There is a small quiet street in our city, modest and green. On the plaques hanging on the houses, you can read: "Garnaev Street". His name in our city bears not only the street, but also school number five, which also houses a museum dedicated to Yuri Alexandrovich Garnaev. In addition to our city, streets in the cities of Balashov, Ulan-Ude and Feodosia bear his name, a motor ship, a gymnasium and a charitable foundation are named after him. The monument to Garnaev is located even in France, in the city of Le Rov. Who is he, this man, what is he famous for and what does he have to do with Zhukovsky?
July 1958, Moscow. Another air festival is being held in Tushino. Rapid fighters fly over the admiring spectators, helicopters hover, and passenger airplanes slowly fly by. But then something completely incomprehensible rises into the air. The aircraft has no wings or fuselage. And the jet from the engine is directed downward. And this "flying stool" not only rises into the sky, but also moves through the air, as if dancing a waltz. The announcer announces that there is a "Turbolet" in the sky, piloted by test pilot Garnaev. This is how the country first learns the name of this person.
Yuri Alexandrovich Garnaev was born on December 17, 1917 in the city of Balashov, present-day Saratov region. Once, at a May Day demonstration, Yura sees a plane flying over the crowd. The very next day, he runs to the airfield and persuades the pilot to give him a ride. Now in his life there is a cherished desire - to become a pilot. Yuri does not yet know how many obstacles he will have to overcome on this path ...
After graduating from a seven-year school, Yura Garnaev moved with his mother to the Moscow region, where he worked as a turner at the Lianozovo car repair plant.
Here Yuri Garnaev again returns to his old dream - to fly. In January 1937, he entered the Mytishchi flying club. Classes in it run in parallel with work at the plant. June 17, 1937 Yuri makes his first solo flight - a dream come true! After graduating from the flying club, Garnaev entered the Engels Military Aviation School, which he successfully graduated in May 1939.
Junior Lieutenant Yuri Garnaev was sent for further service in the 51st Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Trans-Baikal Military District, and a year later, as one of the best pilots of the regiment, he became an instructor at the Trans-Baikal Military Aviation School. With the beginning of World War II, Garnaev persistently rushes to the front, however, training flight personnel is also considered an important task, and Yuri is left as an instructor. Only in February 1942 did he still manage to go to the combat unit. The regiment, in which he now serves, protects the country's Far Eastern borders from possible Japanese raids.
August 1945 begins fighting against Japan. The navigator of the 718th Fighter Aviation Regiment, Captain Garnaev, takes part in the Manchurian operation, performs 11 sorties on a Yak-9 fighter, and on August 28 he is awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree.
And suddenly, like a bolt from the blue - arrest. One can hear a lot of versions about its cause: from the loss of a secret flight card to murder due to negligence ... In fact, the reason was very prosaic - in the Chinese city of Dairen (now Dalian), a 28-year-old pilot met a Russian emigrant. The relevant authorities were vigilant, and in December 1945, Yuri Garnaev was convicted by a military tribunal "for violating the secrecy regime" and sentenced to 5 years in prison. Until April 1948, prisoner Garnaev worked at the NKVD plant at Far East... And secretly from everyone he writes poetry ...
Misfortune happened ...
A great misfortune has happened.
I have been excluded from the lists of the living for a long time now.
And life went downhill, like a broken chaise, fell,
I am doomed to hard labor by a reckless fate.
How difficult it is to measure resentment and anguish in words,
How scary to believe, how hard it is in my soul to endure,
That the chains of the law have bound my will and hands,
That I became powerless and that honor was sprinkled with mud ...
Stanislav Garnaev, the eldest son of Yuri Garnaev, recalls:It is very interesting that in the camp, we know from the stories, they don’t give us either paper or a pen. But dad found ink somewhere. But there was no paper. And he decided to write it down. And on what? And then he cut sheets of paper from the used cement bags.
He was released early in October 48th. Deprived military rank and awards, amnestied, but not justified, Garnaev returns to the Moscow region. During this time, the wife found herself another, there is nowhere to live, they do not take to work with a criminal record ... But Yuri does not give up and passionately wants to return to heaven again.
Alexander Akimov, head of the laboratory of the Gromov Flight Research Institute, recalls:He says: I am ready - whatever, even as a cleaner, but only at the airport. Well, of course, when he said such words, he meant that, being at the airfield, he would eventually break through to his favorite flying job.
With great difficulty, he manages to get a job at the Flight Research Institute. They didn't hire him as a pilot, so at first he had to work as a technologist. Sometimes he is allowed to fly on a Po-2 liaison plane. Garnaev is already beginning to think about returning to flight work, but then a new misfortune lies in wait for him ... In the summer of 1950, enterprises began to "cleanse foreign elements." Under this pretext, many test pilots and engineers are fired from the institute.
