Heterosexuals stood on a higher rung of the social ladder and occupied a higher position than street and brothel prostitutes in privacy Greeks. They were often respected by the community. Many of them were distinguished by excellent education and wit; they knew how to entertain the most outstanding people their time - generals, statesmen, writers and artists, they knew how to keep them; they possessed the ability to combine intelligence and give the joy of bodily pleasures, which was very revered by the Greeks of that time. In the life of every outstanding figure who showed himself in the history of Hellenism, the heterosexual played an important role. Many contemporaries did not find anything shameful in this. In the time of Polybius, many of the most beautiful houses in Alexandria were decorated with the names of famous flutists and hetaira. Sculptural images of such women were exhibited in temples and other in public places next to the images of generals and statesmen. Indeed, the degrading sense of honor in the Greek free policies descended to the veneration of those hetaira who were in intimate relationships with influential people, their images were decorated with wreaths, and sometimes they were even revered as altars in temples.
Heterosexuals received other honors that are difficult to imagine. Naturally, their occupation was especially popular in large cities, and especially in the influential port and commercial city of Corinth, on the isthmus between the two seas. Because of the vain and free life in this metropolis of ancient trade, so rich and prosperous, it would be difficult to call an exaggeration what happened there and was on everyone's lips. The inscription found in a brothel house in Pompeii ("HIC HABITAT FELICITAS" - "HAPPINESS LIVES HERE", the inscription was found in a real brothel, on a cake that prostitutes often kept for their clients) - this inscription could likewise be written in giant letters in the Corinthian harbor. Everything that human licentiousness can imagine finds refuge in Corinth and an example to follow, and many men could not get out of the whirlwind of very expensive pleasures of the big city, because they often lost their honest name, health and whole fortunes, so this city entered in the proverb "Corinth not everyone can afford." Priestesses of venal love gathered in crowds in the city. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe two ports there were many brothels of all ranks, and prostitutes loitering in droves through the streets of the city. To a certain extent, the focus of such love and its school was the temple of Venus, in which no less than a thousand hetaira, or temple servants - hierodules, as they were euphemistically called, practiced their craft and were always ready to welcome their friends.
At the base of the Akrokorinth fortress, known to everyone from Schiller's poem "Ivik's Cranes", surrounded by a powerful stone wall, stood the temple of Aphrodite, visible from the sea from the west and from the east. Today, on this place, where the temple girls welcomed the pilgrims, there is a Turkish mosque.
In 464 BC. e. the Hellenes gathered again at Olympia to celebrate the great games, and the noble and wealthy Xenophon of Corinth, son of Thessalus, won the stadium. To celebrate the victory, Pindar, the most famous of the Greek poets, wrote a magnificent song of victory that has survived to this day, which was probably sung in the presence of the author himself or when the winner was solemnly greeted in his hometown or in a procession to the temple of Zeus for the laying of wreaths.
Even before Xenophon was victorious, he took an oath that he would bring a hundred girls to serve in the temple. In addition to his "Olympic Ode", Pindar wrote a hymn, which was performed by hetairas to music and dances. They were accorded such an honor as had never before been accorded them, and which could only be accorded them in Greece. Unfortunately, only the beginning has survived from this "Ode": "Maidens about many guests, / Servants of the Goddess of the Call, / In abundant Corinth / Smoking on the altar / Pale tears of yellow incense, / Thought carrying away / To heavenly Aphrodite, mother of love, / And she will grant you, young people, / The tender fruit of your years / To rob without reproach from the loving bed: / Where Inevitability rules, everything is good there. / But what will the ruling over Isthm say to me, / The singing of this song, sweet as honey, / Hearing common with common wives? / We have known gold as a touchstone ... / O mistress of Cyprus, / Here, in your shade / A cocked host of young women for herding / introduces Xenophon, / Rejoicing in the fulfillment of his vows. "
Where else has the concept of prostitution been so free of prejudice? Therefore, it is easy to understand that literature, too - not medicine and court, like ours, but literature - diligently absorbed the stories about the temple prostitutes of Aphrodite. The Greeks had a large number of works about getters, some of them - for example, "Conversations of Getters" by Lucian - have come down to us in full, others - in more or less complete fragments. Lucian paints very vividly the varied relationships between getters.
Under the name "Khreya" (that is, what may come in handy, be useful) Mahon of Sikion (lived between 300-260 BC), who spent most of his life in Alexandria and whose years of life were established due to the fact that he was the mentor of the grammarian Aristophanes of Byzantine, collected all kinds of anecdotes from the scandalous chronicle of the court of Diadochus, written in iambic trimeter. The fact that the getters in this book, for the most part lost, is given a lot of attention, is confirmed by detailed excerpts from it, given by Athenaeus. In addition to the book of Machon, Athenaeus had at his disposal many other works about the life of the hetaira, from which (especially in the thirteenth book of his "Feasting Sophists") he gives many details; we will make a small selection of them.
The most famous getters, their lives, anecdotes and witty sayings
We'll start with those who have appeared on stage as comedy heroines. Of course, we are not talking about the fact that getters appeared on the stage as performers, since at that time the female roles were played by men, we mean prototypes of the characters.
Klepsydra was the heroine of the comedy Evbula, even fragments of which have not reached us. Her real name was Meticha, her friends called her Klepsydra; her name meant water clock, and so she was nicknamed because she rendered services exactly by the hour, that is, until the clepsydra was empty.
Ferekrat wrote a comedy called "Corianno", that was the name of one hetera. From this comedy, too, nothing remained, except for some fragments, from which it is clear that this priestess of Aphrodite was ridiculed for her addiction to wine. Old plots of the comedy also did not go unnoticed: one and the other fall in love with the same girl and both seek her favor, and both try to explain why he should win her favor. Small fragments have come down to us.
One verse has survived from Eunice's comedy Antheia - “Take me by the ears and give me a kiss with your hands” (see p. 250), so we don't even know what the name of the comedy meant, perhaps this is the name of the getter.
Also, nothing but the names that meant the names of the heterosexuals has come down to us from the comedies of Diocles Talatta, Alexis Opor and Menander Fanio.
The same Menander introduced another hetera into the comedy, it was none other than Taida, a shining star in the sky of Greek prostitution is associated with her name. Taida of Athens could boast that she was the mistress of Alexander the Great and one of those heterosexuals who, with their beauty, influenced the affairs of state. Near the ruins of Nineveh, Alexander defeated the superior forces of the Persians at the Battle of Gaugamela (331 BC). As King Darius fled, leaving the battlefield, Alexander marched into Babylon, captured the city of Susa, and then entered the old Persian capital of Persepolis. Here he arranged a grandiose feast for the winners, in which crowds of hetaira took part, and among them “... Taida, a native of Attica, a friend of the future king Ptolemy, stood out. Either cleverly glorifying Alexander, now making fun of him, she, in the grip of drunkenness, decided to utter words that are quite consistent with the morals and customs of her homeland, but too sublime for herself. Taida said that on this day, mocking the haughty palaces of the Persian kings, she felt rewarded for all the hardships she experienced in her wanderings across Asia. But it would have been even more pleasant for her now to go with a cheerful crowd of own hand before the eyes of the king, set fire to the palace of Xerxes, who betrayed Athens to a destructive fire. These words were met with a roar of approval and loud applause. Encouraged by the persistent persuasion of friends, Alexander jumped up from his seat and with a wreath on his head and with a torch in his hand went ahead of everyone ... " (Plutarch. Alexander).
