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Lesson type: Learning new material.
Wall map of the hemispheres, Wall map of Antarctica, video, atlas for grade 7, educational supplies, lesson presentation. (Presentation 1)
During the classes
Teacher's words:
The epigraph to our lesson will be a line from the poem of the famous English poet Alfred Tennyson “Fight and seek, find and not give up”. How do you understand it?
“And this unknown land of snow and ice lies beyond the southern polar circle, shining dazzlingly in the rays of the sun of a polar day or shrouded in clouds and whirlwinds of a blizzard in the darkness of the polar night. This land is beautiful in its own way and whoever has been there once will always remember the great silence of the icy desert ”
What do you think about the mainland in the lesson will be discussed?
We wrote down the topic of the lesson in printed notebooks. (Appendix 1)
The word Antarctica is translated as “anti” against, and “Arctic” is the northern polar region of the Earth. That is, against the Arctic.
- What do you already know about Antarctica?
- Why does Antarctica have such features?
Geographical position of Antarctica.
In printed notebooks, in the first paragraph, a plan of description is given geographic location mainland.
Reading out each item, one student goes to the blackboard and answers on a wall map of the hemispheres and Antarctica, and everyone else follows the answer using atlases, and so we will work with each item of the plan.
We read first point- Determine how the mainland is located relative to the equator? - look and answer.
Answer: located further south, means in the southern hemisphere.
About the tropics?
Answer: Not crossed by the tropics.
Almost the entire territory of the mainland is located within the southern polar circle.
The position of the mainland relative to the prime meridian?
Answer: intersected by the prime meridian in the west.
Yes, indeed, most of the continent, more than 70% lies east of the zero hemisphere, that is, in the eastern hemisphere, and only less than 30% lies in the western hemisphere.
It can be concluded that the mainland is unique, as it lies in three hemispheres. Remember which ones?
Answer: in the south, east and west. Let's mark on the outline map in the printed notebook signed the southern polar circle and the prime meridian.
Read second point.
Find the extreme points of the mainland.
Due to its geographical position, Antarctica has only one extreme point. Open the atlas “Physical map of Antarctica” and find it (Cape Sifre). We independently determined the coordinates. Mark the cape on an outline map in a printed exercise book.
Read third pointplan.
What oceans and seas wash the mainland?
Identified by atlases and signed them on contour maps in a printed notebook in blue.
Read fourth point plan.
How is the mainland located relative to other continents?
Answer: far from other continents, closest to it is the southern part of South America and Australia.
Yes, indeed, Antarctica is separated from other continents by vast oceanic spaces.
The position of the continent near the pole has led to the formation of a thick ice cover, the average thickness of which is about 2 thousand meters. Due to the thickness of the ice, Antarctica turned out to be the highest continent of the Earth. Thanks to its geographic location, as well as its ice shell, Antarctica is home to the world's cold pole, where the lowest temperature on Earth was recorded. Open the tutorial on page 39 and tell me what is this temperature and where was it recorded?
Answer: At Vostok station, - 89.2? С.
We have given a description of the geographical position of the continent, studied its main features, and now we will get acquainted with the history of the discovery of the continent.
The history of the discovery of Antarctica.
Under point 2 in the printed workbooks “The History of Discovery”, there is a table that we will fill out. There are four columns in the table, see their names.
Teacher's words:
Antarctica was discovered much later than other continents. Although even ancient scientists expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe existence of the continent in the high latitudes of the southern hemisphere.
In the second half of the 18th century, an English expedition headed by the navigator James Cook set out in search of the southern mainland. He searched for Antarctica for more than three years, repeatedly crossing the southern polar circle, but he could not break through the ice to the mainland. Returning, Cook declared: “There is no southern continent! And not a single person will ever dare to penetrate further south than I have succeeded ... "
Therefore, after Cook's voyage for 50 years, not a single ship went to those waters where giant impenetrable ice guarded the distant approaches to the South Pole. Let's write in the plate under the number 1.
The Russians put an end to a long hiatus in the exploration of southern latitudes.
On the morning of July 5, 1819, the first Russian expedition set off for the southern polar waters on the ships Mirny and Vostok. They were led by sailors Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen, who was the head of the expedition and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, see their portraits. They went around the mainland and discovered many islands.
January 28, when the expedition reached the coast of the mainland, is considered the day of the discovery of Antarctica. We write in the plate under the number 2:
Do you know who first reached the South Pole?
Answer: Amudsen.
Let's see a snippet. (Presentation slide 6)
How did you feel when watching?
On December 14, 1911, the South Pole was reached by Roald Amudsen, and a month later by Robert Scott.
This was the greatest geographical discovery. They received the first information about the interior regions of the mainland. Let's write in the plate under the number 3:
And under the number 4:
Checking the table:
| Traveler, explorer | Country, homeland of the traveler | opening date | Discoveries and achievements |
| 1. James Cook | United Kingdom | 1773-1775 | First crossing of the South Arctic Circle |
| 2.F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev | Russia | 1820 | Discovery of the mainland |
| 3. Raoul Amudsen | Norway | 14.12.1911 | First reaching the South Pole |
| 4. Robert Scott | United Kingdom | 18.01.1912 | Second reaching the South Pole |
But these achievements came at a high price. Robert Scott's group died on the way back, just a few kilometers away from the base where the food and fuel were. After 8 months, a tent was found, half covered with snow.