Aleksey Alekseev, the former commandant of the airfield of the Gromov Flight Research Institute, recalls:
Times were such that there was an instruction: who was in prison and who was in captivity, these people should be fired ... And Yura also fell under this.
Despite another blow of fate, Yuri Alexandrovich does not despair. He still remains to work at the institute. True, now not at the airport, but by the head of the Strela club. But the thought of returning to heaven still does not leave him.
With the advent of jet technology in the country, the development of fundamentally new means of rescuing a pilot - ejection seats - begins. They are tested at the Flight Research Institute. This is an extremely dangerous business, and therefore there are not so many who want to eject, but Garnaev happily takes on a deadly job. The main thing is that he is again at the airfield, again in the sky! In only three months of 1951, Yuri Garnaev performs 7 air ejection operations. On May 14, 1951, he was the first in the country to eject in a spacesuit, on July 14, he ejected at a speed of 900 km / h. It was a record for that time.
And soon Yuri returns to the main dream of his life - flight work. Since December 1951, he has been a test pilot at the Flight Research Institute in Zhukovsky. Begins new page his biography.
It is difficult even to list the main test work carried out by him. Among the first in the country, Garnaev begins to test only the helicopters that have appeared. In 1958, he conducted a unique flight experiment to shoot blades on a Mi-4 helicopter. A year earlier, Yuri Aleksandrovich was testing an exotic aircraft "Turbolet", which was a truss structure with a vertically mounted turbojet engine and jet rudders.
Alexander Akimov recalls:This machine, which not only hung, but also flew forward, backward, in different directions with speed and so on. And, of course, the crown of these flights was the parade in Tushino, when Garnaev demonstrated this wonderful flight on the engine on the "Turbolet". Why am I talking about the engine? Because engine failure is one design case and is still in aviation today. And there, on "Turbolet", there was one engine. If the engine failed, the pilot died. This is 100%.
Garnaev was one of the first to start testing the first domestic vertical takeoff and landing aircraft Yak-36. As a versatile test pilot, Yuri Alexandrovich successfully tests all types of aircraft and helicopters.
Remembers Valentin Vasin - Hero Soviet Union, Honored Test Pilot of the USSR:They said he was in a hurry all the time. And he really made up for the time he spent on stage in the club and as a turner at the machine, in the time before 1949. For example, he could do this: he gets up at four or five, goes to Lyubertsy, flies in helicopters. Then by seven or eight o'clock he flies on some bomber near Tupolev. A couple of flights to LII according to the planned table on fighters. And, oddly enough, he always succeeded. As a pilot he was excellent, and he planned his time wisely, he always succeeded, and everyone was happy.
But there were also unforeseen situations ... On December 29, 1962, during a test flight on a Mi-6 helicopter, an engine fire occurs, the helicopter begins to lose control and enters a spiral. The commander of the crew, Yuri Garnaev, controls the machine to the last, giving all crew members the opportunity to leave the dying helicopter. At the last moment, Garnaev's pilot door is not thrown off. The rich experience of parachute jumping saves, the pilot leaves the helicopter through the emergency hatch of the navigator's cabin.
Just a year and a half later, on July 16, 1964, the right nacelle fell off on the Ka-22 rotorcraft in flight. The pilots take the falling rotorcraft away from the city and leave the car at the last moment. The commander of the crew, Hero of the Soviet Union S.G. Brovtsev dies, falling under the blades of a rotating propeller, and Garnaev remains alive only by a miracle.
Alexander Akimov recalls:... And Garnaev jumped out. He said that, behold, I pushed off the side with such force that my back still hurt and for a month afterwards. And the military pilot Brovtsev, apparently, did not push himself very hard and hit the pulling screw, he was chopped by the screw.
A month later, on August 21, 1964, Yuri Alexandrovich Garnaev was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. On the same day he was awarded the honorary title "Honored Test Pilot of the USSR". This was the only case in history when a test pilot received two such high awards in one day.
Garnaev is a repeated participant in aviation parades over Moscow and international air shows. In the spring of 1966, on a Mi-6 helicopter, he took part in the installation of power line poles in the Swiss Alps.
In the summer of 1967, after the end of the Le Bourget air show, the Mi-6PZh helicopter under the command of Garnaev performs the hard work of extinguishing severe forest fires in the south of France from the air. Sometimes up to thirty flights are carried out in one day! The tension reaches its limit, and irreparable happens: on August 6, 1967, in the area of \u200b\u200bMarseille, a helicopter crashes. All crew members are killed.
