The term Genocide comes from Latin (genos - race, tribe, cide - murder) and literally means the destruction or extermination of an entire tribe or people. Oxford Dictionary in English defines genocide as “the deliberate and systematic extermination of ethnic or national groups”, And refers to the first use of the term by Raphael Lemkin regarding the actions of the Nazis in occupied Europe. For the first time, the documentary term was used at the Nuremberg Trials as a descriptive and not a legal term. Genocide usually means the destruction of a nation or ethnic group.
The Indians meet Columbus. Old engraving.
The UN General Assembly adopted this term in 1946. Most people tend to associate the massacres of specific people with genocide. However, the 1994 UN Convention on the Punishment and Prevention of the Crime of Genocide describes genocide outside the direct murder of people as the destruction and destruction of culture. Article II of the Convention lists five categories of activity that are directed against a specific national, ethnic, racial or religious group that should be considered genocide.
The United States government has refused to ratify the UN Genocide Convention. And no wonder. Many aspects of the genocide were carried out on indigenous peoples North America.
Let's turn to statistics. According to a study by the highly respected scientist Russell Thornton, about 15 million people lived in North America before the arrival of the Europeans. At the beginning of the twentieth century, no more than 200 thousand of them remained. These are the successes of the world's freest society! I will give a few facts offhand.
They killed children, women and old people
In 1623, the British poisoned about 200 people of the Pahuatan tribe with wine and finished off another 50 with melee weapons. On the evening of May 26, 1637, English colonists under the command of John Underhill attacked a Pequot village and burned about 600 to 700 people alive. On April 30, 1774, the Yellow Creek Massacre took place near present-day Wellsville. A group of Virginia frontier settlers, led by young mobster Daniel Greathouse, killed 21 Mingo people. The killed daughter of the leader was in her last pregnancy. She was tortured and gutted while she was alive. The scalp was removed both from her and from the fetus that was cut out of her. On March 8, 1782, 96 baptized Indians were killed by an American people's militia from Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War.
At the opening of the 2010 Olympic Games, actors demonstrated the identity of the almost destroyed indigenous peoples of the continent
On February 26, 1860, on Indian Island, off the coast of Northern California, six local landowners and businessmen massacred the Wiyot Indians, killing more than 200 women, children and the elderly with axes and knives. On December 29, 1890, near the city of Wounded Knee in South Dakota, there was a massacre of Lakota Indians by the US Army. The Indians gathered to conduct their popular spirit dances. They were attacked and massacred by about 300 people.
At the level of local municipalities, rewards were paid for the killed Indians. Shasta City authorities in Northern California paid $ 5 per head for an Indian in 1855. In a settlement near Marisville in 1859, a reward was made from donated funds from the population “for every scalp or other convincing proof” that an Indian had been killed. In 1861 in Tehama County there were plans to create a fund "to pay for Indian scalps." Two years later, the residents of Honey Lake paid 25 cents for an Indian scalp.
It's a nightmare!
I have given only a small part of the facts. In the United States, an unspoken ban has been imposed on their publication. Well, it is useless for such an advanced country to have such a filthy history!
German ethnologist Gustav von Königswald reported that members of the anti-Indian militia “poisoned with strychnine drinking water the village of Kaingang, causing the death of two thousand Indians of all ages. " The sale of smallpox-infected blankets to Indians was widespread. And then what a business! After all, one blanket that brings death could be sold many times.
Masses of colonist farmers rushed to the new lands, who needed land. And people who inhabited these lands were not needed at all. Whites seized the land and drove the Indians to the West, and those who did not want to leave their homes were brutally killed. Soon, the indigenous people realized that if they wanted to preserve life and freedom, they would have to fight. In a life-and-death struggle, with a cruel and insidious enemy who did not recognize any "noble laws", who vilely attacked and destroyed everything that came his way. The Indians, who, before the arrival of the whites, practically did not know wars and led the life of peaceful hunters and farmers, were to become Warriors.
However, in this war, the Indians were initially doomed. And the point is not even that the whites had firearms and steel armor, not that they were united, and the Indian tribes were fragmented. The indigenous people of America were not killed by bullets - they were killed by DISEASES. The colonialists brought in New World previously unknown diseases there: plague, smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, etc. The Indians had no immunity from them. So, for example, 80% of all Abenaki died from smallpox, without even entering into battles with whites. Some tribes mowed the disease clean, and colonists came to the lands "liberated" in this way.
Yet the Indians did not give up and did not ask for mercy. They preferred to die in battle rather than live as slaves. The Indian drama was heading for its climax. The Algonquian tribes living in the lands of modern New England took the first blow. Beginning in 1630, English Protestant settlers methodically "cleared" the land from the Indians. At the same time, the Indian tribes were drawn into the Anglo-French rivalry: for example, the French made alliances with the Hurons and Algonquins, and the British enlisted the support of the Iroquois League. As a result, the Europeans pitted the Indians against each other, and then finished off the winners.
One of the bloodiest dramas was the destruction of the Pequot tribe in 1637, who lived in Connecticut. This little tribe refused to acknowledge over itself supreme power English crown. Then the English suddenly attacked the Pekots. Having surrounded their settlement at night, they set it on fire, and then staged a terrible massacre, killing everyone indiscriminately. Over 600 people were killed in one night. After that, the British staged a real hunt for the surviving pekots. Almost all of them were killed, and the few who survived were enslaved. Thus, the colonialists made it clear to all the Indians what fate awaits all the rebellious.
There was also an endless massacre in the South: English planters first tried to turn the Indians into slaves, but they refused to work on the plantations, escaped and revolted. Then it was decided to completely kill them all, and to import slaves from Africa to the plantation. By the middle of the 17th century, the colonialists essentially destroyed all the Indians who lived on the coast Atlantic Ocean... The survivors fled to the West, but the land-greedy colonialists also rushed there. As a result, the Indians realized that one by one they would be defeated and destroyed. As a result, in 1674, the tribes of the Wampanoags, Narrangasets, Nipmuk, Pokamptuk, Abenaki entered into an alliance and rallied around the great sachem Metacom. In 1675, they revolted against the British. A stubborn war went on for a whole year, but the Iroquois League took the side of the British, which predetermined the outcome of the war. The colonialists cruelly dealt with the rebels. Metacom himself was treacherously killed on August 12, 1676. The British sold his wife and children into slavery, and the body of the leader was quartered and hung on a tree. The severed head of Metacom was impaled and put on display on a hill in Rhode Island, where it remained for over twenty years. The Wampanoag and Narrangaset tribes were almost completely exterminated. The number of victims is evidenced by the fact that by the beginning of the war 15 thousand Indians lived in New England. And by the end there were only 4 thousand left.
In 1680, the Indians were embroiled in a multi-year war between England and France, which raged until 1714. The British and French preferred to fight with the hands of the Indians, as a result of this fratricidal massacre, by the beginning of the 18th century, there were practically no indigenous people left in New England. The survivors were driven out by the British. The expansion continued in the 18th century. It was led by both the British and the French. The former focused primarily on the "development" of North and South Carolina. The Muskog tribes who lived here were destroyed and expelled from their native lands. The violence and atrocities of the colonialists caused a powerful uprising in 1711, started by the Iroquois Tuscarora tribe. The Chikasawas soon joined them. A stubborn war went on for two years and ended with the bloody massacre of the British over the defeated. The Tuscarora tribe was almost completely destroyed.
The French at this time conquered the so-called. Louisiana - vast lands from Ohio to Kansas and from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico. Back in 1681, they were declared the property of the French crown, and at the beginning of the 18th century, the city of New Orleans was built at the mouth of the Mississippi, which became a stronghold for the invaders. The Indians fought back valiantly, but the Europeans had the advantage. A particularly severe blow fell on the Natchez living on the Gulf Coast. The Natchez, as mentioned above, were one of the most developed peoples of North America. They had a state headed by a deified monarch. Natchez monarchs refused to recognize themselves as vassals french kingAs a result, starting in 1710, the French led a series of wars of destruction against the Indians, which ended by 1740 with the almost complete destruction of the Natchez. However, the French did not succeed in completely subjugating the Indians. But the Iroquois were especially stubborn against them. The Iroquois League, which united five related tribes, was the main center of resistance to the colonialists. Beginning in 1630, the French repeatedly declared war on the League, but all their attempts to break the resistance of the Indians invariably failed.
