Enkelman Maxim, 4 "B"

In the course of this project, the main stages of the development of the territories of the eastern part of the Eurasian continent were considered: from the first campaign of Yermak beyond the Urals to the mass movement of industry and population to Siberia after the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

The project also highlights the factors that hindered the development of the east of Eurasia by Russian Cossacks and the factors that forced the courageous and courageous Russian people to go to the north and east of Asia, to develop new territories and put their names on the map of Russia.

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PROJECT

"Development of the territories of Russia"

GBOU SOSH №1386

Maxim Enkelman

4 "B" class

Classroom teacher:

Zakharyan T.R.

annotation

Our country is the largest country in the world. At the same time, the population density of Russia is much less than in other countries, and only Canada, which is inferior in size only to our homeland, is even less populated.

The territory of Russia has been developed over the centuries at the cost of many lives of both Russian and Soviet people. At the same time, even now about half of the entire territory of Russia remains undeveloped, despite the unprecedented progress of mankind, the development of transport and other technologies that provide truly endless opportunities for travelers.

In the course of this project, the main stages of the development of the territories of the eastern part of the Eurasian continent were considered: from the first campaign of Yermak beyond the Urals to the mass movement of industry and population to Siberia after the start of the Great Patriotic War.

The project also highlights the factors that hindered the development of the east of Eurasia by Russian Cossacks and the factors that forced the courageous and courageous Russian people to go to the north and east of Asia, to develop new territories and put their names on the map of Russia.

Main part

Introduction

Russia is the largest country on Earth. In area, it is much larger than Australia and is almost equal to South America. Russia occupies a third of the gigantic continent of Eurasia. However, in two countries located in Asia - China and India - the population is 10 times larger than in Russia, and the area is much smaller.

There is another example: Canada. In terms of its size, it is second only to Russia, while its population is almost 10 times less.

Explains such a sharp discrepancy between the size of the country and its population geographic location and natural conditions... The climate in a significant part of the territory of Russia and Canada is very harsh and unfavorable for human life.

Despite this, over the course of many centuries, the Russian people have mastered these vast territories and tried to get where no human has ever gone. But even at the moment, about half of the entire territory of Russia remains undeveloped, although modern vehicles and technologies give mankind truly enormous opportunities in studying the Earth.

In the course of this project, we will consider the main stages of the development of the territory of Russia, the factors that hindered its development, as well as the factors that favored this development.

"Where did the Russian land come from?"

The territory that is now part of the Russian Federation was inhabited by people about 10-12 thousand years ago. The lands located between the Volga and Oka began to be mastered by the Slavs in the 8th century, although for a long time they remained the far northeastern periphery. Kievan Rus... After the Mongol-Tatar conquests of the 13th century, a new center of the Russian lands was formed in this area, headed by Moscow. It is around this center that the territorial growth of the Russian state begins.

The period from the end of the 15th to the half of the 17th century is usually called the era of the Great geographical discoveries... A boom in discoveries has spread to virtually every country. Including Russia. But if the Europeans had to cross the oceans to discover new lands, then for the Russian discoverers the unexplored territories lay practically next to each other: beyond the Ural ridge. But unlike the oceans, which could be overcome quite quickly on sea vessels, it was much more difficult to overcome distances on land.

The initial directions of the development of Russian territories were the north and northeast. In 1581 the first Russian detachment crosses the Ural ridge, and in 1639 the Russians appear on the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.

Development of the Urals

Russian merchants began to penetrate the other side of the Ural Mountains from the 12th century. They carried on active trade with local tribes: "Yugra" and "Samoyad". However, until the middle of the 16th century, this was difficult and dangerous. On the way from Moscow to Yugorskaya Land lay the Kazan and Astrakhan Tatar kingdoms hostile to the Russian state.

Only when Ivan the Terrible managed to conquer Kazan and Astrakhan did the path beyond the Urals open, and the Volga and Kama became completely Russian rivers.

In the XVII century. the development of the Urals continued. However, the advance of the Russian population to the northern regions of the Urals was held back by unfavorable conditions for development. agriculture... In the southern regions of the Urals, the Russians met resistance from the Bashkir population.

Therefore, the main areas of development are undeveloped or poorly developed fertile lands of the Middle Urals. The local agricultural population was friendly to the Russian peasants and, together with them, mastered new arable lands.

In the second half of the 17th century. the southern border of the Russian lands advanced to the Iset and Miass rivers. At the end of the 17th century. the total population in the Urals was at least 200 thousand people. The main routes of resettlement were rivers. The fastest growing population was in resource-rich areas. Despite repeated devastation from the Bashkir raids, the population of the Ural cities grew, including due to the exiles, and due to the influx of non-Russian population: Komi-Zyryans, Karelians, Mari, Tatars, Lithuanians, as well as captured Poles and the Mansi who switched to the Russian service. (Voguls).

Development of Western Siberia

In the middle of the 16th century, the merchants, the Stroganov brothers, to whom Tsar Ivan the Terrible handed over the eastern territories in the Perm region to rule, began to think about moving further east in the development of lands. But for this they needed a brave and skillful leader, who became the Cossack ataman Ermak, who had served in the service of the Stroganov merchants for several years.

Little is known about the origins of this legendary man. In the annals there are different variants of his name: Ermak, Ermolai, German, Ermil, Vasily, Timofey, Eremey.

In 1581, Ermak, at the head of an army of 500 people, crossed the Ural ridge and on October 26 took the city of Isker, the capital of the Siberian kingdom. But such an army could not hold back the Tatar raids for a long time and in 1584 it was surrendered, and the entire army of Ermak was killed. Ermak himself died, drowning during the battle in the Irtysh.

But in 1587 reinforcements arrived from Moscow, and the capital Isker was again taken by the Russians, and several cities with fortified garrisons were built in its vicinity. This is how Tobolsk, Tara and other cities appeared on the map.

Numerous discoverers, who were attracted by the richest areas of Siberia, rushed along the path opened by Ermak. By the middle of the 17th century, they passed all of Northeast Asia and reached the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.

In 1604 the city of Tomsk was founded on the Ob River, and in 1610 the travelers reached the mouth of the Yenisei. In 1618, Russian Cossacks founded a fortified fortress at the mouth of the Yenisei River, which later became the city of Yenisei.

Development of Eastern Siberia and the Far East

Local residents on the Yenisei River told Russian Cossacks that further to the east there is the full-flowing Lena River, on the banks of which sables and other animals with valuable fur are found.

A small group of 10 people were poisoned in search of this river. It was headed by the Cossack Vasily Bugor. Despite the fact that the path was long and exhausting, Vasily and his comrades reached the Lena, and in 1632 the city of Yakutsk was erected on its banks. Returning to Yeniseisk, Vasily Bugor told about the riches of the Lena, and merchants, industrialists, and hunters reached for the great river. On its banks, one after another, Russian villages began to appear.

It was from the banks of the Lena that the development of Siberia began. Having learned from local residents (Yakuts) about the new rich land in the south, the Yakut voivode Pyotr Golovin equipped an expedition to find him. The detachment consisted of almost 150 people armed with rifles and even a cannon. Heavy boats were built for the campaign. On them on July 15, 1643, a detachment led by the Cossack Vasily Poyarkov set off on a journey.

Poyarkov's boats first sailed along the Lena, and then south along the Aldan River. Then for 10 days they sailed along the Uchur River until they found themselves at the mouth of the Gonam River. Then winter came, and the boats froze into the ice. Poyarkov's detachment carried the boats to the Branta River by dragging and, waiting for spring, sailed further along the Zeya River until he reached the great Amur River, which he discovered in the summer of 1644. The Cossacks reached the mouth of the Amur only in the fall. Only 60 people remained on the expedition. Poyarkov did not dare to sail in boats on the sea, so a clumsy and slow-moving ship was built, on which in the spring of 1645 the detachment sailed into the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. Poyarkov returned with the remaining 20 Cossacks to Yakutsk on June 12, 1646. Having neither a map nor a compass, the Cossacks made many discoveries along the impenetrable taiga and unknown rivers, enduring hardship and hardship. Subsequently, Vasily Poyarkov compiled a detailed description of the Amur Territory and handed over to the Yakut governor the project of its development, which became a new significant milestone in the history of geographical discoveries.

