Vasily Yuryevich Mikhail, had children Ivan and Andrey, the grandfather of Tsar Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky.

P. N. Petrov, "The history of the families of the Russian nobility", vol. I, St. Petersburg., 1885. - Book. P. Dolgorukov, "Russian genealogical book", vol. I, St. Petersburg, 1854, p. 233. - V. Durasov, "Pedigree book of the All-Russian nobility", part I, St. Petersburg, 1906 - "Princes Suzdal-Shuiskie "," Archive of historical and legal information "Kalachev, Vol. І. - Karamzin, "Historical state. Ross.", V. XII, approx. 1. - Khilkov, "The kernel russian history", p. 314. - A. V. Inst.," Great. and specific. princes of North. Rus ", vol. II, pp. 426, 436-439. 23. Fyodor Vasilievich, the third son of Vasily Dmitrievich Kirdyapa (8), is known only by his genealogy, which consider him childless.

N. Serbov. (Polovtsov)

TVERSKY AND SUZDAL-NIZHNYNY NOVGOROD PRINCES

The previous pages dealt with the Moscow princes. But in the XIV-XV centuries. some appanage princely branches still asserted themselves in the political arena, of which the princes of Tver and Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod had the greatest authority. Let us give brief information about the most famous of them.

TVERSKY PRINCES

The princes of Tver descended from the brother of Alexander Nevsky - Yaroslav, the son of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodich, the grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest.

Yaroslav Yaroslavich (d. 1271). Yaroslav, contrary to traditional beliefs, took possession of Tver not in 1247, as was believed, but probably after 1255; before that, he reigned for some time in Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. In 1258, together with his brothers Alexander and Andrey, Yaroslav traveled to the Horde. After the death of Alexander Nevsky in 1263, Yaroslav argued about the great reign with his brother Andrei, the brothers again went to the Horde, and Yaroslav returned from there as the Grand Duke. In his hands were Vladimir, Tver, and Novgorod. He helped the Novgorodians in the fight against the German danger, but they did not tolerate his interference in the internal affairs of the city and in 1270 expelled the supporters of the Grand Duke, and then denied him the right to power, inviting Dmitry Alexandrovich to reign. Yaroslav went to war against Novgorod, but with the mediation of Metropolitan Kirill II, the warring parties were reconciled.

In 1271 Yaroslav died while returning from a trip to the Horde.

From the daughter of the Novgorod boyar Ksenia Yuryevna, Yaroslav had a son, Mikhail, who occupied the Tver table.

Lit .: Instance. 2.S. 448-454.

Mikhail Yaroslavich (1271-1318). Son of Yaroslav Yaroslavich. He became the Grand Duke of Tver after the death of his brother Svyatoslav (between 1282-1285). The Grand Duke of Vladimir Andrei Alexandrovich (died in 1304) bequeathed the great reign to Mikhail, but he had a rival - Yuri Danilovich of Moscow. The label, however, went to Mikhail. In 1305 and 1307. he went to Moscow twice. The events of 1307 are believed to have been reflected in the well-known postscript to the Pskov Apostle: “This summer there was a battle on the Rus land: Mikhail and Yury on the Novgorod principality. With these princes sowing and growing strife, our life is gynyasha ... ”The Tver and Moscow prince argued over the possession of Novgorod, which traditionally recognized the power of the Grand Duke of Vladimir. In subsequent years, conflicts arose between Mikhail and Yuri more than once. In 1316, both princes went to the Horde. This time the great reign went to Yuri Danilovich. Some time later, he, probably deciding to do away with a dangerous rival, went to war against Tver, but in the battle of Bortenev in December 1317, Mikhail defeated Yuri. Among the prisoners was Yuri's wife Konchak (Agafya), the sister of Khan Uzbek. She died in captivity. This was probably credited to Mikhail when he followed Yuri to the Horde again. Under the influence of his nobleman Kavgadyi, who accused Mikhail of concealing the tribute due to the Horde, the khan detained the Tver prince, forced him to accompany him on a campaign to the North Caucasus, and on November 22, 1319, Mikhail was executed.

