Over the past year, important discoveries have been made in Russia in the field of chemistry, physics, medicine
PHOTO: Alexander Kozhokhin, "Evening Moscow"The correspondent of "VM" found out what was invented in the vastness of our country in 2017, and how much russian science recognized all over the world.
1. Quantum blockchain - a distributed data storage system that simply cannot be hacked, because it is protected using quantum cryptography methods. And the world's first quantum blockchain was launched last May by Moscow physicists from the Russian Quantum Center. According to the developers, in the future this system will become indispensable in the preparation of "smart contracts", storage of information on intellectual property rights and other data.
“All the work on the creation of the quantum blockchain was carried out within the framework of the investments already received for the project on quantum cryptography,” said the creator of the technology, Alexei Fedorov. - Now, on its basis, we need to create products - to refine the platform and create blockchain applications with business logic.
2. Three-dimensional metamaterial, created by Russian scientists from St. Petersburg, was recognized as one of the main discoveries of 2017 according to one of the prestigious world scientific journals. Its properties make it possible to control the propagation of light and electromagnetic waves without any loss of energy. The peculiarity of the metamaterial is that its surface conducts current, and the insides are insulated.
“Thanks to three-dimensional insulators, we can achieve such behavior of electromagnetic waves, which was previously technically unattainable,” commented Alexander Khanikayev, professor at the City University of New York.
3. Virtual testing system for cancer drugs was also invented in Russia. The development belongs to geneticists from the Institute of Systems Biology. The technology was demonstrated last February. The invention proves once again: everything ingenious is simple. A team of researchers has created a computer analogue of the human immune system. He reacts to all drugs in exactly the same way as our body. So now experiments with treatment methods can be carried out in completely safe conditions, and the results obtained will be much more complete and effective. The software complex, according to scientists, will speed up the development and testing of immunotherapy.
4. Another authoritative American magazine recognized 2017 as a breakthrough detection of gravitational waves that appear during the merger of neutron stars in the galaxy NGC 4993... Despite the fact that more than seventy leading world observatories were engaged in research in this area, it was our astrophysicists from Russian academy Sciences and Moscow state university the name of Lomonosov has the right to be called discoverers. This discovery, by the way, is a direct confirmation of the Theory of Relativity.
5. On February 8, 2017, the official inclusion in the periodic table of the 118th chemical element oganessonnamed after scientific advisor Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Moscow Region, Yuri Oganesyan. It was through his efforts that the discovery was made. By the way, Oganesyan is the first Russian scientist whose name was given to a chemical element during his lifetime.
“The name of the 118th element was proposed by my colleagues in Dubna, together with scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA,” said Oganesyan. - After 5 months of discussion, the name of the element was finally approved. And I am grateful to my colleagues for such a high assessment of my work.
Each year brings new technologies and new discoveries to the world, which take humanity to a qualitatively different, more high level development. We have collected in one review the latest discoveries from various fields, and each of these discoveries for humanity is a step towards new opportunities.
1. A terrible disease will help cure cancer
Scientists have made a breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer by attaching malaria proteins to cancer cells. Human trials should begin within four years.
2. New anthropoid species have been discovered in South Africa
In September last year, paleontologists reported that a new humanoid species had been found - Homo naledi. This conclusion is based on the discovery of fifteen partially preserved skeletons. It is believed that Homo naledi may have lived in Africa about three million years ago.
3. Research has shown that working longer hours increases your risk of stroke.
According to a study published in The Lancet, people who work more than 55 hours a week have a 33% higher chance of having a stroke than those who work 35-40 hours a week. They also have a 13% higher risk of coronary heart disease.
4. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the woolly mammoth genome was completed
At the same time, a number of reasons were discovered that allowed these animals to survive in the Arctic.
5. The brightest galaxy in the universe was discovered
Last May, NASA reported that the brightest galaxy in the universe, WISE J224607.57-052635.0, had been discovered. It is smaller than the Milky Way, but emits ten thousand times more energy (mostly in the form of infrared radiation).
6. Scientists have advanced in creating the first quantum computer
Two critical steps in the creation of a quantum computer were taken by IBM scientists. They managed to find a way to detect and measure both types of quantum errors. They also created a square lattice of four superconducting qubits on a chip just over 6 mm in size.
7. Found the first exoplanet with a spectrum of visible radiation
Astronomers from Chile made the first direct observation of the spectrum visible lightreflected from an exoplanet. We are talking about exoplanet 51 Pegasus b.
