The patient has impaired speech what symptoms. Difficulty speaking

A person usually speaks to convey his thoughts to others. If he stops doing this, to say that he will get bored is to say nothing.

Therefore, for any deviation in speech, you need to seek help from specialists in order not only to correct the situation, but also to avoid serious consequences. If you do not do this in time, you can stop making some sounds or stop talking altogether, and this is much worse than when someone simply does not pronounce the sound "r".

What speech disorders most often occur in adults

Speech problems are not limited to children who are just learning to speak. For various reasons, adults who have been able to speak completely normally for decades may begin to lose speech - in our clinic, we are just engaged in solving such problems.

Since adults have been talking for years, most often their problems are associated with injuries or diseases that affect the brain, and with age, the risk of such problems only increases. We are engaged in the treatment of aphasia and dysarthria - common speech disorders that arise precisely because of such situations.

Aphasia

This is a violation or even absence of speech, which a person has already formed. There are six to eight types of aphasia, but the causes are the same: damage to the areas of the cerebral cortex that are responsible for speech. Often this happens due to strokes, but craniocerebral trauma, brain tumors, and progressive diseases can also lead to speech disorders. nervous system and brain inflammation.

What are the symptoms

In the case of aphasia, not only the speech of the patient is disturbed - in addition, he can poorly distinguish the speech of others and even what is written in the book. Here's what can happen with different types of aphasia:

It is difficult and takes a long time to select words to make something coherent, but this often still does not work out, but individual words or constructions may have new meanings.

Some sounds and words are constantly replaced by others, rearranged and repeated. It starts with a seemingly innocuous substitution of "b" for "p", and ends with still incomprehensible combinations of words and sentences almost backwards. In some cases, such problems also occur with written speech.

It is difficult to understand what other people are saying. In addition, a person does not seem to understand his own speech and pours out a stream of consciousness, and in the first two months after an illness or injury it can be a stream of random sounds or words.

The rhythm and melody of speech is broken, it sounds unnatural: the pauses are too long, the voice is quiet, half whisper.

It is difficult to remember the information heard or read. Problems may arise with four consecutive words related in meaning. In such a situation, long sentences are difficult to understand, so they lose their meaning.

It is difficult to name objects and use speech patterns, catch phrases, proverbs. It is also difficult to understand them. How to treat and what will happen if not treated

Correction of aphasia can only be done in the clinic. During the correction, a person learns to speak again correctly, as in childhood. With a speech therapist, he learns to perceive spoken and written speech, correctly use the speech apparatus (respiratory organs, tongue, lips), and pronounce sounds.

Treatment may vary depending on the type of disorder, but in any case, it is important to start it as early as possible. This is because a person gets used to his way of speaking, and speech defects become fixed. The patient can perceive some sounds instead of others, constantly repeat frequently used words and form sentences incorrectly. If you hesitate in correcting aphasia, it will be even longer and more difficult to eliminate the established disorders.

Dysarthria

This is also a speech disorder, but with it, first of all, pronunciation is disturbed - the articulation of sounds is disturbed. It often manifests itself even in childhood, but in adults it can appear due to stroke, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor and a number of disorders of the nervous system: multiple sclerosis, cerebral atherosclerosis, oligophrenia, neurosyphilis, Parkinson's disease.

What are the symptoms

Speech therapists distinguish four degrees of dysarthria, but even with the mildest of them, doctors cannot be ignored:

pronunciation disorders can only be detected by a speech therapist, in everyday speech they are hardly noticeable;
violations are noticeable to people around, but speech is still understandable;
speech is understood only by people who are well acquainted with the patient, and by strangers who just accidentally understand some phrases;
even close people do not understand what a person is saying, if the sounds he makes can be called speech at all - this is severe dysarthria, or anarthria.

Of course, at each stage of the disorder, the symptoms are different, but in general, with dysarthria, the entire articulatory apparatus becomes relaxed. Even if the muscles are tense, I do not want to talk and do not work very well. Here's what exactly is happening:

The speech is slurred, obscure, slow. There is a feeling of "blurring" of everything that the person says, as if he has porridge in his mouth, he tries to say something, but does not yet understand that it is almost useless.

Some sounds drop out, some people say through the nose (nasalization occurs, compare "n" and "b"), speech is simplified in principle and it may seem that the patient is trying to pronounce a polysyllabic word in one syllable. Sounds are distorted and replaced by others, as in aphasia.

Depending on the type of dysarthria, the tongue, lips, face and neck muscles may work differently. In some cases, they are constantly tense, in others they are too relaxed so that the mouth is open. In addition, during a conversation, such muscles that are too relaxed can sharply tense.

How to treat and what will happen if not treated

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FEATURES OF SPEECH DISTURBANCES IN ADULTS

1. CONCEPT OF SPEECH DISORDER

2. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF SPEECH DISORDERS

3. FEATURES OF SPEECH DISTURBANCES IN ADULTS

CONCLUSION

LIST OF REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

Relevance. Speech disorder in adults is the breakdown of already established speech in adults, caused by various diseases. The causes of speech disorders in adults can be: stroke, dynamic circulatory disorders, head trauma, tumors, slowly proceeding neuropsychic diseases characterized by dementia.

However, speech defects can form later as a result of physical and mental fatigue, prolonged vocal stress, various diseases and physical injuries.

As a rule, people rarely have perfect, not requiring correction, speech data. The reasons for deviations from the norm are organic and functional. Organic disorders include serious anatomical and physiological disorders of the speech mechanism. These are imperfections in the structure of the tongue (shortened hyoid ligament, massive tongue, etc.), deficiencies in the dentition (open anterior or open lateral bite, upper or lower jaw too far forward, imperfection of the structure of the palatine curtain, etc.). Functional causes are characterized by a normal physiological structure of speech mechanisms and can manifest themselves in disturbances in the ratio of excitation and inhibition processes in the central nervous system. Severe forms of functional speech disorders are just as difficult to correct as organic ones.

Violations of the pronunciation side of speech are diverse. You can divide them into groups depending on the suffering link. These are defects: pronunciation (dyslalia, dysarthria), voice (dysphonia), tempo-rhythmic side of speech (accelerated tempo - tachyllalia, slower tempo - bradilalia, stuttering). These disorders can be observed in isolation and in various combinations.

According to statistics, the number of speech disorders tends to increase. For example, in the 90s, the number of people suffering from stuttering in the country exceeded 5 million.

Speech disorders in a neurorehabilitation clinic can be associated not only with aphasia, but also with pseudo-phasia that occurs when the subcortical areas of the dominant hemisphere are affected without direct damage to the cerebral cortex. In Russian literature, it is referred to as "subcortical aphasia". A mixed character of speech disorders is characteristic (sensorimotor disorders and a fast recovery rate).

Speaking and writing impairments are common in patients with stroke. The two are not synonymous, as reading and writing are equally important speech functions.