Mikhail was married to Anna, the daughter of a Rostov prince, from whom he had four sons and a daughter.

Lit .: Instance. 2.S. 457-468; Cherepnin. Formation of the Russian state. S. 460-472; Kuchkin V.A.Stories about Mikhail Tverskoy. M., 1974.

Dmitry Mikhailovich Groznye Ochi (1299-1325). The eldest son of Mikhail Yaroslavich, Dmitry succeeded his father in the Tver reign. He had to pay tribute to Yuri Danilovich of Moscow for transfer to the Horde. When Yuri concealed part of the tribute, Dmitry hastened to inform the Horde about the Grand Duke. During the next trip to the Horde, Dmitry on November 21, 1324 killed Yuri, who had arrived there. Enraged by Dmitry's arbitrariness, the khan ordered his execution (this happened on September 15 of the following year), however, he handed the label to the great reign of Vladimir not to Yuri's brother, Ivan Kalita, who was also in the Horde in those days, but to Dmitry's brother, Alexander.

Dmitry was married to Maria, daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas.

Lit .: Instance. 2.S. 468-471.

Alexander Mikhailovich (1301-1339). When in 1322 Alexander's brother Dmitry went to the Horde to inform the khan about the concealment of tribute by the Moscow prince, Yuri hurried to take the silver to the khan. But Alexander attacked him on the way and took away the silver. After the murder of Yuri of Moscow in the Horde, the label for the great reign was transferred to Alexander.

Three years later, in 1327, the Khan's ambassador Cholkhan arrived in Tver (in the annals he is called Shevkal, in songs it was transformed into Shchelkana). Tverichi could not stand the oppression of the Tatars and raised an uprising. The Tatars were killed, and Cholkhan died in a fire in the grand ducal palace he had captured. Punishers came to Tver, led by the Moscow prince Ivan Kalita and the Tatar generals. Alexander had to flee from Tver to Novgorod, and from there to Pskov. Then Kalita and Alexander's brothers proceeded to Pskov, demanding the extradition of Alexander. The Pskovites were ready to fight for the prince, but Metropolitan Theognostus excommunicated them from the church, and Alexander, in order not to cause harm to his intercessors, was forced to leave for Lithuania. In 1337, after the Khan's repeated appeals, he went to the Horde and received a label for the Tver principality. However, during the next trip to the Horde, Alexander was executed by order of the khan.

From a marriage with an unknown, Alexander had at least six sons and two daughters, one of whom, Maria, became the wife of Semyon the Proud, and the other, Ulyana, the wife of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd.

Source: The Story of Shevkal // PLDR: XIV - mid-XV century. " S. 62-65.

Lit .: Instance. 2.S. 471-472; Cherepnin. Formation of the Russian state. S. 475-508.

Vasily Mikhailovich (1319-1368). When Vasily's elder brother, Constantine, who succeeded Alexander Mikhailovich, died in the Horde in 1346, Vasily went to the Horde, where, not without difficulties (his nephew, Vsevolod Aleksandrovich Kholmsky, acted as his rival), in 1348 he became the Grand Duke of Tver. However, he received the label only in 1352. This became the reason for his new clashes with Vsevolod. The warring princes turned in 1357 to Metropolitan Alexei, to the Grand Duke Ivan Ivanovich the Red and, finally, to the Horde. Only in 1359 were the uncle and nephew reconciled. But since the beginning of the 60s. the authority of another nephew of Vasily - the Mikulin prince Mikhail Alexandrovich, who becomes the Grand Duke of Tver, grows. Vasily, on the other hand, has been spending his last years in his lot - in Kashin.

Lit .: Instance. 2.S. 479-484; Cherepnin. Formation of the Russian state. S. 534-537.