Meanwhile, the British in 1733 began to colonize Georgia, accompanied by the massacre of the civilian Indian population. And in 1759, they started a war against the Cherokee, during which they savagely killed several hundred civilians and forced the Indians to move to the West. The steady advance of the British led to the fact that in 1763 the Algonquian tribes rallied around the great Ottawa chieftain Pontiac. Pontiac vowed to stop white expansion. He managed to gather large forces, his military alliance included almost all the Algonquins living in the Northeast. By 1765, he had defeated almost every English garrison in the Great Lakes region, with the exception of the well-fortified Fort Detroit, which was besieged by the rebels. The Indians were close to victory, but the British were able to draw the Iroquois into the war on their side, presenting the case in such a way that in case of victory, Pontiac would start a war with the League. A role was also played by the betrayal of Pontiac's "allies" - the French, who suddenly made peace with the British and stopped supplying the Indians with firearms and ammunition. As a result, the Algonquins were defeated, and Pontiac was forced to make peace. True, the British could not boast of victory: the English king forbade the colonists to cross the Appalachian mountains. However, fearing the power of Pontiac, the British in 1769 organized his assassination.
In 1776, the North American colonies revolted against the English king. It must be said that both belligerents sought to attract the Indians to the hostilities, promising them various benefits. They succeeded: the Indian tribes again found themselves on different front lines and killed each other. Thus, the Iroquois League supported the English king. As a result, immediately after the victory, the newly-minted American authorities unleashed new war... They led her extremely cruelly: they did not take prisoners. They burned down all the captured villages, tortured and killed women, old people and children, destroyed all food supplies, dooming the Indians to starvation. As a result of years of stubborn fighting, the resistance of the Indians was broken. In 1795, the Iroquois League (or rather, what was left of it) signed a surrender. White came under control vast lands in the Great Lakes region, and the surviving Indians were on the reservation.
In 1803, the US government bought Louisiana from France. The French, desperate to conquer the freedom-loving Indian tribes and engaged in wars in Europe, left it to the new masters. Of course, no one asked the Indians themselves about anything. Immediately after the purchase, masses of immigrants rushed to the West. They longed to receive free land, and the indigenous population, as it was already customary, was subject to destruction.
In 1810, the tribes of the Ojibwe, Delaware, Shawnee, Miami, Ottawa and others united around the courageous Shawnee leader Tekumse and his brother, the Prophet Tenskwatawa. Tekumseh led the resistance to the colonialists north of the Ohio River, hatching the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an independent Indian state. In 1811 the war broke out. The rebel stronghold created by Tekumse - "City of the Prophet", attracted warriors from many tribes of the Middle East and the South of the USA, who agreed to take part in the uprising. The war was very stubborn, but the numerical and technical superiority of the whites played a role. The main military forces of Tekumse were defeated on November 7, 1811 at the Battle of Tippecanu by the future President of the United States, General Harrison. But in 1812, the Tekumseh supported part of the powerful Scream Confederation in Alabama, and the uprising was given new impetus. In June 1812, the United States declared war on the British Empire, and Tecumseh and his supporters joined the British army. With only 400 of his soldiers, he captured the hitherto impregnable Fort Detroit without firing a shot, forcing its garrison to surrender by military cunning. However, on October 5, 1813, the great Shawnee chief was killed in action, fighting on the side of the British with the rank of brigadier general. The betrayal of the whites again played its fatal role - at the decisive moment of the battle of Downville, the English soldiers disgracefully fled from the battlefield and the Tekumseh warriors were left face to face with a superior enemy. The Tekumse rebellion was suppressed. The Creek tribes held out until 1814, but were also defeated. The victors staged a terrible massacre, killing several thousand civilians. After that, all the lands north of the Ohio River came under the control of the United States, the Indians were either driven from their lands, or concluded on a reservation.
In 1818, the US government bought Florida from Spain. Planters rushed to the newly acquired state, who began to unceremoniously seize the ancestral Indian lands and destroy the indigenous population that refused to work for the slave owners. The Seminole were the most numerous among the tribes of Florida. Led by their leaders, they fought a stubborn war with the invaders for forty years and defeated them more than once. However, they failed to withstand the US Army. By 1858, almost all of Florida's Indians (several tens of thousands of people) had been destroyed. Only about 500 Indians survived, whom the colonialists placed on reservations in the swamps.
And in 1830, under pressure from the planters, the US Congress decided to deport all the indigenous people of the US Southeast. By this time, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, screams had reached high level development. They built their cities, were engaged in agriculture and various crafts, opened schools and hospitals. The constitutions they adopted were much more democratic than the US Constitution. The whites themselves called the Indians of the Southeast "civilized people." However, in 1830, they were all forcibly deported from their places to the west of the Mississippi, while all their real estate and almost all movable property was appropriated by the white colonialists. The Indians were essentially settled in the bare steppe, without giving them any means of subsistence; as a result, about a third of the members of these tribes died from hunger and deprivation associated with deportation.
Such blatant violence could not remain unavenged. In 1832, the Sauk and Fox Indian tribes took up arms against the invaders. They were led by the 67-year-old leader Black Hawk Down. Only a year later, with great difficulty, the whites managed to defeat the rebels. The defeat of the Indians provoked new repression from the victors.
A mass deportation of Indian tribes began to the right bank of the Mississippi. The white settlers who came to their habitable places shamelessly robbed the unfortunate and committed all sorts of atrocities, remaining unpunished. By the late 1830s, there were almost no indigenous people east of the Mississippi; those who managed to avoid deportation were herded into reservations.
In 1849, the United States defeated Mexico and took land in the Southwest Rocky Mountains and California. Then England was forced to cede Oregon to the United States. A stream of colonialists immediately rushed there. The Indians were driven from the best lands and their property was robbed. As a result, in the same year, the tribes of the Northwest (Tlingits, Wakashi, Tsimshians, Salishis, etc.) declared war on the Whites. For four long years, the territory of the modern states of Oregon and Washington blazed fighting... The Indians fought bravely, but not having firearms, they could not resist. Tens of thousands of Native Americans were killed and their villages burned down. Many tribes of the Northwest were completely destroyed, in others several hundred people remained who were evicted deep into Oregon on mountain reservations.
The fate of the Californian Indians was very tragic. Already in 1848, gold was found there, as a result, a mass of adventurers and bandits rushed to the region, wishing to enrich themselves. Gold lay in Indian lands, and therefore the tribes of peaceful hunters and gatherers were doomed. February 26, 1860 on Indian Island, off the coast of northern California, six local residents staged a massacre of the Wyot Indians, killing 60 men and more than 200 women, children and the elderly. The Shasta City authorities in Northern California paid $ 5 per head for an Indian in 1855, and a settlement near Marisville in 1859 paid a reward from community donations "for every scalp or other compelling evidence" that an Indian was killed. In 1863, Honey Lake County paid 25 cents per Indian scalp. By the early 1870s, most of the Californian Indians had been wiped out or exiled to the interior, desert parts of the state. The most stubborn resistance was offered by the white modoca invaders, led by the leader Kintpuash ("Captain Jack"), which lasted from 1871 to 1873. The uprising ended with the heroic defense of a handful of modoks of the Lava Beds mountain citadel from the US Army and the capture of Chief Kintpuash, who was soon convicted by a white court and hanged as a criminal. After being exiled to "Indian Territory", of the 153 mods who survived the war, only 51 survived by 1909.
After graduation Civil War in the United States, in 1865 the American government declared the lands of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains open to "free colonization." All land was declared the property of a white settler who first came to these places. And what about the Indians - Navajo, Apaches, Comanches, Shoshone, Lakota - the original owners of the prairies and mountains? It was decided to end them once and for all. In 1867, Congress passed the Indian Reservation Act. From now on, all Indian tribes, with a stroke of the pen, lost their ancestral lands and had to live on reservations located in desert and mountainous areas remote from water. Without the permission of the American authorities, not a single Indian henceforth dared to leave his reservation.