Starting from the 40s of the XX century, a new concept of aphasia appears in connection with the emergence of a new science - neuropsychology. The founder of this trend A.R. Luria was the first to move from a simple description of aphasia, characteristic of classical neurology of the 19th century, to its analysis and qualification of the defect.

In adults, we can talk about self-correction. It is impossible to achieve high results without independent work, without the manifestation of personal interest, activity and initiative of the trainees themselves.

Based on the foregoing, it is obvious that more and more attention should be paid to the work on speech correction, which determines the relevance of this course work.

purpose of work... To study the features of speech disorders in adults.

Work tasks... To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Expand the concept of speech impairment;

Identify the main causes of speech disorders;

Give a brief overview of the main speech disorders in adults and determine the directions of their correction;

To study the methods of diagnosing peripheral speech disorders in adults.

Research subject in this course work speech impairment appears.

Object - the causes of speech disorders in adults.

The degree of elaboration of the topic... The problem of the development of speech, the cause and form of its violation in adults, as well as methods of correction, have been and are being dealt with by many well-known scientists, for example, N.S. Zhukova, E.M. Mastyukova, L.N. Efimenkova, A.V. Yastrebova, G.V. Chirkin, T.B. Fleerina and many others. etc. Nevertheless, there are many unresolved issues here. When writing this work, research was used by S.E.Bolshakova, E.N. Krauze, M.A.Polyakova. and etc.

Work structure due to the goals and objectives and consists of an introduction, three chapters of the main part, a conclusion and a list of used literature.

1. CONCEPT OF SPEECH DISORDER

The functional systems that provide speech are a complex and multistage mechanism that includes the activity of many structures and pathways of the central nervous system, auditory, visual and motor-kinesthetic analyzers, muscles of the speech apparatus. For normal speech, the coordinated functioning of the entire brain is necessary, and first of all the cortical speech zones located in the dominant hemisphere (for right-handers in the left).

There are two types of speech. Expressive (motor) oral speech can be expressed in the form of a dialogue (most often) and a monologue. Oral speech, in contrast to precise and detailed written speech, is characterized by contractions, intonation, facial expressions, and gestures play a large role in it. Impressive (sensory) speech has the function of understanding the meaning of words and sentences. In the implementation of expressive speech, the normal functioning of the lower frontal regions of the dominant hemisphere, where the motor program of speech utterance is formed, is important. The normal speech process occurs when the temporal and frontal regions of the dominant hemisphere closely interact, as well as when they are interconnected through the corpus callosum with the cortical structures of the subdominant hemisphere (in right-handers, the right one) and the underlying brain formations using the limbic-reticular complex. The latter is the most important integrative system of the body. This system is important in the formation of motivation for speech utterance, without which there can be no speech communication.

Speech disorders are communication disorders that are associated with structural (gross defects) or functional (mild) defects. Such disorders can be formed with anatomical underdevelopment of the organs of the ear, throat, nose and mouth, decay of voice and speech after any diseases. The concept of "speech disorders" also includes various deviations from the norms accepted in a given language environment, which completely or partially impede speech communication and limit the possibilities of a person's social adaptation.

It so happened that both doctors (neurologist, psychiatrist, otorhinolaryngologist, neurosurgeon, dentist) and teachers (speech therapists, psychologists, defectologists, neuropsychologists, oligophrenopedagogues) deal with voice and speech disorders. In this regard, in practice, two classifications are used.

Speech and spontaneous speech production are the main functions necessary for both social communicationand for intellectual life. Loss of speech in case of brain damage exceeds blindness, deafness and paralysis in severity.

The concepts of pronunciation and speech are complex and poorly understood types of brain activity. These terms are not synonymous.

Speech in the narrow sense of the word is understood as the use of acquired voice, manual, auditory and visual skills in communication. These skills include the ability to pronounce words, to make distinctions in stress, intonation and melody; reproduce written signs with a certain spatial orientation, catch speech by ear and distribute it in relation to the speaker, visually recognize handwritten or printed text, features of visual search when viewing text, as well as other less specific features. Lack of these skills makes it difficult to communicate independently of other speech disorders; if these skills are retained, only basic communication needs are satisfied, it resembles a conversation between two persons in different languages.

For the implementation of motor oral speech, cortical control of the movements of the speech muscles with the help of the descending cortico-bulbar pathways is necessary, as well as the perception and analysis of afferent motor impulses arising from the contraction of the muscles of the speech apparatus during speech activity. Based on this analysis, the performed action is compared with the initially specified program. In case of inconsistency of these programs from the c. additional nerve impulses (amendments) are sent to coordinate the work of the speech motor mechanism. In this way, speech praxis is formed, purposeful automatic speech movements, which form the basis of the motor side of speech.

If the central link of the speech-motor analyzer (cortical speech zones) is damaged during the period when oral speech is formed, the ability to use one's own speech is completely or partially lost. With underdevelopment or damage to these same parts of the cerebral cortex in the early period of development, systemic underdevelopment of the speech of alalia occurs. With the defeat of the left frontal lobe (in right-handers), motor alalia develops; a violation of the formation of oral speech when it is understood; with damage to the left temporal lobe (in right-handers), sensory alalia is a violation of speech understanding while maintaining its elementary auditory perception.

With focal damage to the cortex of the dominant hemisphere of the brain, agraphia, a violation of written speech, the ability to write correctly in meaning and form, in the absence of violations of the motor function of the hand and intellect, may develop. Agraphy is often associated with aphasia. In children with alalia, there is a specific difficulty in the formation of written speech dysgraphia. Agraphia is usually combined with alexia, reading impairment or difficulties in its formation in children with developmental dyslexia. In adults, alexia is often associated with sensory aphasia.

The most severe speech disorders are observed in common brain lesions with involvement of the cortex and subcortical-stem sections in the pathological process. In the genesis of speech disorders in cerebral palsy, along with damage to certain brain structures, secondary underdevelopment or later formation of those parts of the central nervous system that develop most intensively after birth, the premotor-frontal and parietal-temporal cortex of the large brain, is of great importance. It is known that the decisive role in the functional organization of these departments is played by afferent impulses from speech and skeletal muscles, visual-auditory and auditory-visual-motor-kinesthetic connections. Integrated perception of sensory signals and their processing, generalization and formation of concepts are possible only with the joint activity of the right and left hemispheres. Therefore, with a focal lesion of the brain, a slowdown in the rate of its maturation, a mismatch in the activity of the hemispheres, various disorders of speech formation are noted.

IN to a large extent speech disorders are caused by the low employment of sick children with subject-practical activities, relatively little life experience and communication with a very limited circle of people. During the most important periods of life for the development of speech, a child with cerebral palsy is in various medical institutions. If they do not pay enough attention to pedagogical work, the child's speech development lags behind normal. Reactive states, which sometimes occur in sick children due to changes in their usual lifestyle, have a negative effect on the development of speech.

