Treaty of Nanking. Treaty of Nanjing Unequal Treaty in Nanjing was signed

The Nanking Treaty of 1842, the first unequal treaty imposed on China by Britain as a result of the defeat of the Qing government in the Anglo-Chinese War of 1840-1842 (see The Opium Wars in China). Signed on August 29 aboard the British warship "Cornwallis", which came as part of the British squadron along the river. Yangtze to Nanjing. According to N. d. 5 kit. ports (Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai) were declared open for trade and settlement of the British and England received the right to establish their consulates in them. China recognized Britain's seizure of the Hong Kong Island (Hong Kong) and pledged to pay her 21 million yuan (including 6 million for the destroyed opium in 1839, which served as a pretext for the war), establish beneficial duties for England, as a result of which China was deprived of customs independence. N. d. Provided for the conclusion of the English. troops from Nanjing and some other points only after the ratification of the Chinese treaty. pr-vom and payment of the first monetary contribution, and from the islands of Zhoushan and Gulansu - only after the end of the payments established by the contract. In odt. In 1843, in addition to the N. d. In the Khumyn fortress near Guangzhou (Canton), the Khumyn agreement was signed, which established the right of extraterritoriality for the English subjects in China and introduced consular jurisdiction. In the open ports, the British were able to create their own settlements (special settlements) and manage them. England also acquired the right of "most favored nation": all the privileges received by other powers in China were automatically extended to England. N. d. And its additions opened a period of active economic. and polit. penetration of europ. powers within the Qing Empire. It served as a precedent for the conclusion of a series of other enslaving treaties with China by the United States of America (see the Wanxia Treaty of 1844), France (1844), Belgium (1845) and other states, thereby initiating the transformation of China into a semi-colonial country.

Yu.M. Shchebenkov.

Used materials from the Soviet military encyclopedia in 8 volumes, v. 5.

Publication:

Grimm E. D. Collection of treaties and other documents on history international relations in the Far East (1842-1925). M., 1927.

Literature:

History of China from ancient times to the present day. M., 1974, p. 190-191;

International relations in the Far East. Book. 1.M., 1973, p. 58-62.

NANKING TREATY of 1842

N. d. Is the first unequal treaty imposed on the Chinese government by a foreign power by force of arms. He laid the foundation for the so-called. "opening" China for foreign trade, economic and political penetration.

First half of the 19th century was marked by an active desire of England, and after her and other powers to use China more widely as a sales market for their goods. The English trade in manufactured goods and especially its smuggling trade in opium in China (the import of opium increased from 2 thousand boxes in 1800 to 39 thousand boxes in 1837) grew rapidly, leading to a catastrophic outflow of silver from China. China tried to resist the British trade expansion. He continued to stubbornly refuse to establish diplomatic and contractual relations with European powers, repeatedly reaffirmed the prohibition on the import of opium, limited foreign trade to Canton alone and allowed the sale of goods only to the Chinese monopoly merchant organization. Cohong(cm.). England was not satisfied with this situation. Wanting to open up all of China for its trade and to get strong economic and strategic bases on its territory, England took a course towards unleashing a war. Back in 1834, Lord Napier, the chief overseer of English trade in China, declared that "the merchants of Great Britain wish to trade with all of China. They will not rest until they have achieved their goal."

Since the decrees banning the opium trade did not achieve their goal, the Chinese emperor appointed a special commissioner to Canton, Lin Tse-hsiu, instructing him to liquidate the opium smuggling. 18. III 1839, shortly after arriving in Canton, Lin Tse-hsiu demanded from all foreign merchants to surrender cash opium and pledge that henceforth this product would not be imported into China. Despite the refusal of the British to obey, the imperial commissar forced them to surrender their opium (20,283 boxes) and completely destroyed it.