At the site of Scott's first wintering, a red Australian tree cross was erected with the names of the five dead, and the words were carved on the cross. What do you think? - a catch phrase that was the epigraph to the lesson from the novel “Two Captains” by Veniamin Kaverin.
"Fight and seek, find and not give up."
These people are remembered, expressing their feelings in verse, "In Memory of Captain Scott":
Square iceberg. Black water.
And white penguins in black tailcoats.
A gloomy bastion of glittering ice.
And the leading plains to death.
And it’s not the masts of ships that seem
Overwhelmed by prejudiced hope -
Break through the grip of glittering fields
To the ground, hidden by carapace clothing,
A bony hand appears,
Frozen over the steadfast and harsh
The last word, not born by her
The last entry of the mean diary.
Earth and people 1962
During the entire trip, Scott kept a diary where he wrote down all his thoughts and feelings. His last words were: "For God's sake, do not leave our loved ones."
And after people died, they forgot about Antarctica? Or, remembering the difficulties, preparing for new expeditions?
Exploration of Antarctica.
Report by one of the students. Approximate content: In the 20th century, an active study of Antarctica began.
During all this time, a large number of stations have been opened. Open the atlas and see.
Find the Vostok station, this station was opened in 1957. We already know that the lowest earth temperature was recorded at this station. Remember which one?
Answer: - 89.2? C
At this temperature, iron also freezes. If you leave two axes on the street for the night, then in the morning, knocking them against each other, they will break.
In 1957-1958, with the providence of the International Geophysical Year, 12 states of the world decided to jointly study the continent.
In difficult climatic conditions, in a short time several scientific stations were built. Look at the screen and find them - Mirny, Novolazarevskaya, Vostok, Molodezhnaya. They are located not only on the coast, but also in the inner, hard-to-reach parts of Antarctica.
The main and largest station at this time is Molodezhnaya - find it on the atlas map. Here is the Antarctic Aerometeorological Center.
Antarctica does not belong to any state. There is no permanent population on the mainland - due to the harsh natural conditions... On its territory, it is prohibited to conduct any tests of weapons and nuclear explosions.
Antarctica is called the continent of science and peace.
Consolidation of the studied material.
- A crossword puzzle will help you to consolidate the studied material. (Appendix 2)
- Checking the crossword puzzle (Presentation, slide 10-17)
Homework.
- Find an explanation for the expression "Antarctica is the icy heart of the planet!"
Mainland geographic characterization plan
1. Determine how the continent is located relative to the most important lines of the degree network: the equator and the prime meridian, tropics, polar circles.
2. Determine the coordinates of the extreme points of the continent.
3. Name the climatic zones in which the mainland is located.
4. Identify the oceans and seas surrounding the mainland, currents passing along its shores.
5. Describe the position of the continent relative to other continents.
6. Describe the ruggedness of the mainland coastline. Name the largest seas, bays, straits, peninsulas, islands off the coast of the mainland.
1. The mainland is almost entirely beyond the Antarctic Circle.
2. The South Pole lies almost in the central part of the mainland.
3. In Antarctica, all coasts are only north.
4. Most of the mainland is located east of the 0-180 ° meridian line
5. Antarctica is isolated from all continents except South America.
6. The extreme point is one - North on the Antarctic Peninsula. 63 ° N w
7. Antarctica lies within the cold heat belt.
8. The area of \u200b\u200bAntarctica is larger than Australia S-14 million square meters. km
9. The shores of Antarctica are washed by 3 oceans.
The history of the development of the mainland
The discovery of Antarctica, this distant, cold, but by its nature interesting continent, is associated with the names of these travelers.
A traveler who erased a huge number of "blank spots" on the world map. But his most famous feat is the conquest of the South Pole. The great Norwegian belongs to one of the first places in the heroic galaxy of courageous people.
In 1955, Somov was approved as the head of the first Complex Antarctic Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences. On February 13, 1956, the expedition opens the first Soviet scientific observatory in Antarctica, called Mirny. In 1962 M.M. Somov becomes the head of the Eighth seasonal Soviet Antarctic expedition
A.F.Treshnikov
"The geographical position of the southern continents" - Pangea 200 million years ago. Mineral resources of the southern continents. Soil map. Savannahs and woodlands of Africa, Australia, partly South America. How does the geographical location affect the features of the nature of the continent? Equator. Why do many rivers have many waterfalls and rapids? Red-brown savanna soils.
"The Lesson of the Continents" - Parallels Equator. Oceans. Australia. Africa. At the very edge of the Sahara Desert are pyramids of Egypt... South America. Gray opposum is a nocturnal inhabitant of the Australian deserts. The platypus is an aquatic animal, it lives in water, lays eggs, but feeds the cubs with milk. Continents and oceans. North and South America.
