DEMOS
Synonyms of the Russian language. 2012
See also the interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what DEMOS is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- DEMOS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Greek demos - people) in Dr. Greece is a free population with civil rights (as opposed to meteks, perieks, slaves, etc.). ... - DEMOS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(Greek demos - people), in the broad sense of the word D. - the free population of the ancient Greek city-states, which possessed civil rights (in contrast to ... - DEMOS in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Greek demos - people), in ancient Greece, a free population with civil rights. From the end of the 5th - 4th centuries. before our ... - DEMOS
in ancient Greece, the people, that is, the bulk of the population, opposed to the aristocracy (eupatrides); slaves are not in demos ... - DEMOS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
, a, pl. no, m. in dr. Greece: people, i.e. the main full-fledged part of the population, opposed to the aristocracy - the Eupatrides (in the village ... - DEMOS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
DEMOS (Greek d; mos - people), in Dr. Greece is a free population that possessed a citizen. rights (unlike meteks, perieks, slaves and ... - DEMOS in the Complete Accentuated Paradigm by Zaliznyak:
de mos, de mos, de mos, de mosov, de mosu, de mosam, de mos, de mos, de mos, de mosami, de mos, ... - DEMOS in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
(gr. demos) in dr. Greece - the people, that is, the main full-fledged part of the population, opposed to the aristocracy (Eupatrides); to demos ... - DEMOS in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
[gr. demos] in other Greece - the people, that is, the main full-fledged part of the population, opposed to the aristocracy (eupatrides); in demos not ... - DEMOS in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
m. 1) Free population with civil rights (in Ancient Greece). 2) The people, the unprivileged strata of the population in the class ... - DEMOS in the Dictionary of the Russian language Lopatin:
d'emos, ... - DEMOS in the Complete Russian Spelling Dictionary:
demos, ... - DEMOS in the Spelling Dictionary:
d'emos, ... - DEMOS in the Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
(Greek demos - people), in Dr. Greece is a free population with civil rights (as opposed to meteks, perieks, slaves, etc.). ... - DEMOS in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Ushakov:
(de), demos, pl. no, m. (Greek demos) (book). The people, the underprivileged strata of the population in the class ... - DEMOS in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
demos m. 1) Free population with civil rights (in Ancient Greece). 2) The people, the unprivileged strata of the population in the class ... - DEMOS in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
m. 1. Free population with civil rights (in Ancient Greece). 2. The people, the underprivileged strata of the population in the class ... - DEMOS in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
m. 1. The main part of the population with civil rights, opposed to the aristocracy (in ancient Greece). 2. People, unprivileged strata ... - 1998.11.23 in History Pages What, where, when:
Demos-Internet, Independent Publishing House InfoArt and Sovam Teleport form an advertising alliance banner.Ru. Three leading Internet service providers playing a prominent role in ... - TAVADZE in the Literary Encyclopedia:
Solomon (pseudonym "Oboli-Musha") is a Georgian writer. Comes from peasants. From 1903 to 1906 he worked in a factory and tea plantations ... - LITERARY PUBLICATIONS in the Literary Encyclopedia:
(Russians). - In a class society, literary publishing houses invariably participate with their products in the struggle of classes, serving their ideological needs. Along with … - GISSING in the Literary Encyclopedia:
George is an English writer, a prominent representative of the naturalistic novel. In his major novels, Gissing conveys life in a naturalistic and accurate manner ... - VARNALIS in the Literary Encyclopedia:
Costas [?????? ????????, 1890—] (pseudonym Demos Tanalis) is a modern modern Greek poet and critic. R. on one of the islands of the Archipelago; by … - ARISTOPHANES in the Literary Encyclopedia:
[OK. 450 - c. 385 BC era] - the most prominent ancient Greek playwright, the brightest representative of the political comedy of the late V and ...
Much more gaps remain in the study of the genealogy of peasants, workers, merchants, and other unprivileged families. The problem lies mainly in the scarcity of available sources. For example, until the middle of the 18th century, a sufficient basis for assigning a person to the peasant population was considered to be his mention in the scribe or census book as a peasant. The manifesto of March 17, 1775 gave the right to the peasants who were set free to declare which class they wanted to enter (bourgeois or merchant). The decree of February 20, 1803 called the peasants set free with land as free farmers. Then the code of laws on fortunes classified the entire peasant population in the category of rural inhabitants. The Manifesto on the Abolition of Serfdom in 1861 granted both free peasants and former serfs the rights of free rural inhabitants. When a peasant left a rural society, he received a certificate of dismissal from the volost foreman and was assigned to another rural or urban society. One of the last pre-revolutionary legislative acts documenting belonging to the peasant class was the Decree of October 5, 1906. According to it, peasants and persons of former taxable classes were equalized in the rights of entering the civil service, educational institutions, clergy and monasticism.1
Like other unprivileged estates, the peasants rarely kept their genealogies. With the scantiness of direct sources, indirect materials are of great importance.
The well-known researcher of the history of peasant families MV Borisenko proposes to conditionally divide work on peasant genealogy into three groups: genealogical studies of families and families; source research and all others, in which genealogical plots are auxiliary or related.2 There is no comprehensive work on the genealogy of the peasantry yet. All of them are limited chronologically, geographically or on other grounds.
For example, MV Prokhorov made the object of a genealogical search the ancient village of Pokrovskoe (Fili) near Moscow, known in history by the famous military council of MV Kutuzov on September 1, 1812. The village was a large fiefdom of the Naryshkins. It is known that serfs, as a rule, did not have a surname. In census books and revision tales, the name of the peasant himself and his father was usually indicated. Peasants often incorrectly indicated their age. The researcher managed, however, on the basis of the analysis of genealogies, to draw a number of interesting observations and conclusions about the stability of the residence of individual peasant families in the village, about the absence of transition of the villagers to other estates, about the types of families of direct kinship, about the structure and composition of peasant families during the XVIII - the first half of the 19th century. The author provides interesting statistics. The village lost almost a third of its population during the plague of 1771, during the period Patriotic War 1812 the population decreased by a quarter.1 M.V. Prokhorov thus gives an exhaustive
the genealogical characteristics of the peasantry in one village alone for a century and a half (see Appendix 2).