It was a sentence. A verdict for all tribes without exception. The descendants of the first settlers who came to the New World in the Stone Age, they became strangers, non-citizens in their native land. The Indian drama has come to its denouement. The Indians naturally refused to surrender and prepared for war. The whites also had no doubt that the Indians would fight: the war plans were drawn up in advance. It was decided to break the Indians by hunger. In this regard, American soldiers launched a real hunt for bison, which served as the main source of food for the inhabitants of the Great Plains. Several MILLIONS of these animals have been destroyed in 30 years. So, in Kansas alone, in 1878 alone, about 50 thousand of these animals were destroyed. It was one of the largest ecocides on the planet.
The second way to strangle the disobedient was to poison the sources fresh water... The Americans poisoned the waters of rivers and lakes with strychnine on a truly industrial scale. This caused the death of several tens of thousands of Indians. However, in order to break the freedom-loving prairie dwellers, it took a lot of blood. The Indians fought back bravely. On several occasions they routed large detachments of the American army. The Battle of the Little Bighorn River in Montana in 1876 became world famous, when the combined forces of the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians destroyed an entire detachment of American cavalry led by General Caster. And there were many such examples! The Indians stormed the forts, cut railways, waged a skillful guerrilla war in the mountains. However, the forces were unequal. The colonialists stopped at nothing. With fire and sword, they "combed" the mountains and prairies, destroying the detachments of the rebellious. The whites were armed with multiply-charged revolvers, rapid-fire rifles, and rifled artillery. In addition, the Indian tribes were not able to establish coordination with each other, which was used by the colonialists. They destroyed each nation one by one.
By 1868, the Shoshone were almost completely destroyed. In 1872, the Cheyenne's resistance ceased, in 1879 the Comanches were finally defeated. The Apaches fought with the fury of the doomed until 1885. The Sioux held out the longest - until the beginning of 1890. But in the end, they too were crushed. The denouement of the drama came on December 29, 1890, near the Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota, when American soldiers from the 7th Cavalry Regiment shot more than 300 Lakota people who had gathered for the ritual festival of the Dance of the Spirits and were therefore unprepared for resistance. The surviving Lakota were escorted to the reservations. The Indian Wars are over. There was no surrender - there was simply no one else to fight.
Scientists still cannot determine exactly how many indigenous people of North America died during the white colonization that began. Killed from swords and arquebus, from rifles and cannons, from hunger and cold during various deportations. The most modest figures are 1 million, although in reality there is much more. Millions of men, women, children have become victims of a terrible human vice - ALCHNOST. They were killed simply because they lived on fertile lands, simply because they "sat" on gold deposits, simply because they refused to become slaves on the plantations. The Indians fought bravely. They fought literally to the last drop of blood; dozens of tribes were simply wiped off the face of the earth. Those who, in spite of everything, survived, was destined for the sad fate of the inhabitants of the reservations. The reservations were, in fact, self-governing concentration camps: tens of thousands of Indians died of hunger in them, froze in winter and died of thirst in summer. In 1900, the American authorities officially announced the "closure of the frontier"; thus the fact was recognized that all the lands had already been conquered. Nobody thought about the Indians. It seemed that they did not remain at all, that after a certain amount of time the miserable remnants of the once proud and powerful tribes would perish, unable to endure the harsh conditions of imprisonment. But that did not happen. The Indians survived. They survived and were reborn, no matter what. And in the second half of the 20th century, the banner of the struggle for Freedom was raised again. But that's a completely different story ...
Is it good to destroy the Indians ?? ? And how many of them were destroyed during the development of America ??? and got the best answer
Answer from Nightmare [guru]
In North America, an estimated 5 million Indians were killed. Moreover, it was not destroyed due to any changes in their places of residence or other factors. Destroyed purposefully! In 1703, in Massachusetts, $ 60 was paid for the scalp of an Indian, and $ 124 in Pennsylvania. The East Coast Indians, whom they did not manage to kill, were evicted west of the Mississippi in 1830. It was a deliberate policy of the state to destroy the Indians. No one was left out of participating in this atrocity: in 1861, Mark Twain declared in reports that the ancestors of the Indians did not come from primates, but from rats. In 1867, American newspapers wrote, "This is a bunch of thieving, treacherous eaters of stinking guts, the existence of which the Lord accidentally allowed on Earth and we must pray for their immediate and complete destruction." 1890.
Source: USA - Country of Equal Opportunities for All
and indeed, the United States is the enemy of Russia !!!
Answer from 2 answers[guru]
Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: Is it good to destroy the Indians ?? ? And how many of them were destroyed during the development of America ???
how much% of the indigenous population remains in America
European colonization interrupted the natural course of development of the Indians. A large number of North American Indians were exterminated by the colonialists, many tribes were resettled from their traditional habitats on the reservations of the USA and Canada. So, in 1830, according to the Indian Resettlement Act, passed by the US Congress, the Indians of the Atlantic coast were deported to Oklahoma, where most of them died from hunger and epidemics. According to the official estimates of the United States Census Bureau, 45,000 Indians died in the Indian Wars between 1775 and 1890. The number of Indians inhabiting the current territory of the United States and Canada decreased from 2-4 million in the period before the start of large-scale European colonization to 200 thousand by the beginning of the 20th century. Only in the extreme north of the mainland, local Indians continue to lead a traditional semi-nomadic life: they are hunting and are highly dependent on buyers of furs. A significant part of the American Indians was assimilated by the Americans. IN Latin America many Indian tribes were also destroyed (Indians of the West Indies, Uruguay, Argentina). Only an insignificant part of the Indians retained their cultural and everyday life (in remote areas of the Amazon River basin). In a number of Latin American countries, Indians were an important component of the formation of modern nations (Mexicans, Guatemalans, Paraguayans, Peruvians, etc.). In some countries, the Indian languages \u200b\u200bare spoken along with Spanish (Quechua - in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guarani - in Paraguay, where it is the second official language) .
The peoples of the world adopted from the Indians the cultivation of maize, potatoes, sunflowers, cassava, cocoa, cotton, tobacco, etc.
asked in
Description of the Aleutian Islands, the development of Alaska ... Who is the discoverer?
The islands were discovered by the participants of the Second Kamchatka expedition VI Bering - AI Chirikov (1741-1742), who returned to their homeland from a difficult and dangerous journey with a rich cargo of valuable furs. The sailors' stories about unknown lands in the East, where valuable game animals were found in abundance, aroused the keenest interest of Kamchatka industrialists, merchants and Cossacks. Already in 1743 the first ship set off to the Commander Islands to fish for sea beavers - sea otters. Then others followed, moving farther and farther east along the Aleutian ridge. In 1745, the crew of the ship "St. Evdokim ”of the company of the merchant AF Chebaevsky, headed by the sailor M. Nevodchikov and the leader (chief of industrialists) Y. Chuprov, first came into contact with the Aleuts who inhabited the so-called Near (to Kamchatka) islands. Although at first the relationship developed quite peacefully, soon the newcomers ceased to stand on ceremony with the locals. Having settled down for the winter in a bay on Attu Island, industrialists from L. Belyaev's artel killed all the inhabitants of one Aleutian village who had not had time to escape, including the women who had been stabbed and thrown from a cliff into the sea. The industrialists justified themselves by the fact that the islanders already had to die of hunger, since all their food was taken away by the Russians. On this Belyaev and his henchmen did not stop and, capturing another village, exterminated up to 40 people, leaving only young women alive - "for services."
Other industrialists did not lag behind Belyaev's artel. Historian A.S. Polonsky based on data siberian archives wrote:
“They also pursued and exterminated the islanders who had fled from fear. Leading leader Chuprov not only did not take measures to limit cruelty, but he himself was constantly armed with a bolt, killed the natives he met, intercepted the emerging kayaks with his armed hand and even ordered to cook salamat (flour diluted in water) with mercuric chloride to poison the industrialists who came to the harbor where the ship was stationed ... He himself sent the workers to take food and trade from the natives with orders; if they do not give goodwill, beat. The women in the harbor sewed parkas and each pleased their patron; both men and women who were at the company for work were punished with molts for fear: know me, Chuprova. "
The industrialists later justified themselves by the fact that they had mistaken the local islanders for the warlike Chukchi, whom they feared because of their numbers and ferocious disposition. These explanations, apparently, were taken into account by the court held over the team “St. Evdokim ”upon her return to Kamchatka following a denunciation by one of the industrialists. For "murder and prodigal theft", as the documents say, some of them, led by Belyaev, were convicted by the Kamchatka authorities, but Chuprov and his comrades were acquitted (possibly for a bribe with furs).