Alexei Leonov, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, recalls:I was at the funeral with Yura Gagarin. I saw the great sorrow of all people. His son, Sasha Garnaev, was still a schoolboy then. He stood sobbing. His mother and wife were crying. Although we are accustomed to this, it was very difficult to survive all this.
Alexander Garnaev, the youngest son of Yu.A. Garnaeva:When dad crashed, they hid it from me. I was not yet seven years old, I had the first interview in my life. I was asked the question: "Sasha, when you grow up, who do you want to be?" I, without hesitation, answered: "Like a dad, a test pilot, a hero."
He fulfilled his childhood wish. Honored Test Pilot, Hero Russian Federation Alexander Garnaev worked as a test pilot for 15 years. The son remained true to his father's dream.
Andrey Simonov
Garnaev Yuri Alexandrovich - test pilot. Born December 17, 1917 in the town of Balashov, Saratov Region. Russian. From 1934 he lived in the village of Lopasnya (now the city of Chekhov), Moscow region. He worked as a turner at a mechanical plant. In 1936 he graduated from the 3 courses of the Podolsk Industrial College. In 1936-1938 he was a turner at the Lianozovo Carriage Repair Plant. In 1938 he graduated from the Mytishchi flying club.
In the Soviet Army since 1938. In 1939 he graduated from the Engels Military Aviation School of Pilots. He served in combat units of the Air Force. In 1940-1942 - pilot-instructor of the Trans-Baikal Military Aviation School of Pilots (Ulan-Ude). From 1942 he again served in combat units of the Air Force.
Member of the Soviet-Japanese War: in August-September 1945 - navigator of the 718th Fighter Aviation Regiment (9th air army, Transbaikal Front); flew 20 sorties. In 1945 he was repressed. Until 1948 he worked at the plant of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in 1948 he was the head of the NKVD club in Norilsk.
In 1949-1950 he worked at the Flight Research Institute (now the Gromov Flight Research Institute) as a technologist. He took part in the development of the air refueling system. In 1950, he was removed from work at the LII as a repressed person and began working as the head of the Strela club (Zhukovsky).
In 1951 he was a test parachutist at LII. 07/14/1951 performed the first bailout in the country in a spacesuit.
From 1952 - on flight test work at the LII. In 1953 he graduated from courses at the Test Pilot School. In 1957 he performed the first flight and tested the unique aircraft "Turbolet". He carried out a number of complex test works on airplanes and helicopters of various classes and purposes.
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the award of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal to Yuri Alexandrovich Garnaev was awarded on August 21, 1964 for his courage and heroism during the testing of new aviation technology.
Died on August 6, 1967 in a Mi-6PZh helicopter while extinguishing a forest fire in the Marseille region (France). He lived in the city of Zhukovsky, Moscow region. Buried in Moscow, on Novodevichy cemetery... Honored Test Pilot of the USSR (1964), Captain. Decorated with orders Lenin, World War I 1st degree, Labor Red Banner, medals.
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test pilot
Yuri Alexandrovich Garnaev (-) - Soviet pilot. Honored Test Pilot of the USSR (), Hero of the Soviet Union ().
Biography
At first I did not even dream of aviation - the time was too difficult. Our family lived poorly, after all I ate my fill for the first time when I got to flight school.
In the same year he tests the Turbolet, in 1958 he demonstrates it at the air parade in Tushino.
On Sunday evening, August 6, 1967, in France, while extinguishing a large forest fire, in the difficult conditions of mountainous terrain, an Mi-6 helicopter crashed. Crew consisting of: ship commander - Hero of the Soviet Union, honored test pilot of the USSR Yu.A. Garnaev, co-pilot Yu.N. Peter, navigator V.F. Ivanov, flight engineer S.A.Bugaenko, flight operator B.N.Stolyarov , test engineers A. Ya. Chulkov, VP Molchanov and two French specialists: Sandoz and Tapfer - died.
The investigation into the crash of the Mi-6PZh helicopter was led by the French side. Data on the official conclusions reached by the French commission could not be found in Russian-language sources.
However, to date, there are several versions of the causes of the disaster:
1. The helicopter touched the rock (according to other sources, the power line) with its tail rotor, which collapsed. After that, the helicopter body began to unwind arbitrarily around the vertical axis. The crew managed to land the helicopter on a platform on top of the plateau, but the helicopter, spinning, fell off a cliff, fell down on a forest burning in the gorge.
2. A sharp loss of altitude due to engine surge as a result of the helicopter hitting a high temperature zone while being above a burning forest.
3. An act of sabotage.
Mastered types of aircraft
By 1960 he had mastered 90 types of aircraft. In total, he has mastered over 120 types of aircraft.