Significant mistakes sometimes made by parents in the process of upbringing have an adverse effect on the development of speech. If the parents overprotect the child, strive to do a lot for him, prevent all of his desires or fulfill them in response to a gesture and a look, the need for activity, in particular in speech, fades away. In such cases, the child is deprived of important speech communication for him, which is a prerequisite for the development of speech. All of the above factors, in combination with motor pathology, limiting the ability to move, determine the specificity of disorders in pre-speech and speech development in children with cerebral palsy. Life experience a child with cerebral palsy is extremely poor, and the objects and phenomena of reality surrounding him are so diverse that without the help of an adult and special training he cannot comprehend what his senses perceive. The verbal designation of the surrounding objects is fixed with difficulty due to the weak sensation of the "motor image of the word" by the organs of articulation. Due to oculomotor disorders, weakness of touching hand movements, as well as the AST-reflex, the simultaneous functioning of vision and touch is hampered, associative connections between visual and motor-kinesthetic analyzers are not formed. In this regard, as well as with the violation of manipulative activity and the weakness of kinesthetic sensations from the first years of life, an abnormal development of the process of sensory cognition of the surrounding reality is noted. Phonetic-phonemic disorders, slowing down the general rate of speech development of the child, increase the specific difficulties in the development of a holistic idea of \u200b\u200bthe subject, which contributes to the underdevelopment of the lexical-semantic system of the language.

Speech in the broader sense of the word (language) has a broader meaning, it implies the choice and arrangement of individual words in accordance with the rules that allow a person to use speech modalities to change one manner of speaking to another and to express that poorly studied type of brain activity, which is called thinking. Speech impairment in a disorder of the activity of the brain, usually occurring together with an impairment of the ability to verbal communication, is called aphasia, or more precisely dysphasia.

2. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF SPEECH DISORDERS

All causes of speech disorders are usually divided into two large groups - organic and functional.

Organic causes are those whose action can lead to a violation of the anatomical structure of the speech apparatus in its peripheral or central parts. In particular, a violation of the normal conditions of intrauterine development of the fetus, some types of mechanical assistance during childbirth, a state of prolonged asphyxiation of the newborn, etc., can lead to organic damage to the speech sections of the brain. Anomalies in the structure of the peripheral part of the speech apparatus can be caused by hereditary or be the result of an unfavorable the course of pregnancy (the facial skeleton is laid in the second or third month), and can also be acquired after the birth of the child.

It is customary to refer to functional reasons as those whose action does not lead to a change in the very structure of the speech apparatus, but only disrupts its normal operation (function). The role of such reasons can be various kinds of stressful situations, frequent and long-term illnesses of a child at an early age, which depletely affect his nervous system and the body as a whole, incorrect methods of re-education of left-handers (the very expediency of such re-education is now denied by most experts), unfavorable in speech social environment, etc.

However, the distinction between the causes of speech pathology into organic and functional is purely conditional and is most applicable only in relation to cases of gross organic damage to the speech organs.

This distinction is especially difficult when it comes to the central part of the speech apparatus: it is difficult to imagine purely functional changes in a completely normal structure of the brain. Apparently, in many cases, organic changes in it can be so insignificant that they simply cannot be detected. modern methods research. Therefore, it is no coincidence that in recent decades so much has been said about minimal cerebral dysfunction with characteristic microorganic lesions of the medulla.

According to I.P. Pavlov, we can talk about functional disorders of the brain cell only when it is shallowly damaged and is still able to get out of the inhibitory state, that is, when its change is reversible. If favorable conditions are provided, this cell can still return to normal functioning. In organic lesions, cell damage is irreversible.

It is especially important to take into account the following: long-term functional disorders can take on an irreversible character and thus, as it were, turn into organic ones.

Thus, the question of the causes of speech pathology is rather complicated and requires the simultaneous consideration of many unfavorable factors in their interaction, which must be taken into account by speech therapists.

Speech defects are noted in 60% of the adult population. Speech was generally taken lightly. Listen to how monstrous they speak even on radio and television. Speech is a very complex mechanism in which four vital elements are involved: intellect, emotions, intuition, energy. And if speech is broken, this indicates that there is disorder in the inner kingdom of a person, instead of harmony there is disharmony.

Violation of sound pronunciation - dyslalia - comes from childhood, stuttering - often too. The third category of speech impairments in adults is those arising from injuries, mainly to the head, or diseases such as stroke.

A pronunciation defect can be mild, when only individual sounds are not obtained, and organic, associated with damage to the central nervous system after a birth injury or a hereditary factor. A typical example of organic speech disorder is "porridge in the mouth". Nowadays, such a violation as late speech development is often encountered. And there are more and more children who start to talk late every year. Moreover, these are children with normal intelligence and absolutely normal psyche, and then, it simply accompanies a person in adult life.

Over the years, a defective "p" or other sound turns into an additional psychological stress, a person begins to complex. No psychiatrist will help here, you have to go to a speech therapist and put on a sound. Sound pronunciation depends on the mobility of the tongue. To activate the tongue, you need to massage it, put it in the correct position, which the speech therapist does in several sessions with the help of special tools.

For example, in order to remove the "p" from the throat, the tongue is held with a probe in a certain position, which the person must feel. Then the speech therapist, using special material, automates pronunciation, makes this sound familiar - this is how a person masters it. It is more difficult for adults than for children, the process sometimes stretches for many months.

In some people, the hyoid ligament (frenulum) is too short, because of which the tongue does not reach the upper palate and the correct pronunciation of the same "p" is impossible. The only way is to trim this bundle. An uncomplicated operation - jogging - is done by dentists.

As for stuttering, then, first of all, it is necessary to decide that this is not a disease, because drugs or through surgery cannot be treated. This is a condition that depends on the characteristics of the nervous system. Sometimes it is barely noticeable or functional, when speech is elementarily not developed, or when hesitation provokes bilingualism and insufficient vocabulary. In adults, this defect is associated with a very common psychiatric diagnosis today - panic syndrome. Someone starts to stutter after an injury when the speech center is affected. Stuttering is wavy in nature - at some age it weakens, at some age it intensifies, somewhere it can completely disappear, but one way or another it will manifest itself again. There are more boys and men among stutters. This is due to the peculiarities of their more vulnerable nervous system.

It is difficult to cope with stuttering in adulthood, because a person has developed a character and attitude towards speech impairment. Some people manage to make it part of their image, although they still cannot fully accept it. A neuropathologist can remove the general nervous background, but only a speech therapist will really help.

3. FEATURES OF SPEECH DISTURBANCES IN ADULTS

Difficulties also lie in the fact that the same impairment can be caused by different reasons and, conversely, the same reason can cause different speech impairments. So, for example, tongue impediment can occur as a result of malfunctioning of the peripheral speech apparatus, or it can be caused by more serious, organic disorders of the central or peripheral speech apparatus.

The classification of speech disorders is usually based on the reasons by which these disorders are caused. Therefore, it is very important to find out the very nature of these reasons. This makes it possible to better understand the classification of speech disorders.