"Antarctica Grade 7" - First acquaintance with Antarctica. Modern Antarctica. Coal. Natural resources of Antarctica. Iron, copper, lead ores. Lower plants Mosses, lichens, mushrooms, algae are the most unpretentious plants. Discovery of Antarctica and the South Pole. Countries exploring the mainland. Minerals containing bromine, tin, manganese, molybdenum.
"Flora and fauna of Antarctica" - Cryolophosaurus "ice lizard with a crest". Make a list of protected areas and protected species. Calanus. Emperor penguin. Penguins. Tardigrade. Anemones. Orca. Blue whale. Sea sponges. Adele. Polar station Leningradskaya. Birds of prey Skua Albatross. Vegetable and animal world Antarctica.
"Life on different continents" - Life on different continents. The fields with this plant are completely flooded with water. The largest beetle in the world up to 18 cm long. They cannot fly, they swim and dive well; feed on fish. Eucalyptus. Lesson: Life on different continents. Victoria regia. Sequoia. Mosses, lichens. Antarctica. China. Penguin- Antarctica, eucalyptus-…. (Eurasia, Africa, Australia, South America, Antarctica).
"World of Antarctica" - Animals: The fauna is connected with the oceans washing the continent. The average daily temperature in summer is not higher than -30 degrees, and in winter it is below -70 degrees. Ice sheet Subglacial relief Climate Organic world. Discoveries and first studies. Silent, deserted, mysterious, white, mainland. Modern organisms of Antarctica are represented by mosses, lichens, microscopic fungi and algae, etc.
Lesson summary on the topic:
"Antarctica. Features of the mainland. History of discovery and research "
Lesson objectives:
to form students' understanding of the originality, uniqueness of the nature of the continent, to determine the reasons for the originality;
to acquaint with the history of discovery, exploration of the mainland;
to activate the cognitive interest of students;
develop students' ability to work with maps, textbooks, diagrams;
to prove that every expedition to Antarctica is a meeting with the unknown, which requires great heroism from people, full commitment of strength, abilities, knowledge.
Equipment: geographic maps, table cards, artistic
literature, atlases, textbooks.
During the classes
Updating basic knowledge pupils
What continents of the Southern Hemisphere have we already studied? (Africa,
Australia)
What other continents are located in the Southern Hemisphere? (South
America, Antarctica)
Are there any similarities between these continents? If so, why?
(Exists, because they were at first part of a single land mass of Pangea
(all-earth), which existed on our planet more than 200 million years ago.
Subsequently, Pangea split into two supercontinent: Laurasia and Gondwana.
The continents of the Southern Hemisphere were part of Gondwana. Final decay
it happened 65-70 million years ago)
How is this similarity expressed? (Firstly, in the structure of the oldest
crystalline foundations of platforms; secondly, available on the continents
ancient folds; thirdly, in the similarity of the rocks that compose the covers
all Gondwana platforms; fourthly, in the presence of the remains of ancient plants
and animals that are on these continents)
But studying the continents of Africa and Australia, we realized that they
are unique. This means they are different from each other. What is
is this difference expressed? (The fact that each continent has its own
geographical location, its unique features of nature, population,
farms)
What are the main features of the continents? (Africa is the hottest
mainland; Australia is the driest; South America is the wettest;
Antarctica - ice)
Motivation of educational and cognitive activities
The topic of our lesson today will be ANTARCTIDA.
Everyone represents this continent in their own way. For some it is a “deserted continent”, for others it is a “queen of the cold”, for others it is “the end of the earth”. And for me it is similar to a fairy tale.
Antarctica - a fairy tale made of ice!
A burnt star in the sky.
Sun glare in the snow
Faces scorched in a blizzard
White expanses for hundreds of miles
Long-awaited calm as a reward.
Minus fifty is warm!
Summer that passed like a cloud.
The oppressive desert of cold
And an oasis in the middle of the ice.
And the penguins are black and white.
This is a fairy tale that is always with me!
Antarctica is a continent of international cooperation. There is no permanent population here. The true masters of the continent are scientists from different countries. Man already knows a lot about the nature of the continent, but much has not yet been revealed.
In today's lesson we will try to make our little discoveries and explorations of the continent, which has always been considered a mystery.
Assimilation of new material
The origin of the name Antarctica
We will start, first of all, with the origin of the name. It comes from the Greek word "anti" - against and "arcticos" - northern, i.e. lying against the north polar region of the globe.
Antarctica
From greek
Arcticos
Northern
Against the north
Physical and geographical position of the mainland
We begin the study of each continent with a description of its physical and geographical position, since it affects the whole natural complex mainland. Its climate, soil, flora and fauna depend on it.
And what does it mean: to characterize the physical and geographical position of the continent?
This means to determine its position in relation to the equator, prime meridian, oceans and seas, other continents, to climatic poles.
So, Antarctica is a relatively small continent, occupying an area
S \u003d 14 million km 2
Only Australia is second to it in area.
a) The position of the mainland relative to the equator
Antarctica lies almost entirely beyond the Antarctic Circle in polar latitudes. An exception is the Antarctic Peninsula, which reaches 63º (63º 11 ') S.