The behavior of the industrialists Chuprov and Belyaev on the Aleutian Islands was not an isolated phenomenon. Violence and killings continued in the future, repeatedly leading to demonstrations of local residents. The uprising of the Aleuts of the Fox Islands in 1763-1764 was especially significant. , when the crews of four merchant ships were almost completely destroyed. The industrialists' revenge was not long in coming. During punitive raids, the latter destroyed entire villages of local residents. IE Veniaminov, relying on the stories of the old Aleut people, eyewitnesses of the events, wrote about the leader S. Glotov, who came on the ship “St. Andreyan and Natalya "in the summer of 1764 to the Fox Islands:
"He, as much as under the pretext of revenge for the death of his compatriots, so much for disobedience, destroyed almost without a remainder all the villages that were on the southern side of Umnak, and the inhabitants of the islands of Samalya and Chetyrekhsopochny".
G. A. Sarychev, who visited this area in 1790, dispassionately noted in his travel journal:
"There used to be a lot of inhabitants on the Quadruple Isles, but none at all."
Source:
Answer from Anatoly prossekov[guru]
four hundred thousand ... they were far from being Chukchi, they knew how to fight ... and there was extermination. but by Russian standards it was almost bloodless ...))) now there are five million Indians, 50,000 thousand of them have the highest scientific titles and an average income of 5000 bucks ...
Answer from Victor[guru]
And even earlier, people ate ...
Answer from Vlad[guru]
Father, you’re sober, you’ll talk to you, and you’re in the game of cards, but as you smoke, you’re not screaming like a battle cry, then you’re holding a tomahawk wrong
Answer from Vladimir Mikhalev[guru]
Not only the Indians were destroyed. Many nationalities were wiped off the face of the earth. Such is the sad fate of those who are weaker. That is why I stand up for our country, our nation to always remain strong and healthy. Otherwise, we will die no worse than the Indians. We will also be wiped off the face of the earth. Maybe not right away, but they will erase it.
Answer from Nils Pelkonen[guru]
European colonization interrupted the natural course of development of the Indians A large number of North American Indians were exterminated by the colonialists, the remaining tribes settled on the reservations of the USA and Canada. Only in the extreme north of the mainland, local Indians continue to lead a semi-nomadic life: they are hunting and are entirely dependent on the fur buyers, who mercilessly exploit them. A significant part of the American Indians is assimilated by the Americans, filling the ranks of the American urban and rural proletariat and the poorest farming. In Latin America, many Indian tribes were also destroyed (Indians of the West Indies, Uruguay, Argentina). Only a small part of the Indians retained their cultural and everyday life (in the remote areas of the Amazon River basin). In a number of Latin American countries, Indians were an important component of the formation of modern nations (Mexicans, Guatemalans, Paraguayans, Peruvians, etc.). In some countries, Indians are spoken alongside Spanish (Quechua - in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guarani - in Paraguay, where it is the second official language). Indian peoples defend their right to develop a distinctive culture and fight for equality with all other peoples of America.
The contribution of the Indians to world culture is very significant: the peoples of the world took from them the cultivation of maize, potatoes, sunflowers, cassava, cocoa, cotton, tobacco, etc. The Indians created wonderful monuments of architecture, fine arts, folk poetry.
European colonization interrupted the natural course of development of the Indians. A large number of North American Indians were exterminated by the colonialists, many tribes were resettled from their traditional habitats on the reservations of the USA and Canada. So, in 1830, according to the Indian Resettlement Act, passed by the US Congress, the Indians of the Atlantic coast were deported to Oklahoma, where most of them died from hunger and epidemics. According to the official estimates of the United States Census Bureau, 45,000 Indians died in the Indian Wars between 1775 and 1890. The number of Indians who inhabited the current territory of the United States and Canada decreased from 2 to 4 million in the period before the start of large-scale European colonization to 200 thousand by the beginning of the 20th century. Only in the far north of the mainland, local Indians continue to lead a traditional semi-nomadic life: they are hunting and are highly dependent on buyers of furs. A significant part of the American Indians was assimilated by the Americans. In Latin America, many Indian tribes were also destroyed (Indians of the West Indies, Uruguay, Argentina). Only an insignificant part of the Indians retained their cultural and everyday life (in remote areas of the Amazon River basin). In a number of Latin American countries, Indians were an important component of the formation of modern nations.
Indian genocide is a term used by a number of historians and politicians in relation to the actions of the European colonialists against the native population of America from the moment of its discovery by Christopher Columbus in 1492 until the end of the 20th century.
Whether or not Indians were victims of genocide is a controversial and debated issue in the history of indigenous depopulation.
Historian David Stannard believes that the indigenous population of America (including Hawaii) fell victim to the "Euro-American genocidal war," recognizing that most Indians died as a result of devastating epidemics from infections brought in by the colonialists. He estimates that nearly 100 million died in what he called the "American Holocaust."
Stannard's claim of 100 million victims has been disputed as not based on any demographic data, and that Stannard did not distinguish between death by violence and death by disease. Stannard's claim of 100 million victims has been disputed as not based on any demographic data, and that Stannard did not distinguish between death by violence and death by disease.
Answer from Yoirozha Bumbarash[guru]
Russia also tried in this field. They just shyly keep silent about this. And she fought with the Indians, and suppressed the revolts of the Aleuts. there is interesting storyhow the Russian Cossacks argued how many people would pierce the cannonball. They lined up the Indians in a row one after another and fired.
Answer from Bars bars[guru]
Read Why America Dies By Oleg Platonov.
Answer from Pavel Naumov[guru]
% over 80
Answer from Anton prokofiev[newbie]
Americans were jealous of the Indians
Answer from ANECHKA[newbie]
he feels sorrow
Answer from Lobster[guru]
And civilized peoples have drawn conclusions long ago.
The uncivilized are still occupied by the Crimean people
and the bombing of residents of Grozny, Aleppo.
"Indian Wars" - each of us has heard these words. A picture familiar from westerns and other adventure films immediately appears in the imagination: a train of settlers crossing the endless prairies is attacked by Indians. Savages on horseback, dressed in bright national costumes, with painted faces, decorated with feathers, brandish tomahawks with a wild whoop and shoot from Winchesters, trying to kill the unfortunate "pale-faced" ones and remove scalps from them. Well Hollywood ( component Agitprop USA) works wonderfully well, it's not for nothing that huge sums of money are poured into it. But one must understand that the image of the Indians-savages, whose life consists only in hunting for the scalps of peaceful settlers, has nothing to do with reality.
The history of the relationship between the indigenous people of North America and immigrants from Europe is written, without exaggeration, in blood. The blood of the indigenous people of the New World. Who were to blame only for the fact that they lived in a region with good climatic conditions. They lived on fertile lands, on the banks of clean, deep rivers. It is rather difficult to determine the number of Indian tribes that occupied the territory of the modern United States at the time of the beginning of European colonization. Researchers cite different numbers: from a million to five million. Although all the natives were genetically related to each other, there was no single nation. The territory of the present United States was inhabited by several hundred tribes.
Nevertheless, scholars identify several large cultural and historical communities that developed by the end of the 15th century. The Indians of the Pacific coast (Chinooki, Haida, Kwakiutl, Tlingits, Salishis, Wakashi, Tsimshian, etc.) were mainly engaged in hunting for sea animals, as well as fishing. They lived in large tribal communities ruled by elected leaders. Among them, property inequality was quite significant, a clear hierarchy of society was traced. The Indians of California (Campo, Cahuilla, Chumash, Miwoki, Modoca, Oloni, Payute, etc.) were engaged in hunting and gathering. One of their main food products was ... acorns, from which they made many dishes. Some of the tribes led a nomadic lifestyle and lived in primitive equality, some moved to settled life, they had leaders, and property inequality developed (albeit rather slowly).