Mikhail Alexandrovich (1333-1399). The fourth son of Alexander Mikhailovich. He reigned in Mikulin (a city on the Shosh river, south of Tver), from 1365 he became the Grand Duke of Tver. In the summer of 1367, he had to fight with Vasily Mikhailovich (which was discussed above) and his cousin, Eremey Konstantinovich. His opponents approached Tver, the city did not take, but its environs were devastated. Mikhail went to Lithuania for help (his sister Ulyana was the wife of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd) and "with the Lithuanian army" moved to Kashin, in the end the warring parties came to an armistice. In 1368, Mikhail went to Moscow at the invitation of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich, but there he was unexpectedly arrested, after a while he was released, and the princes sealed their reconciliation by kissing the cross. But in the autumn of the same year, Dmitry Ivanovich moved his regiments to Tver, Mikhail had to resort to Olgerd's help, and the Lithuanian prince proceeded to the environs of Moscow. Fearing new attacks, Mikhail hastened to build a wooden Kremlin in Tver. Relations with Moscow remained tense. In August 1370, Mikhail again had to flee to Lithuania, the troops of Dmitry Ivanovich took Zubtsov and Mikulin. Michael turns to the Horde for support.

In subsequent years, he twice achieves the label for the great reign, but both times Dmitry Ivanovich did not recognize the label and even made attempts to seize the rival. In 1375 the Moscow army laid siege to Tver, Mikulin, Zubtsov, Staritsa and other Tver cities were taken. Michael had to reconcile with the Grand Duke and declare his rejection of the claims to the great reign. During the invasion of Tokhtamysh, Mikhail was able to buy off the Tatars, and then went to the Horde, hoping to receive the coveted label from the new khan. But Tokhtamysh only gave him a label for the Tver principality.

Mikhail was married to Evdokia (daughter of a Suzdal prince?), From whose marriage he had at least six sons.

Lit .: Instance. 2.S. 485-497; Cherepnin. Formation of the Russian state. S. 557-582.

Boris Alexandrovich (born after 1398-1461). After Mikhail Alexandrovich, the Tver table was occupied by his son Ivan (1399-1425), and then by his grandson, Alexander. Both Alexander and the son of the latter, Yuri, did not rule for long: one for several months, the other for several weeks; both of them died from the epidemic. Since 1426, the great-grandson of Mikhail Alexandrovich, Boris, begins to be mentioned as the Grand Duke of Tver.

Given the complexity of relations with Moscow, Boris entered into an agreement with the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt. But Vitovt was connected by close ties with the great dukes; Vasily Dmitrievich was married to his daughter Sophia, and after his death Sophia became the regent of the minor Vasily Vasilyevich. In the future, Boris nevertheless strove to maintain friendly relations with the Lithuanian princes. Tver did not remain on the sidelines during the feudal war of the 15th century. (see about her in the biography of Vasily II Vasilyevich); in 1433 Vasily Vasilyevich took refuge here with his mother and wife, here Ivan Mozhaisky, a participant in the arrest of Vasily, and Vasily Kosoy sought protection. Between 1437-1440 Boris concludes an agreement with Vasily Vasilyevich on joint actions against the Tatars, Poles, Lithuanians and Germans, supports Vasily's actions against Novgorod, and in 1444 and 1446. himself goes to Novgorod and captures Torzhok.

In 1446, Vasily Vasilyevich, blinded by Shemyaka, came to see Boris from Kostroma. He was received with honor; Vasily's son Ivan is betrothed to Boris's daughter Marya, and then the allied princes together conquer Moscow from Shemyaka. In 1452, Ivan Vasilievich (the future Grand Duke Ivan III) married Maria Borisovna, and in 1454 the Moscow and Tver princes again conclude an agreement under which they undertake to support each other in every possible way.

Boris Alexandrovich was married twice. From his second marriage he had two sons; Alexander died as an infant, and Michael inherited his father.

In 1486 the Grand Duke set out on a campaign against Tver. Tver princes and boyars began to go over to Ivan's side, and Mikhail was forced to leave for Lithuania forever. In 1486 Tver became part of the Moscow state.

Source: Inok Thomas "The Word of Commendation" // PLDR: Second half of the 15th century S. 268-333.

Lit .: Instance. 2.S. 507-515.

PRINCES OF SUZDAL

The Suzdal princes descend from the brother of Alexander Nevsky - Andrei, whose son Vasily reigned in Suzdal from 1305 to 1309.