The South Pole is located almost in the center, so all the shores of Antarctica "look" to the south.
b) Position of the mainland relative to the initial mainland
The prime meridian crosses Queen Maud Land, the South Pole.
c) Position relative to oceans, seas
Antarctica is washed by the southern waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, which are linked by the cold current of the Western winds.
The mainland is washed by several seas and, together with the adjacent islands, is united under one name Antarctica.
The name is associated with the name of the English navigator J. Weddell, who in 1823 sailed for the first time in this basin.
The Ross Sea is named after James Klavka Ross, who mapped the sea and the shallow glacier.
d) Position relative to other continents
Antarctica is significantly removed from other continents. South America is closest to it.
The task. Determine the distance from Antarctica to all tropical continents in degrees to them.
1) Antarctica South America
54 0 (53 0 54 ") S 63 0 (63 0 11") S
63 0 - 54 0 = 9 0
111 km 9 \u003d 999 km
2) Antarctica Africa
70 0 S 35 0 (34 0 52 ') S
70 0 - 35 0 = 35 0
111 km 35 \u003d 3885 km
3) Antarctica Australia
66 0 S 39 0 (39 0 11 ') S
66 0 - 39 0 = 27 0
111 km 27 \u003d 2997 km
SOUTH AMERICA AFRICA AUSTRALIA
999 km 3885 km 2997 km
A N T A R K T I D A
Although South America is closest to Antarctica, it cannot influence the latter due to the peculiarities of Antarctica.
e) Position relative to climatic zones
Open the climate map of the world. What climatic zones is Antarctica in?
Antarctica lies predominantly in the Antarctic climatic zone (cold summers and cold winters).
Only the islands and part of the Antarctic Peninsula lie in the Arctic zone (cold winters, cool damp summers). The northern part of the peninsula lies in a temperate climatic zone.
The physical and geographical position of the continent determines the features of its nature.
Now the "famous polar explorer" will tell us about the features of the continent. And the correspondents will ask him questions.
I've heard that Antarctica is the coldest continent on the globe. Can you prove it?
Antarctica is covered with ice and has the lowest temperatures on the globe. The inland station "Vostok" recorded a temperature of -89.2 ° C.
At such a temperature, the metal becomes brittle, the diesel fuel turns into a pasty mass, kerosene does not flash, even if a burning torch is lowered into it.
What is the thickness of the ice in Antarctica?
The average thickness of the Antarctic ice sheet is 2040m. The largest is 4500m. The Antarctic ice sheet contains 80% of all fresh water planets. V ice \u003d 24 million km 2. If you melt all the ice, then the level of the World Ocean rises by 50-60 m.
What conditions are necessary for ice formation?
Glaciers form as a result of the interaction of the hydrosphere, which supplies moisture, the atmosphere, which carries it and keeps it solid, and the lithosphere, on the surface of which ice forms.
Studies of the Antarctic ice sheet have shown that it has existed for 20 million years.
It could have formed only due to the physical and geographical position of the mainland, its relief and the presence of water space around.
Antarctica is an ice continent. However, it is called deserted. Why?
A desert is a large area with little or no vegetation. Antarctica is practically devoid of vegetation, so it can be considered a desert.
If Antarctica is a desert, then there must be oases. Is it true?
On the outskirts of the mainland in the summer you can find bodies of stagnant water. These are oases. The oases have salt and fresh lakes. The water temperature in the lakes of the oases in summer is much higher than the air temperature.
Assumes that the reason for the formation of oases is the flow of ice around individual elevated land areas. The stones of the oases absorb a large amount of solar heat, the ground temperature reaches + 25 ° C. The heating of the surface is so great that cumulus clouds appear everywhere over the oases from ascending currents. Therefore, the main reason is solar radiation and relief. The most famous oasis is named after its discoverer - pilot David Bunger (66 0 S, E)
There are different poles on the globe: geographic, geomagnetic, cold pole. Is there a pole of the winds? I heard that he is also in Antarctica.
The pole of the winds is located on Adelie Land. The wind speed here reaches 240 km per hour.
Each continent has its own symbol. Lion in Africa, kangaroo in Australia. What animal is the symbol of Antarctica?
The penguin is a kind of symbol of Antarctica. There are more than 17 types of them. From a distance, penguins with their upright position resemble humans.
As you can see, the ice continent has plenty of features. Therefore, at all times, he attracted the attention of researchers.
How did it all start?
3) Discovery and exploration of Antarctica
Today a group of experts is working with me in the lesson who "made" a trip into the past in the summer in order to find out: how was Antarctica discovered?
I give the floor to our expert on ancient times.
Expert 1. Geographers of ancient times did not doubt the existence of the Southern continent. Even Claudius Ptolemy argued that in the Southern Hemisphere there should be an Earth that balances the vastness of the land of the Northern Hemisphere. At the turn of the 15th-16th centuries, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe existence of the Southern Land is losing its supporters. This Earth is not depicted on the famous globe of Martin Beheim (1892). But then she reappears on all cards. At the same time, it receives the name Unknown South Land.
So, there was a new name and the assumption that there is a similar continent.
Now I would like to give the floor to our second expert specialist in the Middle Ages.