Violations of the tempo of speech include tachyllalia and bradilalia. These defects can be expressed in varying degrees. Mild to moderate bothers little. With a severe degree, the communication process is disrupted, and speech tempo disorders are defined as pathological. The development, manifestations and methods of correction of these defects are different. Studies show that tachyllalia and bradilalia can only be an outward manifestation of changes in brain processes. Therefore, to overcome them, a neurological examination and a complex effect are necessary: \u200b\u200bmedication, psychotherapeutic, speech therapy.

Tachilalia is a pathologically accelerated rate of speech (while instead of 10-12 sounds per second, 20-30 are pronounced), not accompanied by sharp distortions of sound pronunciation. Speech is distinguished by uncontrollable impetuosity. With haste, disorders of speech attention, stumbling, repetition, swallowing, rearrangement of syllables, words, unclear pronunciation of phrases, etc. may appear. However, when attention is drawn to speech, hesitation disappears.

Depending on the situation of verbal communication, the severity of symptoms in tachyllalia changes. The greatest difficulties are experienced in vital situations, in communication with authoritarian people, in unfamiliar surroundings, in moments of excitement, dispute.

Tachyllalia is often accompanied by disorders of general motor skills, autonomic nervous system, lexical processes, and the emotional and volitional sphere.

Therefore, overcoming tachyllalia should begin with normalization of general movements:

Slowing down their pace;

Coordination training;

Formation of rhythm, smoothness.

Regular sports activities, traditional restorative procedures (physiotherapy, hardening, etc.) in combination with medications recommended by a doctor, consultations with a psychotherapist are useful. It is important to pay attention to the daily routine and restful sleep.

In parallel, it is necessary to perform special exercises to train visual, auditory, speech attention, memory, logic of thinking.

Speech work to overcome tachyllalia involves the formation of:

Slow, smooth, rhythmic breathing;

Rhythmic reading at a slow pace;

Smooth, "clean", "error-free" writing;

Calm, intelligible, orderly speech with correct intonation, pause and logical emphasis;

New general and verbal behavior in the team;

Attention to speech, overcoming difficulties in choosing words and expressing your thoughts.

Bradilalia - unnaturally slowed down tempo of speech, reading and writing, monotony of voice, long pauses between words, stretched pronunciation of speech sounds. When eliminating bradilalia, speech therapy techniques are aimed at educating: faster and clearer speech movements, the pace of writing and reading, the correct rhythm, pauses, stresses.

Also recommended are medication, psychological assistance, sports, exercises for coordination, accuracy, change of speed and rhythm of movements, activation of mental activity (non-verbal and verbal thinking, rapid verbal design of thought), attention, memory, perception, switching.

Stuttering is a violation of the tempo-rhythmic organization of speech, caused by the convulsive state of the muscles of the speech apparatus. Most often, stuttering occurs in childhood against the background of early mental and speech development, emotional instability, general weakness, and neurological changes.

Therefore, treatment of stuttering should be carried out in a comprehensive manner, with the participation of a psychotherapist, neuropathologist, psychologist, speech therapist. But the decisive factor is the participation of the stutter in the rehabilitation process, his attitude to treatment and independent work on his speech.

Speech therapy work has the following goals:

Relieving tension from the organs of the articulatory apparatus;

Practicing correct speech breathing;

Training of "difficult" sounds: vowels, consonants, "energetic" sounds - I, E, Yo, Yu, I;

Development of pronunciation clarity;

Improving the intonation expressiveness of speech;

The stutter needs to master general muscle relaxation skills. It is better to master it first by contrast, through tension. In this case, the tension should be short, and the relaxation should be long.

It is important to remember the pleasant state of the relaxed muscles.

The use of autogenous training techniques also helps to relieve general and psychological stress, fatigue, helps to control oneself, one's speech, regardless of the emotional state.

Regular sports activities (swimming, skiing, running, skating, gymnastics), carried out for a long time under the supervision of a trainer, relieve autonomic disorders (general tension, excitability, exhaustion, a tendency to sweating, redness, trembling) and normalize brain processes.

Since in stuttering organs of the articulatory apparatus are in a state of tension, increased tone, special attention should be paid to relaxing exercises. Relaxation of the lower jaw and tongue should be brought to full automaticity.

Another important type of work is intonation exercises.

The development of various speech intonations is performed in a certain sequence. First, you need to train the intonation of the order, demand, call. Gradually, you can move on to intonations of persuasion, invitation. At the end, you need to deal with the intonations of requests and greetings.

Finally, the most difficult type of speech work for stuttering is speech training in various situations. As a rule, there are a number of situations that are difficult for those who stutter verbally and psychologically. We propose to think over your behavior and speech, rehearse and act out the following stories:

Interview: answers to questions that usually provoke stuttering;

Telephone conversation: notification call, message, warning, invitation, threat, etc.

Conversations in a store, at an institute, in a cafe, on the street, in transport;

Situations at work: take a vacation at your own expense from an irritated boss in the summer; an argument with an uninitiated person, with a non-specialist who does not want to understand you;

Order a plane ticket when there are no tickets;

Meeting a girl;

Convince the interlocutor;

Stop a person screaming at you, using not the volume and strength of the voice, but the acquired skills;

Explain on a noisy street or in case of poor telephone hearing how to get somewhere

Dysarthria is a violation of the pronunciation side of speech, caused by insufficient innervation of the speech apparatus ("innervation" - supply of nervous energy).

Such a violation occurs due to paresis (incomplete paralysis) of the organs of articulation: tongue, lips, soft palate, vocal folds, respiratory muscles. Dysarthria can manifest itself after a stroke, traumatic brain injury, neuroinfection.

The main defect in dysarthria is a violation of sound pronunciation. For the formation of sounds, subtle, coordinated movements of the organs of articulation are necessary. When this is impossible, speech becomes indistinct, slowed down, sounds distorted.

Expressiveness also suffers. This is manifested in the monotony of intonation, monotony, a certain "chant" of speech.

The palatine curtain is either weakened or excessively tense, and speech becomes nasal.

Due to paresis of the muscles of the diaphragm, bronchi, lungs, speech breathing is carried out incorrectly. A lot of air is wasted while speaking, it is not enough until the end of the phrase.

In case of dysarthria, disturbances in the tempo and rhythm of speech (pathological acceleration, "stumbling", "ragged" speech with unexpected cries, etc.) can also occur.

The listed disorders of the pronunciation sphere may be accompanied by non-speech symptoms: increased salivation, choking on food, violent laughing or crying.

These disorders are manifested to varying degrees and depend on the nature and severity of the lesion of the nervous system: from slight "blurred" to the complete impossibility of speech. In each case, an examination by a neurologist and speech therapist is necessary to determine the type of dysarthria and, accordingly, the nature of speech disorders.

Work to overcome these disorders should be carried out under the supervision of a speech therapist. Each session usually begins with a massage. As practice shows, its application reduces the terms of speech work several times. Massage improves blood circulation and metabolic processes in tissues, normalizes muscle tone, coordinates their movements, and has a beneficial effect on the nervous system.

These violations are termed "dyslalia".