The Rocky Mountain Indians (Mono, Pima, Papago, Shoshone, etc.) were mainly engaged in hunting. Living in very unfavorable climatic conditions, they retained their primitive clan relations for a longer time, although by the middle of the 19th century they also had the institution of military leaders. The Indians who occupied the territory of the Southwest of the modern United States were at a higher level of development. The Southwest (modern states of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado) is a region of ancient agricultural civilizations. The outstanding Pima and Pueblo crops and the unique Navajo culture originated here. Local Indians lived in fortified settlements, built irrigation facilities, cultivated many cultivated plants, planted gardens, and domesticated the turkey. They came close to the creation of statehood.
The vast expanses of the Central and Great Plains (the famous prairies) were occupied by numerous tribes of hunters and gatherers: Sioux, Dakota, Lakota, Blackfeet, Apaches, Comanches, Arapaho, Cheyenne, etc. herds of these animals, overcoming many kilometers of distance and not staying long in one place. These tribes were at the stage of decomposition of primitive communal relations, they had leaders and elders.
The Northeast was inhabited by the tribes of the Iroquois, Abenaki, Hurons, Mohicans, Massachusetts, and others, known collectively as the "Woodland Indians". They led a sedentary lifestyle, engaged in agriculture. Hunting and gathering served as an additional source of food. The Indians lived in small villages, lived in large family communities. At the head of each clan and tribe were two leaders: one "civilian", and the second - military. Women played a very important role in management and economy. The tribes that inhabited the modern Southeast of the United States (Delaware, Shriek, Muskogee, Cherokee, Chickasaw, etc.), lived in settlements on the banks of rivers or the sea, were engaged in very productive agriculture and hunting. Among these tribes, property and social inequality was already very noticeable. Some of them came close to creating states, and the Natchez tribe living in Louisiana even created a monarchical state that copied in many ways the Aztec empire.
The independent development of the Indian tribes was interrupted in 1492 when a Spanish expedition led by Christopher Columbus discovered Bahamas... Three years later, in 1495, the era of the so-called. "Conquests" - the era of the conquests of the New World. The conquerors were at first the Spaniards and the Portuguese, later the Dutch, the French and the British joined them. European "knights" unleashed against the local population the most brutal war... A war of destruction. What was its reason? First, the Europeans were attracted to gold. They were literally obsessed with the idea of \u200b\u200bfinding the mythical "country of El Dorado" - a country where gold is allegedly literally lying underfoot. However, the newcomers themselves did not want to work in the gold mines at all - in their opinion, the Indian slaves should have done it.
The second reason was that the Europeans were eager to seize fertile and exploitable territories. IN Western Europe at this time, capitalist relations began to develop actively. Few enriched themselves, while the majority became impoverished and ruined. Yesterday's peasants, artisans, small traders, unable to compete with big business, lost everything and became beggars. The discovery of America gave them new hope. Hope to get your own land again, to become a wealthy person. Only now, the fact that PEOPLE already lived on this land was not taken into account.
Why then? The fact is that the Europeans did not regard the Indians as people! The Bible mentions three races: "Japhetic" (Caucasians), "Simitic" (Mongoloids) and "Hamic" (Negroids). Not a word was said about the Indians. In addition, the Indians were not Christians, but practiced their traditional religions. All this made it possible for Catholic and Protestant theologians to equate the Indians with ... animals !!! In all seriousness, it was argued that the natives of America did not have a soul, therefore, firstly, their land automatically became "no man's" and each colonist could seize it with impunity, and, secondly, the aborigines could be treated like wild animals. Thus, on behalf of the "Lord God" himself, the European settlers were given, in fact, carte blanche for outrage and violence. They could do anything with the locals: “tame” (ie, enslave) or exterminate.
In 1493, Pope Alexander VI divided the "newly discovered lands" between the kings of Spain and Portugal. Thus began the first act of Native American drama. In 1513, a detachment of Spanish conquistadors under the command of Juan de Leon landed on the coast of present-day Florida. The Spaniards were looking for gold and immediately started a war against the locals. So, in 1515, the Spaniards destroyed several hundred indigenous people of East Florida, and 500 people were captured into slavery and sent to plantations in Puerto Rico. In 1521, Juan de Leon walked the coast of Florida with fire and sword, but in the end the combined forces of the Indian tribes were able to defeat the conquerors, while the newly-minted governor himself found his inglorious end.
However, other predators rushed after de Leon. In 1525, the Spaniards killed about a hundred Indians and enslaved another 60 on the coast of North Carolina. In 1526, the conquistadors launched an offensive in Georgia, but, faced with stubborn resistance from the Indians, they were forced to retreat. In general, despite the superiority in weapons and equipment, the Spanish knights, clad in armor and armed with steel swords and arquebus, were unable at that time to break the courageous resistance of the Indians, who stubbornly defended their independence. In 1527, Panfilo de Narvaez's expedition set out to conquer Florida. The Spaniards took hostages, burned villages, destroyed food supplies in an effort to force the Indians to accept the authority of the Spanish king. Nevertheless, the knights were defeated and were forced to flee shamefully. In 1539, the conquerors came again. This time they were headed personally by the Governor of Cuba, Hernando de Soto. For four years, the Spaniards fought in the modern states of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, Arkansas and Oklahoma. The path of the conquistadors was "crowned" with burnt villages and the corpses of recalcitrant Indians. And, nevertheless, the Spaniards again failed to gain a foothold in North America. The Indians fiercely resisted, de Soto himself died in 1542, and the pitiful remnants of his army hardly made it to Mexico.
At the same time, the attention of the Spaniards was drawn to the Southwest. In 1540, the conquistador Francisco de Coronado, known for his cruelty, set out on a campaign to conquer these lands. The first blow was taken by the Zuni Indians who lived in New Mexico. The Spaniards took over their settlements and looted everything clean. After that, the Coronado troops launched an offensive in Arizona, Colorado, Texas. Everywhere their journey was accompanied by unparalleled robberies and violence; according to his contemporaries, Coronado left behind "scorched earth". However, all the efforts of the conquerors were again shattered by the fortitude of the Indians who fought to the end. As a result, in 1542, the remnants of the conquerors returned home ingloriously.
However, the setbacks did not force the Spaniards to retreat. In the second half of the 16th century, they intensified the onslaught on Florida. As a result, they succeeded, having destroyed most of the coastal tribes, to establish their control over part of the territory of Florida. However, the attempts of the conquistadors to enslave the Indians of the inner parts of the peninsula invariably met with stubborn resistance and failed. In the 1570s, the Spaniards intensified their onslaught on the lands of the Southwest of the modern United States. The Hopi, Navajo, Pueblo, and Zuni tribes stubbornly resisted the invaders. The Spaniards, in turn, unleashed brutal repression on the recalcitrant. The conquered lands were captured by the nobles, who converted the Indians into their serfs. The Catholic Inquisition also appeared, which began a brutal persecution of the "pagans", arranging frightening burning at the stake. This whole system of cruel exploitation and open arbitrariness provoked the resistance of the courageous Indians, who more than once rose up in arms against the invaders. The Spaniards did not feel safe anywhere and sat in fortified forts, however, the Indians often captured them. The conquistadors failed to consolidate their dominance over the "conquered" lands.
However, in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, new predators appeared in North America - the Dutch, the French and the British. In 1607, the British founded the city of Jamestown on the territory of modern Virginia. Quebec was built by the French in 1610, and New Amsterdam appeared in 1620. It should be noted that the Indians greeted the first settlers very friendly, helped them settle in a new place. Supplied with food, taught to grow local crops. However, the whites paid for all this with black ingratitude. It never occurred to them to thank the Indians, without whom all the settlers would have died in the very first winter: according to their ideas, the "savages" were simply obliged to serve Christians and carry out all their orders. In the South, plantations of tobacco, cane and cotton soon began to appear. The planters, of course, did not intend to work themselves, but dreamed of using the free labor of the Indians. Armed gangs launched attacks on Indian settlements, took prisoners and turned them into slavery. The colonialists also captured children and women, forcing the men to lay down their arms and work on the plantations.