MM Gromyko devoted a number of articles to the genealogy of the peasantry of Siberia.2 The value of her research lies in the fact that genealogical data are given in combination with statistical and others. Along with the census books, revision tales, such a poorly studied source is used as confessional paintings, compiled by priests to identify non-confessing parishioners since 1737. Genealogical data allow M.M. Gromyko to draw important conclusions about the socio-economic processes in the Siberian village.
The genealogy of workers has specific features in comparison with both the genealogy of the ruling classes and the genealogy of other unprivileged classes. One of them is that it is much "younger". In the full sense of the word, it is fair to speak about the genealogy of workers from the 18th century. The working class of the feudal period included heterogeneous groups. It is advisable to trace the genealogy of working families for individual enterprises. Working genealogy has its own specific sources: formal lists of artisans, clerical documentation of factories and factories, etc. Formal lists indicated the name, age of the artisan, his origin, time and place of employment, changes in the service, education, behavior of the artisan, punishments and fines , vacations, participation in military campaigns, salary, marital status, the number of children, their age and occupation, and even the height and appearance of the artisan. The weaknesses of this type of sources include the lack of information about the parents and the poor preservation of the lists. Among the earliest and most conscientious works on the genealogy of Russian workers, one should mention the study by L.N. Semenova on the genealogy of artisans in St. Petersburg in the 18th - early 19th centuries.3 The researcher found out from which categories of the population hereditary cadres of artisans were formed, how the working and living conditions of workers departments. Using the example of a number of biographies of L.N. Semenova, she traced the transitions of artisans and their children to other departments, in
merchants, petty bourgeoisie, army, etc. identified two types of social evolution of artisans. The first - when they retained the status of fathers and replenished the working class, the second, more rare - when literate children of artisans filled the lowest military positions in artillery teams, in the offices.
PA Kolesnikov (he restored the genealogy of IV Babushkin), MG Meyerovich "(analyzed the materials of the Yaroslavl Big Manufactory) (see Appendix 3) and some other researchers are also engaged in the problem of the formation of proletarian dynasties. But, we repeat , all works are narrowly thematic in nature.
Sources on the genealogy of the merchant class are inseparable from documenting belonging to the urban estates. Late 17th - early 18th centuries the urban population began to be divided into classes. In 1699, a burgomaster's chamber was established to manage merchants and townspeople. On January 16, 1721, the Regulations of the Chief Magistrate were established, which defined the urban estates. In 1723, the capital requirement was set at 500 rubles for registration in the merchant class.
On April 21, 1785, a charter was adopted on the rights and benefits of the cities of the Russian Empire. Usually in literature it is called the Certificate of Merit to the cities. The diploma was intended to regulate the organization and activities of the newly introduced bodies of city government. The diploma divided the inhabitants of the cities into estates. The majority of the urban population remained unequal. The competence of city government bodies has narrowed. Real power remained in the hands of mayors, police agencies, and local officials appointed by the governors. The municipal authorities were left with secondary issues of improvement, the sanitary state of cities, the development of trade and industry, and so on.4 Moreover, they were constrained by an insufficient financial base. The merchants were given only minor rights. But at the same time, the Charter to the cities created privileges for the commercial and industrial elite and thereby contributed to the growth of trade and industry in the country, without affecting serf relations.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the State Laws redefined the urban estates. In 1870, the City Regulation was introduced. Since that time, the city's philistine books have ceased to be kept. Census books, revision tales, metric records remain important sources on the genealogy of the merchant throughout its history.
A. I. Aksenov is considered the leading researcher of the genealogy of the merchants.
He owns two serious monographs on the genealogy of the Moscow and district merchants of the 18th century "and scientific articles on this problem. In his research, A.I.Aksenov is not limited to the framework of the 18th century.
The earliest information about Russian merchants dates back to the second half of the 18th century. The merchants were then called guests, since they traded in
living places, or churchyards. Usually these were large villages. After the adoption of Christianity, burials at churches in such villages began to be called graveyards. The guests were the highest merchant organization, below them were a drawing room and a cloth of hundreds. The guests, unlike the latter, could conduct foreign trade, acquire land and had a number of other privileges.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the situation changed for a number of reasons. Firstly, the guests were a very closed social group, part of the living room genera disappeared due to the lack of internal reproduction. As a result of the economic policy of Peter I, the guests were deprived of some traditional types of trade and crafts. For example, Peter introduced a state monopoly on the sale of furs and salt, which undermined the financial power of a number of merchant families (Filatyevs, Pankratyevs, etc.). The tax policy of the government, which is waging a long Northern War, also played an important role in this. At the same time, merchant families rose to the fore, profiting from military operations.
In 1728, the institutions of the guests and the sitting room of the hundreds were legislatively destroyed. Living room hundred lasted a little longer in time, since it did not conduct foreign trade. And the war had less impact on internal operations. In addition, the living room of a hundred significantly outnumbered the guests. At the beginning of the XVIII century, the economic position of the merchants Bvrainovs, Markovs, Mokeevs, Startsovs, Turcheninovs remained strong. The Jews, for example, got rich by supplying cloth to the army.
The strongest were those merchant families who transferred their capital from trade to industry. Although it should be noted that these were still feudal entrepreneurs, (see Appendix 4).
The new guild merchants received from the government the rights and privileges previously available only to guests and the living room of a hundred. Therefore, they became serious competitors of the latter.
In accordance with the Certificate of Merit to the cities of 1785, merchants of the first and second guilds shared the right to internal wholesale and retail trade, to establish factories and plants, and were exempted from state services. The first guilds could trade outside the empire and therefore could have sea vessels, while the merchants of the second guild only had river vessels.
It is curious how the merchant class was formed. In addition to internal reproduction, some merchant families originated from peasants. Although it was quite difficult, since the majority of the peasants were in serfdom. Another base for the formation of the merchants were the commoners - the townspeople, the bourgeoisie, soldiers, people from the families of clergymen, etc.
A.I. Aksenov is credited with studying the family ties of the merchants. Often marriage, along with the main function of procreation, also performed the function of economic preservation of the surname. Two tendencies were observed in the formation of family relations among merchants who moved to Moscow - past ties were preserved and kinship with Muscovites was established. The dowry, which was given by the merchant surnames for the bride, was of no small importance. It played an important role for the groom's surname as a means of initial accumulation. In the 19th century, the most stable were the merchant families that emerged from provincial cities or from peasants. They fought especially actively for a place under
the sun.
One of the factors in the decline of many early guild merchant families was the enslavement of merchants. In addition, they often became poorer as the surname grew.