8. Three thousand atoms were captured with one photon
Physicists from Massachusetts institute of Technology and the University of Belgrade have developed a new technique with which they were able to capture three thousand atoms using just one photon.
9. Amazon forests begin to absorb less carbon dioxide
The results of a long 30-year study of the South American rainforest, in which an international team of almost 100 researchers participated, published rather disappointing data. Rainforests gradually lose their ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as trees die at an ever faster rate.
10. NASA finds evidence of a vast ancient ocean on Mars
According to NASA scientists, a huge ancient ocean once covered almost half of Mars' northern hemisphere, making the planet a more promising place to search alien lifethan previously thought. The huge ocean, according to scientists, was up to one and a half kilometers deep and contained a total of twenty million cubic kilometers of water (more than in the Arctic Ocean).
11. Researchers have used nanotechnology to treat breast cancer
Iranian nanotechnologists have managed to synthesize a substance with a bioadaptive and biodegradable molecular chain. This medication can reduce the toxicity of cancer drugs.
12. Scientists have reprogrammed plants for drought tolerance
Scientists have genetically reprogrammed the plants to be more drought tolerant.
13. HIV vaccine
The fight against HIV and AIDS took a huge step forward in 2015 when scientists at the Scripps Research Institute developed a vaccine that was incredibly effective against HIV-1, HIV-2 and Monkey Immunodeficiency Virus. The main difference between the new drug is that it actually alters the DNA to fight the virus. Previously, the patient's body was injected with a weakened form of the virus so that the immune system "learned" to fight it. Research is now in its early stages, but preliminary results are very promising.
14. Brain research can help predict future behavior
The article, published in the journal Neuron, described a number of recent studies showing that brain scans can help predict a person's future learning, crime propensity, and health-related behaviors. Technology can offer opportunities to personalize education and clinical practice.
15. The laboratory for the first time has grown human muscles that can contract
In a Duke University lab, researchers have grown human muscles that can contract and respond to external stimuli (such as electrical impulses, biochemical signals, and pharmaceuticals) just like real muscles. The new tissue should soon allow researchers to test new drugs and study muscle diseases outside the human body.
Especially for those who are interested in science and beyond, we have collected.
For 15 years since the beginning of the new millennium, people did not even notice that they were in another world: we live in a different solar system, we know how to repair genes and control prostheses with the power of thought. None of this happened in the 20th century
Genetics
The human genome is fully sequenced
Robot sorts human DNA into petri dishes for a project The human genome
The Human Genome Project ( The human genome project) began in 1990, a working draft of the genome structure was released in 2000, the complete genome in 2003. However, even today, additional analysis of some areas has not yet been completed. It was mainly performed at universities and research centers in the USA, Canada and the UK. Genome sequencing is critical to drug development and understanding how the human body works.
Genetic engineering has reached a new level
IN last years a revolutionary method of DNA manipulation was developed using the so-called CRISP-mechanism. This technique allows you to selectively edit certain genes, which was previously impossible.
Maths
Poincaré's theorem is proved
In 2002, Russian mathematician Grigory Perelman proved Poincaré's theorem, one of the seven problems of the millennium (important mathematical problems that have not been solved for decades). Perelman showed that the original three-dimensional surface (if there are no discontinuities in it) will necessarily evolve into a three-dimensional sphere. For this work, he received the prestigious "Fields Medal", an analogue Nobel Prize in mathematics.
Astronomy
Dwarf planet Eris discovered
For the first time, Erida was photographed on October 21, 2003, but was noticed in the pictures only at the beginning of 2005. Her discovery was the last straw in the debate about the fate of Pluto (whether to continue to be considered a planet or not), which changed the usual image Solar system (see pages 142-143).
Water discovered on Mars
In 2005, the European Space Agency's Mars Express apparatus discovered large deposits of water ice near the surface - this is very important for the subsequent colonization of the Red Planet.
Physics
Global warming - faster than expected
In 2015, scientists from the World Glacier Monitoring Center at the University of Zurich (Switzerland) under the leadership of Dr. Michael Zemp, working together with colleagues from 30 countries, found that the rate of melting of glaciers on Earth to date, compared to the average for the 20th century, grew two to three times.