Expert 2.The fantasy of medieval cartographers painted the Earth, which extended to the equator in the basins of the Pacific and Indian oceans.
Details were depicted on the map - Cape Desire, the Beautiful River, the Land of Parrots, etc. This is due to the fact that Antarctica at that time was inaccessible to sailors. These were the latitudes of fogs and storms. The sailors called them like this:
forties latitudes - roaring;
fifties - whistling:
the sixties are mad;
And only at the southern tip of South America sailors reached 54º-55º S latitude. But the famous traveler James Cook penetrated farthest to the south.
I now give the floor to our third expert.
Expert 3.The famous navigator James Cook January 17, 1773. first crossed the Antarctic Circle. The next day, breaking through the ice fields, he reached 67º 15 "S - just 75 miles from the target.
James Cook turns north. And twice more (in 1773, 1774) the expedition penetrates so far south that Cook confidently declares: "There is no Terra Australius Incognito."
“... Most of the southern continent (assuming that it exists) should lie within the polar region, above the Antarctic Circle, and there the sea is so densely covered with ice that access to land becomes impossible. The risk associated with sailing in these unexplored and ice-covered seas in search of the southern continent is so great that I can safely say that no one will ever dare to penetrate further south than I did. The lands that may be in the south will never be explored. "
But we all remember from history that starting from the 17th century, at the behest of Peter I, Russian navigators began to explore the sea. First the seas washing Russia, and then the distant expanses.
Moreover, in 1761 Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov wrote the following:
“Near the Strait of Magellan and opposite the Cape of Good Hope near 54º S latitude. big ice walk, so there is no doubt that on great distance the islands and the mainland are covered with ice ”.
And, of course, Russian sailors could not help but go to this Unknown Land.
Now the floor is given to our experts, who will tell us about the voyages of Faddey Faddeevich Bellingsausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev.
Expert 4. I would like to first tell you a little about these outstanding researchers. Thaddeus Bellingsausen was born on the island of Sgaremaa (Estonia), received his education in Cadet Corps.
He explained his love for the sea simply: "I was born in the middle of the sea, and just as a fish cannot live without water, so I cannot live without the sea." In 1803-1806. took part in the first Russian voyage around the world under the command of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern on the ship "Nadezhda".
M.P. Lazarev was born in 1788. During his life he made three round-the-world trips, distinguished himself in Navarino sea \u200b\u200bbattle with the Turks, commanded for almost 20 years The Black Sea Fleet.
Expert 5. On July 16, 1819, the ships "Vostok" and "Mirny" weighed anchor and left Kronstadt. After 3.5 months, they approached Rio de Janeiro and from here headed south. The closer to the south, the colder it got. The researchers met many birds, whales and icebergs swam.
On January 27, 1820, the expedition crosses the Antarctic Circle, and the next day comes close to the ice barrier of the Southern continent (68º21 "18" S, 2º50'14 "W)
In two years (751 days), the expedition covered about 100 thousand km, approached the shores of the mainland 9 times, discovered 29 islands, described the nature of Antarctic ice for the first time, and tried to determine the exact boundaries of the mainland.
But perhaps the most striking and tragic page in the exploration of Antarctica was the discovery of the South Pole.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, many expeditions went to Antarctica, among them there were expeditions to the South Pole, which were led by the Englishman Robert Scott and the Norwegian Roald Amudsen.
These expeditions went to the South Pole almost simultaneously.
Roald Amudsen (1872-1928) was born in Borge, Norway. From a young age, he decided to devote himself to polar research. First he served as a sailor, sailed in the waters of the Greenland Sea, to the shores of Canada.
Then he decided to go to the North Pole, borrowed his "Fram" from Nansen. But then the news came that the Americans Frederick Cook and Robert Peary had already done it.
Then the Norwegian decides to change his plan. He threw a cry to Robert Scott, "Who's first?"
On January 13, 1911, the Fram (Forward) stopped at the Ross Barrier in Whale Bay at about 150 ° W. The expedition included the Russian oceanographer Alexander Stepanovich Kuchin.
They set up camp 4 km from the edge of the glacier and began preparations for the journey. On February 10, 1911, without waiting for the complete unloading of the ship, the first group headed by Amudsen moved to the south. The group consisted of 5 people. They had 4 sledges pulled by 52 husky dogs.
Under 80º S latitude (175 km from the edge of the glacier) they laid a food warehouse. Warehouses were laid at almost every degree (81º, 82º, etc.).
The expedition covered 30 km daily. The rise began at the 85th parallel. At the beginning of the rise, they also stopped a food warehouse with a supply of 30 days.
On the way of exploration, they gave famous names to glaciers and mountains.
The highest peak was named after Fridtjof Nansen, and one of the glaciers was named after his daughter - Liv.
The path was very dangerous. It is not for nothing that certain places have received gloomy names: "The Gates of Hell", "Devil's Glacier", "Devil's Dance Hall".
But finally, on December 14, 1911, they reached the South Pole, which was at an altitude of 2700 m above sea level.
During the day, every hour the expedition observed the height of the Sun with instruments and fixed the pole point by hoisting the Norwegian flag.