In the end, the merchant class merged with the commercial and industrial class and until 1917 existed only formally.
Officials played an important role in the fate of the Russian state. An important document for studying its early history is the Table of Ranks. "Officials, having received the rank of collegiate registrar, became personal noblemen, collegiate assessors had the right to hereditary nobility. On December 15, 1763, a decree was adopted" On filling judicial places with worthy and honest people, on measures to stop extortion and bribes ... " The decree established the salary of all officials, that is, the officials received a special source of income. From 1764, formular lists were introduced that contained information about the official's family. They are important for genealogical research. On August 14, 1798, the Decree "On the exclusion of the command title of people from the per capita salary and on the indefiniteness to the civil service from the merchant, petty bourgeois and other per capita taxes of the carrying rank without submitting to the Senate about the need for them. ”This Decree played a significant role in the formation of the bureaucracy as a special group.
Thus, the bureaucracy gradually became a social group with its own sources of income and a special legal position.
MF Rumyantseva came to interesting conclusions about the course of this process, having studied the data on the inheritance of professions and the social nature of the marriages of officials.
Most officials entered into marriage with representatives of the social environment from which they came. Of the 79 noblemen, 31 were married to noblewomen, 22 were married to the daughters of officers; out of 51 civil servants, 19 were married to the daughters of small clerical and lower-ranking officials; out of 4 sons of merchants, 2 were married to merchant daughters; of the 28 sons of priests, a quarter are married to daughters of priests. Thus, socially homogeneous marriages prevailed.1
In addition, all officials, regardless of social origin, sought to marry hereditary noblewomen.
As for the inheritance of the father's profession by the sons, the sons of the nobles preferred military service... Much less often they chose civil. Children of officials who came from soldiers' children and from among civil servants more often entered the civil service. Moreover, the latter usually began to serve at a young age - from 10-12 years old - as copyists, etc.
Estates in Russia in the 19th century is an interesting historical and scientific issue that is being studied to this day.
It is very fascinating to observe how the society of our country has changed over time, how it has been transformed, gaining new features, approaching the state in which it is today.
Until the 19th century, there was no estate society in the country; completely different ways of dividing people into different strata operated here. But Peter I, together with his court of the nobility, strove in every possible way to make Russia a part of Europe. And it was from there that during the first half of the 19th century the king borrowed various estates. Let's take a closer look at how it all looked.
Establishment of estates
The estate structure of society existed in Western Europe, but in our country there were no even concepts describing this phenomenon.
The first evidence of the division of people into classes appeared in Russia in the late 1780s., but, as many historians note, this system did not manage to fully establish itself and receive the recognition that it had in the West.
A person fell into this or that class by what kind of business he was engaged in, what kind of education he had, what level of material wealth he differed, what kind of pedigree he had.
The scheme of belonging to this or that class was quite confusing and controversial even now. This issue was regulated by a special set of laws issued in several weighty volumes.
Estates in Russia in the 19th century
As already mentioned, Russian society had not seen a class society before, so Peter I completely copied it from the West, but with some features and adaptation to our locality.
Certain strata of society treated the innovations in different ways, and some individuals did not accept these changes, therefore only formally and forcedly participated in the reforms.
Generally, both classes of a kind of aristocracy and tax-paying estates appeared - the most humiliated categories of the population who were forced to serve in the army, pay tribute for each person in the family, and obey many additional laws.
Under such conditions, it is not surprising that the beginning of the revolts against the tsarist system and the late arrival of Marxism found very fertile ground.
Privileged
The estates were divided into privileged and non-privileged. The first included such categories of citizens.
Nobility
A fairly old class, which originated in the 17th century during the reign of the prince. The nobles had broad powers, they formed part of the court of a large prince or boyar.
It was possible to receive the title of nobleman for special successes and merits in military service, at the will of the sovereign, depending on their genealogy.
It is worth noting: the title of nobleman was also inherited, but only through the male line. If a woman of a noble family married an ordinary man, then the title of nobility was not transferred to him and her children.
Clergy
The traditional caste of the population for an Orthodox country, which included various kinds of priests, monks, elders and others.
The social composition of the clergy is quite diverse. This included people with very different levels of material wealth, since this was not a determining factor here.
The clergy was divided into two broad categories: white and black. The first part included the parish believers, the second - monasticism. These people were not subject to military conscription and corporal punishment.
Merchant 1st & 2nd Guild
The merchants of the first guild included those who had a large trade turnover both within the country and abroad. The merchants of the 2nd guild were engaged exclusively in internal trade.
The first had quite extensive powers and freedom of action. As for the 2nd guild, its representatives had to pay additional taxes and were even called up for military service in recruits.
All people belonging to this class had the right to self-government, many freedoms and rights, they had the right to receive a quality education.
Unprivileged
This class of inhabitants of the Russian Empire was more extensive than the privileged one. Its class structure looked like this.
Peasantry
The peasants were state and serfs, but later these names underwent changes. The position of the peasants was unenviable - the serfs had no rights and were completely unfree in all respects.
As for the state peasants, they could have land owned by the community, had the right to self-government.
All types of peasants were required to serve in the army, work out the so-called corvee, pay quitrent, and also had other types of obligations to their owners and the state.
In short, the position of this class was unenviable.
Philistinism
This class included craftsmen of various profiles, artisans, as well as representatives of small urban trade.
The townspeople had the right to their own self-government and to receive education, although limited in comparison with what was given to the nobles.
No titles were in effect here, and the bourgeoisie were forced to pay all the taxes that were only in the country, were subject to recruitment, forming the basis of the army of the Russian Empire.
These people had few rights, but they had enough responsibilities. They also did not have the opportunity to take ownership of the land.
Cossacks
Anyone could apply to the Cossacks, there were legends about this category of the population at one time.
Freemen, ownership of land, exemption from any taxes - all this was available to the Cossacks in full.
The only thing that the Cossacks owed to the state was to serve in the army, while having their own equipment.
Merchant 3 guilds
Some researchers attribute the merchants of the 3rd guild to a separate class. These are the main traders who ensured the city and county trade in the country.
There are no special differences from other guilds here, just representatives of the 3rd guild also had to serve in the army.
Below is a table with a brief synopsis on this topic.
The estate system did not last long - the uprising of the Decembrists, the impending world war, the Bolsheviks and many other upheavals quickly threw the country into a completely different reality.