England used this incident as a pretext for war. In September 1839 British warships arrived in Canton and on March 3 XI \u200b\u200bopened fire on the Chinese junks. In response, Lin Tse-hsiu announced the prohibition from 6. XII of all trade with the British, as well as their access to Chinese waters. 20.II 1840 British Foreign Secretary Palmerston sent an ultimatum note to China demanding compensation for losses caused to British merchants, guarantees of the inviolability of their person and property in China, granting several islands to the eternal property of Great Britain (for the creation of trading bases) and payment indemnity. Palmerston concluded by saying he was sending a military force that would conduct "hostile action" against China until British demands were met. In the instructions to Captain Charles Elliot, sent to China, it was proposed to seek the elimination of Kohong, the establishment of a fixed customs tariff, the opening of a number of new ports for British trade, etc. China rejected the demands of England, after which in June 1840 the British military squadron arrived in Macau. 28. VI the British began a blockade and bombardment of Canton, and then, extending military operations to the north, occupied about. Zhoushan, blocked the ports of Amoy, Ningbo and captured Dagu (near Beijing). Here, 11. VIII Admiral J. Elliot (brother of Captain Elliot) presented China with a new ultimatum. 30. VIII on behalf of the emperor, the governor-general of the Zhili province Qi Shan began negotiations with Charles Elliot in Dagu, which ended in Canton with the signing of a preliminary peace treaty on 21. I 1841, advantageous for England (see. Anglo-Chinese Treaty of 1841).The Chinese emperor did not ratify this humiliating treaty, and Qi Shan demoted and arrested.

In February 1841 hostilities resumed, but soon (in May) they were again interrupted by a truce concluded as a result of the surrender of the Cantonese authorities. However, the British government, believing that the concessions wrested from China were insufficient, replaced Charles Elliot with Henry Pottinger and, having concentrated new naval and land forces in China, resumed military operations. In 1842 the British managed to capture a number of strategically and economically important points (Amoy, Ningbo, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and others). 9. The VIII British squadron arrived at Nanking, where, as a result of short negotiations, the N. d was signed.

Declaring the safety and patronage of English subjects in China (Art. 1), N. d. Opened five ports for English trade: Amoy, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai and Canton (Art. 2), in which the British received the right to establish their consulates ... The Emperor of China was inferior to the Queen of Great Britain, Fr. Hong Kong into eternal possession. This island became the largest military, strategic and trade base of England in Pacific... China undertook to pay England an amount of 6 million dollars, as corresponding to the value of the opium, which was destroyed by Lin Tse-xu in Canton (Art. 4). British merchants were given the right to trade "with all sorts of persons with whom they wish." The Kohong monopoly company was abolished. Along with this, China was obliged to pay England $ 3 million, allegedly "on account of the debt owed to British subjects from certain Kohong merchants" (Article 5), as well as $ 12 million as compensation for its military expenses (21 million dollars). China also pledged to establish a "fair regular tariff" of duties on goods imported and exported by the British, but not more than 5% of their price. After the British had paid import duties, Chinese merchants could import British goods into the interior of the country with the payment of an additional transit fee, which, however, was not specified in the contract (Article 10). In this regard, the British were able to intervene in China's internal customs system under the pretext of the need to determine duties. They have repeatedly used this, creating a privileged position for their products in the Chinese market.

In order to guarantee the fulfillment by China of the regulations of the N. of Art. 12 established that British troops would be withdrawn from Nanking and from some other points after the ratification of the Nation by the Emperor and the payment of the first monetary contribution, and from the Gulansu and Zhoushan (Chusan) Islands - only after the end of all monetary payments and the opening of ports for English trade. Having evacuated its troops from Nanking and Gulansu at the appropriate time, England, however, delayed the evacuation of the Zhoushan Islands. These islands were cleared by England only 4. IV 1846, after China signed a new convention, according to which England turned them into a sphere of her influence.

Not content with the rights and privileges it received under the National House, England on 8 October 1843 forced China to sign a new treaty, supplementary to the National House, which gave it a number of new privileges, in particular the right of extraterritoriality and most favored nation. Anglo-Chinese treaty 1843).

The English victory in the first Opium War and the signing of the N. d. Opened the way for the conclusion of similar enslaving treaties with China by the United States (March 3, 1844), France (October 1844), Belgium (25. VII1845), etc. Further step along the path of transformation China was made a semi-colony by the powers in 1856-58, when they imposed on China a series of so-called. Tianjin treaties(cm.).

Diplomatic Dictionary. - M .: State publishing house of political literature. A. Ya. Vyshinsky, S. A. Lozovsky. 1948 .