Quantum teleportation detected
Such teleportation differs from teleportation, which science fiction writers like to talk about - with it, matter or energy is not transmitted over a distance. Experiments on the transfer of quantum states over long distances have been successfully carried out over the past 15 years by no less than a dozen scientific groups. Quantum teleportation is very important for the creation of ultra-secure ciphers and quantum computers.
The existence of graphene is experimentally confirmed
Its two-dimensional (one atom thick) crystal cell exhibits unusual electrical properties. Graphene was first obtained by Andrey Geim and Konstantin Novoselov in 2004 (Nobel Prize for 2010). It is planned to use it in electronics (in ultra-thin and ultra-fast transistors), composites, electrodes, etc. In addition, graphene is the second most durable material in the world (in the first place is carbyne).
The existence of a quark-gluon plasma has been proven
In 2012, the experiments of physicists working with the RHIC accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA) were included in the Guinness Book of Records with the wording "for the highest temperature obtained in laboratory conditions." By colliding gold ions in an accelerator, scientists have achieved the emergence of a quark-gluon plasma with a temperature of 4 trillion ° C (250 thousand times hotter than at the center of the Sun). About a microsecond after the Big Bang, the universe was filled with just such a plasma.
Higgs boson found
The existence of this elementary particle, which is responsible for the mass of all other particles, was theoretically predicted by Peter Higgs back in the 1960s. And it was found during experiments at the Large Hadron Collider in 2012 (for which Higgs, together with François Engler, received the 2013 Nobel Prize).
Biology
People were divided into three enterotypes
In 2011, scientists from Germany, France and several other research centers proved that, according to the genetics of the bacteria that inhabit us, people are divided into three categories, or enterotypes. The human enterotype manifests itself in a different reaction to food, drugs and diets, and therefore it became clear that no universal recipes in these areas could exist.
The first synthetic bacterial cell created
In 2010, scientists from the Craig Venter Institute (one of the leaders in the race to decipher the human genome) created the first fully synthetic chromosome with a genome. When it was inserted into a bacterial cell devoid of genetic material, it began to function and divide according to the laws prescribed by the new genome. In the future, the synthetic genome will make it possible to create vaccines against new viral strains in hours, not weeks, to produce efficient biofuels, new foods, etc.
Memories are successfully recorded and rewritten
Since 2010, several research groups (USA, France, Germany) have learned to write false memories in the brains of mice, erase real ones, and also turn pleasant memories into unpleasant ones. The matter has not yet reached the human brain, but it will not be long.
"Ethical" (not from embryos) pluripotent stem cells obtained
In 2012, Shinya Yamanaka, together with John Gurdon, became laureates of the Nobel Prize for the 2006 discovery of obtaining pluripotent mouse stem cells by epigenetic reprogramming. Over the next decade, at least a dozen scientific groups have made impressive progress in this area, including with human cells. This heralds imminent breakthroughs in cancer therapy, regenerative medicine, and human (or organ) cloning.
Paleontology
Dinosaur soft tissue discovered for the first time
Mary Schweitzer led the scientific team that described collagen isolated from the Tyrannosaurus rex femur
In 2005, a molecular paleontologist at the University of North Carolina Mary Schweitzer discovered soft tissues in a fossilized limb of a teenage tyrannosaurus from Montana (65 million years old). Previously, it was believed that any proteins would decompose in a maximum of several thousand years, so no one looked for them in the fossils. After that, soft tissue (collagen) was found in other ancient samples.
Genes of Neanderthals and "Denisovan man" were found in humans
Participants of the international symposium "Transition to the Upper Paleolithic in Eurasia: cultural dynamics and development of the genus Homo»Examine the excavation site in the central hall of the Denisova cave
From the work of two scientific groups, it became clear that from 1 to 3% of the genome of the average European or Asian goes back to Neanderthals. But every modern individual has dissimilar Neanderthal alleles (different forms of the same gene), so the total amount of "Neanderthal" genes is much higher, up to 30%. The "heirs" of the Neanderthals (crossing took place about 45 thousand years ago) are mostly Europeans; Asians in the genome have traces of crossing with another hominid - "Denisovan man". The most "clean" Homo sapiens - natives of the African continent.
The medicine
Early stage lung cancer detected by breathing
A year ago, a group of Israeli, American and British scientists developed a device that can accurately identify lung cancer and determine at what stage it is. The device is based on a breath analyzer with a built-in nanochip. NaNoseable to "sniff out" a cancerous tumor with 90% accuracy, even when the cancerous nodule is almost invisible. Soon we should expect analyzers that will be able to detect other types of cancer by "smell".