After Alexander's death, his mistress Taida reached the position of queen, becoming the wife of one of Alexander's generals, and then the king of Egypt, Ptolemy I. We have already mentioned that she became the heroine of the comedy Menander; however, fragments of this work are so scanty that we can hardly reconstruct its content. A famous line from this comedy has survived, which was quoted by many ancient authors and the Apostle Paul in the First Epistle to the Corinthians: "Bad communication spoils character." Others believe that this is a line from Euripides, and it is quite possible that Taida simply quoted it in Menander's comedy. Once she showed a close acquaintance with the work of Euripides when she boldly and wittily answered some rude question with a verse from Medea. When, going to her lover, who usually smelled of sweat, she was asked where she was going, she replied: "Live with Aegeus, the son of Pandion." The sense of the witty lies in the subtext and the play on words and is wonderful in itself. In Euripides, Medea says that she is going to live in Athens with King Aegeus, that is, to be under his protection and patronage. However, Taida used the expression in another sense, the essence of which is that the name Aegeus has the root aig, which in Greek means "goat," and the goat smells unpleasant.
This acuteness of Taida brings us to other sayings of the heterosexuals, which allows the reader to be present during the conversations of the Greek golden youth, who often used wordplay in their conversations. The fact that the getters were well-read and knew classical literature is also confirmed by Ovid, the mentor of love, who because of this gives them preference, comparing them with the matrons of his time.
During the time of Demetrius Poliorketus, Lamia was one of the most famous Athenian getters. As a flutist, she was able, thanks to her art and popularity, to amass such a rich fortune that she restored a destroyed picture gallery for the Sikyonians (inhabitants of Sikyon in the Peloponnese, ten miles from Corinth). Such donations were not uncommon among Greek heterosexuals: for example, as Polemon notes, Cottina erected a bronze statue of a bull in Sparta, and such examples are cited in many ancient authors.
One day Demetrius had to send ambassadors to Lysimachus. During a conversation with Lysimachus, after political issues were settled, the ambassadors noticed deep scratches on his arms and legs. Lysimachus replied that these are traces of his struggle with the tiger, with which he was forced to fight. The ambassadors laughed and noticed that their king Demetrius also had bite marks on his neck from a dangerous beast, lamia.
An admirer of Gnatei sent her a small vessel of wine, noting that the wine was sixteen years old. “For his age, he is too small,” retorted the heterosexual.
In Athens, there were many witty sayings of Gnatei, many of which are more piquant and witty in the original language, and often lose their meaning in translation. Her granddaughter Gnathenia inherited Gnatei's studies. Once it happened that a well-known foreigner, almost ninety years old, who had come to Athens for a holiday in honor of Kronos, saw Gnateya with his granddaughter on the street and asked how much her night cost. Gnateya, who instantly judged the stranger's condition by his rich clothes, asked for a thousand drachmas. The old man decided that it was too much, and offered half. “All right, old man,” answered Gnateya, “give me what you want; After all, my granddaughter doesn't care, I'm sure you will give twice as much. "
Queen of love Laida and Phryne. There were two getters named Laida, and both became famous in different anecdotes and epigrams, while not being insulted. The elder Laida was a native of Corinth and lived during the Peloponnesian War, she was famous for her beauty and greed. Among her admirers was the philosopher Aristippus, and, according to Propertius, all Greece at one time crowded at her doors. The youngest was born in Sicily and was the daughter of Timander, a friend of Alcibiades. Among her lovers was the painter Apelles, and the orator Hyperides is also mentioned. Subsequently, she went for a certain Hippolochus or Hippostratus to Thessaly, where, they say, she was killed out of jealousy by women annoyed by her beauty.
In the following, we will cite stories from the life of Laid, without distinguishing which of the Laid they refer to.
When Laida was not yet a heterosexual, but a simple girl, she once went in the Pyrenees to the famous spring near Corinth to get water. When she was carrying home a jug of water on her head or on her shoulder, she was accidentally noticed by Apelles, who could not take his eyes off the figure and heavenly beauty of this girl. Soon he introduced her to the circle of his cheerful friends, but they shouted and sarcastically asked him what the girl should do among the company of drinking companions, it would be better if he brought a hetera, and Apelles replied: "Calm down, friends, I will soon make a hetera out of her."
Laida's remarkable breast shape was especially impressive, and artists crowded around her, trying to get consent to depict her beautiful breasts on the canvas. The philosopher Aristippus was often asked about his connection with Laida, and once he answered: "Laida is mine, but I am not hers."
It is reported that Aristippus spent two months each year with Laida on the island of Aegina during the Feast of Poseidon. When his companion asked why he spends so much money on Laida, when the Cynic Diogenes receives the same from her for free, he replied: “I am generous to Laida in order to be able to please her, and not so that others do not have the opportunity please yourself with her. "
Diogenes himself did not think so lofty. One day he said to Aristippus in his usual offensive manner: “How can you be close to a whore? Either become a cinematic or stop using it. " Aristippus replied: "Do you think it is unwise to settle in a house in which someone lived before?" - "No," - answered Diogenes. "Or," continued Aristippus, "to sail on a ship on which others were sailing before?" - "No, of course it is not." "Then you won't mind that someone is living with a woman whose services have already been used by others."
Phryne, whose real name was Mnesareta, was born in the small town of Boeotia Thespia; she was the most beautiful, the most famous and most dangerous heterosexual of Athens, and the comic poet Anaxilades compares her to Charybdis, who swallows the shipbuilders along with the ships.
She was known not only for her beauty and immoral behavior. Here is one scandalous story, the veracity of which we will not discuss here. Phryne was brought to trial. The famous orator Hyperides, who undertook to defend her, saw that the case was hopelessly losing. Then it dawned on him, he tore off her clothes and bared her unearthly beauty breasts. The judges were amazed at such beauty and did not dare to sentence this prophetess and priestess of Aphrodite to death.
Athenaeus continues: “But Phryne actually had an even more perfect form of body parts that were not used to showing off, it was difficult to see her naked, since she usually wore a tunic close to her body and did not use public baths. But when the Greeks gathered in Eleusis for a feast in honor of Poseidon, she shed her clothes, loosened her hair and entered the sea naked, and they say that it was then that Apelles had an image of Aphrodite rising from the sea. Among her admirers was Praxiteles, the famous sculptor, who sculpted her in the image of Aphrodite of Cnidus. "
One day Phryne asked Praxiteles which of his sculptures he considered the most beautiful. When he refused to answer, she came up with a ruse. Once, when she was in his studio, a servant came running, shouting that the studio was on fire, but not everything was burnt out. "Everything was lost if fire destroyed my Satyr and my Eros." Phryne, laughing, reassured him and admitted that she had invented the whole story with the fire on purpose, in order to find out which of the works he values \u200b\u200bmost. This story speaks of Phryne's cunning and insight, and we are ready to believe that Praxitel was happy to let her choose one of his works as a gift. Phryne chose Eros, but did not leave him with her; she gave it as an initiatory gift to the temple of Eros in her hometown of Thespia, as a result it became a place of pilgrimage for the Greeks. How amazing it seems to us that time when the divinely inspired artists presented their works - which even today fill the soul with delight of admiration - to getters, and they dedicated these treasures to the deity! The greatness of this act is preserved even if their personal ambitions are allowed. This, in particular, affected the next act of Phryne: she proposed to restore the destroyed walls of the city of Thebes, if the Thebans agree to place there an inscription: "Destroyed by Alexander, restored by Hetera Phryne." This story confirms that Phryne's handiwork "had a golden foundation", as the ancient authors aptly put it.