Dislalia is a violation of sound pronunciation with normal hearing and intact innervation of the speech apparatus. Among the violations of the pronunciation side of speech, the most common are selective violations in its sound design during the normal functioning of all other utterance operations.

These violations are manifested in defects in the reproduction of speech sounds: distorted (abnormal) pronunciation, replacement of some sounds with others, in their gaps.

The main goal of speech therapy in dyslalia is to develop the skills and abilities of correct reproduction of speech sounds. To reproduce them correctly, you need to be able to recognize the sounds of speech and not mix them up in perception (i.e., distinguish one sound from another by acoustic characteristics); distinguish between normalized pronunciation of sound from non-standardized; exercise auditory control over one's own pronunciation and assess the quality of sounds reproduced in one's own speech; take the necessary articulatory positions, providing a normalized acoustic effect of sound; vary the articulation patterns of sounds depending on their compatibility with other sounds in the speech stream; unmistakably use sound in all types of speech.

As a rule, dysarthria is not a consequence of pathological changes in the cortical centers. Patients with dysarthria are able to understand what they have heard, read and write, although they cannot articulate a single word.

Spastic and rigid dysarthria are more common than yaretic. Pathological processes in which the cortico-bulbar pathway is involved, usually due to vascular pathology or damage to the motor neuron, simultaneously or gradually lead to pseudobulbar paralysis. A patient who has previously suffered a minor stroke with a unilateral lesion of short-bulbar fibers may not experience speech and swallowing disorders, since all muscles innervated by the nuclei of the medulla oblongata, apparently, are presented in the cerebral cortex on both sides. If a stroke develops that affects the remaining cortico-bulbar tract and, possibly, the cortico-spinal tract at the level of the pons, midbrain, or internal capsule, the patient develops anarthria or dysarthria and dysphagia. In addition, bilateral weakness of the facial muscles often develops. Unlike bulbar paralysis, when peripheral motor neurons are damaged, this condition does not entail atrophy or fasciculations in the paralyzed muscles; jaw and other facial reflexes are revived; reflexes from the soft palate are preserved; notes poor control over emotions (pathological laughter and crying); at times there is a periodic (chain-Stokes) breathing. In the case of damage to only the frontal lining, speech disorder may be characterized by isolated dysarthria, usually without changes in the emotional sphere. At first, there may be total anarthria and aphonia, but if the patient's condition begins to improve or the lesions are not so extensive, speech becomes slow, hoarse and illegible, reminiscent of that with incomplete bulbar paralysis.

Aphasia is a condition in which there is primarily a loss of productive speech and / or understanding of addressed speech. It arises from acquired brain lesions. More often, a less severe disorder called dysphasia occurs.

Most of the lesions leading to aphasia involve the area surrounding the Sylvian furrow (frontal, temporal, and parietal) of the dominant hemisphere, i.e. the left side in right-handers. Localization of the lesion can be established using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MRI) research methods. Lesions of the superficial gray matter of the brain lead to more significant neurological deficits than lesions of the white matter: tumors located predominantly in the white matter usually grow to a significant size before speech disorders occur. Heart attacks or traumatic injuries, in which the lesion has a diameter of 1 cm or more, lead to a temporary neurological speech deficit, which is smoothed out to a functionally insignificant state within a few weeks or months.

The combination of disorders, the ability to speak and understand speech, is less associated with the defeat of certain formations. By morphological characteristics speech disorders can be divided into two large groups. Extensive lesions of the anterior regions, including most of the frontal operculum (the area that is located under the islet) and the islet itself, lead to agrammatism, characterized by a reduction in the sentence structure, the absence of a majority monosyllabic words and the preservation of words providing predominantly predicative, exclamatory and substantive functions. The patient can only say "hey", "no", "hello" or use simple nouns such as ball, top, key. With extensive lesions of the formations lying posterior to the Sylvian sulcus, almost the opposite symptomatology occurs with the confusion of simple elements of speech or their replacement, in which what is expressed only approximately resembles the desired (paraphasia). These errors can be mispronunciation (literal paraphasias) or misspelled words (verbal paraphasias). Verbal paraphasias can be manifested in the replacement of the desired word with similar sounds or words similar in sound (formal verbal paraphasias), for example, "stock" (stock - trunk) instead of "stop" (stop), or similarity of meaning (semantic verbal paraphasias), for example " slow "(slow) instead of" stop "(stop - delay). In both cases, there is a violation of the understanding of oral and written speech.

Lesions located at a considerable distance from the Sylvian furrow do not cause such disorders or lead to secondary speech impairments. An example of the latter is the defeat of the anterior parts of the frontal lobes, especially in the middle lobe and the orbital part, in which all types of motor activity deteriorate and often there is a loss of attention and sensitivity (abulia), which resembles a state of akinetic mutism. Speech is laconic, with long pauses between statements, the inability to conduct a monologue and talk about something in detail is noted. With extensive foci in the occipital region, the reading process is disrupted and the use of all visual lexical stimuli decreases. With damage to the visual hillock and deep parts of the brain, the level of alertness changes and states of inattention and disorientation periodically appear, which leads to fragmentation of words (neologisms) and phrases, as well as to prolonged uncontrolled conversation (logorie). Powerful stimulation causes an instant increase in the level of alertness and wakefulness, which indicates the safety of speech mechanisms.

The subdominant hemisphere controls motor imitative responses, social foresight (smiling, shaking hands) and self-care (washing, eating); changes in behavior in response to suprathreshold stimuli; the ability to visually reconcile text and books. It follows from this that the texts that reveal these behavioral features do not indicate the functions of the dominant hemisphere.

Some speech disorders can cause voice changes. Paresis of the respiratory muscles, as is the case with poliomyelitis and acute infectious polyneuritis, as well as impaired coordination as part of an extrapyramidal lesion, affect the strength of the voice, since there is not enough air for phonation and speech production. As a rule, when the excursion of the respiratory muscles is limited, the strength of the voice decreases, the patient can only speak in a whisper. Speech close to whispering is also a characteristic sign of stupor, but in this case, intense suprathreshold irritation can lead to an increase in the voice.

Paresis of both vocal cords leads to complete aphonia. The voice disappears, it becomes silent. Since the vocal cords normally diverge during inspiration, the failure to do so in the case of paralysis can lead to an inspiratory stridor. When one vocal cord is paralyzed, the voice becomes hoarse, low, and raspy. Unilateral damage to the vagus nerve, for example, by a tumor, can lead to the appearance of a nasal tone of voice, since the posterior nasal passages do not close during phonation. The consonants "b", "p", "n" and "k" occur when air passes through the nasal passages. Pathological changes in the voice may be less pronounced in a person in the supine position, and increase when the head is tilted forward. Hoarseness of the voice can also occur with organic changes in the vocal cords caused by smoking, chronic inflammatory processes, polyps, etc.