First fully autonomous artificial heart developed
American company specialists Abiomeddeveloped the world's first fully autonomous permanent artificial heart for implantation ( AbioCor). An artificial heart is intended for patients who cannot have their own heart treated or donor implantation.
Bionics
Developed biomechanical devices and prostheses controlled by the effort of thought
American Zach Water tested a bionic leg prosthesis when he climbed the stairs to the 103rd floor of the Willis Tower skyscraper in Chicago
In 2013, the first prototypes of "smart" prostheses with feedback (emulation of tactile sensations), which allow the person to feel what the prosthesis “feels”. In the 2010s, devices that were separate from humans and controlled only through a mental interface (sometimes with invasive contacts, but more often it looks like a head hoop with a dry electrode), computer games and simulators, manipulators, transport, etc. were created.
Electronics
Petaflop barrier crossed
In 2008, a new supercomputer in Los Alamos (USA) started up at over a quadrillion (thousand trillion) operations per second. The next barrier, exascale (quintillion operations per second), will be reached in the coming years. Systems with such incredible speed are needed primarily for high-performance computing - processing data from scientific experiments, climate modeling, financial transactions, etc.
Photo: Alamy, SPL, Newscom / Legion Media, SPL / Legion Media (X2), Photo courtesy of North Carolina State University, Reuters / Pix- Stream, Alexander Kryazhev / RIA Novosti, Reuters / Pix-Stream, Michael Hoch, Maximilien Brice / © 2008 CERN, for the benefit of the CMS Collaboration, AP / East News
Science has always been and remains extremely important for the development of mankind and life in general, if only because thanks to science we can characterize, explore and, ultimately, understand the world in which we live, and also find out how it works, how much it is perhaps. By increasing our knowledge and understanding of the world (and beyond), we can identify and most likely protect endangered species, understand the origins of natural phenomena, treat diseases, identify the causes of climate change and improve the quality of life for people.
All this makes science perhaps the only discipline in which theories are confirmed by practical experiments. Some may even argue about the perspective of the discipline, suggesting that science is an art - an art of discovery.
For example, models can be developed that will allow scientists and engineers to create something new, help predict the consequences of events that can affect humanity, or even be able to predict the future. Despite the fact that in our everyday life The importance of science is not always clear; in fact, we make science-based choices countless times every day to help us improve or maintain our health and well-being.
The steady progress made in various fields of science shows that scientists around the world are making new discoveries every day, and 2015 was no exception. Here are the 25 most exciting scientific discoveries of the past year:
25. Computer program called "FaceDirector" generates the emotions of the actor in the frame at the post-production stage, avoiding the need for re-filming
Research company Disney Research together with scientists from the University of Surrey (UK) presented their brainchild called "FaceDirector" - new method synthesizing the facial expressions of the actor in the frame in post-production (the final stage of creating a film) to obtain the right emotion, which avoids the need for multiple re-filming. In other words, soon the actors won't have to try too hard to express their emotions - the computer will do everything for them.
24. Scientists who study stem cells have discovered the formation of blood cells, which refutes the conventional view that has been held since the 1960s. 
Scientists at the University Health Network, Canada, who study stem cells, have identified a completely new "two-level" process of blood cell formation, refuting a whole branch of physiology that has been adhered to in the scientific world for decades. The researchers argue that their discovery could fundamentally improve and open up opportunities for personalized treatment for people with blood disorders.
23. The destructive process has demonstrated potential in the treatment of cancer
Scientists have achieved a breakthrough in finding a new method of fighting cancer by attaching malaria proteins to cancer cells. They found that malaria's harsh proteins were able to attack cancer cells with a 90% efficiency. Human clinical trials are scheduled to begin within the next four years.
22. A new humanoid species discovered in South Africa 
Last September, paleontologists reported a new species of human ancestor, Homo naledi, based on 15 partial skeletons found in an inaccessible cave called Dinaledi, the largest single find in Africa. It is estimated that Homo naledi may have lived in Africa about 3 million years ago. Although the researchers argue that the bones belong to a new species of human ancestors, other experts believe that much more evidence is required for such a claim.
21. Research has shown that increasing the number of hours worked increases the risk of stroke
According to research data published in the medical journal The Lancet, people with 55-hour working week the risk of suffering a stroke is 33% higher than for those who work 35 or 45 hours a week. In addition, they also have a 13% increased risk of coronary heart disease.