See what the "NANKING TREATY 1842" is in other dictionaries:

Between China and Great Britain after the Anglo-Chinese War of 1840 1842. He opened 5 Chinese ports for British trade, sanctioned the capture of Fr. Xianggang (Hong Kong), etc. * * * NANKING TREATY 1842 NANKING TREATY 1842, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

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The first unequal treaty imposed by the United States on China. Signed on 3 July in the village of Wanxia near Macau. According to V. d., The United States received in China the same privileges that England achieved under the Treaty of Nanking in 1842 (See Nanking ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

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Between Russia and China the opening of northern Dzungaria for Russian trade was signed on 25. VII in the city of Gulja from Russia by E.P. Kovalevsky, from China by Yi Shan and Bu Yan tai. The emergence of political and economic ties between Russia and ... ... Diplomatic Dictionary

T. n. the first "opium" war, an aggressive war of England against China, the purpose of which was to turn China into a country dependent on England. The reason for England's robbery attack in June 1840 on China in the Guangzhou region was the destruction ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and His Majesty the Emperor of China, wishing to put an end to the misunderstandings and the resulting hostilities that took place between the two countries, decided to conclude a treaty for this purpose and appointed their Commissioners: Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland - Sir Henry Pottinger, Baronet, Major General in the service of the East India Company, etc. and so on;

And His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China - High Commissioners Qi Ying, a member of the Imperial Court, guardian of the heir to the throne and general of the Cantonese garrison; And Libu from Imperial family, who is kindly allowed to wear first rank insignia and a peacock feather, a former minister and governor-general, etc., and now a lieutenant general, commander-in-chief of troops in Zhapa; who, having communicated their respective powers to each other and having found them in good and proper form, have agreed and concluded the following Articles:

May there be peace and friendship between Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and His Majesty the Emperor of China and between their respective subjects, who will enjoy the complete security and protection of their personality and property in everyone's domain.

His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees that British subjects, with their families and businesses, will be allowed to stay in the cities of Canton, Amoy, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai for the fulfillment of their trade goals; and Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc. appoints superintendents or consular officials with domicile in each of the aforementioned cities to act as intermediaries between the Chinese authorities and the named merchants, and to ensure that fair duties and other taxes of the Chinese government, as subsequently determined, are duly paid subjects of Her British Majesty.

Article III

In view of the obvious necessity and desirability of British subjects having some kind of port in which they could set up for repair and repair, if necessary, their ships and maintain arsenals for this, His Majesty the Emperor of China is inferior to Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc. the island of Hong Kong in the eternal E of British Majesty, Her Heirs and Successors, possession in order to be governed by those laws and regulations such as Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc. deems it necessary to install.

The Emperor of China agrees to pay an amount of $ 6 million, in addition to the value of the opium dispensed in Canton in March 1839. as a ransom for the lives of the Superintendent and Her Majesty's subjects, imprisoned and threatened with death by Chinese dignitaries.

Since the Chinese government forced British traders who traded in Canton to do business exclusively with certain Chinese traders, called traders-hong (or kohong) 40, who received licenses from the Chinese authorities for this, the Emperor of China agrees to abolish this order for the future in all ports. where British merchants may reside, allow them to do business with anyone with whom they wish, and His Emperor "The Majesty further agrees to pay the British government an amount of $ 3 million in debt to British subjects on the part of some indicated Hong (or Cohong) merchants who have become insolvent or who owe large sums of money to subjects of Her British Majesty.

Since the Government of Her British Majesty was forced to send an expedition in order to demand and obtain satisfaction for the violent unjust actions of the Chinese dignitaries against the officials and subjects of Her Majesty, the Emperor of China agrees to pay an amount of 12 million dollars in reimbursement of expenses incurred, and Her Plenipotentiary The British Majesty voluntarily agrees, on Her Majesty's behalf, to deduct from the above $ 12 million any amounts that may have been received by Her Majesty's combined forces as a ransom for the cities of China, beginning August 1, 1841.

Article VII

It was agreed that the total amount of $ 21 million specified in the three previous Articles will be paid in the following order: 6 million immediately;

6 million in 1843, namely: 3 million by June 30 at the latest and 3 million by December 31 at the latest;

5 million in 1844, namely: 2 and a half million not later than June 30 and 2 and a half million - not later than December 31;

4 million in 1945, namely: 2 million not later than June 30 and 2 million not later than December 31; it is further stipulated that interest in the amount of 5% per annum will be paid by the Government of China on any part of the above amounts that will not be paid on time.

Article VIII

The Emperor of China agrees to unconditionally release all subjects of Her British Majesty (natives of both Europe and India) who may currently be imprisoned in any part of the Chinese Empire.