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1
The article is devoted to the study of functional and psychophysiological characteristics of adolescents in conditions of different types of education. A comprehensive examination of the functional and psychophysiological parameters of the pupils' organism was carried out. It was found that adolescents under the conditions of specialized education, having better psychophysiological parameters in comparison with their peers in the profile classes, demonstrated higher stress on the part of the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous systems.
(SK) and profile classes (PC).<...> Similar differences were observed in the 10th grade.<...>classes p ≤ 0.05) (Table 2).<...> indicator differed only in profile classes.<...> with students of specialized classes. 2.
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No. 3 [Siberian teacher, 2015]
Scientific and methodical journal. The problems of education are discussed, the latest pedagogical technologies and techniques. In the Siberian Teacher you will get acquainted with the experience of innovative teachers and their colleagues abroad.
In 2014, engineering classes and classes related to applied biology, a project class, were opened.<...> 11th grade.<...>class in physics.<...> "(Grades 10-11)).<...>classes p ≤ 0.05) (Table 2).
Preview: Siberian teacher # 3 2015.pdf (0.5 Mb)3
Linguistics of the text and the textual aspect of studying syntax at school: teaching method. recommendations. 2nd ed .. rev.
The educational and methodological recommendations reveal the scientific foundations of the development of speech, special attention is paid to the main provisions of the linguistics of the text, the essence of the text aspect when studying syntax at school is explained, typical flaws in the construction of the text by students and methods of work aimed at eliminating them are characterized.
Speech development: theory and practice of teaching. Grades 5-7: Teacher's book. M., 1991; Ed. 2nd.<...> Practical methods of the Russian language. Grade 8: A book for the teacher. M., 1992. 3. Lvov S.I.<...> Collection of texts for presentation with linguistic analysis. 5-9 grades / Kapinos V.I. and etc.<...> Lessons of advanced study of the Russian language. Grade 9. M., 1994. 10. Skvortsov L.I.<...> Compositions of various genres in high school. M., 1997. 4. Kamenskaya L.Ya.
Preview: Linguistics of the text and the textual aspect of studying syntax at school uch.-method. recommendations. 2nd ed .. rev. .pdf (0.3 Mb)4
Methods of teaching music in a comprehensive school program for students of music-ped. fac.
The curriculum of the course "Methods of Teaching Music in a Secondary School" includes an explanatory note, the content of the subject indicating the topics of lectures and the corresponding sample tasks for conducting practical classes, sample questions for organizing seminars, as well as recommended literature to help students.
G-11 classes "(authors: L. Bazhenova,? E. Bondareshso, Yu. Usov).<...> I7 classes. Omsk, 1992.Shiryaeva N.<...> Adapting it in specific tasks for the G and II grades by I.V. Kadobnov, for III classand G.S. Kravchenko.<...> Appeal to the class and individual appeal to the schoolchild.<...> First grade . Izhevsk, 1990.
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Routes of professional development teaching aid for the course "Theory and Methods of Teaching Mathematics" for students, graduate students, teachers
FSBEI HPE "ShSPU"
The textbook reflects the main content of the course "Theory and Methods of Teaching Mathematics", presents tasks for practical exercises and independent work... The recommendations for drawing up an individual curriculum, setting goals, and carrying out reflection contained in the manual will help you understand how, in practice, to become the author of your own educational route. Designed for students, graduate students and teachers of pedagogical universities.
6 classes, 7-9 classes, 10-11 classes; know the modern method of formation mathematical concepts <...> 1-5 grades, knowledge and skills of primary school students in mathematics.<...> Methods for studying the main classes of equations, inequalities and their systems in grades 7-9. nine.<...> The structure of the content of the course of mathematics of grades 5-6; 7-9 grades; 1011 classes. 2.<...> The structure of the content of the course of mathematics of grades 5-6; 7-9 grades; 10-11 grades. 2.
Preview: Routes of Professional Development.pdf (0.5 Mb)6
The digest contains information on how to choose the right university, how to prepare for entrance exams.
Therefore, experience shows that so far only the middle class can use credit.<...> that in any case, it makes sense to get accurate information about the admission rules closer to the end of the 10th grade<...> So, if you are not a student (or a student) of a gymnasium or high school class, not a lucky winner<...> We are talking about adults who find it difficult to combine normal activities in the classroom, family and work.<...> You no longer have to pay for the rental of classes.
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Library life of Kuzbass. Issue 2 (24): collection
In issue. 2 collections "Library life of Kuzbass" for 1999 are devoted to the problems of education of library specialists and users abroad; library, publishing and archival technologies; development of national cultures of small peoples of Siberia. The program of the lecture hall, event scenarios are presented.
libraries in China also create schools on their basis, the so-called "secondary library science classes<...> In addition, the professional higher school class works in the same direction at High school in<...> Already ready for release: a Teleut primer and Shor language textbooks for grades 4 and 5.<...> On that day, an unusual lecture was held with the parents of third grade students of the seventh school.<...> Preparation is carried out in advance: children write essays in the class on the topic "My dad", fill out questionnaires
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Materials of the Third Siberian Seminar on Continuing Library Education
Publishing house GPNTB SB RAS
The collection includes abstracts and full texts of reports presented at the seminar, which was held as part of the activities of the Siberian Regional Library Center for Continuing Education at the State Public Scientific Technical Library of the Siberian Branch Russian academy Sciences under the auspices of the Russian Library Association. The subject matter of the materials covers a range of issues related to the activities of institutions of the country's continuous library education system (universities, libraries, institutions of additional vocational education, the system as a whole). Various concepts of interaction between libraries, universities of culture and arts, cultural management bodies of territories are proposed to effectively ensure the operation of this system.
and with heads of all levels of other institutions, should be high-class specialists (experts)<...> seminars and school-seminars, refresher courses, creative laboratories and workshops, master classes<...> The structure of the Center includes a fund of educational and methodological literature, catalogs, an Internet class, a training class for<...> So, biennial academic plan interschool specialized class includes 260 teaching hours<...> Specialized "library classes" work on the basis of the UOC "Shkolnik", artistic and aesthetic
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No.6 [Seeding, 2006]
Social and political journal. Published since November 11, 1945, published by the publishing house of the same name. The magazine's motto is “God is not in power, but in truth” (Alexander Nevsky). The frequency of the journal has changed. Initially it was published as a weekly, for some time it was published twice a week, and from the beginning of 1968 (issue 1128) the magazine became monthly.