The next expedition to the Amur from Yakutsk was made by Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov, who in the summer of 1649, together with 80 Cossacks, set out on a journey along the Lena River. But Khabarov was met first by unfriendly daurs, and then by hostile Achans, who, with the support of the Manchurian army, forced Khabarov to return to Yakutsk.

In 1648, Semyon Dezhnev on seven ships set out on an expedition from the Kalyma River to the ocean. Only three ships out of seven sailed to the most northeastern point of the mainland, now called Cape Dezhnev, and sailed south through the strait separating Asia from America. Through storms and storms, the element of Dezhnev's court carried him across the Pacific Ocean almost to the Kamchatka Peninsula and threw it ashore across the Anadyr River. This is how the Chukotka Peninsula was discovered.

Another great discovery was the discovery of Alaska by a Russian navigator of Danish origin Vitus Bering in 1741. In the same 18th century, there were many discoveries in the coastal regions of the Arctic Ocean.

New discoveries and developments

Agricultural development of Siberia began in the 19th century. In the 1850s to Russian Empire the territories of Priamurye and Primorye were annexed.

At the beginning of the 20th century (in 1916), the Trans-Siberian Railway was built. This allowed the Asian part of Russia to develop and assimilate even faster, because the route from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok became possible to cover in weeks, and many settlements were built along the route of the trains.

This led to an even greater influx of population to the eastern regions of the country. In the western direction, the spread of the Russians occurred on a smaller scale, since these territories were already densely populated.

In the 1920s-1930s, the coal industry developed in Siberia. Construction and new factories require new hands. By 1939, the share of the urban population of Siberia had grown significantly.

During the Great Patriotic War, the population major cities Siberia is growing sharply due to the evacuation of industry and people from the European part of the USSR.

Conclusion

Once the capital of the Russian state was Kiev, then our country began to grow both north and south. But the greatest discoveries and land conquests were made, of course, towards the east coast of Eurasia.

However, the development of the territory of the eastern part of our continent came at the cost of many lives of both Russian Cossacks and Soviet people.

Huge territories of Russia are located in the possessions permafrost, where the lowest temperatures are recorded, where there are the longest winters and the most persistent cold in the entire Northern Hemisphere. In the village of Oymyakon (Yakutia), a temperature of -71 degrees Celsius was recorded in 1926. It is colder only in Antarctica (in 1983, a temperature of almost -90 degrees Celsius was recorded there).

In addition, both scattered tribes and close-knit peoples (Tatars, Bashkirs, Daurs, Achans, Manchus and others) lived in the territories that the Russian people mastered.

These factors (huge territory, harsh climate and hostile aborigines) strongly constrained the development of Russian lands.

Moreover, the territory of Russia has always been very rich in various natural resources. In the old days, salt, furs, and commercial fish were valued. Currently - oil and natural gas. And gold and diamonds have always been valued, which the Russian land has always been very rich in.

The availability of such resources forced and is now making people to develop the territory of Russia, despite its harsh climate.

But besides the richest resources, the Russian people were driven by a desire to learn the unknown, to leave their names in the history of our great country for centuries, as well as very beautiful Russian nature.

List of used resources

1. Balandin, R.K. I get to know the world. Geography of Russia: children. encyclopedia. / R.K. Balandin - M .: AST: Astrel: Transitkniga, 2006 - 398 p.
2. Markin, V.A. I get to know the world. Geography: children. encyclopedia. / V.A. Markin - M .: AST, 1995 - 560 p.
3. Petrova, N.N. Geography of Russia. Complete encyclopedia / N.N. Petrova - M .: Eksmo, 2014 - 256 p.
4. Children's encyclopedia. Russian names on the world map / №5 - 2010 / Ed. V. Polyakov - M., 2010 - 56 p.
5. Wikipedia is the free encyclopedia [ Electronic resource]. - http://wikipedia.org

Description:

Formation of the territory of Russia

How did the development of new lands begin?

Historically, the territory of Russia began to take shape due to the expansion of the Moscow principality: first by the annexation of other Russian principalities, and then the annexation of lands inhabited by other peoples or very poorly populated. The annexation of new lands to the Moscow principality, and later to the Russian state, entailed their settlement by Russians, the construction of new cities - fortified centers, the organization of collecting tribute from the local population.

For almost six centuries - from the XIV to the XX - the history of Russia consisted in the constant expansion of its territory. According to the famous Russian historian Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky, the history of Russia is the history of a country that is being colonized.

Only the directions and forms of colonization changed. Since the XII century. at first, Novgorodians, and then Muscovites, actively developed the north of European Russia, mixing with the local Finno-Ugric tribes, which, gradually adopting the Russian language and the more developed culture of the settlers, became Slavic and dissolved among them. On the other hand, the Russians also learned from the indigenous peoples the skills of nature management, the ability to survive in the harsh conditions of the North.

On the coast of the White Sea, a specific group of the Russian people, the Pomors, gradually formed, engaged in fishing, hunting for sea animals and making long sea passages. The Pomors were the first explorers of the seas of the Arctic Ocean (which they called the Cold Sea), they discovered Spitsbergen (Grumant) and many other islands.

How did the annexation of the eastern territories take place?

In the 16th century, after the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, Russia ceased to be an almost purely Russian and Orthodox state: it included numerous peoples professing Islam. The annexation of both khanates allowed Russia to expand rapidly eastward.

In 1581, the famous campaign of Ermak began, and already in 1639 the Russian detachment of Ivan Moskvitin went to the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. A huge territory was traversed by Russian explorers and assigned to Russia by them in just 58 years!

The Siberian peoples paid tribute (yasak) to the Russian government with furs, which constituted one of the main items of Russian export and sources of income for the treasury. Therefore, first of all, explorers sought to gain a foothold in the forest zone. The development of the forest-steppe and steppe regions of Siberia suitable for agriculture began much later - in the 18th-19th centuries, and especially actively - after the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway.

In the south of the Far East, on the banks of the Amur, in the middle of the 17th century. Russians clashed with the Chinese Empire, which was then ruled by the Manchurian dynasty, and as a result of the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, the border of Russian possessions was pushed to the north (approximately along the Stanovoy Range to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk).

The expansion of Russian territory continued in the northeast of Eurasia. In 1741, the expedition of Vitus Bering and Alexander Chirikov discovered Alaska, and in 1784 the first Russian settlement was created there.

How did the annexation of the southern territories take place?

Simultaneously with the rapid movement to the east, the Moscow state slowly but steadily expanded its borders to the south - into the zone of forest-steppe and steppes, where Russian cities and villages existed before the Tatar-Mongol invasion. Subsequently, the vast majority of them were destroyed, and this territory became known as the Wild Field, which was used almost exclusively for pastures of nomads. Wild field at the end of the 15th century. began almost immediately beyond the Oka, and the Moscow princes began to strengthen the Oka border - they built fortresses in Serpukhov, Kolomna, then in Zaraisk, Tula, and others. Fortified chains of ramparts and wooden walls were gradually built further south. Finally, the southern part of European Russia was protected from raids at the end of the 18th century, when, after several russo-Turkish wars Russia reached the Black Sea coast from the Dniester to the Caucasus Mountains.

The newly annexed fertile lands of Novorossia (modern south of Ukraine and the North Caucasus) were flooded with peasants suffering from land scarcity - settlers from the central provinces. This stream especially intensified after the abolition of serfdom (1861).

According to rough estimates, for the XIX - early XX century. (until 1917) about 8 million people moved to Novorossiya, and about 5 million people to Siberia and the Far East. The population of Siberia, which was at the beginning of the XIX century. about 1 million people, by 1916 increased to 11 million people.

How did Russia gain a foothold in the Far East?

In the south of the Far East, Russia in 1858-1860. annexed the sparsely populated lands of the Amur and Primorye, and the border acquired its modern shape.

In 1898, Russia received the Kwantung Peninsula on lease in the south of Manchuria (where the Port Arthur naval base and the Dalniy commercial port were rapidly being built on the shores of the Yellow Sea) and the right to build across the territory of Manchuria railways... In Port Arthur, which became (instead of Vladivostok) the main base of the Pacific Fleet, a powerful military squadron was created.

But defeat in the Russo-Japanese War limited the Russian presence in Manchuria only to the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER), which connected Chita and Vladivostok along the shortest route.