20. The first comprehensive analyzes of the woolly mammoth genome completed
The first comprehensive analysis of the mammoth genome revealed a number of features thanks to which these animals adapted to life in the Arctic.
19. Spacecraft WISE has discovered the brightest galaxy in the universe
In May last year reported the detection of infrared space telescope the brightest galaxy WISE J224607.57-052635.0. Smaller than the Milky Way, this dusty galaxy releases 10,000 times more energy. Nearly 100% of the light emitted by the galaxy is infrared radiation.
18. Scientists have reached important steps towards creating the first real quantum computer
Two important steps towards creating a real computer based on quantum mechanics have been taken by scientists at IBM. They demonstrated a system capable of detecting and measuring both types of quantum errors simultaneously, and also developed a new circuit that is the only possible physical structure that can successfully scale to large sizes.
17. Small dinosaurs may have flown without feathers
Over the past two decades, Chinese scientists have repeatedly amazed the world scientific community with their discoveries in the field of paleontology, but last year's discovery attracted the attention of even the most skeptical paleontologists. In April last year, scientists reported the discovery in Hebei province of the remains of a dinosaur from the family Scansoriopterygidae, which was named Yi qi, which means "strange wing" in Chinese. According to scientists, he may have been able to fly without feathers. In terms of body structure, this species is similar to terrestrial dinosaurs, but its wings resemble the structure of the wings of bats.
16. The Essential Cure for Blood Pressure Revealed in Striking New Detail
Research from Arizona State University demonstrates the effects of an experimental blood pressure drug in unprecedented detail, potentially leading to the development of new, more effective drugs.
15. Visible spectrum of the first exoplanet
Astronomers are the first to make the first direct detection of the spectrum of visible light reflected from an exoplanet. These observations also revealed new features of this object, the first exoplanet discovered around 51 Pegasus b. The results point to great observational opportunities, in particular related to the emergence of the next generation of receivers and telescopes of the future, such as, for example, the E-ELT.
14. Physicists entangled 3 thousand atoms with a single photon
Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Belgrade have developed a new technology that can successfully entangle 3,000 atoms at the quantum level using just one photon. The results, published in the journal Nature, show the largest number of particles that have ever been mutually entangled in experiments or research.
13. Carbon sequestration in the Amazon is declining as trees die faster
An impressive 30-year study of the rain forests of South America, carried out by the University of Leeds (England) with the participation of an international team of 100 researchers, has revealed disappointing results for our planet. The most extensive study ever conducted has shown that rainforests are gradually losing their ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere as trees die faster.
12. NASA finds signs of a huge ancient ocean on Mars
According to NASA scientists, the ancient ocean once covered nearly half of Mars' northern hemisphere, making the planet a more promising destination for alien life. A huge volume of water covered more than a fifth of the planet's surface, an area equal to Atlantic Ocean, and in some places the depth of the ocean reached 1.6 kilometers. In total, the volume of the ocean was 20,000,000 km³ (in terms of volume, this is more than the Arctic Ocean).
11. In the Ames Research Center at NASA in laboratory conditions reproduced the structure of the "building blocks of life"
NASA scientists reported that in laboratory conditions simulating the conditions of outer space, for the first time were created organic compoundsthat make up DNA and RNA - uracil, cytosine and thymine. This is made possible by the use of pyrimidine, a chemical found in meteorites. According to scientists, pyrimidine (a heterocyclic compound with a characteristic odor and the most carbon-rich chemical found in the universe) can form in red giants or interstellar dust and gas clouds.
10. Is the Big Bang theory refuted? The universe might not have a beginning.
According to this theory (if confirmed), the universe did not come about as a result of an explosion. A team of theoretical physicists from the University of Lethbridge (Canada) presented an alternative point of view, suggesting that the universe has no beginning, is not a singularity, and that its age can be infinite. New theory was outlined in an article published February 4, 2015 in the journal Physical Letters B.
9. Researchers have developed a nano-drug to treat breast cancer
Iranian nanotechnologists have synthesized a nano-tablet circuit with a bioadaptive and biodegradable molecular chain capable of reducing the toxicity of anti-cancer drugs. It is believed that this modern drug can fight breast cancer much more effectively than any other, but only time can prove it.