The inhabitants of Thespias, in gratitude for the magnificent gift in the form of a statue of Eros, ordered Praxiteles to make a statue of Phryne, decorated with gold. It was installed on a column of Pentelik marble in Delphi between the statues of the kings Archidamus and Philip, and no one considered it shameful, except for the cynic Cratet, who said that the image of Phryne was a monument to Greek licentiousness.
In another case, as Valery Maximus tells (iv, 3, 3), several daring young people in Athens argued that the philosopher Xenocrates, who was famous for his impeccable morality, would not resist Phryne's spell. At a sumptuous dinner, she was specially placed next to the famous philosopher; Xenocrates had already drunk heartily, and the beautiful hetaira began to provoke him, applying all her charms and calling for a conversation. However, it was all in vain, for the art of seducing a prostitute turned out to be powerless before the unwavering firmness of the philosopher: she had to admit that, despite her attractiveness and refinement, she was defeated by an old man, and even half drunk. However, Phryne did not give up so easily, and when those present at the drinking party demanded that she pay the loss, she refused, saying that the bet assumed a man in flesh and blood, and not an insensitive statue.
From all that has been said, it is clear that the Greek, especially Attic, getters did not suffer from a lack of liveliness and wit and that many famous people, including statesmen, were associated with getters, and no one blamed them for this; indeed, the love of Pericles, statesman, father and husband, to Aspasia became world famous, and Aspasia was just a heterosexual, although, perhaps, standing on a higher social ladder than all other heterosexuals known to us in antiquity.
Born in Miletus, she moved early to Athens, where, thanks to her beauty, intelligence and talent, she soon gathered the most influential people of her time in her house. Even Socrates did not shy away from communicating with her, and it is interesting that Plato in Menexenus ascribes to Aspasia a funeral oration, putting it in the mouth of Socrates. Pericles left his wife to marry her, and from that time on her political influence grew so much that Pericles entrusted her to declare war between Athens and Samos over her hometown of Miletus. In any case, this choice of Pericles provided a good opportunity for his opponents to attack him; it is unheard of for a woman to say something about political affairs, especially if she is not an Athenian, but brought from abroad, and even from Ionia, famous for dissolute women. The marriage of Pericles with Aspasia was regarded by the Greeks as a misalliance: the beautiful miletian was not considered by them to be a legitimate wife, but only a concubine, a substitute for a wife. Therefore, she was very often ridiculed by the authors of comedies, and when Pericles was called "the great Olympian", Aspasias immediately glued the nickname Hera; but the authors of comedies ridiculed her power over great men, portraying her in the form of the imperious Omphale, then the picky Dianira, thereby hinting that just as Hercules became weak under their influence, so Pericles becomes weak in front of the hardness of a foreign adventurer. In our time, rumors of all kinds accompany her name without any evidence; it was said that she was pimping for her husband; and according to the testimony of Athenaeus, it was rumored that she maintained a brothel. Even Aristophanes tries to relate the reason great war with the alleged brothel of Aspasia, when in the Aharnians Dikepolida says: “But once in Megara, drunken thugs and cottab / Simfer players, a street girl, were stolen. / Megarians, inflamed with insult, / Two girls were stolen from Aspasia. / And here is the reason for the inter-Hellenic strife: / Three street girls. Terrible, furious / Pericles, the great Olympian, with lightning / And thunder shook the heavens, / He issued an order, rather a drunken song: / Drive the scoundrels from the market and from the harbor, / Drive the Megarians both on land and at sea! " When accused of abeseia (impiety) and pandering, Pericles defended her and secured her acquittal. After the death of Pericles, she married Lysicles, a man of low birth, who, however, had great influence.
Cyrus the Younger called his mistress Milto, who was from Fokey, Aspasia in honor of her prototype. She accompanied him on a campaign against his brother Artaxerxes, and when Cyrus was killed at the battle of Kunax (401 BC), she went as a booty to the Persian king Artaxerxes Mnemon, whom she seduced with her kind treatment. Later, she became the cause of discord between him and his son Darius. The father gave in on the condition that she become a priestess of Anahitis. Then the son rebelled against his father and paid for this rebellion with his life.
To complement our story about Greek getters, I will give different small stories, found everywhere among Greek authors, and the first from the "Palatine Anthology". Mackie visits her heter, Filenida, who refuses to believe in her lover's infidelity, although tears are running down her face, betraying her true feelings. A more common situation was when a heterosexual was unfaithful to her lover or left him. Asklepiad complains that his hetaira Niko, who solemnly vowed to come to him at night, did not keep her word. “Oathbreaker! The night is coming to an end. Light up the lamps, boys! She will not come any more! " (Ant. Pal., V, 150, 164). If we combine this epigram of Asclepiades with his other epigram, then we learn that this hetaera Niko has a daughter named Pythia, who followed in the footsteps of her mother; the profession thus became a family one, as in the case of Gnatea and Gnathenia. The poet, however, has bad memories associated with her. Once she invited him to her place, and when he came, the door was closed; he calls on the goddess of love to avenge the insult, so that she would make the Pythia herself suffer the same way and endure the same humiliation, finding her lover's door locked.
Together with the infidelity and inconstancy of the heterosexual, their lovers especially complained about their greed, examples of which we constantly find in Greek poetry. In the epigram of Gedilah (or Asclepiades), the three getters Euphro, Taida and Boydia kicked three sailors out the door, robbing them to the skin, so that now they are poorer than those who were shipwrecked. "Therefore, - the author instructs, - avoid these pirates of Aphrodite and their ships, because they are more dangerous than sirens."
This complaint is the oldest and most recurring motif in erotic literature ever since gold was bought for love. Let's cite at least one quote from The Rich Man by Aristophanes, where Khremil says: “That's the same way the Corinthian girls / At the beggar, even if he is passionate, affectionate, gentle, / They won't even throw their eyes, but a rich man will come - / They will turn their heads right now ".
An example of the extreme addiction of a hetaera to gold in a very harsh expressive manner is given by Alcyphron in a letter from the hetaera Filumena to her friend Crito (Alcyphron, i, 40): “Why should you take the trouble to write long letters? I want fifty gold, not letters. If you love me, pay; but if you love your money more, leave me alone. Goodbye!"