How did the period of expansion of the territory of the state end?

In the second half of the XIX century. continued expansion of Russia in a southern direction. The end of the Caucasian wars with the highlanders (in 1864) made it possible to secure the Caucasus and the Black Sea coast for Russia. In Central Asia, Russia's borders were expanded to the borders of Persia and Afghanistan.

The shocks of the First World War and the Russian revolutions led first to the collapse of the Russian Empire, and then to its revival in the form of the USSR.

The collapse of the USSR in 1991 led to the fact that the borders of the former Soviet republics, which at one time (1920-1930s) were established as purely administrative, unexpectedly became state-owned, dividing many peoples, state.

In the first decades of Soviet power, the process of settling the ethnic outskirts of the USSR by Russians continued. But in the 1970s. there was a return migration of Russians from the union republics of the USSR. The collapse of the USSR sharply intensified these processes - the reduction of the territory inhabited by the Russian people began.

Over the centuries, the Russian state has been formed not only by repelling an external military threat and participating in wars and conflicts, but also by developing new lands, involving the peoples living in their territories into a single all-Russian socio-political space.

These processes have the starting point of their development exactly at the time when a state entity appeared in the east of the European continent - Ancient Russia, which declared its rights to solve the most important issues of international politics, and laid the basis for state building on the integration of various ethno-confessional communities that inhabited the territorial space that entered to its composition.

For centuries, the main dominant feature of the development of Russian statehood was, therefore, the practice of “collecting land”. This determined the specifics of the formation of the Russian statehood, which consisted in its multinational character.

At the same time, the peoples and tribes that were part of Ancient Rus, retained not only their identity, but also autonomy in the organization of their life. This is the fundamental difference between the domestic practice of the annexation of new territories from the European one, which was carried out by conquering and forcibly imposing their ethnocultural (primarily religious) principles and, thus, subordinating the conquered peoples or their extermination.

Another major feature of the domestic practice of developing new lands was the predominantly voluntary nature of the entry into Rus - Russia. With the exception of certain regions (state formations formed on the basis of the remnants of the Golden Horde: Kazan, Astrakhan, Nogai and Crimean khanates), most of the ethno-territorial formations annexed to Russia were part of Russia voluntarily or under the terms of treaties with states with which Russia waged wars. as compensation for military expenses 1.

This predetermined the strength of the national-state structure of Russia. Whereas the great colonial powers - Belgium, Great Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, France - eventually lost their colonial status and returned to the borders of the metropolises. Russia, on the other hand, was steadily growing in territories.

Finally, the third most important feature of Russia's territorial expansion was that it was initially carried out not under the auspices of the state, but by volunteers, who received the name of explorers.

Due to a number of circumstances, initially the processes of developing new lands took place in the north and north-east of Ancient Rus. This was due to the fact that the southern Russian principalities at that time reflected the raids of nomads, and could not fully participate in the territorial expansion. In the north of the country, during this period (XI-XII centuries), the situation was less tense, since the warlike tribes of the Viking-Normans, who lived in adjacent territories, actively developed the coast Western Europe (England and France).

This predetermined that the Novgorod principality became the initiator of the development of new lands in Ancient Russia, the elite of which was distinguished by increased entrepreneurship, and the population was passionate2.

Directly the very development of new territories began from the Trans-Urals - North-Western Siberia, or, according to sources of that time, - the Yugorsk land. At the forefront of the development of new territories were the detachments of Novgorod Ukshuiniks, whom this territory attracted with furs and other riches of the region, the pioneers hunted here, got furs, and also exchanged with the local population: they exchanged furs for iron products. Often, Novgorod military detachments were also equipped for campaigns in the Ugra land, collecting tribute (mainly furs) from local tribes, since this process did not always take place without resistance from its native inhabitants.

Thus, already at that time, the entire Russian north, the Subpolar Urals and the lower reaches of the Ob were considered the Novgorod patrimony, and the local peoples were formally considered Novgorod vassals.

The civil strife of the Russian principalities, most acutely manifested in the second half of the 12th century, followed by their subsequent defeat and subordination to the Golden Horde, suspended the processes of territorial expansion for almost two centuries. But, as soon as Russia finally freed itself from the Mongol-Tatar yoke in the second half of the 15th century, the processes of the development of new territories and their annexation to the Moscow principality, which was gaining strength, resumed.

Apparently, it was the desire to establish control over the untold wealth of the northern territories that was the economic motive behind the military seizure of Novgorod by Moscow. After its conquest by Ivan III in 1477, not only the entire North, but also the so-called Yugorsk land, went to the Moscow principality. And already during the reign of Ivan III, expeditions to the Urals and further to the east began to be organized.

The first such expedition was the campaign of the detachment led by Prince Fyodor Kurbsky, who in the spring of 1483 (almost 100 years before Ermak) crossed the Stone Belt - the Ural Mountains and conquered the Pelym principality, one of the largest Khanty-Mansi tribal associations in the Tavda basin. Proceeding further to Tobol, Kurbsky ended up in the “Siberian land” - that was the name of a small area in the lower reaches of the Tobol, where the Ugric tribe “sypyr” had lived for a long time. From here russian army along the Irtysh it went to the middle Ob, where the Ugric princes successfully "fought". Having collected a large yasak, the Moscow detachment turned back, and on October 1, 1483, Kurbsky's squad returned to their homeland, having overcome about 4.5 thousand kilometers during the campaign.

The results of the campaign were the recognition in 1484 by the princes of Western Siberia of dependence on the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the annual payment of tribute. Therefore, starting with Ivan III, the titles of the Grand Dukes of Moscow (later transferred to the royal title) included the words “ grand Duke Yugorsky, Prince of Udorsky, Obdorsky and Kondinsky.

16 years later, in the winter of 1499-1500, a detachment of four thousand, headed by princes Semyon Kurbsky and Peter Ushaty, made a second trip to the lower reaches of the Ob. This campaign led to the fact that the Ugric princes once again recognized themselves as vassals of the Russian sovereign and pledged to pay tribute to the Moscow principality, which they themselves collected from the population under their control.

Thus, already in the second half of the 15th - early 16th centuries, attempts were made to expand the emerging Russian state to the east - to Siberia. However, the absence on this territory of Russian cities and fortresses, permanent representatives of the tsarist administration and the Russian population made their dependence on Russia weak.

In reality, the discovery of Siberia and its annexation to Russia began after the destruction of the Kazan Khanate. Its annexation to Russia in the middle of the 16th century opened a shorter and faster route to Siberia: through the Kama and its tributaries. Now, not only the northern route through the Trans-Urals, but also the Volga region has become the main direction of Russia's advance to the Urals and further to Siberia.

To solve this problem, due to the Livonian War, Ivan the Terrible, unable to send troops to this region, used the potential, on the one hand, of the emerging entrepreneurial class - merchants-industrialists, and on the other, the Cossack freewoman, which had already established itself by that time in protection of state borders.

In accordance with this, in 1558, the lands in the Urals in the Kama basin were given at the mercy of the industrialists Stroganovs (whose ancestors from the time of the Novgorod Republic hunted in these parts). The king gave them the broadest powers. They had the right to collect yasak (tribute), extract minerals, build fortresses. To protect their territories and industries, the Stroganovs also had the right to create armed formations.

It should be noted that by this time the situation in the region had radically changed. This was due to the fact that the power in the Siberian principalities was seized by Khan Kuchum - the son of one of the last khans of the Golden Horde Murtaza. Relying on his relative, the Bukhara khan Abdullah Khan II and using an army consisting of Uzbek, Nogai, Kazakh detachments, Kuchum in 1563 overthrew and killed the Siberian Khan Ediger and became the sovereign khan over all lands along the Irtysh and Tobol. The very same population of the Siberian Khanate, which was based on the Tatars and the Mansi and Khanty subordinate to them, perceived Kuchum as a usurper.

After seizing power in the Siberian Khanate, Kuchum first continued to pay yasak and even sent his ambassador to Moscow with 1,000 sables in 1571. But when his wars with local competitors ended, he organized several campaigns in the possession of the Stroganovs.