Memory
Awards
- Medal "Gold Star" No. 11212, August 21, 1964.
- Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree (1945).
Essays
Yuri Alexandrovich Garnaev left behind a literary legacy. In 1970, the publishing house "Molodaya Gvardiya" published the collection "Checked for myself", which included his unfinished story of the same name, diaries and poems, as well as memoirs of test pilots, writers and journalists about him. The collection was awarded a special prize at the All-Union Alexander Fadeev Competition and was reprinted twice (in 1976 and 1986). Garnaev is also the author of a number of essays and poems published in Soviet journals.
Films
- Documentary film about Yu. A. Garnaev "", (B. T. Dobrodeev and S. D. Aranovich) 1969, Leningrad studio documentaries... The first creative association.
Yuri Garnaev's diary served as the dramatic outline of the full-length film "People of Earth and Sky". The picture, in essence, reveals the post-war path of the Russian aviation. The tests of catapults, the first flights behind the sound barrier, the launches of aircraft-missiles, the design and testing of turbot and helicopters are widely shown. Yuri Garnaev was a versatile tester. Uncommon courage, endurance, will helped him out more than once. The final shots of the picture - extinguishing a forest fire by Soviet helicopters in the mountains of France. On the eve of the pilots worked in Switzerland on the construction of a high-altitude cable road. Together with Garnaev was Vasily Koloshenko, who now had to become one of the consultants for the film about the life and exploits of his friend.
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Notes
Literature
- Garnaeva G. Yu.
- Garnaev A. Yu., Head
- Gallay M.L. "Meetings at Aerodromes", chapter ""
- A. A. Shcherbakov "Pilots, planes, tests"
- A. G. Merkulov "On the road for oblique rain", a documentary story (Yu. A. Garnaev - one of the central figures of the story)
- V. E. Zvyagintsev Tribunal for "Stalin's falcons" - M .: Terra. Book club, 2008
- Vasin V.P., Simonov A.A. LII testers. - Zhukovsky: Aviation Printing House, 2001. - P. 52, 178. - 192 p. - ISBN 5-93705-008-8.
- A. A. Simonov Honored Testers of the USSR. - M .: Aviamir, 2009 .-- S. 55-56. - 384 p. - ISBN 978-5-904399-05-4.
Links
An excerpt characterizing Garnaev, Yuri Alexandrovich
“I have the pleasure of talking to Count Bezukhim, if I’m not mistaken,” said the traveler slowly and loudly. Pierre silently, inquiringly looked through his glasses at his interlocutor.“I heard about you,” the traveler continued, “and about the misfortune that befell you, my sir. - He kind of stressed the last wordas if he had said: "Yes, misfortune, whatever you call it, I know that what happened to you in Moscow was a misfortune." - I am very sorry about that, my sir.
Pierre blushed and, hastily lowering his legs from the bed, bent down to the old man, smiling unnaturally and timidly.
“I did not mention this to you out of curiosity, my sir, but for more important reasons. He paused, not letting Pierre out of his gaze, and moved over on the sofa, inviting by this gesture Pierre to sit down beside him. It was unpleasant for Pierre to enter into conversation with this old man, but, involuntarily submitting to him, he went up and sat down beside him.
“You are unhappy, my sir,” he continued. - You are young, I am old. I would like to help you to the best of my ability.
“Oh, yes,” Pierre said with an unnatural smile. - I am very grateful to you ... Where are you going to pass from? - The face of the traveler was not affectionate, even cold and stern, but in spite of that, both the speech and the face of the new acquaintance had an irresistibly attractive effect on Pierre.
“But if for some reason you dislike talking with me,” said the old man, “then say so, my sir. - And he suddenly smiled unexpectedly, a fatherly tender smile.
“Oh no, not at all, on the contrary, I am very glad to meet you,” said Pierre, and, glancing once more at the hands of a new acquaintance, examined the ring closer. He saw on it Adam's head, a sign of Freemasonry.
“Let me ask,” he said. - Are you a Mason?
- Yes, I belong to the brotherhood of free stone-makers, said the traveler, looking deeper and deeper into Pierre's eyes. - And on behalf of myself and on their behalf, I offer you a brotherly hand.
“I’m afraid,” Pierre said, smiling and hesitating between the confidence instilled in him by the personality of a Freemason, and the habit of ridiculing the beliefs of the Freemasons, the universe is so opposite to yours that we do not understand each other.
“I know your way of thinking,” said the Mason, “and that way of thinking about which you speak, and which seems to you to be the product of your mental labor, is the way of thinking of most people, is the monotonous fruit of pride, laziness and ignorance. Excuse me, my sir, if I did not know him, I would not have spoken to you. Your way of thinking is a sad delusion.