Even more important information "Anthology" provides regarding the prices required by getters. Athenian hetaera Europe was usually satisfied with one drachma, as can be concluded from the epigram of Antipater. On the other hand, she is always ready to give in in all respects and make the date as pleasant as possible; there are always many soft covers on her bed, but if the night promises to be cold, she will not skimp on expensive charcoal for the hearth. Bass goes further, specifying prices, and with sullen humor decides that he is not Zeus in order to shed a golden shower on his beloved's open knees, he has no intention of adopting the image of a bull that took Europe away for her, or turning into a swan - he is just ready to pay a hetero Corinne - "as always" two obols, period. This is, of course, a very cheap price, and we should be very careful when drawing a posteriori, that is, retroactively. You should not immediately agree with the eternal complaints about the greed of heterosexuals and the fact that they are often described in a caricatured form. For example, Meleager once called a hetaira "an evil animal that lives in his bed," and the Macedonian Hypatus called a hetaira "Aphrodite's mercenaries who bring happiness to bed."
If their visits were not relatively expensive, they would not be able to dedicate such expensive gifts to the temples, which we talked about, at least sometimes, as we read about in the "Palatine Anthology". Simonides, if this epigram really belongs to him, speaks of two getters who dedicated belts and ornaments to the temple of Aphrodite; the poet talks to the artisan and wittily remarks that his wallet knows where these expensive trinkets came from.
It is known about the initiatory gift of the hetera to Priapus, which is understandable, since he was a deity of sensual love. According to an epigram by an unknown author, beautiful Alxo dedicated wreaths of crocuses, myrrh and ivy to Priapus in memory of the sacred night feast, entwined with woolen ribbons with the inscription "to sweet Priapus, who caresses like a woman." Another unknown poet tells how the hetaira Leontida, after a long night spent with the "precious" Sfeny, dedicated the lyre she played to Aphrodite and the muses. Or maybe Sfeny was a poet, in whose poetry she found pleasure? Perhaps both interpretations are correct, word usage leaves the question open.
Another, unfortunately, unknown poet left a charming epigram about the hetaira Niko, who presented Aphrodite with a turn-neck (see p. 167), capable of “attracting a man from across the distant sea, and luring a young man out of a modest bedroom, it is artistically decorated with gold and expensive amethyst and entwined with soft lamb wool. "
Cosmetics in the broadest sense of the word, of course, played a large role in the life of getters, and from the huge number of ancient authors who wrote about this, I have selected just a few examples. For example, the epigram of Paul Silentzarius (Ant. Pal., V, 228) tells that young people, going on a date with a heterosexual, chose clothes very carefully. Hair curled beautifully, nails were neatly trimmed and manicured, and purple outfits were preferred for clothing. Lucian makes fun of the old hetera: “Look carefully, at least take a look at her temples, where there is only her own hair; the rest are a thick patch, and you will see that at the temples, when the paint fades, there is already a lot of gray. From Lucillius, a caustic epigram remained: "Many say, Nikilla, that you dye your hair - but you bought this bluish black in the market." A fragment from Aristophanes lists the many means that women use to attract:
Knives, lapping, razors, soap, knives.
Brushed wig, ribbons, headbands,
Whitewash, pumice, oil, mesh, embroidery,
Apron, belt, bust,
Veil, touch-up, death to men, plasters,
Sandals, Xistids, Calarasias,
Headband, hellebore, necklaces,
Shirt, whisk, scallops. Luxury women -
But that's not it.
- And what is the main thing?
- Ear rings, earrings, earrings in clusters,
Hairpins, buckles, splints, hairpins, shoes,
Chains, rings, sling, hats,
Olisbos, sphendons, ankle-bones -
You can't list everything.
In a humorous passage, the comedian Aleksid describes how getters, skilled in their craft, use cosmetics, favorably shading natural data and making up for nonexistent ones.
The profession of a getter required not only skillful use of cosmetics, but also intelligent behavior, knowledge of men's weaknesses and no less caution in using these weaknesses so that a man was ready to pay as much as possible. We can say that over time, regular rules of behavior for getters came into use, which were first spread orally and then were written down. Not a single textbook for heterosexuals has survived, but the ancient authors left us with a clear idea of \u200b\u200bsuch auxiliary literature. The well-known poem Propertius (iv, 5), where the pimp lists the ways by which you can get the most money from a lover: “Deny loyalty, drive away the gods, let deceit reign, / Let ruinous shame fly away from you! / It is profitable to invent an opponent suddenly: use it; / If the night has delayed, love will return hotter. / If he ruffles your hair in anger - for the benefit: / Then squeeze him, let him pay for the world. / If they have already bought the delight of a venal embrace, / Lie to him, as if the holiday of Saint Isis has come. / ... Keep your neck bruised from the recent, as if bites: / He will consider them for traces of a passionate love struggle. / Don't try to run after him, like Medea's assassin / (You know, how they began to despise her for that), / ... Indulge the taste of men: if your sweetheart drags on the song, / Repeat to him, as if you too, like him, got drunk ... Let the soldier not disgust you, not born for love, / Or a sailor who has money in a clumsy hand ... / We must look at money, not at the hand that gives money! .. / Use it! - tomorrow will dry your cheeks.
We meet a similar set of rules in Ovid's Science of Love (1, 8), where an old pimp instructs a girl: “... Look, a rich lover / Longs for you and wants to know all your needs ... / You blushed. Shame goes to your whiteness, but for the benefit / Shame is only feigned, believe me: and the real one is harmful. / If you look down, with downcast innocent eyes, / You have to think as much as they offer you. / Boldly, beauties! Only that which is not sought is pure; / He who is more agile in mind seeks prey itself. / ... To be stingy enough, believe me, beauty withers without a friend ... / Only one is not for the future ... Yes, two are not enough ... / If there are a lot of them, the income is more correct ... Yes, and there is less envy / ... Ask for a small fee while you set up nets, - / Not to run away. And having caught, boldly subjugate to yourself. / You can play passion: deceive him - and great. / But beware of one thing, you would not give love for nothing! / In the night, refuse them more often, for a headache / Or for something else, at least for Isis, they agreed. / From time to time, let it all, - patience would not become a habit: / Frequent refusal of love can weaken it. / Be your door to those who ask deaf, but open - to the giver. / Let the unlucky man hear the words of the admitted friend. / And having hurt, you yourself get angry with the one who is offended, / So that he instantly dissolves into yours. / But never be angry with him for a long time: / Too prolonged anger can generate enmity. / Learn to cry as needed, but how you should cry, / So that your cheeks become wet with tears. / ... By the way, adapt the slave, make the servant more polite, / Let them tell him what to buy for you. / Will fall here and them. From many to ask little by little - / So, little by little, collect a stack of grain by ear. / ... And if there is no reason to demand a direct gift, / So at least hint at your birthday with a pie / Yes, so that he does not know peace, so that there are rivals, remember! / If there is no struggle, love will go badly, / ... Having pulled out a lot, tell him not to go completely ruined. / Ask for a loan, but only so that you never give it back. / With deceitful speech, hide your thoughts, ruin it with affection: / The most harmful poison can be hidden in honey ... "Having involuntarily overheard these instructions of the procurer, the author ends the poem:" At this moment I could hardly hold my hands, / In order not to pull out the gray hair, and these eternally watery eyes from drunkenness, not to scratch her cheeks! "
The last lines make me perceive the Latin source as a rehash of the Greek source. What two Roman poets (Propertius and Ovid) provided us here usually referred to scenes from Greek life, were its reflection, they were characteristic of comedy, then they became the plots of love elegies in Alexandrian poetry, and, finally, they were adopted by the Roman poets. I have already had the opportunity to consider the code of conduct of the Greek gettera using the example of Geronda (pp. 54-56); we have also already mentioned Lucian's Heteri Conversations, which provide a wealth of material for our topic. For example, in the sixth dialogue, we find the mother's instructions to her daughter:
“Crobilla. Well, now you know, Corinna, that it is not so scary as you thought, to become a woman from a girl, after spending the night with a blooming young man and receiving a whole face as the first earnings. I'll buy you a necklace from this money now.