In the North, the position of the Indians was even worse. There rushed masses of colonist farmers who needed land. And people who inhabited these lands were not needed at all. Whites seized the land and drove the Indians to the West, and those who did not want to leave their homes were brutally killed. Soon the indigenous people realized that if they wanted to preserve life and freedom, they would have to fight. In a life-and-death struggle, with a cruel and insidious enemy who did not recognize any "noble laws", who vilely attacked and destroyed everything that came his way. The Indians, who, before the arrival of the whites, practically did not know wars and led the life of peaceful hunters and farmers, were to become Warriors.
However, in this war, the Indians were initially doomed. And the point is not even that the whites possessed firearms and steel armor, not that they were united, and the Indian tribes were fragmented. The indigenous people of America were not killed by bullets - they were killed by DISEASES. The colonialists brought previously unknown diseases to the New World: plague, smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, etc. The Indians had no immunity from them. So, for example, 80% of all Abenaki died from smallpox, without even entering into battles with whites. Some tribes mowed the disease clean, and colonists came to the lands "liberated" in this way.
Yet the Indians did not give up and did not ask for mercy. They preferred to die in battle rather than live as slaves. The Indian drama was heading for its climax. The Algonquian tribes living in the lands of modern New England took the first blow. Beginning in 1630, English Protestant settlers methodically "cleared" the land from the Indians. At the same time, the Indian tribes were drawn into the Anglo-French rivalry: for example, the French made alliances with the Hurons and Algonquins, and the British enlisted the support of the Iroquois League. As a result, the Europeans pitted the Indians against each other, and then finished off the winners.
One of the bloodiest dramas was the destruction of the Pequot tribe in Connecticut in 1637. This small tribe refused to accept the supreme authority of the English crown. Then the English suddenly attacked the Pekots. Having surrounded their settlement at night, they set it on fire, and then staged a terrible massacre, killing everyone indiscriminately. Over 600 people were killed in one night. After that, the British staged a real hunt for the surviving pekots. Almost all of them were killed, and the few who survived were enslaved. Thus, the colonialists made it clear to all the Indians what fate awaits all the rebellious.
There was also an endless massacre in the South: English planters first tried to turn the Indians into slaves, but they refused to work on the plantations, escaped and revolted. Then it was decided to completely kill them all, and to import slaves from Africa to the plantation. By the middle of the 17th century, the colonialists had essentially destroyed all the Indians who lived on the Atlantic coast. The survivors fled to the West, but the land-greedy colonialists also rushed there. As a result, the Indians realized that one by one they would be defeated and destroyed. As a result, in 1674 the tribes of the Wampanoags, Narrangasets, Nipmuk, Pokamptuk, Abenaki entered into an alliance and rallied around the great sachem Metacom. In 1675, they revolted against the British. A stubborn war went on for a whole year, but the Iroquois League took the side of the British, which predetermined the outcome of the war. The colonialists cruelly dealt with the rebels. Metacom himself was treacherously killed on August 12, 1676. The British sold his wife and children into slavery, and the body of the leader was quartered and hung on a tree. The severed head of Metacom was impaled and put on display on a hill in Rhode Island, where it remained for over twenty years. The Wampanoag and Narrangaset tribes were almost completely exterminated. The number of victims is evidenced by the fact that by the beginning of the war 15 thousand Indians lived in New England. And by the end there were only 4 thousand left.
In 1680, the Indians were embroiled in a multi-year war between England and France, which raged until 1714. The British and French preferred to fight with the hands of the Indians, as a result of this fratricidal massacre, by the beginning of the 18th century, there were practically no indigenous people left in New England. The survivors were driven out by the British. The expansion continued in the 18th century. It was led by both the British and the French. The former focused primarily on the "development" of North and South Carolina. The Muskog tribes who lived here were destroyed and expelled from their native lands. The violence and atrocities of the colonialists caused a powerful uprising in 1711, started by the Iroquois Tuscarora tribe. The Chikasawas soon joined them. A stubborn war went on for two years and ended with the bloody massacre of the British over the defeated. The Tuscarora tribe was almost completely destroyed.
The French at this time conquered the so-called. Louisiana - vast lands from Ohio to Kansas and from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico. Back in 1681, they were declared the property of the French crown, and at the beginning of the 18th century, the city of New Orleans was built at the mouth of the Mississippi, which became a stronghold of the invaders. The Indians fought back valiantly, but the Europeans had the advantage. A particularly severe blow fell on the Natchez living on the Gulf Coast. The Natchez, as mentioned above, were one of the most developed peoples of North America. They had a state headed by a deified monarch. The Natchez monarchs refused to recognize themselves as vassals of the French king, as a result, starting in 1710, the French led a series of wars of destruction against the Indians, which ended by 1740 with the almost complete destruction of the Natchez. However, the French did not succeed in completely subjugating the Indians. But the Iroquois were especially stubborn against them. The Iroquois League, which united five related tribes, was the main center of resistance to the colonialists. Beginning in 1630, the French repeatedly declared war on the League, but all their attempts to break the resistance of the Indians invariably failed.
Meanwhile, the British in 1733 began to colonize Georgia, accompanied by the massacre of the civilian Indian population. And in 1759, they started a war against the Cherokee, during which they savagely killed several hundred civilians and forced the Indians to move to the West. The steady advance of the British led to the fact that in 1763 the Algonquian tribes rallied around the great Ottawa chieftain Pontiac. Pontiac vowed to stop white expansion. He managed to gather large forces, his military alliance included almost all the Algonquins living in the Northeast. By 1765, he had defeated almost every English garrison in the Great Lakes region, with the exception of the well-fortified Fort Detroit, which was besieged by the rebels. The Indians were close to victory, but the British were able to draw the Iroquois into the war on their side, presenting the case in such a way that in case of victory, Pontiac would start a war with the League. A role was also played by the betrayal of Pontiac's "allies" - the French, who suddenly made peace with the British and stopped supplying the Indians with firearms and ammunition. As a result, the Algonquins were defeated, and Pontiac was forced to make peace. True, the British could not boast of victory: the English king forbade the colonists to cross the Appalachian mountains. However, fearing the power of Pontiac, the British in 1769 organized his assassination.
In 1776, the North American colonies revolted against the English king. I must say that both belligerents sought to attract the Indians to the hostilities, promising them various benefits. They succeeded: the Indian tribes again found themselves on different front lines and killed each other. Thus, the Iroquois League supported the English king. As a result, immediately after the victory, the newly-minted American authorities unleashed a new war. They led her extremely cruelly: they did not take prisoners. They burned down all the captured villages, tortured and killed women, old people and children, destroyed all food supplies, condemning the Indians to starvation. As a result of years of stubborn fighting, the resistance of the Indians was broken. In 1795, the Iroquois League (or rather, what was left of it) signed a surrender. Large lands in the Great Lakes region passed under the control of the whites, and the surviving Indians were on the reservation.
In 1803, the US government bought Louisiana from France. The French, desperate to conquer the freedom-loving Indian tribes and engaged in wars in Europe, left it to the new masters. Of course, no one asked the Indians themselves about anything. Immediately after the purchase, masses of immigrants rushed to the West. They longed to receive free land, and the indigenous population, as it was already customary, was subject to destruction.
In 1810, the tribes of the Ojibwe, Delaware, Shawnee, Miami, Ottawa and others united around the courageous Shawnee leader Tekumse and his brother, the Prophet Tenskwatawa. Tekumseh led the resistance to the colonialists north of the Ohio River, hatching the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an independent Indian state. In 1811 the war broke out. The rebel stronghold created by Tekumse - "City of the Prophet", attracted warriors from many tribes of the Middle East and the South of the USA, who agreed to take part in the uprising. The war was very stubborn, but the numerical and technical superiority of the whites played a role. The main military forces of Tekumse were defeated on November 7, 1811 at the Battle of Tippecanu by the future President of the United States, General Harrison. But in 1812, the Tekumseh supported part of the powerful Scream Confederation in Alabama, and the uprising was given new impetus. In June 1812, the United States declared war on the British Empire, and Tecumseh and his supporters joined the British army. With only 400 of his soldiers, he captured the hitherto impregnable Fort Detroit without firing a shot, forcing its garrison to surrender by military cunning. However, on October 5, 1813, the great Shawnee chief was killed in action, fighting on the side of the British with the rank of brigadier general. The betrayal of the whites again played its fatal role - at the decisive moment of the battle of Downville, the English soldiers disgracefully fled from the battlefield and the Tekumseh warriors were left face to face with a superior enemy. The Tekumse rebellion was suppressed. The Creek tribes held out until 1814, but were also defeated. The victors staged a terrible massacre, killing several thousand civilians. After that, all the lands north of the Ohio River came under the control of the United States, the Indians were either driven from their lands, or concluded on a reservation.