The poorly understood neurological diseases similar to dystonia include spastic dysphonia in most middle-aged and older patients (otherwise healthy), the ability to speak calmly and fluently is gradually impaired. Any attempt to speak causes contraction of the muscles of the speech motor apparatus, which leads to distortion of the voice and complicates phonation. Such people do not suffer from neuroses, therefore psychotherapy and speech therapy classes are not helpful. This condition differs from stridor, which occurs due to spasm of the muscles of the larynx during tetany. Spastic dysphonia does not progress, but it can be combined with extrapyramidal diseases that limit muscle mobility, such as blepharospasm and spastic torticollis. It has been found that surgical transection of the superior laryngeal nerve on one side at least partially reduces rigidity.

CONCLUSION

The most dangerous speech disorders are considered violations in children, since along with the loss of normal speech, their adaptation to the outside world is impaired, since it is difficult for them to perceive speech by ear, and, accordingly, in the future, to read and write. In this regard, it is easier with adults. In adults, speech disorders do not interfere with listening comprehension. As a person heard and understood what was said, so after gaining any organic speech disorder, he understands everything. And he reads the same way he read before. And the disease did not affect his writing abilities. The speech has changed.

Several factors can cause speech impairment in adults.

First, it is a stroke (poor circulation in the brain). This is the most common cause of speech impairment in adults. Other reasons include vascular disorders, inflammation and brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease (gradual destruction of the central nervous system), Parkinson's (chronic progressive disease of the central nervous system), Huntington's (genetic disease of the nervous system). Multiple sclerosis and asthenic bulbar palsy can be added to this list.

Much less often, speech impairment occurs as a result of head injuries, poisoning (lead or carbon monoxide), or an overdose of medication. To complete this list are infections and toxins caused by drug and alcohol use. As you can see, in contrast to children, dysarthria in adults can also arise from "conscious" acts.

We identified the causes of speech disorders, and then the same story as in children. The speech apparatus, both in a child and in an adult, requires the coordinated simultaneous operation of a number of systems. And a violation in any link of the system (or interaction of systems) can lead to dysarthria.

The main way to treat various speech disorders in adults is to treat the disease that caused it. But more often than not, this is not enough. It is best to immediately start training all the systems involved in the formation of speech.

In order to strengthen (train) the respiratory system, exercises of the A.N. system are often used. Strelnikova. This respiratory system is also called paradoxical. What is its paradox? The fact that it goes against the conventional breathing exercises. We are accustomed to the fact that bending down - we exhale. And straightening up - inhale. For Strelnikova, the opposite is true: a tilt, and a sharp breath; straightening - exhale.

The articulation system is also trainable. We have already described several complexes of articulation exercises, with the help of which it is possible to "teach" the organs of speech production to correct actions. Of course, you need to do massages: for muscle spasms, relaxing; with excessive muscle relaxation, on the contrary, we activate.

The central nervous system also "trains", oddly enough it sounds. Her trainings take place simultaneously with training of the articulatory and respiratory systems. Parallel and imperceptible to the eye. That is, performing articulation and breathing exercises automatically "create" damaged connections between parts of the brain.

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speech disorder dementia

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Symptoms and manifestations

This pathology can be expressed either in a complete absence of speech, or in a violation of the pronunciation of specific phrases and words. In addition, the following symptoms are present:

speech is indistinct and slow, it is illegible;
it is difficult for the patient to choose words and name things correctly;
speech is possible quickly and without hesitation, but completely meaningless;
there is haste and incoherence of thinking;
the person strongly separates the syllables and puts emphasis on each of them.

Causes in adults

Possibly sudden or gradual development of speech disorders. There are such main reasons that can lead to this pathological process:

improper functioning of the brain (in particular, the basal ganglia - those parts of the brain that are responsible for the movement of the muscles of the body and for speech);
brain injury caused by stroke or thrombosis;
head trauma;
the presence of tumors in the brain;
the presence of degenerative diseases in which cognitive functions are impaired (these include dementia and Alzheimer's disease);
lyme disease;
excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages;
weakness of the muscles of the face, for example, Bell's palsy;
too weak or tight fixation of dentures.

Types of speech disorders in children

All speech difficulties in children are divided into two types:

Fonational (external) design of the statement - this includes pronunciation disorders;
Structural-semantic (internal) design of an utterance is a systemic or polymorphic speech disorder.

Violations of the speech process of phonation formation of an utterance can be both separate and combined. Based on this, the following types of violations are distinguished in speech therapy:

Aphonia and dysaphonia - is a disorder or complete absence of phonation due to various pathological changes in the vocal apparatus. This condition is characterized by a violation of the strength, pitch and timbre of the voice or the complete absence of phonation. Aphonia and dysaphonia can be caused by functional or organic disorders of the voice-forming mechanism and occur at various stages of the child's development.
Bradilalia - is a pathological slowdown of the speech rate. A characteristic feature is the delayed implementation of the articular speech program.
Tachilalia is a pathological acceleration of the speech rate. Accelerated implementation of the articulatory speech program is characteristic.
Stuttering is a violation of the organization of speech, in which the muscles of the speech apparatus are in a convulsive state. Pathology is centrally conditioned and appears, as a rule, in the process of the child's speech development.
Dislalia - pathology is a disorder of the pronunciation of sounds, in which hearing remains normal, as well as the innervation of the speech apparatus. Clinically it manifests itself in the form of a distorted sound design of speech, while incorrect pronunciation of sounds or their replacement and mixing is noted.
Rinolalia is a violation of the pronunciation of sounds and timbre of the voice, caused by anatomical and physiological disorders of the speech apparatus. A pathological change in the timbre of the voice is characteristic, accompanied by the passage of the vocal air stream on exhalation and in the process of pronouncing sounds into the nasal cavity. This leads to the formation of resonance in the latter.
Dysarthria is a violation of pronunciation, a distinctive feature of which is insufficient innervation of the speech apparatus. For the most part, this pathology develops as a result of cerebral palsy, which appeared at an early age of the child.

Difficulties in speech of structural and semantic design are divided into two types: alalia and aphasia.

Alalia - is the absence or insufficient development of speech, provoked by the defeat of the areas responsible for speech, located in the cerebral cortex during intrauterine development or at an early age of the baby.

It should be noted that alalia is one of the most severe speech defects, which manifests itself in violations of the operation of selection and analysis at all stages of birth, as well as the reception of a speech utterance, as a result of which speech activity the child is not fully formed.

Aphasia is a complete or partial loss of speech, which leads to local lesions of the brain. The ability to speak normally can be lost due to traumatic brain injury, neuroinfection or brain tumors, after the formation of speech.

Diagnostics

First of all, it is necessary to analyze the complaints presented by the patient, as well as the medical history. It is important to take into account how long ago there were complaints of quiet, slow speech and difficulty in pronouncing words and phrases, as well as whether there are similar manifestations in the patient's closest relatives.

Then it is necessary to undergo an examination by a neurologist, which consists in checking the mandibular and pharyngeal reflexes, examining the pharynx, the presence of thinning (atrophy) of the muscles of the tongue. In addition, it is important to check the reflexes of the lower and upper extremities.