Then, on December 18, she went back and after 39 days she returned safely to the camp (Framheim).
Despite the poor visibility, they easily found warehouses with food. When arranging them, they prudently marked them with bamboo poles.
The entire trip to the Pole took 99 days (round trip).
And on March 7, 1912, Roald Amundsen with Fr. Tasmania telegraphed the discovery of the South Pole to the world.
A completely different fate was prepared for the famous officer, Knight of Victoria, Robert Falcon Scott.
On one of the peaks of Antarctica stands a 3-meter cross made of Australian mahogany. On it are the words of the English poet Alfred Tennyson: "Fight and seek, find and not give up!" And the date: 1868-1912.
This is a monument to Robert Falcon Scott.
What happened during his journey?
In 1920, the British government organized an expedition to Antarctica. It was headed by Robert Scott.
November 29, 1910 the ship "Terra-Nova" (" New earth") Set sail from New Zealand. The expedition consisted of 65 people, incl. Ukrainian groom Anton Omelchenko, Russian Cahors Dmitry Gurov.
The main base was organized near the Erebus volcano (Ross Peninsula) - 170 E.
On November 1, 1911, they set out on a campaign. On the trip to the Pole, Scott took with him a motor sled, sled dogs and short Manchu ponies. The main stake was on horses, but they turned out to be of little use. The motor sled has deteriorated. The last team was left at the 82nd parallel. The sledges were being pulled by people.
On January 4, 1912, 150 miles from the Pole, Scott sent 4 comrades back, then at the 87th parallel 3 more.
Five went to the pole: the doctor Edward Wilson, the officers Lawrence Ots, Henry Bowers, Edgar Evans (out of 12) plus Scott.
The whole journey took 79 days.
Imagine their disappointment when they saw that the South Pole, to which they so yearned, was already conquered.
There was a tent in front of them, in which they found a note that Roald Amudsen had discovered the pole. And, as Scott writes, an offended English flag was hoisted nearby.
Now there is an even more difficult route back to Cape Evans, to which it was 1,400 km.
The exhausted people again moved slowly through the loose snow and hard ice, dragging the sled with difficulty.
The warehouses were far apart. It was impossible to calculate the travel time to the nearest one.
Bowers, and then Wilson, fell ill with steppe blindness.
Evans died first. Then the completely sick Ots, knowing that he had become a burden for his comrades, left the tent and did not return.
They didn’t reach the grocery store only 20 km. There was no strength to go further. On March 29, 1912, three Englishmen perished from hunger and cold, three brave survivors who never made it to the store with food. These are Edward Wilston, Henry Bowers and Robert Scott.
Robert Scott was the last to die.
Only one thought worried him: Scott was fighting for his wife and son. Before his death, he had no faith that his homeland would help them. He wrote several letters to powerful friends asking them to provide the necessary assistance to his family and the families of his comrades.
Then he wrote a letter: "To my wife ..." After thinking, he crossed it out and wrote: "To my widow ..." In the letter he asked her to take care of her son and raise him to a worthy person. The wife fulfilled his order.
In his diary, Scott wrote after forgetting: "For God's sake, don't leave our loved ones."
Only 8 months later, a tent was found, half covered with snow, with the bodies of brave travelers.
The bodies of Captain Scott and his comrades not only sink deeper into the ice, covered by new layers of snow, but also move with the ice towards the sea. They embarked on their last journey - slow, inevitable.
Many, many years later, an iceberg with their bodies will break away from the Ross glacier and, like a huge white sailboat, will move north, driven by winds and currents. Somewhere in the Drake Passage, or in the Pacific Ocean, or maybe in the South Atlantic, the iceberg will collapse under the impact of the waves, its debris will melt, and brave travelers will finally find peace at the bottom of the sea, as befits real sailors.
So Amudsen won, but the joy of victory overshadowed Scott's death.
“I would sacrifice all the glory I could to bring him back to life. My triumph is overshadowed by his tragedy, it haunts me. "
Until the end of his life, Amudsen could not forgive himself for the death of his opponent and companion. But the South Pole and the wise geographic map united rivals who have gone into immortality.
However, a person would not be a person if he did not strive forward, to where, behind a shroud of fog and blizzard, the unknown awaits him.
And after the end of World War I, some states organized expeditions to Antarctica.
1928-30 - American expedition by Richard Byrd. This is how Mary Byrd's Land appeared.
1929-31. - Australian expedition on the ship "Discovery" ("Discovery"), led by Douglas Mawson, surveyed the coast and mapped it (Victoria Land).
There were other travels, but they were interrupted for a long time by II World War.
And now we will ask our expert in modern research to provide us new information.
Expert 6. The most intensive research began in the second half of the 20th century.
In 1957-59. International Geographic Year (MIT) was taking place. 65 countries of the world have agreed to send their expeditions to various little-studied parts of the world, incl. and to Antarctica. In Antarctica, 60 research stations were built, and scientists from 12 countries of the world worked: USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Japan, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Norway, etc. Now there are 40 stations from 17 countries.