The presence of a source of threat forced industrialists to intensify the search for volunteers who could not only resist the raids of Kuchum's troops, but also defeat him on his territory - in the Siberian Khanate. Such volunteers were found in the Volga-Yaik Cossacks, who were hiding in the Urals from the tsarist anger for systematically robbing merchant ships on the Volga. The squadron of free hunters - Cossacks was headed by the most authoritative participant of the Livonian War, the Don (according to other sources - Yaik) Cossack Ermak Timofeevich Alenin - Ermak4.

In 1582, Yermak formed a squad of 600 Cossacks and 300 warriors allocated by the Stroganovs for a campaign in Siberia, and in the summer of the same year, his famous campaign was launched, which marked the beginning of the annexation of this richest region to Russia.

For almost 100 days, the Cossacks traveled along the rivers of the Urals and Siberia to the possessions of Kuchum. In October, the first battles with his troops took place. Despite the superiority in numbers, Kuchum's troops were defeated, in November of the same year, the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Isker, was taken by Yermak. In many respects, this was facilitated by the fact that the free Cossacks had long wars with nomads in the "wild field" behind them and they learned to overcome them, despite the numerical superiority.

An important reason for the success of Yermak's expedition was also the internal fragility of the Siberian Khanate. Military failures led to the resumption of internecine strife among the Tatar nobility. Many local Mansi and Khant princes and elders ceased to recognize the power of Kuchum. Some of them began to help Ermak with food.

Nothing prevented Yermak from establishing his own order in Siberia ... Instead, the Cossacks, having become power, began to rule the name of the tsar, brought the local population to the sovereign's name and imposed a state tax on it - yasak5. With the onset of spring 1583, the Cossack circle sent messengers to Moscow with the news of the conquest of the Siberian Khanate. And thus, it was actually presented to Ivan the Terrible, who appreciated this gift and sent troops of archers up to 300 people to help Ermak under the command of the governor S. Bolkhovsky and I. Glukhov.

For two years, Ermak's expedition established the jurisdiction of Russia in the Ob left bank of Siberia. The pioneers, as is almost always the case in history, paid with their lives. But the claims of the Russians to Siberia were first indicated precisely by the warriors of Ataman Ermak. Other conquerors came after them. Soon enough, all of Western Siberia "almost voluntarily" went into vassal, and then into administrative dependence on Moscow.

The death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584, and then the death of Yermak in 1585, temporarily halted the expansion to the East, but by the end of the 16th century, the Ob and Taz river basins were completely mastered by merchant-industrialists who built a number of fortifications here, which later became fishing and shopping centers. So, in 1586 Tyumen was founded - the first Russian city in Siberia; in 1587 - Tobolsk; in 1594 - Surgut; in 1595 - Obdorsk (since 1933 - Salekhard). In 1601 - Mangazeya, which became the main administrative center of the Urals, for a long time served as a transit point for further movement to the east.

The 17th century is rightfully called the golden age of Russian volunteers, pioneers in the development of Siberia and the Far East. The beginning of this process was laid by the discoverer of the Lena River, the legendary personality of the Cossack Demid Safonov, nicknamed Pyanda. This man made an unprecedented in his decisiveness campaign for thousands of miles across completely wild places. In 1620, with a detachment of 40 people, he set out from Mangazeya, climbed the Yenisei from Turukhansk to Nizhnyaya Tunguska. For 3.5 years, Pyanda swam about 8 thousand km along the rivers, found portages from the Lower Tunguska to the Lena and from the Lena to the Angara, and met two new people for the Russian people - the Yakuts and Buryats.

The founder of a number of Siberian cities (Yakutsk, Chita, Nerchinsk, etc.), Peter Beketov, made a significant contribution to the development of Eastern Siberia. Arriving in Siberia voluntarily, he asked to go to the Yenisei prison, where in 1627 he was appointed a streltsy centurion.

In 1628 - 1629 he participated in the campaigns up the Angara. And in 1632, P. Beketov laid the foundation of the Lensky prison, from which Yakutsk originated, and in two years he swore allegiance to Russia by the inhabitants of almost the entire central Yakutia.

Yakutsk, founded by P. Beketov, later became one of the main starting points for Russian explorers. It was from here, in particular, that the expedition began in the spring of 1639 under the leadership of the Tomsk Cossack Ivan Moskvitin, exploring the lower reaches of the Lena and the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The expedition consisted of only 39 people. First, they went up the river Mae and its tributary Nudym, and then went deep into the mountains. In the fall of 1639, the Cossacks reached the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. On Ulya, where Lamuts (Evens), related to the Evenks, lived, I. Moskvitin built a winter hut, which became the first known Russian settlement on the coast The Pacific... Here, at the mouth of the Ulya River, I. Moskvitin built two ships, from which the history of the Russian Pacific Fleet actually began.

In general, the results of the campaign were the discovery and exploration of the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk over a length of 1300 km, the Udskaya Bay, Sakhalin Island and the Sakhalin Bay, as well as the mouth of the Amur and the Amur estuary.

The expedition was so successful that already in July 1643, 4 years after I. Moskvitin's campaign, the first Yakut voivode P. Golovin equipped a detachment of 133 Cossacks for further exploration of the Amur region under the command of the explorer Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov. In the same year, the expedition climbed the Aldan and its tributaries, to the drag to the tributaries of the Zeya. After wintering on its banks in May 1644, the detachment descended to the Amur to its mouth, and in early September - to the mouth of the Ulya River.

For 3 years of this expedition V. Poyarkov covered about 8 thousand km, collecting the most valuable information about the peoples living along the Amur, as well as about the island of Sakhalin. Only in the summer of 1646 the expedition returned to Yakutsk, having lost two-thirds of its composition during the campaign. This was the price that the explorers paid for the first detailed information about the Amur region.

Another famous Russian explorer Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov, a man of extraordinary fate, energy and desire to explore new lands, was extremely interested in the news of the discovery of the Amur.

Born in the European part of the country near Veliky Ustyug, E.P. Khabarov in his youth served in the Khetsky winter hut in Taimyr. Having then moved to the upper reaches of the Lena, from 1632 he was engaged in the purchase of furs. In 1639, he discovered the Ust-Kutskoye salt deposit6, which subsequently, along with the Irkutsk Usolye, provided the entire Eastern Siberia with salt. At the same time, he was engaged in sable and fishing, as well as farming, becoming one of the largest grain merchants in the Yakutsk district7. In addition to the "fishing vein" at this time, which the biographers of E.P. Khabarov is called the Lena period, according to F. Safonov, Erofei Pavlovich, “looking for profit for the sovereigns” and “profit for himself”, collected information about the Lena basin, the possibilities and time of walking along the Lena under sail and rowing to the mouth, “what kind of people are there on those rivers live ”, tried to obtain and cross-check data on the various peoples of this basin8.

The income received by E.P. Khabarov from their crafts and bread trade could not leave indifferent the Siberian officials of that time in the person of the Yakut governors P. Golovin and M. Glebov. At first they borrowed 3000 poods of bread from him, then they "wrote off" to the treasury without any remuneration for his salt industry. In 1643, for refusing to "lend money" to the provincial treasury, all his possessions were illegally taken away from him, and he himself was thrown into the Yakut prison, in which he spent 2.5 years, apparently because he put the interests of the state above personal, and especially the needs of officials.

Freed from prison in 1645, H.P. For several years Khabarov collected information on the results of expeditions to the Amur. In 1649 E.P. Khabarov recruited 70 volunteers at his own expense and, having received permission from the new governor of Yakutsk, D.A. Frantsbekov (Fahrensbach), went on his famous campaign to Dauria.

Unlike V. Poyarkov, E. Khabarov chose a different route. Leaving Yakutsk in the fall of 1649, he climbed up the Lena to the mouth of the Olekma River, reached its tributary of the Tugir River. From the upper reaches of the Tughir, the Cossacks crossed the watershed and descended into the valley of the Urka River. Soon, in February 1650, they were on the Amur.

Being amazed by the untold riches that opened before him, in one of the reports to the Yakut voivode, he wrote: “and on those rivers many Tungus live, and down along the glorious great Amur river live Daur people, arable and livestock meadows, and in that great Amur river there is fish  kaluzhka, sturgeon, and all kinds of fish are many opposite the Volga, and in the mountains and uluses there are great meadows and arable lands, and the forests along that great Amur river are dark, large, there are many sables and all kinds of animals ... But in the earth you can see gold and silver.