In 1818, the US government bought Florida from Spain. Planters rushed to the newly acquired state, who began to unceremoniously seize the ancestral Indian lands and destroy the indigenous population that refused to work for the slave owners. The Seminole were the most numerous among the tribes of Florida. Led by their leaders, they fought a stubborn war with the invaders for forty years and defeated them more than once. However, they failed to withstand the US Army. By 1858, almost all of Florida's Indians (several tens of thousands of people) had been destroyed. Only about 500 Indians survived, whom the colonialists placed on reservations in the swamps.
And in 1830, under pressure from the planters, the US Congress decided to deport all the indigenous people of the US Southeast. By this time, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek tribes had reached a high level of development. They built their cities, were engaged in agriculture and various crafts, opened schools and hospitals. The constitutions they adopted were much more democratic than the US Constitution. The whites themselves called the Indians of the Southeast "civilized people." However, in 1830, they were all forcibly deported from their places west of the Mississippi, while all their real estate and almost all movable property was appropriated by the white colonialists. The Indians were essentially settled in the bare steppe, without giving them any means of subsistence; as a result, about a third of the members of these tribes died from hunger and deprivation associated with deportation.
Such blatant violence could not remain unavenged. In 1832, the Sauk and Fox Indian tribes took up arms against the invaders. They were led by the 67-year-old leader Black Hawk Down. Only a year later, with great difficulty, the whites managed to defeat the rebels. The defeat of the Indians provoked new repression from the victors.
A mass deportation of Indian tribes began to the right bank of the Mississippi. The white settlers who came to their habitable places shamelessly robbed the unfortunate and committed all sorts of atrocities, remaining unpunished. By the late 1830s, there were almost no indigenous people east of the Mississippi; those who managed to avoid deportation were herded into reservations.
In 1849, the United States defeated Mexico and took land in the Southwest Rocky Mountains and California. Then England was forced to cede Oregon to the United States. A stream of colonialists immediately rushed there. The Indians were driven from the best lands and their property was robbed. As a result, in the same year, the tribes of the Northwest (Tlingit, Wakash, Tsimshian, Salish, etc.) declared war on the White. For four long years, fighting raged on the territory of the modern states of Oregon and Washington. The Indians fought bravely, but not having firearms, they could not resist. Tens of thousands of Native Americans were killed and their villages burned down. Many tribes of the Northwest were completely destroyed, in others several hundred people remained who were evicted into the interior of Oregon on mountain reservations.
The fate of the Californian Indians was very tragic. Already in 1848, gold was found there, as a result, a mass of adventurers and bandits rushed to the region, wishing to enrich themselves. Gold was deposited on Indian lands, and therefore the tribes of peaceful hunters and gatherers were doomed. On February 26, 1860, on Indian Island, off the coast of northern California, six local residents massacred the Wyot Indians, killing 60 men and more than 200 women, children and the elderly. The Shasta City authorities in Northern California paid $ 5 per head for an Indian in 1855, and a settlement near Marisville in 1859 paid a reward from community donations "for every scalp or other compelling evidence" that an Indian was killed. In 1863, Honey Lake County paid 25 cents per Indian scalp. By the early 1870s, most of the Californian Indians had been wiped out or exiled to the interior, desert parts of the state. The most stubborn resistance was offered by the white modoca invaders, led by the leader Kintpuash ("Captain Jack"), which lasted from 1871 to 1873. The uprising ended with the heroic defense of a handful of modoks of the Lava Beds mountain citadel from the US Army and the capture of the chieftain Kintpuash, who was soon convicted by a white court and hanged as a criminal. After being exiled to "Indian Territory", of the 153 mods who survived the war, only 51 survived by 1909.
After the end of the American Civil War, in 1865 the American government declared the lands of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains open to "free colonization." All land was declared the property of a white settler who first came to these places. And what about the Indians - Navajo, Apaches, Comanches, Shoshone, Lakota - the original owners of the prairies and mountains? It was decided to end them once and for all. In 1867, Congress passed the Indian Reservation Act. From now on, all Indian tribes, with one stroke of the pen, lost their ancestral lands and had to live on reservations located in desert and mountainous areas far from water. Without the permission of the American authorities, not a single Indian henceforth dared to leave his reservation.
It was a sentence. A verdict for all tribes without exception. The descendants of the first settlers who came to the New World in the Stone Age, they became strangers, non-citizens in their native land. The Indian drama has come to its denouement. The Indians naturally refused to surrender and prepared for war. The whites also had no doubt that the Indians would fight: the war plans were drawn up in advance. It was decided to break the Indians by hunger. In this regard, American soldiers launched a real hunt for bison, which served as the main source of food for the inhabitants of the Great Plains. Several MILLIONS of these animals have been destroyed in 30 years. So, in Kansas alone, in 1878 alone, about 50 thousand of these animals were destroyed. It was one of the largest ecocides on the planet.
The second method of strangling the recalcitrant was by poisoning fresh water sources. The Americans poisoned the waters of rivers and lakes with strychnine on a truly industrial scale. This caused the death of several tens of thousands of Indians. However, in order to break the freedom-loving prairie dwellers, it took a lot of blood. The Indians fought back bravely. On several occasions they routed large detachments of the American army. The Battle of the Little Bighorn River in Montana in 1876 gained worldwide fame, when the combined forces of the Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians destroyed an entire detachment of American cavalry led by General Custer. And there were many such examples! The Indians stormed forts, cut railways, and waged a skillful guerrilla war in the mountains. However, the forces were unequal. The colonialists stopped at nothing. With fire and sword, they "combed" the mountains and prairies, destroying the detachments of the rebellious. The whites were armed with multiply-charged revolvers, rapid-fire rifles, and rifled artillery. In addition, the Indian tribes were not able to establish coordination with each other, which was used by the colonialists. They destroyed each nation one by one.
By 1868, the Shoshone were almost completely destroyed. In 1872, the Cheyenne's resistance ceased, in 1879 the Comanches were finally defeated. The Apaches fought with the fury of the doomed until 1885. The Sioux held out the longest - until the beginning of 1890. But in the end, they too were crushed. The denouement of the drama came on December 29, 1890, near the Wounded Knee stream in South Dakota, when American soldiers from the 7th Cavalry Regiment shot more than 300 people from the Lakota people who had gathered for the ritual festival of the Dance of the Spirits and the former. The surviving Lakota were escorted to the reservations. The Indian Wars are over. There was no surrender - there was simply no one else to fight.
Scientists still cannot determine exactly how many indigenous people of North America died during the white colonization that began. Killed from swords and arquebus, from rifles and cannons, from hunger and cold during various deportations. The most modest figures are 1 million, although in reality there is much more. Millions of men, women, children have become victims of a terrible human vice - ALCHNOST. They were killed simply because they lived on fertile lands, simply because they "sat" on gold deposits, simply because they refused to become slaves on the plantations. The Indians fought bravely. They fought literally to the last drop of blood; dozens of tribes were simply wiped off the face of the earth. Those who, in spite of everything, survived, was destined for the sad fate of the inhabitants of the reservations. The reservations were, in fact, self-governing concentration camps: tens of thousands of Indians died of hunger in them, froze in winter and died of thirst in summer. In 1900, the American authorities officially announced the "closure of the frontier"; thus the fact was recognized that all the lands had already been conquered. Nobody thought about the Indians. It seemed that they did not remain at all, that after a certain amount of time the miserable remnants of the once proud and powerful tribes would perish, unable to endure the harsh conditions of imprisonment. But that did not happen. The Indians survived. They survived and were reborn, no matter what. And in the second half of the 20th century, the banner of the struggle for Freedom was raised again. But that's a completely different story ...