Some of them are joining the growing working-class protest movement, taking on<...> "Officers, students," middle classes "are manifesting for the Provisional Government." 1 8 However, dissatisfaction<...> Forms and methods of the impact of the proletarian vanguard on the student youth in 1917 / / Working class<...> Korsakov went to school only until the sixth grade, then dropped out.<...> I was banned from the reading room, the computer lab, and foreign language classes.
Preview: Seeding No. 6 2006.pdf (5.4 MB)10
In WORK with gifted children, it is necessary to set one goal - to ensure the possibility of creative self-realization of the individual in various types of creative activity within the framework of the academic subject.
An example of such a lesson can be the presented literature lesson in the 11th grade, designed for two academic<...> allows us to say that the image of the rabble (people who are far from spiritual life, as well as people belonging to unprivileged <...>classes) is directly related to the death of the poet?
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The article contains the first in the domestic, and, possibly, in the world scientific literature, the study of the Titanic catastrophe. The author examines the causes of the catastrophe associated with both natural accidents and the fact that the voyage was carried out within the framework of a capitalist enterprise aimed at maximizing profits. Based on statistical data on ticket prices and occupations of passengers, the author reveals the social-class structure of the Titanic passenger community. The relationship between social class structure and the chances of saving passengers is investigated. The ability to rescue passengers and crew members in a disaster was driven by regulated and unregulated chances of rescue. The regulated chances of escape were associated with the policy of the ship's command, focused, on the one hand, to help primarily the passengers to the detriment of the crew, on the other hand, to the passengers of the 1st and 2nd class at the expense of the passengers of the 3rd class, on the other - women and children to the detriment of men. Unregulated chances of escape were associated with ethnic, linguistic and age characteristics of passengers. A study of the Titanic passenger community helps to establish some of the characteristics of world society in the early 20th century. The author examines the voyage of the Titanic and its catastrophe in the context of globalization processes
In the 2nd class In the 3rd class Persons Share among class passengers,% Persons Share among class passengers<...> These axles were: 1) belonging to passengers or crew (passengers were privileged, unprivileged <...> - team members), 2) gender (privileged - women, unprivileged - men), 3) “attitude<...> to childhood ”, children's age (privileged - children, unprivileged - adults), 4) ship class<...> and the class that this or that passenger was sailing (the privileged - the bourgeoisie from the 1st class, unprivileged
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Algorithms and models for restricting access to database records [monograph]
M .: Hotline - Telecom
The issues of designing secure databases using restricting access to individual records are considered. Both the limitation of unauthorized access to records and the provision of false masking information instead of the requested one are considered.
Most unprivileged an employee of the personnel department, allowed to maintain information only on personnel (class<...> Suppose that the HR department can be distinguished by privileged employees and underprivileged. <...> Let be unprivileged the user is trying to add a record about the rector, Ivanov Ivan to the relationship<...> Then the added entry will have the access label visible unprivileged userCopyright<...> Let be unprivileged users cannot add information to the masked table.
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History of bureaucracy course of lectures
Lipetsk State Technical University
The nobility had another opportunity to get around the service of immigrants from underprivileged estates.<...> At the same time, it should be noted that the collegiate registrar is already a cool rank, and many people from underprivileged <...> Up to the rank of VIII class, an official who left unprivileged class, had to serve very<...> I class Minister II class Assistant minister III class Director of the ministry department IV class Mayor<...>class - 5 years, III – I class - 10 years.
Preview: History of Officials.pdf (0,3 Mb)14
The article is devoted to the problem of self-determination of women in the profession. The work reveals the concept of self-determination in the profession in its historical context, analyzes the social status of a professional depending on his professional activity; the nature of self-determination of women in traditional, industrial and modern societies is examined. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that self-determination in the profession of a modern woman requires her not only to partially sacrifice the traditional role of a woman in the family, but also to adhere to conflicting values \u200b\u200band ideals, as a result of which the formation of an integral system of values \u200b\u200bis very difficult.
This work was mainly done by representatives of underprivileged classes in order to free<...> places to an ordinary person - bourgeois, peasant, artisan, merchant, any non-upper class
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Theory and practice of logical programming in Visual Prolog 7 textbook. allowance
M .: Hotline - Telecom
The theoretical foundations of logical programming are considered. Examples and description of the subject area using logical models are given. Link shown basic concepts predicate logic and basic constructions of the logical programming language Prolog. The basics of logical programming are presented using the example of the Visual Prolog 7 language. The structure of the program, the algorithm of the interpreter, input - output, methods and means of organizing interactive programs, issues of non-deterministic programming and control of program execution, various data structures and predicates of working with them are considered. The book contains numerous examples, as well as quizzes and practice assignments. The manual will be useful when studying the course "Functional and Logical Programming".
class.<...> It has to do with the concepts of classes and objects created by classes.<...>Classes are of two types: classes that create objects, and classes without the ability to generate objects.<...> class name.<...> What is the class for? How do I create a class? sixteen.
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The article examines the problem of maintaining the status quo of social identity and analyzes the adaptive mechanisms that are activated in situations of threat to personal or collective self-esteem. Strategies for maintaining / developing positive social identity, considered from the standpoint of the theory of social identity, make it possible to understand the mechanism of functioning of "cognitive alternatives"
equal access to social benefits, there are also certain changes at the cognitive level underprivileged <...> evidence back and in a seemingly paradoxical trend social groupslocated in unprivileged <...> unprivileged position in society.<...> Groups with high social status perceive themselves more as a collection of individuals, while unprivileged <...> unprivileged and unbiased calls
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Real time systems [review. lecture course]
SSAU Publishing House
Real time systems. Used programs: Adobe Acrobat. Works of SSAU employees (electronic version)
Serial interface RS-232 can be classified as external interface.<...> The parallel CAMAC interface belongs to the class of system interfaces (see Fig. 2.9).<...> privileged mode "(or" supervisor mode "or" kernel mode "or" kernel mode "or" protected mode "); " unprivileged <...> supervisor, and all other components of the operating system, including resource managers, while working in unprivileged <...> requesting an application program to the OS kernel; time limit for switching from "supervisor" mode to " unprivileged
Preview: Real Time Systems.pdf (0.2 Mb)18
M .: PROMEDIA
Complex systems of sociocultural motivation are considered. The views of sociologists, ethnomethodologists, representatives of the narrative approach to the systems of sociocultural motivation are analyzed.
of humanity as a whole to an individual tribe, religious community, youth group or even a school class<...> to isolate the dispositifs of national education systems, an individual school and even a specific school class<...> With regard to modern society, we can talk about privileged and underprivileged <...>classes, genders, races, social strata, ethnic groups, etc.<...> M .: Independent firm "Class", 2001.