It is necessary to be examined by a speech therapist, the doctor will be able to assess speech indicators, determine the presence of tempo disturbances, as well as difficulties in pronouncing specific sounds.

Examination by an otolaryngologist helps to exclude various volumetric processes (abscesses and tumors) in the nasal cavity, since they can also affect the voice.

With the help of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the head, it is possible to carry out a layer-by-layer study of the structure of the brain and determine the cause of dysarthria (these can be tumors, foci of impaired blood circulation, abscesses, foci of decay of myelin - the main protein of nervous tissue).

In some cases, it is additionally necessary to consult a neurosurgeon.

Treatment

Therapy for speech disorders consists in treating the main disease that provoked dysarthria:

the tumor must be removed surgically;
possible resection of a hematoma (hemorrhage) if it is located on the surface;
the abscesses are surgically removed from the cranial cavity, and then antibacterial drugs are prescribed to stop the infectious process as soon as possible;
normalize blood (arterial) pressure, use agents that improve metabolism and cerebral blood flow (nootropic drugs, angioprotectors) in case of cerebrovascular accident.

And, of course, patients with any types of speech difficulties need to go to a speech therapist to correct the existing defect with the help of specially selected exercises.

For every person, speech is an integral part of normal interaction with others, and any deviation in speech function can lead to psychological problems associated with the impossibility of personal self-realization.

Dysfunction of the speech apparatus has a direct effect on the life of any person, and therefore, it is very important, at the slightest deviation, to diagnose pathology in a timely manner in order to avoid serious complications in the future.

Speech impairment is a violation of speech function that can be triggered by completely different reasons. This term includes various types of abnormalities in human speech development, which can lead to both complete and partial loss of the reproduction of words and sounds.

Conventionally, speech disorders in medical practice are divided into two main groups:

Deviations can manifest themselves in the form of expressive speech, inhibition in pronunciation, nasal or stuttering. To identify the causes of violations, consultation with a neurologist, speech therapist and diagnosis is required.

Classification of speech deviations

There are several main forms of speech impairment in adults found in medical practice. Depending on the type of speech defect, specific work is always required to eliminate the deviations, since the lack of competent treatment at any time can lead to a complete loss of speech function or psychological deviations.

The main classification of speech disorders includes several forms of deviations in the development of speech:

One of the main types of speech abnormalities is stuttering. The reasons for the development of this pathology are factors such as stress, fear, neurological abnormalities, genetic disposition, and strong emotional shock.

Speech dysfunction is characterized by such signs as constant interruptions in the rhythm of speech caused by spasms or convulsions of some parts of the speech apparatus. When stuttering, a person has difficulties in pronouncing words and sounds, as a result of which he is forced to constantly make long pauses and repeat the same sound or syllable several times.
Due to a violation of the vocal timbre, nasalness may develop. The main reason for the development of the deviation is pathology in the area of \u200b\u200bthe nasal septum.
Violation of oral speech, which occurs as a result of an incorrect bite or damage to certain areas of the brain responsible for the speech apparatus, provoke the development of dyslalia. The main symptom of this deviation is that the patient has disturbances during the pronunciation of certain sounds or words. Wrong perception and distortion of individual sounds, slurred speech or "swallowing" of sounds are also commonly called tongue-tied. This pathology is not associated with hearing impairment or damage to the patient's central nervous system.
Slowness of speech as a result of difficulty in pronunciation and deviations in the rate of pronunciation is called bradilalia. It may be the result of congenital disposition, diseases of the central nervous system or psychological abnormalities of the patient.
Aphasia is a speech disorder that is systematic disruptions in the rhythm of already formed speech, which is caused by lesions in the area of \u200b\u200bthe speech areas of the brain. The characteristic signs of deviation are the inability of the patient to understand the speech of other people and express his thoughts through his voice. This speech disorder is not the result of any mental illness... The main causes of this ailment are pathologies such as head trauma, cerebral hemorrhage, abscess or cerebral thrombosis.
Bradifrazia is a slow speech, which is due to the weak and inhibited thinking of the patient, caused by mental abnormalities during the course of brain pathologies. A characteristic feature is the stretching of words and sounds, fuzzy articulation, long and inaccurate formulations of thoughts. This form of speech disorder is most often found in people with mental illness or mental retardation.
With partial or complete absence of speech urge, alalia develops. Pathology arises due to the mental underdevelopment of the patient or damage to the areas of the brain responsible for speech function. These are extremely severe forms of pathology, during the development of which the patient may not at all perceive the speech of other people, and is not able to master the language, since there are problems with the assimilation and understanding of sounds and syllables.
A very fast and rapid pace of speech flows is called tachilalia. The main signs of the disease are such manifestations as a fast tempo of speech, constant stammering during pronunciation, "swallowing" of individual letters and sounds, and their distortion. The main reasons for the development of the disease are: hereditary disposition, hyperreactivity, brain pathologies, mental disorders.
Dysarthria can cause a violation of oral speech. It is a disorder of the pronunciation function of speech, which is associated with pathologies of the areas of the speech motor and muscular articulatory apparatus (for example, damage to the vocal cords, dysfunction of the facial or respiratory muscles, limitation of the mobility of the tongue, lips or palate). Pathology develops in the course of damage to the parts of the brain (posterior and subcortical). Dysfunction is expressed in difficult pronunciation, distortion of some sounds and syllables.

Many deviations are associated with disorders of expressive speech. Most often, pathology develops in children. Moreover, this speech disorder can occur against the background of a successful mental and mental development of the patient.

Pathology of expressive speech is characterized by such signs as: a small vocabulary of the patient, which is by no means the norm for this age; problems with verbal communication; poor ability to use words to express their thoughts; misuse of prepositions and endings of words; active use gestures. The main reasons for expressive speech have not been fully identified in medicine, however, the development of deviations can be influenced by the participation of genetic factors; violations psychological nature; untimely formation of the relationship between the speech divisions of the cerebral cortex and neurons.

With damage to the central nervous system, mutism can develop - the complete absence of speech reflexes. This can be facilitated by diseases such as epilepsy, damage to parts of the brain, some types of mental illness (schizophrenia, depression, hysteria).

In order to identify the form of the disease, it is necessary to understand what causes are the impetus for the development of deviations in speech.

Reasons for the development of deviations in adults

There are many internal and external factors that provoke deviations in speech pronunciation. Moreover, depending on the cause of speech impairment, the process of development of deviations can be both hasty and gradual. Most often, the following reasons lead to dysfunctions:

It should be remembered that the causes of speech disorders can be both physiological and social and psychological.

Signs of deviations

It should be noted that more severe cases of speech impairment that occur with dementia and some psychological abnormalities in the body, regardless of the patient's age, can provoke dumbness. Therefore, it is very important to timely recognize the primary signs in order not to allow the disease to progress.