Sergey Oreshin
21-04-2015, 07:04
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The Indians (the indigenous population of America) were almost completely exterminated by all sorts of prairie conquerors and other criminals, who are still considered national heroes by the United States and Canada. And it becomes very insulting for the courageous aborigines of North America, whose murder on a national basis is hushed up. Everyone knows about the Holocaust, the genocide of the Jews, but about the Indians ... Somehow passed by the democratic community. This is precisely genocide. People were killed just because they were Indians! More than half a century after the discovery of America, the local population was not considered human at all. That is, they naturally took for animals. Based on the fact that the Indians are not mentioned in the Bible. This means that they do not seem to exist.
Hitler is a puppy compared to America's Conquerors: The American Indian Holocaust, also known as the Five Hundred Years War, killed 95 of the 114 million indigenous people of today's US and Canada.
Hitler's concept of the concentration camps owes much to his study of the English language and the history of the United States.
He admired the Boer camps in South Africa and the Indians in the Wild West, and often in his inner circle praised the effectiveness of the destruction of the native population of America, red savages who could not be captured and tamed - from hunger and unequal battles.
The term Genocide comes from Latin (genos - race, tribe, cide - murder) and literally means the destruction or extermination of an entire tribe or people. The Oxford English Dictionary defines genocide as “the deliberate and systematic extermination of ethnic or national groups,” and refers to the first use of the term by Raphael Lemkin regarding Nazi action in occupied Europe.
The United States government has refused to ratify the UN Genocide Convention. And no wonder. Many aspects of the genocide were carried out on the indigenous peoples of North America.
The list of American genocide policies includes: mass extermination, biological warfare, forced eviction from their homes, imprisonment, the introduction of values \u200b\u200bother than indigenous, forced surgical sterilization of local women, a ban on religious practices, etc.
FINAL DECISION.
The "Final Solution" to the North American Indian problem became the model for the subsequent Jewish Holocaust and South African apartheid.
But why is the biggest holocaust hidden from the public? Is it because it went on for so long that it became a habit? It is significant that information about this Holocaust is deliberately excluded from the knowledge base and consciousness of the inhabitants of North America and the whole world.
Schoolchildren are still taught that large parts of North America are uninhabited. But before the arrival of the Europeans, American Indian cities flourished here. Mexico City had more population than any city in Europe. The people were healthy and well fed. The first Europeans were amazed. Agricultural products cultivated by indigenous peoples have won international recognition.
The Holocaust of the North American Indians is more terrible than apartheid in South Africa and the genocide of the Jews during World War II. Where are the monuments? Where are memorial ceremonies held?
Unlike post-war Germany, North America refuses to recognize the destruction of the Indians as genocide. The North American authorities are reluctant to admit that this was and remains a systematic plan to exterminate most of the indigenous population.
The term "final solution" was not coined by the Nazis. It was the Indian Administrator, Duncan Campbell Scott, Canada, Adolph Eichmann, who in April 1910 was so concerned about the "Indian problem":
“We recognize that Native American children are losing their natural resistance to disease in these cramped schools, and that they are dying at a much higher rate than in their villages. But this in itself is not a reason for a change in the policy of this department aimed at the final solution of our Indian problem. "
The European colonization of America forever changed the life and culture of Native Americans. In the 15-19th centuries, their settlements were ruined, the peoples were exterminated or enslaved.
IN THE NAME OF THE LORD.
Marlon Brando devotes several pages to the American Indian genocide in his autobiography:
“After their lands were taken from them, the survivors were herded onto the reservations, and the government sent missionaries to them who tried to force the Indians to become Christians. After I became interested in American Indians, I found that many people do not even consider them human beings. And so it was from the beginning. "
Cotton Mather, lecturer at Harvard College, honorary doctorate from the University of Glasgow, Puritan minister, prolific writer and publicist known for researching the Salem witches, compared Indians to the children of Satan and considered it God's will to kill pagan savages who stood in the way of Christianity.
In 1864, a colonel of the American army named John Shevinton, shooting another Indian village from howitzers, said that Indian children should not be spared, because a louse grows out of a nit. He told his officers: “I came to kill Indians, and I believe that this is a right and an honorable duty. And it is necessary to use any means under God's heaven to kill the Indians. "
The soldiers cut off the vulva of Indian women and pulled them on the bows of the saddles, and made pouches from the skin of the scrotum and breasts of Indian women, and then displayed these trophies along with the severed noses, ears and scalps of the slain Indians at the Denver Opera House. Enlightened, cultured and devout civilizers, what else to say?
When the United States once again declares its desire to enlighten yet another people, mired in savagery, lack of spirituality and totalitarianism, one should not forget that the United States itself has thoroughly reeked of carrion, the means they use can hardly be called civilized, and they hardly have such goals that do not pursue their own profit.
On this day, ... years ago
On August 13, 1946, a federal commission was established in the United States to study the living conditions of the Indians. In America, there is still a debate: can the Indians be called victims of genocide?
American historian David Stannard states: “Hitler is a puppy compared to the“ conquerors of America. ”What is not taught in American schools: The American Indian Holocaust, also known as the“ Five Hundred Years War ”and“ the longest Holocaust in human history, ”was destroyed 95 of the 114 million indigenous people of the present territories of the United States and Canada. "
Moreover, this genocide was progressing and purposefully. It was carried out by both British colonialists and American settlers. Amazing unanimity!
In 1722, a declaration was made in Boston declaring war on the Indians. For a scalp of a native of America, they gave from 15 to 100 pounds sterling. There is evidence that the colonialists also used biological weapons - they distributed blankets to tribes that were deliberately infected with smallpox. Then this method was successfully used by the US Army. And the Indians were purposefully soldered.
Here I am deliberately not touching upon the topic of the development of Siberia by the Russians and The Far Eastbecause this is not at all like American reality. But I will give you one curious example. As you know, many indigenous peoples of Siberia and the North of Russia lack an enzyme that breaks down alcohol in their bodies. They quickly get drunk and die. And how did the government of tsarist Russia react to this, "the prison of peoples", as Custine first said, and then Lenin developed this idea? Say, let them drink too much? No. An order was issued prohibiting the sale of alcohol east and north of Lake Baikal. It’s just a touch, but it explains a lot about "prison".
And further. The Germans in the Baltic States could not get along and organize a normal dialogue with the local population, the British authorities and colonists were also unable to build acceptable relations with the Indians. Only the politics of force, only fire and sword. If the Russians were even a little like them, then we would not have a single indigenous people in Siberia. And there are more than forty of them living there today!
In 1825, the American authorities adopted the Doctrine of Discovery. That is, the right to land was received by the one of the colonists who "discovered" them. And the Indians on these lands, in fact, belonging to them, could only live, but were deprived of ownership of it. In 1830, a law was passed on the resettlement of the Indians, and in 1867 - on reservations.
And mass sterilization of Indian women of reproductive age was also actively used. Do you think it was a long time ago, a deep tradition? Far from it! In the 1970s, American journalists unearthed that, for example, in Oklahoma, sterilization was widespread. Moreover, the Federal Government's Office of Population said that surgical sterilization is becoming an increasingly important method of birth control.
This is all reminiscent of the racial politics of Nazi Germany. There, too, gradually and at the legislative level, non-Aryans were made people of the tenth grade, they were placed outside the Aryan laws. The scalps, however, were not removed. But there were concentration camps and gas ovens.
By the way, about concentration camps. American writer and historian John Toland in his book "Adolf Hitler" writes: "The Hitler concept of concentration camps owes much to his study of the English language and the history of the United States. He admired the camps for ... population of America ".
Of course, in the US, most experts and political scientists with indignation and trembling in their voices dispute the statements of Stannard and Toland (well, how unnecessary analogies begin). They say, in particular, that Stannard does not have any statistics, and that he does not distinguish between violent death and death as a result of illness (is this about infected blankets, or what?). Rudolph Rummel, professor at the University of Hawaii, estimates that during the entire period of European colonization, not 95 million Indians became victims of genocide, but only 2 to 15 million.
However, Rummel's conclusions are also criticized. Why? Because the "faithful" American historians and the thoroughly democratic public, on the one hand, do not deny that Europeans and settlers brought death, repression and suffering to the native population of America. But on the other hand, they stubbornly dispute that it was genocide.
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