The Emperor of China agrees to publish and promulgate, with the signature and seal of His Imperial Majesty, a complete and general amnesty and release from criminal liability all subjects of Her Majesty, or those who entered the service of Her Majesty, and His Imperial Majesty undertakes further to release all Chinese subjects who are currently moment may be imprisoned on the same grounds.

His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees to establish in all ports which, according to Article II of this treaty, are open to British merchants, a fair and regular tariff for export and import duties and other charges, which tariff will be announced and officially published for general information. And in addition, the Emperor agrees that since British subjects pay at any of the named ports the established duties and taxes, in accordance with the tariff subsequently to be established, then the goods subject to be delivered by Chinese merchants to any province or city within the Chinese Empire with the payment of an additional the amount as a transit fee, which should not exceed a percentage of tariff charges on such goods.

An agreement was reached that the highest official of Her British Majesty in China will correspond with the highest Chinese officials, both in the capital and in the provinces under the heading "Post", subordinate British officials and the Chinese high officials in the provinces - under the heading "Declaration" on the part of the former, and "Declaration" on the part of the latter, and the subordinates of both countries on a completely equal basis. Merchants and others not in official positions and therefore not included in the above will use the "Submission" stamp on all papers addressed to or intended for the attention of the respective Governments.

Article XII

Upon receipt of the consent of the Emperor of China to this Treaty and the payment of the first monetary contribution, Her Majesty's military forces will be withdrawn from Nanjing and the [area] of the Grand Canal and will no longer hinder or interrupt China's trade. The military post in Zhenhai will also be evacuated, but the Gulangxu Islands and Chushan Island will continue to be held by Her Majesty's troops until the cash payments and port opening arrangements to British traders are completed.

Article XIII

Ratification of this Treaty by Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, etc. and His Majesty the Emperor of China will be exchanged as soon as the vast distance that separates England and China will allow, but in the meantime, copies of it will be exchanged, signed and sealed by the Plenipotentiaries on behalf of their respective Sovereigns, and his provisions and agreements will enter into force.

Done at Nanjing and affixed with the signatures and seals of the Plenipotentiaries aboard Her Majesty's ship "Cornwallis", August 22nd, 1842, which corresponds to the 24th day of the 7th month of the 22nd year of Daoguang.

MP. Henry Pottinger

Plenipotentiary of Her Majesty

Chinese Signatures (3)

Chinese seal

Treaties, Conventions, Ets., Between China

and Foreign States. Vol. 1. Shanghai, 1917, p. 351-354

Additional Treaty signed on October 8, 1843 by their Excellencies Sir Henry Pottinger and Qi Ying, representing the sovereign states of Great Britain and China, respectively

The government of the sovereign states of Great Britain and China, guided by the provisions of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship between Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and His Majesty the Emperor of China, concluded at Nanjing and signed aboard the British royal ship Cornwellis on August 29, 1842 (which in Chinese chronology corresponds to the 24th day of the 7th month of the 22nd year of the reign of Daoguang), ratified with the seals and signatures of the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and the Emperor of China in Hong Kong on June 26, 1843 (according to Chinese chronology, on the 29th day of the 5th month of the 23rd year of Daoguang's reign).

Noting the opening of five ports (Canton, Fuzhou, Amoy, Ningbo and Shanghai) provided for by this Treaty (among other items) as ports of call and settlement for British traders, and bearing in mind the consequent need to establish a favorable course at these ports, and regular customs duties on exports and imports, as well as other types of duties, subjected to detailed discussion and analysis of new circumstances and came to a joint agreement, which it was decided to fix in the form of an Additional Treaty of 17 articles, which should be considered as binding and having the same force, as if they were part of the original Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship.

After five port cities (Canton, Fuzhou, Amoy, Ningbo and Shanghai) become open ports, English traders will only be allowed to trade in these five ports. However, neither English traders will be given the right to visit other ports, nor will Chinese citizens be allowed to trade with them in other ports or places. If British merchant ships, contrary to this agreement and bypassing the Proclamation issued for the same purpose by the British Commissioner, nevertheless enter any other ports or places, then Chinese government officials will have the right to seize and confiscate both ships and cargo. and if the Chinese are found to be engaged in illegal trade with English traders in any other ports or places, they will be punished by the Chinese Government to the extent permitted by law.

It was agreed that English and other [foreign] merchants residing or frequenting the named five ports should not, under any pretext, enter for the purpose of transportation in the areas of the country closest to these ports, located outside the zones named local authorities in their interaction with the British Consul.