Corinna. Okay, mom, and let it have fiery stones, like Filenida's.
Crobilla. You will have this. Just listen to what you need to do and how to behave with men. After all, there is no other way for us, daughter, and you yourself know how we lived those two years after your father died. As long as he was alive, we had plenty of everything. After all, he was a blacksmith and enjoyed great fame in Piraeus; I had to listen to how everyone swore that after Felin there would be no other blacksmith. And after his death, at first I sold the tongs, and the anvil, and the hammer for two mines, and for this we existed for six months, and then we could hardly get it for bread by weaving, spinning, weaving, but still I raised you, daughter in only hope.
Corinna. Do you mean this mine?
Crobilla. No, I hoped that when you reached maturity, you would feed me, and you yourself would easily dress up and become rich, wear purple dresses and keep maids.
Corinna. How is it, mom? What do you want to say?
Crobilla. That you must meet with young men and drink with them and sleep with them for a fee.
Corinna. How is Lyra, daughter of Daphne?
Crobilla. Yes.
Corinna. But she's a heterosexual!
Crobilla. There is nothing wrong with that. But you too will be rich like her, having many lovers. Why are you crying, Corinna? Can't you see how many heterosexuals we have, and how they run after them, and what kind of money they get? I already know Daphne, I swear by Adrastea, I remember how she walked in rags until her daughter was old. And now you see how she behaves: gold, colored dresses and four maids.
Corinna. How did Lyra get it all?
Crobilla. First of all, dressing up as best as possible and being friendly and cheerful with everyone, not laughing at every occasion, as you usually do, but smiling pleasantly and attractively. Then, she knew how to behave with men and did not push them away if someone wanted to meet her or see her off, but she herself did not bother them. And if she came to a feast, taking a fee for it, then she did not get drunk, because this causes ridicule and disgust among men, and did not pounce on food, forgetting decency, but pinched off pieces with her fingertips, ate in silence, not eating on both cheeks; she drank slowly, not in one gulp, but in small sips.
Corinna. Even though she was thirsty, mother?
Crobilla. Then especially Corinna. And she did not say more than she should, and did not make fun of any of those present, but looked only at the one who paid her. And for that, the men loved her. And when she had to spend the night with a man, she did not allow herself any swagger or negligence, but sought only one thing: to captivate him and make him her lover. And everyone praises her for that. So if you learn this, then we will be happy; for the rest you are much superior to her ... Forgive me, Adrasteya, I do not say anything else! .. I would only be alive. Daughter!
Corinna. Tell me, mother, is everyone who pays us money like Eucritus, with whom I slept yesterday?
Crobilla. Not all. Some are better, others are already mature men, and others are not very handsome.
Corinna. And will you need to sleep with such?
Crobilla. Yes daughter. These are the ones who pay more. The beautiful consider it enough that they are beautiful. And you always have to think only of greater benefits if you want all the girls to say to each other soon, pointing at you: "Do you see how Corinna, Crobilla's daughter, got rich and made her mother happy, unhappy?" Will you do it? I know that you can do and surpass them all easily. And now go and wash yourself, in case young Eucritus comes today, because he promised. "
In the first dialogue, the getters Glicker and Taida discuss the famous warrior, who first loved the beautiful Abrotonona, and then Glicker, and now suddenly fell in love with the ugly woman. With great pleasure they list the rival's shortcomings: her “thin hair, there is already a bald spot above her forehead, and her lips are pale and bloodless, and her neck is thin. So veins are visible on it, and the nose is large. Only one thing is good growth and slim. Yes laughs very contagious ". From the book Prostitution in Antiquity by Dupuis Edmond
Famous hetairas Aspazia was born in Miletus, this kingdom of fun and courtesans. She came to Athens to spread her philosophy, her free-thinking there. Nature has endowed her with charm, from birth she had innumerable talents. She appeared everywhere
From the book Prostitution in Antiquity by Dupuis EdmondGreat people and getters Most of the getters owe their fame to their famous contemporaries, who protected them. Among such heterosexuals, we will name the following: Herpilis was the mistress of Aristotle, from whom she had a son. The founder of philosophy
From the book Sex life in Ancient Greece author Licht Hans3. Heterosexuals Heterosexes stood on a higher rung of the social ladder and occupied a higher position in the private life of the Greeks than street and brothel prostitutes. They were often respected by society. Many of them were excellent
From the book Another History of Literature. From the very beginning to the present day author Dmitry Kalyuzhny From the book Requests of the Flesh. Food and sex in people's lives author Reznikov Kirill YurievichHeterosexuals, Devadasis and Prostitutes In ancient India, "sexual pleasure was considered the highest of all legitimate pleasure." Sex was perceived as a mutual conjugal obligation, in which husband and wife delight each other. According to Hinduism, women are sexier
« Women, know yourself! And not every pose is good
- Manage to find a pose with a physique to match.
The one with a good face, lie down on your back.
The one that is beautiful with her back, show her back.
Atlantis touched milanion's shoulders with her feet
- You, whose legs are slim, can take an example from them.
To be a horsewoman is small to the face, and tall - not at all:
Hector was not a horse for his Andromache…»
Publius Ovid Nazon
Hello dear! Let's talk today about such a somewhat provocative topic. My story will be about getters. Let's define who it is. In modern times, this word has become synonymous with prostitute, or using the turns of the 19th century of a fallen woman. However, this is fundamentally wrong. The word Prostitute and the word Hetero cannot and should not be used synonymously. Hetera is a unique phenomenon, characteristic only of Ancient Greece and very limited for ancient rome... Even their very name (from the Greek word Ethes - friend, comrade) speaks of their main purpose, often far from bed pleasures.
This is what a getter looked like, according to most of our contemporaries.
There are many differences, the art of getters has always been separated from voluntary, forced or temple prostitution. I will say even more, some of the studies of this issue in the annals of ancient texts single out the heterosexual into a separate subclass, placing next to them also aletrid and free dicteriads. I will not delve into the topic of differences especially today, I can only advise who will have a similar desire in Edmond Dupuis's book "Prostitution in Antiquity" (although there are many books and studies on this topic). So we will not deeply penetrate into the topic (sorry for the involuntary and frivolous pun), but in a nutshell it should be said about the features of heterosexuals. 