In 1959. the treaty on Antarctica was written. It was proclaimed a zone free of industrial production and military presence. This is a continent of scientists.
Mirny is the first Soviet Antarctic station, located on the coast of the Davis Sea.
In Antarctica, there are many scientific polar stations and bases of various countries, where scientific (including biological, geographical, geological and meteorological) research is conducted.
According to the Antarctic Treaty, any country for scientific purposes has the right to establish its own station south of 60 ° South latitude.
Scientists investigate the ozone layer, carry out meteorological research, geophysical, geological work and expertise environment around the station. Learning about mineral resources, flora and fauna of the area.
Modern exploration of Antarctica covers hard-to-reach inland areas of the continent, giant ice shelves. Cartographers compiled the Atlas of Antarctica. Geologists and geographers solve the problems of geographic connections of the continent with other continents.
Currently, research in Antarctica is carried out not only on national, but also on international programs.
All research, as already mentioned, is carried out at research stations.
The task. Please look at the map of your atlas. Where are the most stations located? Which countries?
Research in Antarctica is of great importance because in studying Antarctica we:
1) we learn the secrets of other continents;
2) we receive information about the past of our planet;
3) we can observe how this continent affects the climate (giant refrigerator)
4) observe changes in the ozonosphere, because the ozone layer has thinned over an area equal in size to the United States.
5) we have the opportunity to study the unique fauna of the continent;
6) and finally, we can have a continent on the planet where there are no wars, hostility, but there is peace, harmony and cooperation.
Antarctica continues to interest people. Just recently, the pole was again conquered by participants from 18 countries. The Belarusian all-terrain vehicle drove them to the Pole in 10 days (1110 km). And the Orthodox priest installed a cross on the pole.
Consolidation of the studied material
Geographic dictation
Antarctica is ... (ice mainland)
The area of \u200b\u200bAntarctica is approximately ...(14 million km)
Antarctica is located almost entirely beyond ... (Antarctic Circle)
In ancient times, I guessed about the existence of the southern continent ... (Claudius Ptolemy)
Researchers of the Middle Ages believed that Antarctica stretches almost to ... (equator)
That there is no Terra, Australius Incognito declared in the 18th century ... (James Cook)
For the first time proved that Antarctica is a continent ... (Bellingshausen and Lazarev)
The South Pole was discovered ... (Amudsen, Scott)
The International Geophysical Year was held in ... (1957-5 8 biennium)
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in ... (1959 g.)
Antarctica was proclaimed the mainland ... (scientists).
Crossword"Antarctica"
Commander of the ship "Mirny".
Commander of the vessel "Vostok".
A man whose motto were the words: “Fight and seek, find and not
give up!"
The famous Norwegian who discovered the South Pole.
Sea and ice shelf off the coast of Antarctica.
The man who denied the existence of the Unknown Southern Land.
The sea off the coast of Antarctica.
Antarctica symbol.
The sea is named after the famous English navigator.
Floating ice mountain.
Lesson summary
What new have you learned about Antarctica?
Homework:work with the theoretical material of the textbook;
prepare a message on modern
research in Antarctica
Antarctica is the only thing that practically did not raise doubts among numerous travelers, who in ancient times went in search of the sixth continent. The unexplored land was located, in their opinion, in the south of Africa and Australia. Antarctica was discovered there in 1820. The geographic position of the mainland is well known today. It is this that largely determines the severity of the climate and other conditions on the continent.
Antarctica: general information
In ancient times, Aristotle believed in the existence of a distant continent in the south. He backed up his opinion with the theory of symmetry necessary to balance its excess in the north. Indeed, the ice continent is located in the southern polar region. The location opposite to the Arctic region was even reflected in its name. The prefix "anti" in translation from the ancient Greek means "against".
The geographical position of Antarctica is limited to an area called Antarctica. It lies within 48-60º S. sh. The area occupied by the mainland is estimated at 13,975 thousand square kilometers. This figure includes both ice shelves and islands attached to the continent. If, when calculating the area, the continental sandbank is also taken into account, then the indicator increases to 16 355 thousand km 2.
Edge and center
The geographical position of Antarctica is characterized by the presence of a long peninsula, which stretches towards South America. The northernmost point of the mainland is located here. This is Cape Sifre. It reaches 63º13 "south latitude. On the opposite side of the peninsula, the territory of the ice continent does not protrude so far into the ocean.
The coordinates of the center of Antarctica are approximately 84º S. w and 64º h. e. It was called the "pole of relative inaccessibility." There are some differences of opinion about its exact location. In science, the pole of inaccessibility is called the point as far as possible from transport routes, in the case of the sixth continent, from the coast. However, several factors, including the particular geographic location of Antarctica, have made its location difficult to determine. The coastline can be drawn along the "meeting point" of land and water, or ice shelves and ocean. Because of this, the exact coordinates of the Pole of Inaccessibility have not been determined. It is often associated with the eponymous Soviet station located at 82º06 "S and 54º58" E. etc.
In any case, the location of the center of the continent does not coincide with the location of the South Pole. If we choose the first of the indicated coordinates as correct, then the distance between them is approximately 660 km.