“In the same way, how can I suppose that you are also delusional,” said Pierre, smiling weakly.
“I will never dare to say that I know the truth,” said the Mason, more and more striking Pierre with his certainty and firmness of speech. - No one alone can reach the truth; only stone by stone, with the participation of all, millions of generations, from the forefather Adam to our time, the temple is being erected, which should be a worthy dwelling of the Great God, - said the Mason and closed his eyes.
“I must tell you, I don’t believe, I don’t ... believe in God,” Pierre said with regret and effort, feeling the need to express the whole truth.
The Mason looked attentively at Pierre and smiled, as a rich man who held millions in his hands would smile at a poor man who would have told him that he, a poor man, did not have five rubles that could make him happy.
“Yes, you do not know Him, my sir,” said the Mason. - You cannot know Him. You don't know Him, that's why you are unhappy.
- Yes, yes, I am unhappy, confirmed Pierre; - but what am I to do?
“You do not know Him, my sir, and that is why you are very unhappy. You don't know Him, but He is here, He is in me. He is in my words, He is in you, and even in those blasphemous speeches that you uttered now! - said the Mason in a stern, trembling voice.
He paused and sighed, apparently trying to calm down.
“If He weren't there,” he said quietly, “we wouldn't be talking about Him, my sir. What were we talking about? Who have you denied? He suddenly said with enthusiastic severity and authority in his voice. - Who invented Him if He is not? Why did the suggestion appear in you that there is such an incomprehensible creature? Why did you and the whole world assume the existence of such an incomprehensible being, an omnipotent, eternal and infinite creature in all its properties? ... - He stopped and was silent for a long time.
Pierre could not and did not want to break this silence.
“He exists, but it is difficult to understand Him,” the Mason spoke again, looking not at Pierre’s face, but in front of him, with his old hands, which from internal excitement could not remain calm, turning over the pages of the book. - If it was a person whose existence you doubted, I would bring this person to you, take him by the hand and show you. But how can I, an insignificant mortal, show all His omnipotence, all eternity, all His goodness to the one who is blind, or to the one who closes his eyes so as not to see, not to understand Him, and not to see, and not to understand all my filth and wickedness? He paused. - Who are you? What are you? You dream of yourself that you are a sage, because you could utter these blasphemous words, - he said with a gloomy and contemptuous grin, - and you are stupider and crazier than a small child who, playing with parts of a skillfully made clock, would dare to say that because he does not understand the purpose of these watches, he also does not believe in the master who made them. It is difficult to cognize Him ... For centuries, from the forefather Adam to the present day, we have been working for this knowledge and are infinitely far from achieving our goal; but in not understanding Him, we see only our weakness and His greatness ... - Pierre, with a sinking heart, looking into the face of the Mason with shining eyes, listened to him, did not interrupt, did not ask him, but with all his soul believed what this stranger was telling him. Did he believe those reasonable arguments that were in the speech of the Freemason, or believed, as children believe, the intonations, conviction and cordiality that were in the speech of the Freemason, the tremor of the voice, which sometimes almost interrupted the Freemason, or these brilliant, senile eyes that grew old on that the same conviction, or that calmness, firmness and knowledge of his purpose, which shone from the whole being of the Mason, and which especially struck him in comparison with their despondency and hopelessness; - but with all his soul he wanted to believe, and believed, and experienced a joyful feeling of tranquility, renewal and return to life.
- It is not comprehended by the mind, but comprehended by life, - said the Freemason.
“I don’t understand,” said Pierre, feeling with fear a doubt rising in himself. He was afraid of the vagueness and weakness of the arguments of his interlocutor, he was afraid not to believe him. “I don’t understand,” he said, “how the human mind cannot comprehend the knowledge you are talking about.
The Mason smiled his gentle, fatherly smile.
“The highest wisdom and truth is, as it were, the purest moisture that we want to take into ourselves,” he said. - Can I take this pure moisture into an unclean vessel and judge its purity? Only by inner purification of myself can I bring the perceived moisture to a certain purity.
- Yes, yes, it is! - Pierre said happily.
- Higher wisdom is not based on reason alone, not on those secular sciences of physics, history, chemistry, etc., into which mental knowledge decomposes. The highest wisdom is one. The highest wisdom has one science - the science of everything, the science that explains the entire universe and the place of man in it. In order to accommodate this science, you need to cleanse and renew your inner man, and therefore, before knowing, you need to believe and improve. And in order to achieve these goals, the light of God, called conscience, is embedded in our souls.
- Yes, yes, - Pierre confirmed.