Blessed Corinth. in the background (presumably) the famous school of getters
Heterosexuals are free women who specially studied in specialized schools (one of the best was the school in Corinth) music, art, rhetoric, dancing, dressing, science, and most importantly - the most important skill - the skill will like it. Well educated, surrounded by luxury and brilliant men, these women chose their own admirers, chose how to be, with whom to be and when to be. Yes, most often such a connection was of a compensatory nature, but this was not the rule - everything depended only on the hetera herself - her understanding of life, the situation, and most importantly freedom. Heterosexuals also served as models for painters and sculptors; they welcomed poets to the theater and orators to academies. They were the adornment of every holiday, every military and civil ceremony. As E. Dupuis mentioned above hetaira wrote in his book “ created around themselves an atmosphere of competition in the search for beauty and goodness, ennobled tastes and, lighting the fire of love in their hearts, contributed to the development of science, literature and art; this was their strength and charm. Fascinated by them, loving fans tried to make themselves worthy of the object of their worship.". Naturally, not everything was so rosy and beautiful. Often, getters were the reason mischievous carousing, extravagance and a whole kind of other follies. Under their influence, morals were spoiled, civic valor turned pale, characters relaxed, souls were corrupted". However, some of them have become a real legend and adornment of their people. As I already said, heterosexuals are a rare phenomenon. 
In part, but only in part, some courtesans of the “gallant century” (such as Ninon de Lanklos, for example) and some of the famous Japanese geisha called tayu are similar to them, but that's all. "Piece goods", as they say, are women who, simply by being next to a great hero, politician or orator, could either further strengthen the glory of such a great man for centuries or destroy his reputation. About some of these great heterosexuals, and specifically about 4 of them, we will talk with you, my dear reader, below. 
cover of the book "Thais of Athens"
The most famous heterosexual in our country is, of course, a certain Thais from Athens. She is known for the talented and interesting novel by Ivan Antonovich Efremov "Thais of Athens". I see no reason to retell this book, those who have read know, those who have not read it is never too late. I can only say that the author has read a bunch of antique and not very ancient sources, ranging from Plutarch and Curtius Rufus and ending with Dante Alighieri, but he composed her biography. In reality, little is known about Thais, except that she followed in the train of Alexander the Great and, apparently, was the beloved of him and some of his diadochi (generals). She went down in history, first of all, with her "Herostratic glory". After Alexander the Great took in 330 BC. Persepolis, she de persuaded him to allow her to set fire to the palace of Darius III, so that weak women from the retinue of the Macedonian king received the opportunity to take revenge on the Persians for Greece. 
Diodorus Siculus describes this situation especially relish. If you believe him, " thais rode into Persepolis, who fell under the onslaught of the Macedonian army, in a chariot. Bare her beautiful body, covered only with precious ornaments, not at all embarrassed by the many soldiers who greeted her with shouts, she proudly rode through the courtyard, was sweet and cheerful at the royal feast, and, after waiting for everyone present to drink a fair amount, suddenly grabbed a torch and began to call the king and his soldiers burn down the palace. The drunken and heated men, without further ado, fulfilled her wish. The pearl of Persian culture, an amazing architectural complex - was burned to the ground and destroyed .... This act of her could be condemned without knowing the background, but Thais really had reasons to take revenge on the Persian "barbarians": only recently her family was forced to flee from the Persian troops , and returning back to Athens, horrified by the charred ruins, which turned into a magnificent marble city. This insult sunk deeply in the heart of the Athenian woman and she could not deny herself the pleasure of revenge.". Something like that .... The whim and revenge of a windy and immoral woman destroyed one of the most beautiful buildings of that world. 
sir Anthony Hopkins as Ptolemy in O. Stone's Alexander
Subsequently, it was said that she married Ptolemy I Soter, one of the most successful diadochi of Alexander, who became the king of Egypt and the founder of the dynasty (the famous Cleopatra was his great-great-great-granddaughter), and bore him 3 children. She really gave birth to children - the sons of Leontisk and Laga and the daughter of Eirene, but she was not married to Ptolemy. She was a lover and a free heterosexual until the end of her life. 
Painting by Hans Hallbein the Younger Lais of Corinth. Truth in medieval clothes ... such is the vision
Next in line we have Lais (or Laisa) Corinthian. AT ancient history several heterosexuals are known under the name Laisa and therefore it is customary after their name, in order not to be confused, to write and nickname according to their place of residence, so to speak. Although in fairness this same Laisa is not from Corinth at all. She was born in Sicily and most likely was not at all Hellenic. In one of the military raids, she was captured and sold into slavery in Athens. She got to famous artist Apellessa, who was kind to her, and released her a few years later. Lais decided to choose the path of gettera for herself and for this she went to the city of Corinth, in which there was the most famous school for teaching this profession. She was one of the best in philosophy and music, and Corinth conquered her so much that she decided to stay in it forever. 
Reconstruction of Ancient Corinth
She quickly became the most famous courtesan of the city, as she was beautiful, intelligent and highly valued herself (in monetary terms). She spent money mainly on the richest jewelry, rare clothes and rubbing. It was always visible when she rode out in an ornate chariot for an evening exercise. Such an investment of money paid off - among her fans were far from the very last and not the poorest people, not only in Corinth, but throughout Greece. In her predilections, Laisa was very capricious in her preferences, but she had a special passion for philosophers. Even the famous orator Demosthenes fell before her spell. The arrogant Laisa demanded payment from him. Not much, not less, but 10,000 Corinthian drachmas. Overnight. The drachma contained a little less than 3 grams of silver. In other words, the courtesan wanted 30 kilograms of silver. 
obverse of the Corinthian drachma
The poor Demosthenes naturally did not have that kind of money. " I don't buy remorse at such a high price!"- the orator answered her and left her. Demosthenes wrote a famous speech against Laisa, which is still considered an example of oratory. In revenge, Laisa herself offered her love to his rival in oratorical disputes, the philosopher Xenocrates, one of the best students of Plato's school. that Xenophon was a strict ascetic, and also that Laisa offered her love and her art in bed for free. However, Xenocrates did not give in. Laisa was disappointed, but came out with honor from an uncomfortable situation for her. " I undertook to awaken passion in a person, not in a statue", - she said, and this aphorism remained in history. Another famous fiasco of her was an attempt to seduce the famous winner of the 93rd Olympic Games in the stage race (192 meters) Eubat from Cyrene. The Olympian refused to caress the gettera. 
The founder of hedonism, Aristippus of Cyrene
But these situations were rather exceptions. In general, and in general, Laisa's charms were difficult to resist. Her most famous lovers were, of course, Aristippus of Kerenes and Diogenes of Sinop. Yes, yes, those same famous founders of the schools of hedonists and cynics (cynics). Such a great contrast was just in the taste of the crafty gettera. History has preserved several dialogues of famous philosophers about a common beloved. I liked the following more:
"Once, during a philosophical debate, one of Aristippus's opponents remarked, not without malice:
- Here you, Aristippus, shower Lais with countless gifts, and with Diogenes she lays down for free.
“Yes,” the philosopher replied calmly, “I really do give her many gifts, which is not forbidden to give to anyone else, if he so wishes.
- But, Aristippus, - Diogenes intervened, - do you understand that you are pulling on the most ordinary whore? Either throw away the good-heartedness and become a cynic like me, or give up such a relationship.
-Diogenes, - asked Aristippus calmly, - don't you consider it reprehensible to live in a house where someone already lived before you?
“Of course not,” Diogenes replied. - What does it matter to me who lived there?
- And sail on a ship on which others sailed?
- I'll start thinking about it!
- You see. So what's wrong with the connection with a woman hugged by others? "
dog (cynic) Diogenes.