The main symptoms are:

It should be noted that intellectual-mnestic functions, which represent various forms of mental disorders, are of a degrading nature. Often, with this form of the disorder, brain cells are affected, which negatively affects the patient's speech function. As a result of such complex pathologies as a heart attack or cerebral stroke, an adult patient, over time, may develop severe speech impairment, up to complete numbness. Therefore, it is so important, at the slightest manifestation of symptoms, to consult a specialist for advice in a timely manner.

Treatment

As soon as the cause of the pathology is identified and the diagnosis is made, the doctor will prescribe the appropriate treatment, the main principle of which is to eliminate the causes that caused speech dysfunction.

As for children, a speech therapist can help correct speech defects at an early age. But only if the deviations are not associated with mental disorders and mechanical damage to the head. It is important to understand here that the older the patient is and the more complex the cause of speech abnormalities, the longer the process of treatment and correction of speech abnormalities will be.

The treatment methods are as follows:

The choice of a specific method of treatment, medicines and the expediency of the operation is determined by the doctor, depending on the form of pathology and the stage of concomitant diseases.

There is a separate branch of psychology that deals with the study of people suffering from speech disorders - logopsychology. The psychology of persons who have speech disorders requires a systematic and thorough study of the symptoms, signs and mechanisms of the development of this deviation. Thanks to this, positive results can be achieved through the development special methods psychological assistance and appropriate treatment regimens in each case.

It should be understood that any defects and disorders of speech, as well as damage to areas of the speech apparatus, with untimely or improper treatment, can lead to speech underdevelopment, reduced communication and attentiveness, as well as to the limitation of the patient's logical and mental conclusions.

Speech disorders in the modern world are quite common, both in adults and in children. For the correct functioning of speech, in addition to the absence of problems in the vocal apparatus itself, well-coordinated work of visual and auditory analyzers, the brain and other parts of the nervous system is necessary.

Speech disorder is a disorder in speech skills that can be caused by a variety of reasons. Let's consider the most common diseases:

Stuttering

Stuttering, or logoneurosis, is one of the most common abnormalities. This disorder is expressed in the periodic repetition of individual syllables or sounds during a conversation. In addition, convulsive pauses may occur in a person's speech.

There are several types of stuttering:

Tonic appearance - frequent stops in speech and stretching of words.
Clonic view - repetition of syllables and sounds.

Stuttering can be triggered and exacerbated by stress, emotional situations, and shock, such as speaking in front of a large number of people.

Logoneurosis occurs in adults and children. Neurological and genetic factors can cause it. With timely diagnosis and the beginning of treatment, it is possible to completely get rid of this problem. There are many methods of treatment - both medical (physiotherapy, speech therapy, medication, psychotherapeutic) and traditional medicine.

A condition characterized by blurry speech and problems with articulation of sounds. It appears as a result of disorders in the central nervous system.

One of the characteristic features of this disease is reduced mobility of the vocal apparatus - lips, tongue, soft palate, which complicates articulation and occurs due to insufficient innervation of the vocal apparatus (the presence of nerve endings in tissues and organs, which provides communication with the central nervous system).

Varieties of violation:

Erased dysarthria is not a very pronounced disease. A person does not have problems with hearing and speech apparatus, but has difficulty in sound pronunciation.
Severe dysarthria - characterized by incomprehensible, slurred speech, disturbances in intonation, breathing, voice.
Anartria is a form of disease in which a person is unable to speak clearly.

This violation requires complex treatment: speech therapy correction, medical intervention, physiotherapy exercises.

Dislalia

Tongue out is a disease in which a person mispronounces some sounds, skips them or replaces them with others. This disorder usually occurs in people with normal hearing and articulation. As a rule, the treatment is carried out with speech therapy.

This is one of the most common speech disorders, which is found in about 25% of children. preschool age... With timely diagnosis, the violation can be corrected quite successfully. Preschool children accept correction much easier than schoolchildren.

A disease that often occurs in people who have had an epileptic seizure. It is characterized by depletion of vocabulary or simplified sentence structure.

Oligophasia can be:

Temporary - acute oligophasia caused by an epileptic seizure;
Progressive - interictal oligophasia, which occurs with the development of epileptic dementia.

Also, the disease can occur with disorders in the frontal lobe of the brain and some mental disorders.

Aphasia

Violation of speech, in which a person cannot understand someone else's speech and express his own thoughts with the help of words and phrases. The disorder occurs when the centers responsible for speech are damaged in the cerebral cortex, namely, in the dominant hemisphere.

The cause of the disease can be:

cerebral hemorrhage;
abscess;
traumatic brain injury;
thrombosis of cerebral vessels.

There are several categories of this violation:

- a person is not able to pronounce words, but can make sounds, understand someone else's speech.
Sensory aphasia - a person can speak, but cannot understand someone else's speech.
Semantic aphasia - a person's speech is not disturbed and he is able to hear, but he cannot understand the semantic relations between words.
Amnestic aphasia is a disease in which a person forgets the name of an object, but is able to describe its function and purpose.
Total aphasia - a person is unable to speak, write, read and understand the speech of another.

Since aphasia is not a mental disorder, the underlying cause must be addressed to treat it.

Akatophasia

Speech disorder, which is characterized by the replacement of necessary words with words that are similar in sound, but not suitable in meaning.

Schizophasia

Psychiatric speech disease, which is characterized by speech rupture, incorrect semantic structure of speech. A person is able to form phrases, but his speech has no meaning, it is delusional. This disorder is most common in people with schizophrenia.

Paraphasia

Speech disorder in which a person confuses individual letters or words and replaces them with incorrect ones.

There are two types of violation:

Verbal - the replacement of words that are similar in meaning.
Literal - caused by sensory or motor speech problems.

Development disorder in children in which there are deficiencies in the use of expressive means of speech. At the same time, children are able to express thoughts and understand the meaning of someone else's speech.

Symptoms of this disorder also include:

small vocabulary;
grammatical errors - incorrect use of declensions and cases;
low speech activity.

This violation can be transmitted to genetic level, and more typical of men. It is diagnosed when examined by a speech therapist, psychologist or neurologist. For treatment, mainly psychotherapeutic methods are used, in some situations, medication is prescribed.

Logoclonus

A disease that is expressed in the periodic repetition of syllables or individual words.

This violation provokes problems with the contraction of muscles that are involved in the process of speech. Muscle spasms are repeated one after another due to deviations in the rhythm of contractions. This disease can accompany Alzheimer's disease, progressive paralysis, encephalitis.

Most speech disorders can be corrected and treated if detected early. Be attentive to your health and consult a specialist if you notice any deviations.

The patient has impaired speech what symptoms. Difficulty speaking

What speech disorders most often occur in adults

Aphasia

What are the symptoms

Dysarthria

What are the symptoms

How to treat and what will happen if not treated

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Diagnostics

Treatment

Classification of speech deviations

Reasons for the development of deviations in adults

Signs of deviations

Treatment

Stuttering

Dislalia

Aphasia

Akatophasia

Schizophasia

Paraphasia

Logoclonus

Treatment of speech impairment