"Humanitarian of the South of Russia" is a journal aimed at consolidating the efforts of scientists in understanding the social press, which occurs primarily in the South of Russia, and the events taking place in the Russian Federation, in global worldrelated to the life of the South of Russia. The mission of the journal is to reveal the essence of social processes concerning Russia, the South of Russia, and in particular, each separate region of the South of Russia. The journal is based on the principle of consistency and mutual influence of regions included in the general socio-cultural integration process of the global world.
; what collective feelings are formed in the moods of the creative class; how is the class "in itself<...> "Becomes a class" for myself ".<...>Unprivileged segments of the population who have not received anything in return become consumers of economic<...> The phenomenon of distorted perception of one's own unprivileged position in society.<...> So, since the perception of one's social identity as unprivileged and unbiased calls
Preview: Humanitarian of the South of Russia No. 1 2014.pdf (1,1 Mb)25
it is shown that during the transition period of the development of the Russian economy, a significant part of the business provides rent-oriented behavior of the bureaucracy, while the non-systemic business actually turns out to be beyond the line of the formed market. The main tasks of economic policy are formulated, coordinated with the area of \u200b\u200bits action, as well as with national tasks in the field of economics
Three strata can be distinguished: the first is a privileged business, the second is unprivileged business, third<...>Unprivileged business usually does not have access to decision-making administrative bodies, more often<...> , representing a privileged business, also focus on the FAS, while the suppliers of goods ( unprivileged
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M .: PROMEDIA
The article examines the top officials of the Yenisei provincial administration, who headed the "special" governing bodies. The latter existed for a relatively short time and therefore occupied a “special position” in the structure of local provincial institutions. On the basis of the documents and archival materials presented for the first time, an analysis of the social composition of the managers of the control chamber, excise administration, state property, prison and medical inspectors, indispensable members of peasant affairs of the Yenisei provincial administration was carried out on such grounds as class origin, religion, age, property and marital status, education, civil service experience, etc.
the social composition of civil servants was carried out in three categories of positions: higher (IV-V classes<...> The named top positions were classified as "special" in comparison with other top positions IV-V classes<...> official provincial posts in the Moscow administration and more than 2/3 - in Kaluga were occupied by people from underprivileged <...> central provinces of the empire, within the period under review, 28% of officials who held posts of IV-V classes<...> inspectors, indispensable members of peasant affairs, had a number of common features for all officials of the IV-V class
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Book by Dr. East. Sciences N.A. Ivanova and Dr. East. Sciences V.P. Zheltovoy consists of an introduction, 10 chapters ("Russian Imperial House"; "Nobility. Folding of the nobility (XVIII - first third of the XIX century)"; "Evolution legal status nobility in the second half of the XIX - early XX century "; "Clergy"; "Urban estates in the 18th - first half of the 19th century"; "Evolution of urban estates in the second half of the XIX - early XX century"; "Cossacks"; "Peasantry"; "Foreigners") and conclusions.
At the same time, the state strictly controlled the payment of taxes and taxes, the implementation of duties unprivileged <...> Russia did not develop a single third estate, which in Western countries became the basis for the formation of the class<...> At the same time, the emerging classes of society received a similar representation.<...> If in the Western countries the formation of classes took place mainly in conditions when the estates actually<...> existence as a result of the proclamation of legal equality, in Russia in the period of the XIX - early XX century. classes
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This article describes the problem of social and information inequality, which is not only a technocratic problem, but also a cultural problem. The reason for the internal complexity of modern society should be considered the diversity of customs, beliefs, interests and attitudes, in accordance with which people form groups in a socio-cultural society. This article reflects an information culture that is ready to perceive new scientific and technical information presented in the languages \u200b\u200bof the advanced countries of the world community
societies in which social inequality is clearly expressed, one can distinguish the culture of the upper and lower strata (classes<...> People belonging to unprivileged layers of society and do not have wide access to the culture of higher<...> Even in modern societies, in which deep cultural differences between classes are largely<...> This means that the middle class is small and the top is devoid of connection with other groups.
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This article is devoted to the problem of self-sufficient development of Russia. It reveals new resources for the self-education of Russian society and what blocks the process of constructive changes, studies the components of the country's self-sufficient development, provides a sociological analysis of the Russian elite, since self-sufficient development is associated with the national thinking elite formed in the process of development, economic growth and increasing innovative potential. society
is implemented in an unbalanced economy and the absence of innovation groups (the Russian middle class<...> Russian society expects from the elite, as a resource-secured group, a class of qualified managers<...> resources of the transferred economic and power elites, which make up 20-30% of the Russian resource-secured class<...>Unprivileged segments of the population who have not received anything in return become consumers of economic
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The article identifies the problems caused by the discrepancy between the "products" of domestic science and the needs of the country's leaders, and identifies the risk factors affecting the effectiveness of public administration of innovative development
correlation of current goals and objectives with the content of the "May decrees" of the President of the Russian Federation, revealed the dominance in the class<...> In the class of goals "Desired results of activity in a fixed time", the largest number of them belonged<...> In the class of goals, conventionally called "Necessary elements of a self-regulatory system", the largest number of them<...> are based on the imperatives of pluralism, complementarity, holism, hypostasis, the existence of equal underprivileged <...> political and socio-economic development through awareness of the possibility of bridging the gaps between classes
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In this article, from the standpoint of socially integrated logistics, the main technical and economic indicators of one of the first enterprises of the electronic industry in our country, OJSC Optron, are analyzed. It is shown that in 2002 the management of the enterprise carried out its logistic analysis and formulated proposals, following which, the plant again turned into a highly profitable enterprise. Among the most significant proposals were: optimization of the company's resource circulation within the production and commercial module, the introduction of a non-tariff form of remuneration, etc. This, in particular, is evidenced by the annual report of the meeting of shareholders of OJSC Optron for 2013.