Article VII

The Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship provides for British citizens and their families the right to reside in the cities of Canton, Fuzhou, Amoy, Ningbo and Shanghai without any restrictions or encroachments on their freedom of action.

Article VIII

The Emperor of China graciously grants to all foreign states, whose subjects or citizens have hitherto traded in Canton, the right to reside for the purpose of doing trade in the other four port cities: Fuzhou, Amoy, Ningbo and Shanghai, and on the same terms as suggested by the British; it further establishes that if in the future the Emperor, for any reason, deigns to grant additional privileges and exemptions from taxes to any of the subjects or citizens of such foreign states, then the same privileges and exemptions should be extended to British subjects; however, it is understood that such requests or claims will not be made unnecessarily.

If the indigenous people of China who have committed crimes or offenses against their own government try to flee to Hong Kong or take refuge on British military or merchant ships, then these persons, if discovered by British officials, should be immediately handed over to Chinese officials for examination and punishment. ; or in the event that before the discovery of such persons by the British officials at the officials.

Article XII

Once a fair and regular Tariff of customs duties and other charges has been established, it is hoped that the system of smuggling of goods, which up to this time was conducted between English and Chinese traders - in many cases with the connivance and collusion of Chinese customs officials - will completely end its existence, in connection with which the British Commissioner has already issued a categorical Proclamation on this matter to all English merchants, and instructions have been given to various consuls to strictly monitor the behavior of all British citizens who trade in the area under their jurisdiction. Every case of a contraband transaction that becomes known to the consul, he is obliged to immediately inform the Chinese authorities, who must collect and confiscate all goods, regardless of their nature and value, which may be the subject of smuggling, and, if they find it necessary, prohibit the ship, with whose smuggled goods have been brought ashore, carry on further trade and escort this ship as soon as its bills are settled and paid. At the same time, Chinese government officials must decide how they should take action against Chinese traders and customs officials who become involved in smuggling.

Article XIII

All persons, whether they are indigenous to China or foreigners, who wish to transport goods from one of the above five ports to Hong Kong for sale or consumption will have the full right to do so upon payment of duties on these goods and receipt from Chinese customs. documents certifying the payment of duties, and permission to enter one of the named ports. If the indigenous people of China wish to visit Hong Kong to buy goods, they will have every right to do so and, in case they need a Chinese ship to transport their purchases, they must obtain documents from the port customs confirming the payment of duties and permission to leave. port from where the ship can sail to Hong Kong. It is further established that in all these cases, all pass documents must be returned to the officials of the Chinese government immediately after the completion of the trip for which they were issued.

This Supplementary Treaty, adhering to the original of the Treaty of Peace, contains 16 Articles and one Supplementary Article concerning small craft, is now complete and, together with accompanying documents, forms four pamphlets, formally signed and sealed by their Majesties by the British Commissioner and the Chinese Imperial Commissioner , each of which has transferred to the other two copies so that their terms may take effect immediately. Supplementary Agreement of paramount importance.

Signed and sealed on October 8, 1843, which according to Chinese chronology corresponds to the 15th day of the 8th month of the 23rd year of Daoguang's reign.