In September 1651, on the left bank of the Amur, in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Bolon, the Khabarovsk people built a small fortress and named it the Ochansky town. To establish Russia's position in the Amur region, E. Khabarov needed help. For this purpose, the nobleman D. Zinoviev was sent from Moscow to the Amur, who, without understanding the situation, removed Khabarov from his post and took him under escort to the capital. Thus, once again, the activities of the brave explorer were influenced by bureaucratic arbitrariness. And although later he was acquitted, nevertheless, he was no longer allowed to Amur.

The most important contribution to the development of the Far Eastern territories was made by the traveler, who was the first to walk along the sea coast of the modern Magadan region, Mikhail Vasilyevich Stadukhin. He is also one of the discoverers of the Kolyma River. Being a merchant by origin, he entered the Cossack service and for 10 years served on the banks of the Yenisei, then on the Lena.

In the winter of 1641, at the head of a detachment of volunteers, having made a crossing over the northern part of the Suntar-Khayata ridge, he got into the Indigirka basin. In the summer of 1643, he was the first to reach the delta of the “big river Kovyi” (Kolyma) by the sea and founded a prison in its mouth, called Nizhnekolymsky. Along the Kolyma, M. Stadukhin climbed its middle course (opening the eastern outskirts of the Kolyma lowland), put the first Russian winter hut on the bank by autumn, and in the spring of 1644, a second, in the lower reaches of the river, where the Yukaghirs lived. Founded by the explorer, Nizhnekolymsk became the starting point for further great geographical discoveries in the North-East of Asia.

In the fall of 1645, M. Stadukhin returned to the Lena, but in 1648 he returned to the Kolyma. In 1649 he sailed east of the Kolyma, and in 1650 with a detachment went overland to the Anadyr River to the Anadyr winter quarters founded by the discoverer of the Bering Strait, Semyon Dezhnev. There he overwintered, and in February 1651 went from Anadyr to the Penzhina River and descended along it to the Okhotsk coast. Here the Cossacks built ships and surveyed the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, and in the fall of the same year they founded a winter quarters at the mouth of the Gizhiga River. In the summer of 1652, M. Stadukhin and his companions set off on a journey west along the Okhotsk coast, along the way they built the Yamskoye winter hut, and later a prison on the Taui River10. In the summer of 1657, the expedition of M. Stadukhin reached the mouth of the Okhota River, and in 1659, through Oymyakon and Aldan, returned to Yakutsk, closing the gigantic ring route through Northeast Asia.

In total, in 12 years M. Stadukhin traveled more than 13 thousand kilometers, more than any other 17th century explorer. The total length of the northern shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk discovered by him was at least 1,500 kilometers.

In the expedition of M. Stadukhin there was also Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev - a Cossack ataman, explorer, traveler, sailor, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia. Service S.I. Dezhnev began in Tobolsk as an ordinary Cossack. In 1638 he was sent as part of the detachment of P.I. Beketov to the Yakutsk prison. He was a member of the first campaigns in the Far Asian North. Later he served on the Kolyma River.

In 1648, S. Dezhnev undertook a voyage along the coast of Chukotka and for the first time in the world passed the Ice and Anadyr Seas (the Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea) from the mouth of the Kolyma to the northern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula. This campaign proved the existence of the strait separating the Asian continent from the American one.

In the next year, 1649, he investigated and mapped the banks of the Anadyr River, and in the period from 1659 to 1669 he made trips along the Anyui River, the lower reaches of the Lena and Olenek rivers, along the Vilyuya River. All this testified to the great contribution of S. Dezhnev to the history of the development of the Far East.

But at the same time, his most significant discovery was the strait separating Eurasia from America. The paradox of history is that this is his most significant discovery for a long time remained little known.

As a result, this strait, discovered by him by J. Cook, who did not know about the feat of S. Dezhnev, received the name of V. Bering, who visited these places almost a century later and did not pass through the strait from the Pacific Ocean to the Arctic, but only approached him.

Dezhnev's geographical merits were appreciated only in the 19th century, when in 1898, in honor of the 250th anniversary of the campaign from Kolyma to Anadyr, at the suggestion of the Russian Geographical Society, the extreme eastern point of Eurasia was named after him - the name of a person who proved that the Far East is an integral part of our country.

One of the last studies of Siberia and the Far East in the 17th century was the 1697 expedition to Kamchatka by the Cossack Pentecostal Vladimir Vasilyevich Atlasov. And, although he was not the discoverer of Kamchatka, he was the first to cross almost the entire peninsula from north to south and from west to east. V. Atlasov's expedition to explore Kamchatka actually completed the so-called volunteer stage of the development of new lands in Russia.

The significance of this stage in the history of Russia was perhaps most figuratively expressed by one of the last classics of Russian literature, V.G. Rasputin, according to the words "After the overthrow of the Tatar yoke and before Peter the Great, there was nothing more huge and important, happier and more historical in the fate of Russia than the annexation of Siberia, into the expanses of which old Russia could be laid down several times."

It is noteworthy that at about the same time there was an active colonization of African and American lands by Spain, Portugal and England. But it was carried out under the auspices of the leadership and governments of these countries, that is, in fact, it was of an administrative nature.

In Siberia and the Far East, everything was exactly the opposite. At first, these lands were discovered and developed by volunteers, who rushed here mainly for furs, valuable metals and simply for a better share. And the administration followed them. In fact, Siberia and the Far East went to the Russian state thanks to the dedication and energy of volunteer pioneers.

Another fundamental difference between the development of Siberia and the Far East from European colonization was the attitude towards the population living in the annexed territories. Of course, development was not always exploratory in nature. There were also armed clashes, especially in the south of Siberia11, but in general the development of territories was not destructive, as it was during the colonization of the North American continent by the British and French, and then by the Americans themselves.

This was largely due to the fact that from the very beginning of the Russian expansion into Siberia, the tsarist government not only supported the pioneers, but also carefully monitored so that they did not offend the native population. For example, in one of the Decrees of Alexei Mikhailovich, a direct order is given to the governors: "The governors were ordered to deal with the yasachs affectionately, and not involuntarily and not cruelly."

All this makes it possible to talk about the development or annexation of Siberia, and not its conquest.

From the beginning of the 18th century, not only the modernization of Russia began, the result of which was its transformation into the leading state of the world community, but also the further development of new lands that extended the expanses of Russia up to Alaska and California. Russia was firmly established on both sides of the Pacific Ocean in the northeast, which made it possible in the second half of M.V. Lomonosov to utter a historical phrase that has accompanied the development of Russian statehood to this day that "the power of Russia will grow with the riches of Siberia and the Arctic Ocean."

But this was already another stage of "collecting lands", no longer volunteer Cossacks, industrialists, merchants and other "eager" people mastered new lands, but expeditions equipped under the auspices of the state with subsequent approval in the annexed territories of the Russian administration.

Bocharnikov Igor Valentinovich

It is not possible to study the geography of the state to the end without knowing how the people actually settled in the lands and developed natural resources.

After all, their activities were the basis on which modern geographical science was eventually founded. The study of the historical settlement and development of the territory of Russia is an integral part of the educational process.

Development of new territories

For the first time, the territory of Central Russia began to be mastered by Slavic tribes back in the VIII century, for a long time the territory between the Oka and the Volga was the eastern part of Kievan Rus.

However, after the invasion of the Mongol - Tatar conquerors, in the XIII century, a new public education, which became the center of Moscow. This was the first step towards the emergence of our own statehood of our Motherland.

Over time, the population of Central Russia begins to gradually develop new northeastern lands. The plains of the Northern Dvina, the coast of the Kama and the White Sea were settled. In the middle of the 16th century, the Astrakhan and Kazan Khanates joined the Russian state, thus the Volga basin was annexed to the territory. (see topic).

It is at this moment that the state acquires its multinationality: not only descendants of the Slavs live here, but also Tatars and Bashkirs. The main obstacle to the development of new lands for the Russian people was the mountain system of the Urals.

But already in 1581, Russian troops led by Ermak were able to cross the Ural ridge, thus opening the way for the people to the endless wide expanses of Siberia and the Far East.

However, the harsh climatic conditions These regions did not contribute to the resettlement of people from the central part of the state, which is more favorable for life.