Economics, 2015, No. 3 76 - maintaining an optimal balance in the structure of share capital between unprivileged <...> semiconductor devices: - ultrastable precision zener diodes; - microwave and high frequency diodes of various classes<...> optoelectronic devices for optical reception, processing, transmission and display of information of various classes
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socially and culturally determined changes in the semantic composition of the verb "dissemble", adjectives "popular" and "elite / elite" are investigated on the basis of modern mass media texts
the state - arranged especially for the lower strata of society; "Public, for underprivileged <...> through associations of the "best" with "expensive", and "expensive" with the prestigious, image - "exclusive", "premium class<...> the phrase “elite house” (example: “We sell a penthouse on Krasnaya Presnya with a view of the White House as an elite class office
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The article is devoted to the principles of representation in local authorities of Provence in the 18th century. The author substantiates a position on this issue that differs from the established one in historiography. Provides extensive fiscal data for the province. This made it possible to identify and demonstrate the criteria of representation at all levels of provincial self-government, to draw a conclusion about their general principles
It was a unified list of taxable property units in underprivileged lands<...> obvious: increase the number of taxable population at the expense of the nobility and ease the fiscal pressure on unprivileged <...> But even if we admit the fact that unprivileged the estate in the bosom of the General Assembly had "
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ON ONE APPROACH TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MULTILAYER GEOINFORMATION SYSTEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF MINING REGIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THEIR BIODIVERSITY [Electronic resource] / Potapov [et al.] // Physical and technical problems of the development of 2016-19. .- Access mode: https: // site / efd / 449686
A new approach is being developed to building a distributed information system for assessing the biodiversity of mining regions using data storage technologies, cloud services, intelligent processing and analysis of multidimensional data. A fundamentally new solution is proposed in the implementation of such systems with the use of NoSQL MongoDB and GeoNetwork components in their architecture, which can significantly relieve the load on the geographic information system when performing certain specialized calculations and user requests
Includes data by species, families, orders, classes, orders, habitats and density<...> Contains data on species, families, orders, classes, orders, habitats and population density<...> As a result of the work of the module, three classes of land value are distinguished: - red, if in the selected area<...> edit data for an ordinary user); the second layer hides individual protected objects from underprivileged <...> The system is aimed at creating a new type of information and analytical methods for solving a wide class
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Armenia is one of the oldest cradles of world civilization. In ancient times, Armenia was divided into Greater Armenia (Mets Hayk) and Lesser Armenia (Pokr Hayk), between which the Euphrates River flowed. Greater Armenia in the north bordered on the Albanian kingdom (Aghvank), Colchis, Trapezon, in the south - with Syria, Mesopotamia, Assyria, in the east - with the Persian province of Atrapatakan and the Caspian Sea, in the west - with Lesser Armenia. Little Armenia in the north bordered on Ponta Kapadovkia, in the south - on Syria.
In the Middle Ages, this group included only the class of secular and spiritual feudal lords.<...> "Anazats" were people who were not politically free and unprivileged, "Subjects", that is, people<...> The dominant class of society was the class of secular and spiritual feudal lords, who, together with merchants, exploited
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Ulrich Beck is Professor of Sociology at the University of Munich, collaborating with the London School of Economics and political scienceas well as the Harvard School of Design. His publication is of interest because it touches on the key problem of the global pastoral: how is it possible and is it possible in general to implement the idea of \u200b\u200brestoring harmonious relations between modern man and nature, and at the same time, climate stability?
taboo issues of everyday protection of politics and support for it from below, from ordinary people of various classes<...> groups of countries can to some extent limit the effects of tornadoes, floods, etc., then others, unprivileged
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Columbia University professor Richard Wortman1 examines the role of symbolic representations in the rise and preservation of the Russian monarchy from the reign of Peter I to the abdication of Nicholas II. The author approaches the Russian monarchy as a symbolic system, which, while remaining as a whole, has taken different forms over time in order to adapt to new requirements and use new opportunities. The work analyzes the prevailing myths and various forms of their expression in ceremonies. The study substantiates the importance of imagery and symbolism for maintaining an absolute monarchy and makes judgments about how this symbolism influenced the policy of the Russian monarchy.
Weber is primarily for ourselves; and only then was this mythology assimilated " unprivileged layers<...> art to appropriate the concept of "people" and declare this term inapplicable to the educated classes<...> If the European myth distanced the Europeanized elite from the lower classes, then the national myth, referring
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Analysis of the influence of the creative class on the consolidation of Russian society. The article substantiates the position according to which the possession of the creative class with the potential of social activity, its adherence to the value of social creativity and social self-realization determine its influence on the acceptance of the value of social creativity by the Russian society as a basic one that influences the formation of priorities for social development.
P. 412. 11 Middle classes in Russia ... P. 86.<...> importance is attached to “where a person works”, whether he belongs to the representatives of the privileged or underprivileged <...> Thus, the creative class can be considered as a “forward-looking” class aimed at<...> This situation gives advantages to the creative class as a class devoid of group egoism, but complicates<...>class with power remain undefined.
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There are more than 200 million immigrants in the world, which is approximately 2.8% of the population. Almost 15 million of them are Muslims living in the countries of the European Union (3.3% of its inhabitants). In the United States, their number is half. Moreover, about 500 thousand people every year arrive in Europe illegally, without documents. A large community was formed after the Second World War, as Europe needed labor resources to restore its economy.
the situation of the second and third generation of immigrants; even representatives of the middle class appeared among them<...> As a rule, children of Muslim immigrants do not know much English and prefer to study in underprivileged <...> countries every year it becomes more difficult to provide social benefits to an already formed class
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Oracle Security Through the Eyes of an Auditor: Offense and Defense
M .: DMK-Press
This book is the first research, written by a domestic author, which is devoted to the problem of Oracle DBMS security. The material in the book is based on the author's practical experience gained as a result of penetration tests and extensive research activities in the field of database security. The book is structured in such a way that at first the reader is put in the shoes of a potential intruder and explores all possible ways to gain access to the database, including searching for new vulnerabilities and writing exploits. Having received enough knowledge about the main vulnerabilities of the DBMS and about the methods of penetration, the reader proceeds to the second part of the book, which describes in detail the methods of protecting the Oracle DBMS both using secure configuration and adherence to standards (in particular, PCI DSS), and using additional security tools. IB.