Konstantin Vasilievich (d. in 1355). Son of Vasily Andreevich, nephew of Alexander Nevsky. Konstantin Vasilyevich began to reign in Suzdal in 1332, after the death of his brother Alexander. After the death of Ivan Kalita and the departure from Nizhny Novgorod to the grand-ducal table of Semyon Ivanovich, Constantine began to reign, in addition to Suzdal, also in Nizhny Novgorod, and in 1350 he made the latter his capital city. In 1353, Constantine tried to challenge the right to the great reign of Ivan Ivanovich, but did not succeed in this.

Lit .: Instance. 2.S. 400-404.

Dmitry Konstantinovich (1324-1383). After the death of Grand Duke Ivan Ivanovich, the Horde Khan Nauruz intended to hand over the label to the eldest of the sons of Constantine - Andrei, but he ceded this right to Dmitry. When, in 1364, Dmitry's son, Vasily Kirdyapa, brought his father a label for the great reign from the new Khan Azis, Dmitry abandoned him in favor of Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow, and the Grand Duke, in turn, helped in the fight against his brother Boris, who had occupied Nizhny Novgorod. Not daring to resist further, Boris left for Gorodets, while Dmitry gave Suzdal to his son Vasily. In the following years, Dmitry led an active policy in the east: he repulsed the attack of the Horde prince Bulat-Temir in 1367, in 1370 he sent his brother Boris and his son Vasily against the khan of Volga Bulgaria Asan. In 1374 and 1375. Tatars came to Nizhny Novgorod, and in 1375 Dmitry himself sent his sons Ivan and Vasily to Kazan. In 1378 the Tatars attacked Nizhny Novgorod and burned it down. Naturally, in 1382, during Tokhtamysh's campaign against Moscow, the principality of Nizhny Novgorod, weakened by the Tatar raids, could not resist, and Dmitry even sent his sons to the khan as hostage allies.

Lit .: Instance. 2.S. 408-417; Cherepnin. Formation of the Russian state. S. 552-556, 582-585, 587-593.

Boris Konstantinovich (d. in 1394). The brother of Dmitry Konstantinovich, in 1365, as mentioned above, tried, contrary to seniority, to sit in Nizhny Novgorod, but, frightened by the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich, allied to Dmitry, he yielded and left to reign in his Gorodets.

Subsequently, the brothers lived in peace, and Boris participated in all of Dmitry's military actions. After his death, Boris became the prince of Nizhny Novgorod, while Suzdal remained with his nephews - Vasily Kirdyapa and Semyon. In 1387, they took Nizhny Novgorod from Boris, which he received again from Tokhtamysh only in 1389. In 1392, the Nizhny Novgorod principality was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Vladimir by the son of Dmitry Donskoy - Vasily. Boris, his wife and children, he ordered in "chains of iron ties and in the great fortress to keep them." In prison, Boris died.

Lit .: Instance. 2.S. 417-422.

Vasily Dmitrievich Kirdyapa (d. 1403). As mentioned above, Vasily Kirdyapa took part in many of his father's military actions. In 1382-1386. Kirdyapa was in the Horde as a hostage. Moreover, during the siege of Moscow by Tokhtamysh, it was Vasily and his brother Semyon who persuaded the townspeople to open the gates. Moscow was burned and devastated by the Tatars who violated the agreement. But Tokhtamysh detained Vasily even before 1386, then he fled, was caught, returned to the khan and released by him only in 1387. Having received Gorodets from the khan, Vasily, united with his brother Semyon, in the same year took away from his uncle Boris Nizhny Novgorod. But when in 1392 the Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich acquired the principality of Nizhny Novgorod under the khan's label, he expelled Vasily and Suzdal. He went to the Horde to ask the khan's label for the former possessions, but did not achieve it, reconciled with Vasily Dmitrievich and received Shuya from him as his inheritance. From the son of Vasily - Yuri - came the family of princes Shuisky.

Lit .: Instance. 2.S. 424-426.