(Signed) Henry Pottinger

Plenipotentiary Representative Her Majesty the Queen of England

(Signed) Qi Ying

Imperial Commissioner

Treaties, Conventions, Ets., Between China and

Foreign States. Vol. 1. Shanghai, 1917, p. 390-399

between England and China about peace, friendship, trade and damages; completed the Anglo-Chinese First Opium War; signed on 29. VIII aboard the English warship Cornwallis by Sir Henry Pottinger on behalf of England and Qi Ying on behalf of China. N. d. Is the first unequal treaty imposed on the Chinese government by a foreign power by force of arms. He laid the foundation for the so-called. "opening" China for foreign trade, economic and political penetration. First half of the 19th century was marked by an active desire of England, and after her and other powers to use China more widely as a sales market for their goods. The English trade in manufactured goods and especially its smuggling trade in opium in China (the import of opium increased from 2 thousand boxes in 1800 to 39 thousand boxes in 1837) grew rapidly, leading to a catastrophic outflow of silver from China. China tried to resist the British trade expansion. He continued to stubbornly refuse to establish diplomatic and contractual relations with European powers, repeatedly reaffirmed the prohibition on the import of opium, limited foreign trade to Canton alone and allowed the sale of goods only to the Chinese monopoly merchant organization. Cohong (cm.). England was not satisfied with this situation. Wanting to open up all of China for its trade and to obtain solid economic and strategic bases on its territory, England set out to unleash a war. Back in 1834, Lord Napier, the chief overseer of English trade in China, declared that "the merchants of Great Britain wish to trade with all of China. They will not rest until they have achieved their goal." Since the decrees banning the opium trade did not achieve their goal, the Chinese emperor appointed a special commissioner to Canton, Lin Tse-hsiu, instructing him to liquidate the opium smuggling. 18. III 1839, shortly after arriving in Canton, Lin Tse-hsiu demanded from all foreign merchants to surrender cash opium and pledge that henceforth this product would not be imported into China. Despite the refusal of the British to obey, the imperial commissar forced them to surrender their opium (20,283 boxes) and completely destroyed it. England used this incident as a pretext for war. In September 1839 British warships arrived in Canton and on March 3 XI \u200b\u200bopened fire on the Chinese junks. In response, Lin Tse-hsiu announced the prohibition from 6. XII of all trade with the British, as well as their access to Chinese waters. 20.II 1840 British Foreign Secretary Palmerston sent an ultimatum to China demanding compensation for losses caused to British merchants, guarantees of the inviolability of their person and property in China, granting several islands to Great Britain (for the creation of trading bases) and payment indemnity. Palmerston concluded by saying that he was sending a military force that would conduct "hostile action" against China until British demands were met. In the instructions to Captain Charles Elliot, sent to China, it was proposed to seek the elimination of Kohong, the establishment of a fixed customs tariff, the opening of a number of new ports to British trade, etc. China rejected the demands of England, after which in June 1840 the British military squadron arrived in Macau. 28. VI the British began blockade and bombardment of Canton, and then, extending military operations to the north, occupied about. Zhoushan, blocked the ports of Amoy, Ningbo and captured Dagu (near Beijing). Here, 11. VIII Admiral J. Elliot (brother of Captain Elliot) presented China with a new ultimatum. 30. VIII on behalf of the emperor, the governor-general of the Zhili province Qi Shan began negotiations with Charles Elliot in Dagu, which ended in Canton with the signing of 21. I 1841 a preliminary peace treaty beneficial to England (cf. Anglo-Chinese Treaty of 1841). The Chinese emperor did not ratify this humiliating treaty, and Qi Shan demoted and arrested. In February 1841 hostilities resumed, but soon (in May) they were again interrupted by a truce concluded as a result of the surrender of the Cantonese authorities. However, the British government, believing that the concessions wrested from China were insufficient, replaced Charles Elliot with Henry Pottinger and, having concentrated new naval and land forces in China, resumed military operations. In 1842 the British managed to capture a number of strategically and economically important points (Amoy, Ningbo, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and others). 9. The VIII British squadron arrived at Nanking, where, as a result of short negotiations, the ND was signed. Declaring the safety and patronage of English subjects in China (Art. 1), ND opened five ports for English trade: Amoy, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai and Canton (Art. 2), in which the British received the right to establish their consulates. The Emperor of China was inferior to the Queen of Great Britain, Fr. Hong Kong into eternal possession. This island became the largest military, strategic and commercial base of England in the Pacific Ocean. China pledged to pay England an amount of 6 million dollars, as corresponding to the value of the opium, which was destroyed by Lin Tse-hsiu in Canton (Art. 4). British merchants were given the right to trade "with all kinds of persons with whom they wish." The Kohong monopoly company was abolished. Along with this, China was obliged to pay England $ 3 million, allegedly "on account of a debt owed to British subjects from certain Kohong merchants" (Article 5), as well as $ 12 million in reimbursement of its military expenses (total 21 million dollars). China also pledged to establish a "fair regular tariff" of duties on goods imported and exported by the British, but not more than 5% of their price. After the British paid import duties, Chinese merchants could import British goods into the interior of the country with the payment of an additional transit fee, which, however, was not specified in the contract (Article 10). In this regard, the British were able to intervene in China's internal customs system under the pretext of the need to determine duties. They have repeatedly used this, creating a privileged position for their products in the Chinese market. In order to guarantee China's compliance with the regulations of the N. d. Art. 12 established that the British troops would be withdrawn from Nanking and from some other points after the ratification of the Nation by the emperor and the payment of the first monetary contribution, and from the islands of Gulansu and Zhoushan (Chusan) only after the end of all monetary payments and the opening of ports for English trade. Having evacuated its troops from Nanking and Gulansu at the appropriate time, England, however, delayed the evacuation of the Zhoushan Islands. These islands were cleared by England only 4. IV 1846, after China signed a new convention, according to which England turned them into a sphere of her influence. Not content with the rights and privileges she received under the National House, England on 8 October 1843 forced China to sign a new treaty, additional to the National House, which gave it a number of new privileges, in particular the right of extraterritoriality and most favored nation (see Vol. Anglo-Chinese treaty 1843). The English victory in the first Opium War and the signing of the N.D. opened the way for the conclusion with China of similar enslaving treaties by the United States (March 3, 1844), France (October 1844), Belgium (25. VII1845), and others. A further step along the path of transformation China was made a semi-colony by the powers in 1856-58, when they imposed on China a series of so-called. Tianjin treaties(cm.).