Highest continent
Although the 7th grade studies the geographical position of Antarctica, few people remember how much the continent "rises" above sea level. The sixth continent is rightfully considered the highest. The reason is the impressive ice cover. The average height of the Antarctic surface above sea level is two thousand meters. In the center of the continent, the figure rises to 4000 m. The overwhelming part of this power is ice. Only 0.3% of the relief of Antarctica is free from it. The surface height of the sixth continent is 2.8 times higher than that of any other continent.
Two parts
The ice-free zones include They divide the continent into two areas: West and East Antarctica. These areas are different in their structure and origin. The eastern part is a place where there are quite high plateaus of the continent, reaching an elevation of four thousand meters above sea level. The western region is occupied by mountainous islands connected by ice. In the same area, on the coast The Pacific, the Antarctic Andes are located, also exceeding 4 thousand meters above sea level. The highest point on the continent is the Vinson Massif. It is located in West Antarctica and rises to 4892 m. The “lowest” point of the continent is also located in this part. This is the Bentley Trench filled with ice. Its depth reaches 2555 m below sea level.
Impressive cover
The physical and geographical position of Antarctica is the key to understanding all the features of the continent. It is the reason for such an impressive ice cover on the continent. A similar formation can be found in Greenland. However, the Antarctic ice sheet is ten times larger. The characteristics of this entity are striking. It contains 90% of all the ice that is on the land of our planet. Its volume is approximately 33 million cubic kilometers!
The ice sheet is a dome-like formation. The steepness of its surface increases towards the coast. The gradual accumulation of mass leads to the movement of ice in the direction of its destruction (ablation, in a scientific way). For Antarctica, such a zone is the coast. Here the ice breaks off, icebergs are formed. The total volume of destruction is about 2.5 thousand km 3 annually.
Feature
As you can see, the geographical position of Antarctica and the glacial topography are inextricably linked. The location of the continent gave rise to another feature of the continent. These are huge ice shelves. They, partly floating in the water, partly resting on the bottom, stretch from the coast to the sea. Ice shelves are the source of the most impressive icebergs in terms of their size. Some specimens amaze with their dimensions even scientists who are quite accustomed to the wonders of Antarctica. A good example is the B-15 iceberg, which broke away from the Ross Ice Shelf in 2000. Its area exceeded ten thousand square kilometers.
In winter (at this time of summer) the area occupied by shelf ice is estimated at 18 million km ². When summer comes to replace it, their area is reduced to 3-4 million km ².
Ancient education
Researchers estimate that the continent's ice sheet was formed about 14 million years ago. The erosion of the bridge that previously connected the sixth continent and South America played an important role in this. The "trace" from it is the Antarctic Peninsula. The same process, apparently, led to the formation of the current of the Western winds (Atlantic circumpolar current), which separates the waters surrounding the continent from the World Ocean.
Conditional border
The geographical position of Antarctica according to a plan of the area or a map is determined, among other things, by its proximity to the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. In some manuals, they directly border the continent. In others, Antarctica is washed by the waters of the Southern Ocean. Its conditional boundary can be called the current Isolation of the Southern Ocean is rather unofficial, although since the beginning of this century it has been increasingly encountered in the literature.
Temperature conditions in the waters washing the continent vary in the range from -2 ºС to + 10 ºС. The Southern Ocean is home to severe storms and winds. In winter, it freezes up to 65º S. sh. in the Pacific Ocean and up to 55º S. sh. in the Atlantic area. However, some areas remain ice-free throughout the entire period due to the action of strong winds.
Climate
The geographical location of Antarctica affects the weather conditions on the continent. The cold pole of the planet is located here. The lowest temperature (-88.3 ºС) was recorded soviet researchers in August 1960 at the Vostok station. Average values \u200b\u200bin winter vary between -60 ºС and -70 ºС. In summer, the range is slightly different: from -30 ºС to -50 ºС. In general, the temperature almost never rises here above -20 ºС. The only exception is the coastline and its most prominent point, the Antarctic Peninsula. Here in summer the air can warm up to 10-12 ºС. In the winter months, the temperature on the peninsula drops to an insignificant level by the standards of the continent of -8 ºС. At the same time, the movement of cold air masses from the center of the continent "awakens" rather strong winds: sometimes their speed reaches 90 m / s.
Antarctica (geographic location contributes to this) is not famous for high humidity values. The average figure is 60-80%, on the coast it drops to 20%, and in some areas even to 5%. This fact is especially striking when you remember how much water is contained in the ice shell of the continent.
Once upon a time, Antarctica was covered with forests. According to researchers, rivers and lakes, mountains and hills, valleys and meadows were found on the continent. Today it is difficult to imagine such an Antarctica. Its past is evidenced by some of the discovered minerals, in particular coal deposits. However, many of the resources hidden by the ice cover have yet to be explored. The harsh conditions of modern Antarctica, associated with its geographical position, do not allow to quickly master vast territories mainland. Perhaps that is why it was here that the program of international cooperation began to unfold. Researchers from different countries are jointly trying to comprehend the secrets of the sixth continent. And the degree of progress often depends on the ability to agree and coordinate actions.