The settlers more actively settled in the steppe lands, which were located south of the Oka, reclaiming territories from the Tatar nomads. The active development of Siberia coincides with the beginning of the development of production and agriculture in the 18th century.

It was from this period that the mass development of the whole lands of eastern Siberia began, which lasted for two centuries and was finally completed only in 1950.

Farmers settled both in Siberia and in the northern part of modern Kazakhstan, where the majority of the population is still Russian.

Settlement of the Far East

With the arrival of Russian settlers in the Far East, a new page in the history of this region began. The lands of the Amur region began to be developed from the northern part.

The first Russian settlement in this region dates back to 1639. Until the appearance of the Russian people in these territories, the tribes of Ducher, Natk, Gilyak and Daur lived here. The wealth of resources of the region, its access to the sea hastened the process of resettlement of peasants to these lands.

In the 19th century, the construction of the large cities of Sofiysk and Khabarovsk began in the Far East. For a very long time, the Far East was a kind of territory for the "re-education" of people objectionable to the government.

PEOPLES OF RUSSIA INXVII century

Questions in the text of the paragraph

As in the 17th century. was there a further formation of the multinational Russian state? What peoples became part of Russia in the 17th century?

When did Left-Bank Ukraine become part of Russia?

In 1653, the Zemsky Sobor decided to accept Ukraine into the citizenship of the Russian sovereign and declare war polish crown... At the Pereyaslavl Rada in January 1654, the army of Bogdan Khmelnitsky swore allegiance to the Russian Tsar. The hetman of Ukraine was given great independence, right up to the conduct of international negotiations (with the exception of the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire).

When was the Ukrainian Orthodox Church subordinate to the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia?

In 1686, the Ecumenical Patriarch Dionysius IV and the Holy Synod of the Church of Constantinople issued a Tomos on the transfer of the Kiev Metropolis to the canonical jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarch. It was a difficult and confusing story. The Ukrainian Orthodox Church, being subordinate to Constantinople, for a long time did not want to become subordinate to the Moscow Patriarchate, fearing the loss of independence. As a result of complex procedures and a multi-step political game with the Kiev Patriarchate, the Church of Constantinople, the government of the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, only in 1686 Moscow managed in Constantinople to obtain a document on the transfer of the UOC to the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate.

What was the name of the government agency located in Moscow and in charge of the management of the Ukrainian lands that became part of Russia?

In 1662, the Little Russian Order was created to manage the territories of the Left-Bank Ukraine. He was subordinate to the Ambassadorial order. The first head of the Little Russian order was P.M.Saltykov, then A.S. Matveev, and from 1671 the order was headed by the head of the Ambassadorial order. The Little Russian order controlled the internal and foreign policy of the hetmans, managed intelligence and counterintelligence, material support for troops, the construction of fortresses on the territory of Little Russia, the movement of foreigners and residents of Little Russia, and prisoners. Through the Little Russian order, the Zaporozhye Troops and the Orthodox clergy were financed.

When was the first Orthodox diocese established in the Volga region? Where was its center located? Who were called newly baptized?

The first Orthodox diocese was established in 1555 in Kazan. It was called the Kazan Diocese. Its tasks included work on the Christianization of the peoples of the Volga region. Those who from the annexed peoples adopted Orthodoxy were called newly baptized. Such people received great advantages over those who retained the Muslim faith.

Questions and tasks for the text of the material intended for independent work and project activities of students

1. How was the development of new lands by the Russians? What positive and negative consequences did the Russian colonization bring to the peoples of Siberia and the Far East?

The development of new lands by the Russians was carried out by detachments of active pioneers, who penetrated new territories, established relations with local peoples, built forts and fortresses to organize and protect trade. Entering into relations with local peoples, Russians shared their experience in agriculture, cattle breeding, building houses, organizing trade and military affairs. Local peoples were at different levels of development, many had not yet emerged from the era of tribal communities, so the arrival of Russians became a strong stimulus for their development. Of course, the Russians, along with the "benefits of civilization", brought their own negative experience. For example, the Siberian peoples first experienced the effects of alcoholic beverages, the greed and deceit of some Russians, the Cossack cruelty and sloppiness.

2. Describe the features of the management of Ukrainian lands in the XVII century. Why did some Ukrainians oppose reunification with Russia?

After joining Russia, the Left-Bank Ukraine retained self-government with a slight restriction in terms of conducting foreign policy activities. In Russia, relations with the hetmans of Ukraine were dealt with by the Little Russian Order, which controlled the domestic and foreign policy of the hetmans, controlled the material support of the troops, the construction of fortresses on the territory of the Left Bank Ukraine, the movement of foreigners and residents of Little Russia, and prisoners. Through the Little Russian order, funding was provided for the Zaporozhye Troops and the Orthodox clergy. The Russian government tried not to interfere with other governance issues.

In the left-bank Ukraine itself, the Cossack elders seized unlimited power and most of the fertile lands, subjugated the peasants and sought to increase their power even in the cities of Ukraine. All this caused popular discontent. As a result, contradictions began to appear in Ukrainian society, which led to a fierce struggle, in which various forces tried to return to the rule of the Commonwealth or even the Ottoman Empire. Only by the end of the 17th century did this struggle end in victory for the supporters of Russia. At the same time, the management system of the Left-Bank Ukraine took shape. Under the hetman, there was an elders' council, which appointed its representatives to the main government posts - the uryad. The territory of the Hetmanate was divided into ten regiments, headed by colonels and a regimental foreman. Big cities retained self-government. At the same time, Moscow governors with military garrisons were planted in Ukrainian cities.

3. What was the situation of the peoples of the Volga region?

The entry of the peoples of the Volga region into Russia was completed by the beginning of the 17th century. The peculiarity of the Volga region was the multinational composition of its population. The main support of the tsarist power in the Volga region was the Tatar nobility, who switched over to the service of the Russian sovereign. It was the service Tatars, along with the Russian feudal lords, who mastered the lands of the Volga region. Christianization played an important role in the subordination of the local population. Converts to the Christian faith received significantly greater advantages over those who remained Muslims.

4. What steps were taken in the XVII century. to strengthen Russian influence in the Caucasus?

The strengthening of Russia's position in the Caucasus meant a corresponding weakening of the influence of the Ottoman Empire on the Caucasian region. Therefore, Russia took active political steps to attract Caucasians to its side. Some peoples, like the Nogais and Kumyks, actively fought against the expansion of Russia's influence. Other peoples, like the Kabardians, Imeretians, Kakhetians, tried to solve their problems with their enemies with the help of Russia. In 1639 the ruler of Kakheti took an oath of allegiance to the Russian tsar, and in 1650 the Imeretian tsar also accepted Russian citizenship.

5. Tell us about the life of the peoples of Siberia and the Far East in the 17th century. Fill in (in a notebook) the table "Peoples of Siberia and the Far East in the 17th century":

Name of the people	Territory of residence	Basic occupations and features of the way of life
buryats	Along the banks of the Angara and Baikal	Nomadic people. Main occupations: cattle breeding, fishing, agriculture. The tribal nobility appeared.
yakuts (Sakha)	North-East Siberia	We lived in yurts. Main occupations: cattle breeding, hunting, fishing. They prepared hay for the winter for livestock. They were engaged in the production of dairy products. Pottery and blacksmithing. The tribal nobility appeared.
yukaghirs	Far north-east of Siberia
evenki (Tungus)	From the Yenisei to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk	They lived in chums. Main activities: hunting and fishing. The clan structure has been preserved.
koryaks	Far north-east of Siberia	Main occupation: reindeer husbandry. Stone tools, wooden dishes.
chukchi	Far north-east of Siberia	Main occupation: reindeer husbandry. Stone tools, wooden dishes.
nenets	Tundra from the European North to the lower reaches of the Yenisei	They lived in chums. Main activities: reindeer husbandry, fishing, hunting for fur-bearing animals.
itelmens (later, after contacts with Russians, they began to be called Kamchadals)	Kamchatka, Magadan, Chukotka	Main activity: fishing, picking herbs. Stone tools, wooden dishes.
ainu (Kurils)	Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands	A mysterious ancient tribe that lived in Japan, on the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, appeared about 13 thousand years ago. Main activity: fishing, picking herbs, hunting. Skillful warriors and hunters.
daurs	Amur region	They lived in fortified cities. Main occupation: agriculture, horticulture, gardening, cattle breeding, hunting, fishing.