Declaring the safety and patronage of English subjects in China (Art. 1), N. d. Opened five ports for English trade: Amoy, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Shanghai and Canton (Art. 2), in which the British received the right to establish their consulates ... The Emperor of China was inferior to the Queen of Great Britain, Fr. Hong Kong into eternal possession. This island became the largest military, strategic and commercial base of England in the Pacific Ocean. China pledged to pay England an amount of 6 million dollars, as corresponding to the value of the opium, which was destroyed by Lin Tse-hsiu in Canton (Art. 4). British merchants were given the right to trade "with all kinds of persons with whom they wish." The Kohong monopoly company was abolished. Along with this, China was obliged to pay England $ 3 million, allegedly "on account of the debt owed to British subjects from some Kohong merchants" (Article 5), as well as $ 12 million as compensation for its military expenses (21 million dollars). China also pledged to establish a "fair regular tariff" of duties on goods imported and exported by the British, but not more than 5% of their price. After the British had paid import duties, Chinese merchants could import British goods into the interior of the country with the payment of an additional transit fee, which, however, was not specified in the contract (Article 10). In this regard, the British were able to intervene in China's internal customs system under the pretext of the need to determine duties. They have repeatedly used this, creating a privileged position for their products in the Chinese market.

- signed in Washington on 9. VIII by the United States by Secretary of State Webster and by England by Lord Ashburton, resolved a long-standing dispute over the northeastern borders of the United States with Canada ...
Diplomatic Dictionary
- the first unequal treaty imposed on China by England as a result of the Anglo-Chinese war of 1840-42 ...
- an agreement between the United States and England, signed in Washington on Aug. 9. state US Secretary D. Webster and English. specialist. by the envoy Lord A. Ashburton ...
Soviet Historical Encyclopedia
- Archimandrite Kirilov-Belozer. m Russian biographical dictionary in 25 volumes - Ed. under the supervision of the chairman of the Imperial Russian Historical Society A. A. Polovtseva ...
- Archimandrite Kirilov-Belozer ...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- archim ...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- the builder of the Catherine desert ...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- Archimandrite of Odessa Uspen ...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- the builder of the Blagoveshchensky m. in the city of Vyazniki. Russian biographical dictionary in 25 volumes. - Ed. under the supervision of the chairman of the Imperial Russian Historical Society A.A. Polovtsev ...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- the builder of the Blagoveshchensky metro station in Vyazniki ...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- Abbot of the Otney Desert. Russian Biographical Dictionary in 25 volumes - Ed. under the supervision of the chairman of the Imperial Russian Historical Society A.A. Polovtsev ...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- Abbot of the Otney Desert ...
Big biographical encyclopedia
- The first unequal treaty imposed on China by Great Britain as a result of China's defeat in the Anglo-Chinese War of 1840-42. It was signed on August 29 aboard the English ship Cornwallis ...
- the treaty between the United States and Great Britain, signed in Washington on August 9 by the US Secretary of State D. Webster and English. special envoy Lord A. Ashburton ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- 1842 - between China and Great Britain after the Anglo-Chinese War of 1840-42 ...
Large encyclopedic Dictionary
- nank "...
Russian spelling dictionary

"NANKING CONTRACT 1842" in books

1. Simple partnership agreement (joint activity agreement)

From the book Joint Activities: Accounting and Taxation author Nikanorov PS

1. Simple partnership agreement (joint activity agreement) In accordance with Art. 1041 Civil Code Russian Federation (Civil Code of the Russian Federation) under a simple partnership agreement (joint activity agreement, hereinafter, unless otherwise specified, - an agreement