First, having even unprivileged an account on the server on which the DBMS is installed, you can<...> At the same time, the buffer overflow vulnerability is more difficult to implement than the PL / SQL vulnerability.<...> Now let's figure out how the function is called from the SYS package when it is run as unprivileged <...> Thus, having gained access to the Oracle DBMS, unprivileged users to increase their privileges<...> the user who started the DBMS (on Windows, this is the default administrator, on UNIX, this is usually unprivileged
Preview: Oracle Security Through the Eyes of an Auditor Offense and Defense.pdf (0.9 MB)41
Relevance and goals. Provincial philistinism in everyday class life was a product of the legislative efforts of the authorities and the social creativity of the actors themselves, who adapt the "challenges" from above to the life circumstances of a particular locus of the empire. In this regard, the study everyday life of the largest urban class, considered in the context of a permanent dialogue with the authorities, represents an undoubted scientific interest and allows you to discover such class interactions and egressions that held the class structure together until its liquidation in 1917. Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks was achieved through the use of published documents, such as the Commemorative Books of the Simbirsk province, stored in the Ulyanovsk Regional Scientific Library. Conclusions on the Samara province are based on the study of the funds of the bourgeois council and the city Duma of the State Archives Samara region and presented in the monograph of the author of the article, left outside the scope of this work. The methodological potential includes: a comparative-comparative method that allows one to compare the bourgeois society of two Volga cities; the statistical method, which allows to numerically designate the composition of the philistine, and the historical and anthropological method, with the help of which it is possible to recreate the psychological characteristics of the class everyday life. Results. On the basis of archival data on the Samara province, the author comes to the formulation of a conclusion about the "golden age" of philistinism, meaning by this close cooperation of the townspeople with the merchants of the third guild in the activities of the so-called six-vowel duma and an emotional "dialogue" with the power of the townspeople, which is reflected in the office documentation Samara. In Simbirsk, the degree of participation of the bourgeoisie in the affairs of the city within the boundaries of "urban citizenship" manifested itself to a lesser extent, but even in this case, the reform of city government in 1870 led to the fact that the bourgeoisie began to be ousted from the public life of the city by new social actors involved in the work the all-estates thought. Conclusions. The “exodus” of the bourgeoisie from the city government was predetermined by the City Regulations of 1870, which dealt a blow to communal relations among the urban class. The establishment of bourgeois councils did not help the largest urban estate to consolidate its social world in the system of urban interactions.
But also among underprivileged, non-elite strata of the population at the level of interaction practices within society<...> If we proceed from the concept of the “middle class” as “the nucleus of society”, “leveling social extremes and<...> XIX century. just represented such a "middle class".
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Analysis of the views of mature K. Marx and F. Engels on the bourgeoisie and the proletariat as the main classes of capitalist society.
both in relation to the real classes and in relation to the factions of the classes.<...>class of own2 Lenin V.I.<...> , class of capital owners.<...> The bourgeois class is a class of commanders, a class of rulers of the capitalist mode of production.<...> proletarians, or the upper and lower strata of the proletariat), ethnic criterion (for example, in England - the British and unprivileged
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# 8 [System administrator, 2005]
System Administrator magazine is the leading Russian industry publication for IT professionals. Its goal is to provide complete and objective information about solutions, products and technologies of the modern IT industry. 90% of articles in the journal are of an applied nature, supplied with examples, tables, graphic material. That is why the magazine "System Administrator" is a desktop guide for IT professionals and those who have decided to pursue a career in IT. Published since October 2002.
At the end you will need to enter the superuser password and also fill in the details unprivileged <...> By the way, for unprivileged user and FAT will be read-only - write<...> Although with a great desire and strong nerves, you can get work on behalf of unprivileged <...> And thirdly, we will distinguish between "the component class classMyComponent" and "the component MyComponent of the classMyComponent<...> Working with types of components (classes), as well as initiated classes (we will call them simply “components
Preview: System Administrator # 8 2005.pdf (1.2 Mb)44
The article reveals the problem of forming the ideal of practicality and efficiency in American social thought and pedagogy in the XX century. The ideas of a number of American teachers are characterized.
Activity in this area has always been viewed in a society divided into opposing classes,<...> In 1907, W.C. Bagley's book "Classroom Management" was published, which was saturated with business terminology<...> indeed, one can agree with the assertion that the Americans, tracing their ancestry from underprivileged
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Historical and social school education in the countries of the bourgeois West
M .: PROMEDIA
Children of the ruling and propertied classes receive enhanced humanitarian training, for it opens the way to<...> The children of the exploited classes receive the definition necessary for the functioning of the productive forces<...> labor productivity while raising the level of general education of workers, nevertheless, the ruling classes<...> B mass, unprivileged school general history not taught at all. oluzhit, world history<...> /, or / and almost not disguised tendencies when it comes to lessons in high school.
classesThe concepts of a transformative curriculum, its didactic, epistemic and environmental rigidity are grounded.
for children, i.e. students up to high school, in particular, he talks about programs for 4-6 and primary grades<...> imprisoned in their ethics, language, literature, costume, etc., and social exclude the concept of life of the poor, underprivileged
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The article attempts to consider in a complex the problem of alcohol consumption in Russia since the end of the 15th century, i.e. the beginning of the production of beverages by distillation, and until 1936, when new Soviet standards for alcoholic beverages were adopted. This problem includes three main components: manufacturing technology and organization of production; legal regulation of production and sale (and its effectiveness); the story of the consumer himself. Most scientific works these topics are considered separately from each other and within a specific historical period. In this article, the author, relying on the works of researchers, sought to consider the problem in the unity of its main components and over a significant chronological period.
I think the same can be said about inns intended for unprivileged urban population<...> Book-Service "Copyright OJSC" CDB "BIBKOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" 49 tekas, Sunday schools and evening classes<...> houses - educational and leisure institutions, which were supposed to become clubs for unprivileged <...> societies or trusteeships, were in demand, their leisure activities brought variety to life underprivileged
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No. 4 [Health and education in the XXI century. Electronic Scientific and Educational Bulletin, 2018]
Topical issues of therapy, cardiology, neurology, psychiatry, gastroenterology, general surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, andrology, pediatrics, medical psychology, legal foundations of medical activity, etc.
American literary scholars believe that the main problems that F.M. Dostoevsky was preoccupied with journalism in the early and mid-1860s, the same ones that were largely reflected in his novel Crime and Punishment (1866)
serfdom (1861) and during the heyday of creativity of the sixties, i.e. class of commoners, people of underprivileged