And this despite the fact that Diogenes used her charms absolutely free, but she cost Aristippus very dearly. They say he could only afford her company for two months a year. However, for him, a lover of women and a great connoisseur of the female sex, communication with Laisa brought the greatest satisfaction.
Laisa died a violent death when she was young. She left Corinth to follow her next hobby in Thessaly, but jealous wives killed her there. After her death, the Corinthians erected in her honor a monument depicting a lioness tearing a lamb apart. On her grave, at the place where she was killed, a tomb was built with the following epitaph: " The glorious and invincible Greece was conquered by the divine beauty of Laisa. A child of love, raised by the Corinthian school, she rests in the flowering fields of Thessaly"This reaction of the townspeople is not surprising. She was simply royally generous to the city - she donated gigantic money to the needy, erected monuments, gardens, glorified Corinth in every possible way, considering it the most beautiful place on Earth, and its inhabitants the best in Hellas.
To be continued....
Most of us have a very relative idea of \u200b\u200bwho getters are. In ancient Greece, this was the name for free, unmarried women who earned their living by making love to men. But they were very, very different from ordinary prostitutes.
Priestesses of Free Love
Heterosexuals, as a rule, were smart and educated enough, knew how to behave in society. The most senior representatives of the stronger sex sometimes sought their favor. They often became muses for poets, singers, artists ... At the same time, the getter herself chose her lovers and could refuse a contender for her body if she did not like him.
In Athens, there was even a special board - Ceramic, on which men wrote to getters with dating proposals. If the getter agreed, she signed an hour of the date under these lines. But she could not agree.
Some Greek getters were very famous, were members of the highest social circles, and it was an honor to have a relationship with them. History has kept their names.
Phryne
It was this Athenian hetera, who lived in the IV century BC, served as a model for "Aphrodite of Cnidus" and "Aphrodite of Kos", emerging from the chisel of the ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles.
It is known about Phryne that she was born in the small town of Thespia. Parents gave her the name Mnesareta - "Remembering the virtues." Phryne's nickname was probably awarded to the girl when she took up the love craft. By the way, in translation from ancient Greek this word meant "toad". According to one version, the hetera was nicknamed that because of the yellowish skin tone, according to the other, she appropriated this name for herself, since she believed that it would protect her from evil spirits.
It is curious that, unlike her craft comrades, Phryne led a rather modest lifestyle. She almost did not use cosmetics, avoided visiting public baths, entertainment venues and public gatherings.
As for intimate services, here Frina's tax depended on her attitude towards the client. She didn't care if he was rich or poor. For example, from the king of Lydia, whom she did not like, she asked so much that he was later forced to raise taxes in order to restore the treasury. But the famous philosopher Diogenes Laertsky, whose mind admired her, the getter allowed her to use her caresses for free.
The only one who remained indifferent to her charms was another philosopher - Xenocrates. Phryne made a bet with Diogenes that she would seduce him. But she never succeeded. “I said that I would awaken feelings in a person, not in a statue,” said the getter, realizing that the bet was lost.
Like many other handicraftsmen, Phryne worked as a model. The fact is that "decent women" would hardly agree to pose naked. Therefore, artists often turned to the services of getters. For the painter Apelles, who wrote Aphrodite Anadiomenou from her for the temple of Ascletus, Phryne became not only a model, but also a lover. But the masterpieces of Praxiteles glorified her even more.
Once one of the admirers rejected by Phryne, the orator Euthy, tried to accuse the hetera of godlessness. He stated that it was unacceptable for a corrupt woman to portray a goddess. Phryne had to stand trial. It was defended by the famous orator Hiperides, but although the speech he delivered was brilliant, it did not make much of an impression on the judges. Then Hiperides tore off the clothes of the accused right in front of the public. Everyone saw how beautiful and perfect her body was, and Phryne was acquitted ...
Phryne was rather vain. In 336, the walls of the city of Thebes were destroyed by the army of Alexander the Great. Then Phryne, who by that time had amassed a considerable fortune at the expense of her rich and influential lovers, offered to give money for restoration. But not just like that, but on condition. They say, let the townspeople install a memorial plaque on the gate with the following inscription: "Thebes were destroyed by Alexander and restored by Phryne." Alas, the authorities of Thebes refused. But Praxitel sculpted a statue of a hetera from gold, which was later installed in the Delphic temple. The inscription on the pedestal read: "Phryne, daughter of Epicles of Thespias."
Clepsydra
Really this hetera was called Meticha. According to legend, her friends awarded her the nickname Klepsydra. It meant "water clock". Getera earned it with her habit of counting the time she spent with clients using a water clock.
Klepsydra became famous for becoming the heroine of one of Eubul's comedies. However, the text of the play has not survived to this day.
Thais Athens
Tais Atinskaya is known to the Russian reader mainly for the novel of the same name by Ivan Efremov. She possessed a rare beauty and often posed in the nude for artists, including the already mentioned Apelles. Thais was considered Phryne's main rival.
The name Thais (Taida) is mentioned in many ancient sources. It is known that at one time she was the beloved of Alexander the Great himself, accompanied him on military campaigns and even had some influence on state affairs. In 331 BC, after the battle of Gaugamela, the king arranged a feast in the captured Persepolis with the participation of the hetaira. As Plutarch writes, among them "... Taida, a native of Attica, a friend of the future king Ptolemy, stood out especially."
Ancient historians Plutarch, Diodorus Siculus and Quintus Curtius Rufus believe that it was Thais who proposed to burn the palace of Xerxes in Persepolis at that very feast, wishing to take revenge on the Persians for the burning of their native Athens in the summer of 480 BC.
Ptolemy, one of Alexander's friends and generals, made Thais his lover, and then his wife. After her husband became king of Egypt under the name of Ptolemy I Soter, she received the title of queen. True, Ptolemy had other wives as well. Thais bore him a son, Leontisk, and a daughter, Iranu, who later married Eunost, the ruler of the Cypriot city of Sola.
By the way, the asteroid 1236, discovered on November 6, 1931 by the Soviet astronomer Grigory Neuymin, was named in honor of Thais of Athens.
Each graduate understands perfectly well that in order to successfully enter the specialty of interest, it is necessary to prepare qualitatively for the Unified State Exam 2018 and gain the maximum possible points. What does it mean to “pass the exam well” and how many points will be enough to compete for a budget place in a particular university? This will be discussed in this article.
We will touch on such important issues:
First of all, it is important to understand what exists:
- minimum scoregiving the right to obtain a certificate;
- the minimum score that allows you to submit documents to the university;
- the minimum score sufficient for real admission to the budget for a specific specialty at a certain university in Russia.
Naturally, these figures differ significantly.
Minimum certification score
The minimum USE certification scores are set for compulsory subjects - Russian language and mathematics basic level and in 2018 are:
Having overcome this threshold, but not reaching the minimum test score, the examinee will receive a certificate, but will not be able to apply to the university.
Minimum test score
The test minimum is a threshold value that gives the right to enter the university. In other words, persons who have passed the test threshold theoretically have the right to join the struggle for budget places. Although, in practice, it is almost unrealistic to enter highly ranked universities with minimal indicators.