We work with the map

1. Show on the map the territory that became part of Russia in the 17th century. What peoples inhabited it?

Consider the map on pages 22-23 in the atlas.

• The territories that became part of Russia in the 17th century are indicated on the map in light green.
• The following peoples lived on the new Russian lands: Evenks, Buryats, Yakuts (Sakha), Evens, Yukagirs, Koryaks, Itelmens, Chukchi, Ukrainians, Nenets, Kamchadals, Kurils, Daurs. The map does not show the lands and peoples of the Caucasus that took Russian citizenship in the 17th century: the Kakhetians and the Imeretians.

2. Using the map, list the states with which in the 17th century. Russia bordered in the south and east.

• In the south and east, Russia bordered on the following states: the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire, Persia (Iran), the Kazakh Khanate, China.

We study the documents

What new did you learn from the document about the life of the Tungus (Evenks)

The Tunguses lived along the banks of rivers and lakes, engaged in fishing, and harvested dry fish stocks.

1. How do Semyon Dezhnev and Nikita Semyonov determine the purpose of their campaign?

Semyon Dezhnev and Nikita Semyonov talk about the desire to bring good to the sovereign and his treasury as the main goal of their campaign.

2. What lucrative fisheries are they talking about?

They talk about hunting walruses and hunting for their tusks.

Thinking, comparing, reflecting

1. How was our multinational state formed in the 17th century? At what level of development were the peoples that became part of Russia in the 17th century? How did they affect each other?

The formation of the Russian state as a multinational community was very difficult. Having passed through the Horde domination, the Russians learned to live together with people of different nationalities and beliefs. Later, the Russians carried this quality through the centuries, expanding the boundaries of their state. New territories were annexed as a result of military conquests, annexations, treaties with other states, the development of new lands and voluntary expression of will.

Thus, numerous peoples of the Volga region (Tatars, Mari, Chuvash, Mordovians, Udmurts, Bashkirs) were annexed as a result of the conquest of the Kazan Khanate. It took a long time for these peoples to begin to live peacefully within the Russian state. The Tatar nobility became the basis for the centralized power in these territories.

The lands of Western Siberia were also annexed as a result of a military victory over the Siberian Khanate and their allies. Further advancement to the east was carried out by small detachments of pioneers, who sought recognition of the native tribes both by force of arms and by peaceful means. So, by the end of the 17th century, the endless territories of the mainland up to the Amur and Kamchatka - Siberia and the Far East were annexed to Russia. The Russian state included Siberian peoples at different levels of development: Yakuts, Buryats, Nenets, Chukchi, Evenki (Tungus), Karyaks, Yukagirs, Itelmens, Dauras, Kurils, etc.

The conquest of the Astrakhan Khanate and access to the Caspian Sea led to the fact that Russia found itself in direct contact with the peoples of the North Caucasus. Relations with the peoples of the Caucasus were also built in different ways. Some, the Nogais and the Kumyks, opposed Russia's penetration into the Caucasus. Others - Kabardians, Imeretians, Kakhetians - saw Russia as a reliable partner and protector against external threats.

The annexation of the Left-Bank Ukraine brought many problems. The voluntary entry of the Left-Bank Ukraine into Russia led to large-scale wars with the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, and became an indirect cause of the church schism in Russia. Then the "freedom-loving" Ukrainian hetmans repeatedly tried to change their masters, but the Ukrainian people made their choice and stayed with Russia.

2.Using additional literature and the Internet, collect information about one of the peoples (about the territory of residence, basic occupations, life, cultural and religious traditions, clothes, etc.) that became part of Russia in the 17th century. Prepare an electronic presentation based on the collected material.

The mysterious Ainu tribe

The Ainu are one of the most mysterious and ancient tribes in the world. Indigenous people of Sakhalin, Kamchatka Islands and ... Japan. The Ainu are a tribe of skilled warriors and hunters, whose fighting skills and traditions formed the basis of the Japanese samurai caste. Hokaido and all the Northern Islands belong to the Ainu, as the navigator Kolobov wrote in 1646, the first Russian who visited there and met the amazing Ainu people.

After meeting with the Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries. some Ainu began to profess Orthodoxy. Ainu eagerly communicated with Russian travelers. The latter, in their memoirs, often paid tribute to the merits of this people. Thus, the famous navigator Kruzenshtern described the Ainu as follows: "Such truly rare qualities, which they owe not to an exalted education, but to nature alone, aroused in me the feeling that I regard this people as the best of all the others that are still known to me." The great writer AP Chekhov echoed him: “The Ains are a meek, modest, good-natured, trusting, sociable, polite, respectful people; on the hunt he is brave and ... even intelligent. "

The origin of the Ainu

Where the Ainu came from is still not known. Scientists are still arguing about the origin of this mysterious people. It has been proven that the Ainu came to the islands of Japan 13 thousand years ago and founded the Neolithic Jomon culture. It is not known for certain where the Ainu came from, but it is known that in the Jomon era, the Ainu inhabited all the Japanese islands - from Ryukyu to Hokkaido, as well as the southern half of Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and the southern third of Kamchatka - as evidenced by the results of archaeological excavations and toponymy data.

Europeans who encountered the Ainu in the 17th century were amazed by their appearance... Unlike the usual kind of people of the Mongoloid race with yellow skin, Mongolian fold of the century, thin facial hair, the Ainu had unusually thick hair covering their heads, wore huge beards and mustaches (holding them with special sticks while eating), their facial features were similar to European ones. Women also tried to keep up and got tattoos around the mouth, which depicted a mustache and beard. Suffice it to say that when Russian sailors arrived on the Ainu islands in the 17th century, they took the Ainu for Russians in all seriousness, so much like us and not like any other Mongoloid people.

Life and beliefs of the Ainu

Despite living in a temperate climate, in the summer the Ainu wore only loincloths, like the inhabitants of the equatorial countries. The Ainu lived in harmony with nature in small settlements, quite remote from each other, in houses resembling a hut made of branches. In everyday life they were unusually modest. The Ainu were not engaged in agriculture or cattle breeding. They fished near the sea, in the depths of the islands - they hunted and were engaged in gathering, and with the arrival of the Japanese they actively robbed them or traded.

The mythology of the Ainu is permeated with the idea that not only people, animals, fish, birds, but also plants and, in general, all objects and phenomena of the surrounding world have a soul. The animation of all that exists was reflected in the religious and mythological concepts of the Ainu.

The practice of sacrifice was widespread among the Ainu until the end of the 19th century. The sacrifices were associated with the cult of the bear and the eagle. The bear symbolizes the spirit of the hunter. Bears were bred specifically for the ritual. The owner, in whose house the ceremony was held, tried to invite as many guests as possible. The Ainu believed that the spirit of a warrior lives in the head of a bear, so the main part of the sacrifice was cutting off the head of the animal. After that, the head was placed at the eastern window of the house, which was considered sacred. Those present at the ceremony had to drink the blood of the slain beast from a bowl passed in a circle, which symbolized participation in the ritual.

Ainu refused to be photographed or sketched by researchers. This is due to the fact that the Ainu believed that photographs and their various images took a part of the life depicted in the photograph. There are several known cases of Ainu confiscation of sketches made by researchers who studied the Ainu. By our time, this superstition has outlived itself and took place only at the end of the 19th century.

Are the Ainu ancestors of the samurai?

Approximately in the 3rd millennium BC, Mongoloid tribes arrived on the Japanese islands, who later became the ancestors of the Japanese. The new settlers brought with them a rice culture that allowed a large population to feed in a relatively small area. Thus began the hard times in the life of the Ainu. They were forced to move to the north, leaving the colonialists their ancestral lands. But the Ainu were skillful warriors, perfectly wielding bow and sword, and the Japanese did not manage to defeat them for a long time. For a very long time, almost 1500 years. The Ains knew how to handle two swords, and they carried two daggers on their right thigh. One of them (cheiki-makiri) served as a knife for committing ritual suicide - hara-kiri.