- Look with spiritual eyes at your inner person and ask yourself if you are satisfied with yourself. What have you achieved by being guided by one mind? What are you? You are young, you are rich, you are smart, educated, my sir. What have you made of all these benefits given to you? Are you satisfied with yourself and your life?
“No, I hate my life,” Pierre said with a frown.
“You hate, so change her, purify yourself, and as you purify, you will learn wisdom. Look at your life, my sir. How did you conduct it? In violent orgies and debauchery, receiving everything from society and giving nothing to it. You have received wealth. How did you use it? What have you done for your neighbor? Have you thought about the tens of thousands of your slaves, have you helped them physically and mentally? No. You used their labors to lead a dissolute life. Here's what you did. Have you chosen a place of service where you would benefit your neighbor? No. You spent your life in idleness. Then you got married, my sir, took responsibility for leading the young woman, and what did you do? You did not help her, my sir, to find the path of truth, but plunged her into the abyss of lies and misfortune. The man insulted you, and you killed him, and you say that you do not know God and that you hate your life. There is nothing tricky here, my sir! - After these words, the Mason, as if tired of the long conversation, again leaned against the back of the sofa and closed his eyes. Pierre looked at this stern, motionless, senile, almost dead face, and silently moved his lips. He wanted to say: yes, disgusting, idle, depraved life - and did not dare to break the silence.
The Freemason cleared his throat hoarsely, in an old manner and called the servant.
- What horses? He asked, not looking at Pierre.
- They brought in the delivery, - answered the servant. - Will you rest?
- No, they ordered to lay.
"Will he really leave and leave me alone, without finishing everything and not promising me help?" Thought Pierre, getting up and hanging his head, occasionally glancing at the Mason, and starting to walk around the room. “Yes, I didn’t think that, but I led a contemptible, depraved life, but I didn’t love her, and I didn’t want it, thought Pierre, - and this man knows the truth, and if he wanted, he could reveal it to me” ... Pierre wanted and did not dare to say this to the Mason. The traveler, with his usual old hands, packed his things, buttoning his sheepskin coat. Having finished these matters, he turned to Bezukhoy and said to him in an indifferent, courteous tone:
- Where do you please go now, my sir?
“Me?… I'm going to Petersburg,” Pierre answered in a childish, indecisive voice. - Thank you. I agree with you in everything. But don’t think I’m so bad. I longed with all my heart to be what you would like me to be; but I never found help in anyone ... However, I myself am primarily to blame for everything. Help me, teach me, and maybe I will ... - Pierre could not speak further; he sniffled and turned away.
The Mason was silent for a long time, apparently pondering something.
“Help is given only from God,” he said, “but the measure of help that our order has the power to give, he will give you, my sir. You are going to Petersburg, tell this to Count Villarsky (he took out his wallet and wrote a few words on a large sheet of paper folded in four). Let me give you one piece of advice. Arriving in the capital, devote the first time to solitude, discussing yourself, and do not enter the old paths of life. Then I wish you a happy journey, my sir, ”he said, noticing that his servant had entered the room,“ and success ...
The traveler was Osip Alekseevich Bazdeev, as Pierre had learned from the caretaker's book. Bazdeev was one of the most famous Freemasons and Martinists from the time of Novikov. Long after his departure, Pierre, without going to bed or asking the horses, walked around the station room, pondering his vicious past and with the delight of renewal imagining his blissful, impeccable and virtuous future, which seemed so easy to him. He was, as it seemed to him, vicious only because he somehow accidentally forgot how good it is to be virtuous. Not a trace of his former doubts remained in his soul. He firmly believed in the possibility of a brotherhood of people united for the purpose of supporting each other on the path of virtue, and this was how Freemasonry seemed to him.
... Honored Test Pilot of the Russian Federation.
Biography
Alexander Garnaev was born in the town of Zhukovsky, Moscow Region, on September 1, 1960, in the family of the Hero of the Soviet Union, Honored Test Pilot of the USSR Yuri Alexandrovich Garnaev. His father died in 1967 while carrying out a state assignment in France.
Since 1975, Alexander Garnaev began flying at the Zhukovsky flying club. In 1981, he graduated with a Gold Medal from the Armavir Higher Military Aviation Red Banner Pilot School, served as an officer in Soviet army in flying positions in the combat 234th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Air Force of the Moscow Military District (Kubinka) to the military rank of captain. In 1985 he entered the Test Pilot School of the USSR Ministry of Aviation Industry (SHLI MAP), after graduation from which he worked as a test pilot at the A.I.
In 1989 he graduated with honors from the Strela faculty. In 1994 he was transferred to flight test work at (LII) named after M. M. Gromov, where he commanded a detachment of test pilots. In 1998, A. Yu. Garnaev graduated with honors from the Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation with a degree in state and municipal government”, In the same academy in 2002 he completed his postgraduate studies and defended his thesis, receiving the degree of candidate of economic sciences.