In 2018, in all subjects, except for the Russian language and basic mathematics, the test minimum USE scores coincide with the certification ones and are:
Subject | Minimum test score |
Russian language | |
Mathematics (basic level) | |
Mathematics (profile level) | |
Social Studies | |
Literature | |
Foreign language | |
Biology | |
Computer science | |
Geography |
The principle of calculating the success of passing the unified state exam assumes that the subject must demonstrate a high, medium or sufficient level of knowledge corresponding to the marks "5", "4" and "3" in the school scale.
In case of an unsatisfactory result, as well as when passing for a point that the examinee himself considers insufficient for himself, the graduates are given the right to retake the exam.
Minimum score for admission to the budget
Most universities announce the threshold score required for applicants for a budget place. This allows each applicant to realistically assess the prospects for admission and choose universities and specialties, taking into account the points scored on the exam.
In 2018, you can focus on the fact that last season the average passing scores for all subjects of the exam among applicants admitted to MGIMO and other highly ranked universities in the capital, fluctuated between the threshold value of 80-90. But, for most of the regional universities of the Russian Federation, a competitive result can be considered already 65-75 points.
Converting the primary score to the resulting score
By completing the tasks offered in the exam ticket, the examinee collects the so-called primary points, the maximum value of which varies depending on the subject. When assessing the level of knowledge, such primary points are converted into resulting ones, which are recorded in the certificate and are basic upon admission.
Using an online calculator, you can compare primary and test scores for subjects of interest.
Just like last year, in 2018, passing the exam points affect the score of the certificate and, although the table of comparison of the test score and traditional grades is not officially accepted, you can roughly compare your scores right now using a universal calculator.
Passing scores of top 10 universities in Russia
total |
||
| Moscow state University them. M.V. Lomonosov | ||
| Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology | ||
| National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI" | ||
| Saint Petersburg State University | ||
| Moscow state institute international relations | ||
| National research university « graduate School economics " | ||
| Moscow State technical University named after N.E. Bauman | ||
| National Research Tomsk politechnical University | ||
| Novosibirsk National Research State University | ||
| Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University |
Please note that the average passing scores for different specialties at the same university may vary significantly. This figure reflects the minimum score of applicants admitted to the budget, and tends to change every year. The results of 2017 can only serve as a kind of benchmark for applicants in 2018, motivating them to achieve the highest possible results.
The minimum passing score is influenced by many factors, including:
- the total number of graduates who submitted applications and the points indicated on their certificates;
- the number of applicants who submitted original documents;
- the number of beneficiaries.
So, seeing your surname at the 20th place in the list of specialties, which provides for 40 budget places, you can safely consider yourself a student. But, even if you find yourself on this list of 45, there is no reason to be upset if among those standing in front of you there are 5-10 people who have provided copies of documents, because most likely these people are tuned in to another university and have applied for this specialty as a fallback ...
2018-2019 academic year will be prom for many russian schoolchildrenwho are already concerned about the successful passage of the One state Exam and successful admission to a good university.
We will tell you how the examination papers are checked in different subjects, how the scale for translating USE scores into grades works, and what innovations can be expected in 2019.
Principles for evaluating the work of the exam 2019
Over the past few years uSE system in a number of subjects has undergone significant changes and was brought to the optimal (according to the organizers) format, which allows to fully assess the amount of knowledge of a graduate in a particular subject.
In 2018-2019, no cardinal changes are expected, and it is safe to say that the same principles will be applied to assessing the work of graduates as in 2017-2018:
- automated check of forms;
- involvement of experts in the verification of tasks with detailed answers.
How does a computer evaluate?
First part examination work suggests a short answer to the questions posed, which the USE participant must enter in a special answer form.
Important! Before starting the work, be sure to read the rules for filling out the form, since an incorrectly executed work will not pass an automated check.
It is quite difficult to dispute the result of a computer check. If the work was not credited due to the fault of the participant who incorrectly filled out the form, the result is considered unsatisfactory.
How do experts assess?
In many subjects, in addition to the test part, there are tasks for which it is necessary to give a full detailed answer. Since it is impossible to automate the process of checking such answers, experts are involved in the verification - experienced teachers with extensive work experience.
When checking the exam, the teacher does not know (and even with a great desire cannot find out) whose work lies before him and in which city (region) it was written. The check is carried out on the basis of uniform assessment criteria developed specifically for each subject. Each work is checked by two experts. If the opinion of the experts coincides, the assessment is put on the form, but if the independent appraisers disagree, then a third expert is involved in the verification, whose opinion will be decisive.
That is why it is important to write legibly and accurately so that there is no ambiguous interpretation of words and phrases.
Primary and test scores
Based on the results of the test, the USE participant is awarded a certain number of primary points, which are then converted into text (points for the entire test). Different subjects provide for different maximum primary points, depending on the number of tasks. But after bringing the result according to the corresponding table, the USE participant receives a final test score, which is the official result of his final tests (maximum 100 points).
So, in order to pass the exam, it is enough to collect the established minimum threshold for the primary score:
Minimum points |
||
primary | test |
|
Russian language | ||
Mathematics (profile) | ||
Computer science | ||
Social Studies | ||
Foreign languages | ||
Biology | ||
Geography | ||
Literature | ||
Based on these numbers, you can clearly understand that the exam is passed. But what is the grade? The online scale of 2018 will help you with this, designed specifically for transferring primary USE scores to test ones, which will also be relevant for the results of 2019. A convenient calculator can be found at 4ege.ru.
Announcement of official results
Graduates are always worried about the question - how quickly can you find out what result was obtained upon passing and what the scale will be in 2019 for translating the points scored on the exam into traditional grades.
Teachers often undertake to reassure the students, working out the tasks of the USE tickets immediately after the exam and assessing the quality of the work done by the students and the amount of primary points scored. Official results need to wait 8-14 days, in accordance with the established regulations for the USE-2019. On average, the organizers approve the following inspection schedules:
- 3 days to check the work;
- 5-6 days to process information at the federal level;
- 1 working day for approval of the results of the GEC;
- 3 days for posting results on the network and transferring data to educational institutions.
In the event of unforeseen situations and technical problems, these terms may be revised.
You can find out the owl score:
- directly at your school;
- on the check.ege.edu.ru portal;
- on the website gosuslugi.ru.
Converting scores to grades
Since 2009, the results of the USE are not included in the graduate certificate. Therefore, today there is no official state system translating the USE result into an assessment on a school 5-point scale. Within the framework of the introductory campaign, it is the test score gained on the exam that is always summed up and taken into account. But, many students are still interested to know how they passed the exam - for 3 or 4, 4 or 5. For this, there is a special table in which the correspondences for each of the 100 points in each of the subjects are detailed.
Russian language | ||||
Mathematics | ||||
Computer science | ||||
Social Studies | ||||
Foreign languages | ||||
Biology | ||||
Geography | ||||
Literature | ||||
It is rather inconvenient to use such a table. It is much easier to find out how you passed the Russian language, mathematics or history using the online calculator 4ege.ru, which also contains a scale for translating USE points, which is relevant for graduates of 2019.
Having received the result of the exam, it is worthwhile to decide on the university as soon as possible, comparing its capabilities with a real competition for specialties of interest. So, the practice of past years shows that in a number of cases it is difficult to get into the most popular areas in the capital's universities, even with high scores, because not only owners of 100-point uSE results, and the winners of the largest Olympiads of the 2018-2019 academic year.