Perhaps the most curious thing is that the well-known samurai would not have appeared without the Ainu. The Japanese who arrived on the islands settled far away at once: they mastered the south and literally two and a half millennia conquered these lands from the aborigines, for a long time and persistently displacing the locals to the north. Even in the Middle Ages, a third of all today's Japan was still not Japanese, but Ainu. Strongly exaggerating, we can call the original samurai something like the Cossacks. They appeared when the government and the Japanese lords decided to settle a paramilitary class on the border with the Ainu: often the soldiers were given land free of charge right next to the wild bearded men, with the expectation that these soldiers would protect the new property at the cost of their lives. In general, this is what happened: from this melting pot and eternal hot spot, what later became the culture of the samurai grew. And even more: much of what surprises us so much about them is precisely the legacy of the Ainu, with whom the Japanese warriors fought, traded and entered into marriages: perfected archery technique, the art of sword fighting, the hara-kiri tradition, attitude to death and service. etc.

Ains and Russians

The Kamchatka Ainu first came into contact with Russian merchants at the end of the 17th century. In 1697, a detachment of the Yakut Cossack Atlasov reached Kamchatka, explored the eastern and western coasts of the peninsula, and reached the southern tip. Vladimir Atlasov erected a memorial cross on the Kanuch River, testifying to the belonging of the island to Russia, and laid the Verkhnekamchatka prison on the Kamchatka River. Representatives of the Ainu ethnos, who lived in the south of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, were designated by the Russians as “Kurils”, “Kurilians”, “furry Kurilians”. At the same time, among them stood out the "near Kurils" - the Ainu of Kamchatka and the Shumshu islands, the "distant Kurils" - the Ainu of the Paramushir island and neighboring islands, and the "kykh kurils" - the Ainu population of the Urup, Iturup, and Kunashir islands.

The Ainu considered the Russians, who differed in race from their Japanese enemies, as friends. Even the Japanese could not distinguish the Ainu from the Russians because of their external resemblance (white skin and Australoid facial features, which are similar to Caucasians in a number of features). When the Japanese first came into contact with the Russians, they named them Red Ainu (Ainu with blond hair). Only at the beginning of the 19th century did the Japanese realize that the Russians and the Ainu were two different people... Nevertheless, for the Russians, the Ainu were "hairy", "dark-skinned", "dark-eyed" and "dark-haired". The first Russian researchers described the Ainu as similar to Russian peasants with dark skin or more like gypsies.

The Ainu sided with the Russians during the Russo-Japanese Wars of the 19th century. However, after the defeat in Russo-Japanese War 1905, the Russians abandoned them to their fate. Hundreds of Ainu were destroyed and their families were forcibly transported to Hokkaido by the Japanese. As a result, the Russians failed to recapture the Ainu during the Second World War. Only a few Ainu representatives decided to stay in Russia after the war. More than 90% left for Japan.

Ainu today

Unfortunately, the race, which has existed longer than all of human civilized history, has practically disappeared: now there are 25 thousand Ainu, and almost all of them have been assimilated by the Japanese, thus giving the highest level of beardiness and belligerence among all other Asians. In our time, the Ainu are asking to reconsider the issue with the Kurils, since once Japan appropriated the lands where primitive gatherers and hunters lived. By a miracle, the surviving families had to hide their true origins. So do Japan and Russia have the right to divide these lands among themselves? Back in the 19th century, local old people said: "Sakhalin is the land of the Ainu, there is no Japanese land on Sakhalin."

During the 2010 census, about 100 people in Russia tried to register themselves as Ainu, but the Kamchatka Krai government rejected their claims and recorded them as Kamchadals. In 2011, the head of the Ainu community of Kamchatka sent a letter to the governor of Kamchatka with a request to include the Ainu in the List of Indigenous Minorities of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation. The request was also denied.

The ethnic Ainu of Sakhalin Oblast, Kamchatka and Khabarovsk Krai are not politically organized. In 2012, 205 Ainu were marked in Russia, and they, like the Kuril Kamchadals, are fighting for official recognition. Until the Ainu are recognized, they are marked as people without nationality, like ethnic Russians or Kamchadals. Therefore, in 2012, both the Kuril Ainu and the Kuril Kamchadals were deprived of the rights to hunting and fishing, which the small peoples of the Far North have.

3. With the help of additional literature and the Internet, write (in a notebook) an essay on the topic "Peoples of Russia: Our Common History."

Starting in the 16th century, Russia began to actively expand its territory through the annexation and development of new lands. Dozens of tribes and peoples entered the multinational family called Russia. However, to this day, there are different points of view on our multinational composition. Some believe that Russia has become a "prison" for the peoples. Others see such cooperation as unconditional benefits for all nationalities that have become part of the Russian state. Was the annexation of new lands necessary and logical from the point of view of the historical process? What has it brought to numerous peoples: good or bad?

To answer these questions, one should turn to historical facts and compare the processes of the development of new territories by different countries. The era of the Great Discoveries did not bypass Russia. Of course, we did not discover a new continent, but for Russian pioneers and explorers, all the lands being developed, as well as America for Columbus, were practically unknown, full of mysteries and secrets. Therefore, for us, the development of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East is of the same importance as all the great geographical discoveries.

The development of new territories by Russia has become a natural historical process that testifies to the development of society, knowledge and technology. In this, historical logic is fully consistent with the spirit of the era. Many active people from different countries at this time went to unknown lands with different goals. Someone wanted to achieve wealth, someone - to increase the power and influence of their homeland, someone went on a journey because of the unquenchable thirst of the explorer. As a result, new lands appeared on the world map, which became colonies of several European states, immeasurably increasing their wealth and international influence.

What did the development of Siberia bring to Russia? Can the annexation of the small Siberian peoples be considered a great achievement that influenced the wealth and influence of our state? Most likely, it is unlikely - Russia already had too many problems to hang around its neck the problems of other peoples, as well as to spend energy and funds to maintain such vast territories. Yes, and the yasak levied from the Siberians was so insignificant that there was no need to talk about any fabulous wealth. However, this could only seem so at first glance. The development of Siberia and the Far East proved to be a long-term investment, and today Russia has the richest reserves of natural resources in this region.

Unlike the European colonization process, Russian expansion was predominantly peaceful in nature. The peoples attached to Russia were not enslaved or exterminated. They often retained their way of life, customs and beliefs. Of course, history knows cases of atrocities and deception of native tribes, and even violent Christianization. But all this was not massive. And the Russian people themselves, it happened, suffered from their own state much greater hardship and cruelty. Suffice it to recall the persecution of the Old Believers. In addition, many peoples joined Russia absolutely voluntarily, seeking protection from foreign aggression: for example, the Caucasian peoples of the Kakhetians, Imeretians, Ingush, Ossetians, Kumyks, Abkhazians, Kabardins, etc. Numerous peoples Siberia and the Far East were annexed to Russia as a result of the development of these territories by the Russian pioneers.

What did the peoples annexed to Russia get? In my opinion, they gained a lot without losing practically anything. Russia at that time was a fairly developed state and Russian merchants and settlers developed trade with the local population, shared new technologies of farming and cattle breeding, passed on the experience of building houses, conducted missionary and educational activities etc. In fact, the annexed peoples received a powerful stimulus for development, the patronage of a strong state, improved their well-being, and enriched their culture. In turn, the Russians, getting acquainted with peoples new to them, also adopted their experience, skills and customs from them. Of course, along with the “blessings of civilization,” the Russians also brought negative experiences. For example, the Siberian peoples first experienced the effects of alcoholic beverages, the greed and deceit of some Russians, the Cossack cruelty and sloppiness. Yes, they first got acquainted with all this, and Russian people have to live with this "negative experience" all their lives.

One way or another, enriching each other, the peoples of Russia have turned into one united, strong family. Each nation retained its identity, but at the same time took from others something that was necessary for itself. Nobody forces people to consider themselves Russian, but they live in Russia and feel like Russians. And all consider each other as their own. Even Dostoevsky singled out such a quality of the Russian person as susceptibility to the culture of other peoples, acceptance and “excuse” of other ideals, tolerance for other people's customs, morals, and faith. Tolerance as a primordial quality of the Russian nation is expressed in the very spirit of Russian statehood as multinational, which has absorbed various ideological and religious confessions.

Remembering new words

• Plague - a cone-shaped tent, a tent among Siberian nomadic tribes, covered with skins or bark.
• Shaman - a minister of pagan religious cult among the peoples of Siberia.
• Yurt - a portable frame dwelling with a felt covering for nomads.