During the period of work in the OKB A.I. Mikoyan conducted flight tests of prototype aircraft MiG-29M, MiG-29K, MiG-31B / -31D, on aircraft MiG-23, MiG-25, MiG-27, MiG-29, MiG- 31 tested experimental missiles and various aircraft weapons systems. On August 13, 1991, he performed the first lift of an experimental aircraft, which later became the first prototype of a Mikoyan promising fighter with a deflected thrust vector. Conducted a large cycle of tests of the experimental complex of strategic purpose "Izd.07", which was successfully completed by carrying out test combat operations on orbital objects - this program allowed the USSR to asymmetrically neutralize the American "Strategic Defense Initiative" (SDI).
Since 1990, he has performed various specials. tasks, comparative, joint flights on international programs military-technical cooperation in air combat, flight test methods, including on foreign combat aircraft at foreign military and test air bases in the USA, France, Arab and African countries, and Southeast Asia. Participated in numerous demonstrations of single and group aerobatics on MiG-29, Su-27 and Su-30 aircraft at air shows and air shows in Russia, CIS countries, Europe, Asia, and the USA.
At LII, Alexander Garnaev commanded a detachment of test pilots No. 1 (performing flight tests of the highest categories of complexity, in "extreme modes"), participated in the tests of an experimental Yak-130 aircraft, performed ultra-long-range flights on the Su-30 in a group led by the Hero of Russia, Honored Pilot - USSR tester A.N.Kvochur with a flight time of more than 10 hours with numerous refueling in the air day and night, including over the ocean, in various regions - from polar to tropical latitudes, performed flight research at experimental flying laboratories, flight experiments at investigation of aviation accidents.
Conducted significant instructor work on the training of flight test personnel, as well as on Su-27, Su-30, MiG-29 aircraft in the aviation units of the Air Force and Air Defense: leading in the provision of international flights of mixed groups, air refueling, air battles, extreme modes with maneuvering at low (near-zero) speeds, limiting angles of attack.
In 2002, he completed flight test work at the Gromov Flight Research Institute.
Remembering my comrades, I do not aim to single out the most professionally distinguished and do not want to rank them according to the rank of titles and awards. Memory suggests something characteristic in their biographies, the most individual in their activities.
The fate of Yuri Garnaev is unlike most other fates of test pilots, except perhaps the finale.
According to the biblical metaphor, it was difficult for a camel to crawl through the eye of a needle. Garnaev's path to test pilot was so thorny that it deserves the most paradoxical metaphors.
The whole Patriotic War he serves in Mongolia - teaches Mongolian pilots to fly. Then he participates in the war with Japan. At the end of the war, he is the navigator of the fighter regiment. His responsibilities include compiling curricula flight training.
Formally, such a plan is a secret document. It must be typed by a typist, admitted by a special order to secret office work on a specially registered typewriter.
On some pre-holiday day it was necessary to give the commander another navigational training plan for signature, and for some reason the "secret" typist was not at work. And Yura is a bachelor, and he has a girlfriend with an unregistered typewriter, but also a typist of their unit. She, at Yuri's request, reprinted his handwritten plan.
It is known that each typewriter has its own handwriting, though hardly distinguishable. The vigilant chief of SMERSHA discovered a violation of secret office work. At first he strictly scolded Yura and indicated what article was in the criminal code on this subject, and promised to limit himself to this conversation, but then he decided that his shirt was closer to the body: what if the culprit would tell someone how the head of SMERSH condoned the violators of secrecy.
The case was given a legal course. To that misfortune there was another campaign with the call "Bdi!"; Garnaev is put on trial, and he receives three years in prison.
At this point, the Smershev's bosses realized that they had gone too far, and decided to somehow help the convict. He was sent to the Far Eastern construction site and identified as a design technician.
Yura is a very capable man - he quickly mastered and did his job well.
The construction manager promised Yura an early pardon, but on the condition that he stay with him to work. Prisoner Garnaev replied that he was a pilot and would definitely return to aviation.
Are you a fool? - says the boss. - Who will take you to aviation from prison? I will provide you good position on construction.
Yura was not a fool, but he was an aviation fanatic. For him, flying was a vocation and a religion. The Gulag chiefs did not tolerate the prisoners' objections. So, apparently, their relationship has developed historically.
If you don't want to work for me, go to a normal camp.
And he sent. Garnaev got to the construction of the plant in the Dudinka camp. It really was a "normal" camp with all its "charms", in which the convict Garnaev served in full the entire term.