2. Employment contract and work contract: application possibilities

From the book Employer Errors, Complex Issues of the Application of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation author Salnikova Lyudmila Viktorovna

2. Employment contract and work contract: application possibilities Quite often, labor contracts are replaced by work contracts (service agreement). Meanwhile, these two types of agreements are completely different agreements and their regulation is carried out by different

Appendix 3. Treaty of Nanking (August 29, 1842) (Fragment)

From the book The Opium Wars. Overview of the wars of Europeans against China in 1840-1842, 1856-1858, 1859 and 1860 author Alexander Butakov

Appendix 3. Treaty of Nanking (August 29, 1842) (Fragment) “Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and His Majesty the Emperor of China, wishing to end the misunderstanding and enmity that exists between the two countries, for this reason

Nanjing and Shanghai crises

From the book History Of the Far East... East and Southeast Asia by Crofts Alfred

Nanjing and Shanghai Crises Chiang then led the main nationalist armies eastward, breaking through the coastal provinces. Nanjing and Shanghai fell into their hands at different times in March 1927. Shanghai provided the nationalists with the necessary funds -

Treaty of Nanking 1842

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia (ON) the author TSB

Webster - Ashburton Treaty of 1842

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (UE) of the author TSB

Nanjing Christ

From the book Foreign Literature of the XX century. Book 2 author Vladimir Novikov

Nanking Christ Novella (1920) Song Jin-hua, a fifteen-year-old prostitute, sits at home and gnaws at watermelon seeds. From time to time she looks at the small bronze crucifix hanging on the wall of her wretched little room, and in her

Question 98. Public contract. Preliminary agreement. Accession agreement.

Question 98. Public contract. Preliminary agreement. Accession agreement. A public contract is an agreement concluded by a commercial organization and establishing its obligations to sell goods, perform work or provide services that such

Question 100. Exchange agreement. Donation agreement. Barter agreement.

From the author's Bar Exam

Question 100. Exchange agreement. Donation agreement. Barter agreement. Under an exchange agreement, each of the parties undertakes to transfer one product to the other party in exchange for another (Article 567 of the Civil Code). The rules on sale and purchase are applied to the exchange agreement, if this does not contradict

Question 105. Loan agreement. Loan agreement. Commodity and commercial credit. Financing agreement against the assignment of a monetary claim.

From the author's Bar Exam

Question 105. Loan agreement. Loan agreement. Commodity and commercial credit. Financing agreement against the assignment of a monetary claim. Under a loan agreement, one party (lender) transfers to the ownership of the other party (borrower) money or other things specified

Question 108. Contract of order. Commission agreement. Agency contract.

From the author's Bar Exam

Question 108. Contract of order. Commission agreement. Agency contract. Under the contract of agency, one party (attorney) undertakes to perform certain legal actions on behalf and at the expense of the other party (principal). Rights and obligations under a transaction made by an attorney

§ 5. The relationship between the author and other persons arising from the creation and use of the work. Publishing license agreement. Copyright contract

From the book Copyright in the Publishing Business and the Media author Marina Nevskaya

§ 5. The relationship between the author and other persons arising from the creation and use of the work. Publishing license agreement. Author's order agreement Within the framework of this issue, it seems necessary to consider the structure of relations

51. Supply agreement and purchase and sale agreement for entrepreneurial (economic) purposes

From the book Commercial Law. Cheat sheets author Smirnov Pavel Yurievich

51. The supply agreement and the sale and purchase agreement for business (economic) purposes The supply agreement exists only in Russia, this is due to the peculiarities of the development of the domestic commodity market. This treaty focuses on the regulation of trade in those

Nanjing landscape Nanjing landscape Anastasia Belokurova 19.09.2012

From the book Newspaper Tomorrow 981 (38 2012) author Tomorrow Newspaper

66 AGREEMENT OF SIMPLE COMPANY (AGREEMENT OF JOINT ACTIVITY)

From the book Cheat Sheet on Contract Law author Rezepova Victoria Evgenievna

66 CONTRACT OF SIMPLE PARTNERSHIP (CONTRACT OF JOINT ACTIVITY) Under a contract of simple partnership (joint activity), two or more persons (partners) undertake to combine their contributions and act jointly without forming a legal entity to extract