Having freed himself and having learned that in the Moscow region there is a city of Zhukovsky, where airplanes are tested, he came to this Mecca of domestic aviation and got a job as a mechanic at an airfield. At the same time he entered the flying club. At that time, aviation sports in flying clubs was available to everyone.
The LII test pilots, having recognized him and his evil lot, began to help him as best they could. But at that time, the notorious "purge" began at the LII, and together with the sinners on the fifth point of the questionnaire who had relatives in the occupied territory, the former prisoner Garnaev was deprived of a pass to the airfield.
It would seem that the end of dreams of returning to aviation. But Yura Garnaev is not that kind to give up.
He gets a job as the head of the LII club. There he sets up amateur performances, rebuffs drunken hooligans and has success as an entertainer at concerts. At the same time, he continues to fly in the flying club and is waiting in the wings.
At this time, flying laboratories were created at the LII on the basis of jet aircraft for testing ejection seats. LII has a staff of test paratroopers, but there are few who want to eject at maximum speeds. In addition, they raise the issue of security guarantees and monetary rewards.
Garnaev's requests are extremely modest, and he is registered for a job as a test parachutist. Test pilots helped to return to the airfield again.
It must be said that the first bailouts were a test not only of chairs, but also of the human body. But the authorities turned a blind eye to the possible consequences for the latter at that time. Yura performs several bailouts, including at maximum flight speeds. Now he is his own man at the airfield and at LII.
The widespread introduction of helicopters begins. Experienced test pilots tried to stay away from them. From the luminaries, Gallay and Baikalov fly on them. The above-mentioned funny pun speaks about the attitude towards helicopters.
How not to believe in fate! Bogorodsky, Garnaev, Gudkov. The picture was taken in 1966. Dates of death: Garnaev - 1967, Bogorodsky - 1972, Gudkov - 1973.
And here Yuri Alexandrovich Garnaev offers his services. Now he is already a test pilot of the LII, and further professional growth depends on him.
Yura shows amazing efficiency, energy and universalism. He quickly masters all types of aircraft and flies a lot. He strives to make up for lost years. With such a flying load, it is not always possible and time to prepare for the next mission. There are annoying blunders, but they do not reduce his flying ardor. Severe flight accidents happen.
On a large Mi-6 helicopter in 1962, the transmission is destroyed. The helicopter loses control and goes to the ground. Leaving a helicopter with a parachute is a difficult and poorly developed business.
Commander Garnaev waits until the entire crew has jumped out, and he himself successfully jumps out at the last moment, but the co-pilot, navigator and flight mechanic die. The same situation developed on the Ka-22 rotorcraft of N.I. Kamov. Not everyone managed to escape again. Garnaev, jumping out, almost fell with a parachute on the high-voltage wires of the electric train. After these incidents, Yuri Alexandrovich does not stop flying for a day.
As soon as Yakovlev's vertically taking off plane was created, Garnaev was the first to master it. After more than ten years of this obstacle race, he received a well-deserved recognition: he was awarded a Hero of the Soviet Union and an honored test pilot.
There seems to be some satisfaction. The rate of flights has been slightly reduced. He says he would like to focus on helicopters. He participates with the Mil helicopter in international salons.
In 1967, Milem, on the basis of the Mi-6, created a fire extinguishing unit. This helicopter could hover over a pond, quickly pump several tons of water and then pour it onto a burning object.
After a demonstration in France at Le Bourget, the French government asked for practical assistance in extinguishing forest fires in the Alpes-Maritimes. Garnaev performed this mission as a commander. On one of the helicopter flights, both engines stopped. With the engines stopped, the helicopter cannot land vertically, it needs a landing area.
The nearby mountain terrace was small, and the helicopter overturned from it. The entire crew was killed. The engines could stop due to the development of fuel: in these works, the crew tried to take as much water as possible, therefore, a minimum of fuel.
It is possible that during the sharp evolutions of the helicopter and the minimum fuel remaining, its ebb occurred. Perhaps the engines were compressed, "swallowing" too hot air of the conflagration, and stalled. It happened in September 1967.
What do I remember most of all from Garnaev's personality? Most of all, his character. He was very friendly to people and very sociable. Although he was quick-tempered, he was always ready to yield in conflicts with comrades. He was unforgettable. He always retained gratitude to the pilots of the LII, who helped him and supported him morally.
This is unusual for a person who has experienced injustice and grievous adversity. More often, people with such a biography retain a feeling of unsatisfied resentment, at least a hidden one. Yura didn't have that. He was short and thin, probably the consequences of childhood and adolescence in the thirties, half-starved. But at the same time he had a large sculptural head and a beautiful Roman profile. He can rightfully be called a knight of aviation.
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