8. Scientists "reprogrammed" plants to make them resistant to drought
Scientists at genetic level managed to "reprogram" plants for drought tolerance, avoiding the need for a new chemical that would require years of testing to develop.
7. The world's first test-tube baby from three parents becomes a reality
In February last year, the UK government passed legislation allowing the use of a controversial new IVF technology involving three parents. The UK intends to be the first nation in the world to offer this medical procedure. Proponents of the method argue that triple-parent IVF will allow women with genetic mutations of mitochondria to give birth to their own healthy child, replacing "diseased" mitochondria with healthy mitochondria of another woman.
6. NASA Space Telescope Kepler celebrated the discovery of the thousandth exoplanet
Last January, NASA announced confirmation of the thousandth exoplanet discovered by the Kepler space telescope. Three of the recently confirmed exoplanets have been found in orbit in the habitable zone of their associated stars. Two of them, Kepler-438b and Kepler-442b, are similar in size to the Earth and are likely rocky. The third exoplanet, Kepler-440b, is a super-earth.
5. Scientists have compiled a genetic map of the bowhead whale
Scientists from the United States and Great Britain have decoded the bowhead whale's genome and identified the genes responsible for the longest lifespan among mammals, reaching 200 years. The genome sequencing, resulting from two separate studies in the United States and the United Kingdom, will allow scientists to identify a small number of genes responsible for cancer resistance, DNA repair, and increased life expectancy.
4. The new role of proteins
The study, published in the journal Science, demonstrates evidence that a protein (protein) partially assembles another protein without using genetic instructions. Contrary to scientific textbooks, amino acids (the building blocks for proteins) can be assembled by another protein and without genetic instructions.
3. Vaccine against HIV infection
In the fight against HIV and AIDS, scientists took a big step forward last year when Research Institute Scripps Research Institute has developed a vaccine that has been shown to be highly effective against HIV-1, HIV-2 and African Monkey Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV). The main difference is that the new HIV vaccine, in the fight against the virus, actually changes the DNA, and does not introduce a weakened form into the body, prompting the immune system to learn how to fight it. Research is still at an early stage, and if it continues, HIV treatment will become much easier.
2. Magnetic resonance imaging (Brain imaging) can help predict human behavior in the future
A review article published in the journal Neuron described a number of recent studies showing that brain scans (MRIs) can help predict a person's future behavior, learning ability, crime propensity, health-related behavior, and response to drugs or behavioral therapy. Technology could open up perspectives in personalizing educational and clinical practice.
1. In laboratory conditions, contracting human muscles were first grown
Researchers at Duke University (USA) in the laboratory for the first time have grown human skeletal muscles that contract and respond to external stimuli (such as electrical impulses, biochemical signals and drugs) in the same way as natural muscles. The tissue grown in the laboratory will allow scientists to test new drugs and study diseases of muscle function outside the human body.
One of the first references to the theory of a hollow Earth was put forward by Plato in 400 BC. e, it is he who is considered the first theoretician of the hollow earth. Then the hypothesis was developed in his literary works by Jules Verne, reporting about the huge underground world in the adventure "Journey to the Center of the Earth."
The fascinating theory has been supported and developed by such brilliant scientists as Edmund Halley, Leonard Euler, and many other followers of the proposal. Even today, there are numerous theoretical communities. The Vernians (from Verne) and groups of people on the websites are vigorously discussing this topic.
For those who are little familiar with the theory of a hollow planet, it is necessary to clarify: the theory of a hollow Earth claims that our planet is not a solid ball, but a hollow sphere with a core or even an internal sun. The outer crust of the Earth, approximately 500 to 1500 km thick, has holes located at the poles of the planet, representing the entrance to the underworld. Gravity equally attracts both to the outside of the sphere and to the inside.
Crazy at first glance, the theory fascinates with the fact that the inner region of the planet is inhabited! That is, the underground world of the Earth is inhabited by developed civilizations - in one version, from there.
An amazing theory says that the underworld is inhabited by the remnants of the once mighty civilizations of Atlantis and Lemuria. They built a huge network of cities, the main of which is the city of Telos.
The inhabitants of the hollow Earth are ahead of people on the surface in development, also differing in that they live incomparably longer than we do, since they do not have such problems as disease, war and poverty.
In esoteric and various ancient myths, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe underground kingdom often appears. In Greek legends it is Hades, in Buddhism Shambhala, in Christians Hell. Naturally, conventional science rejects the hollow earth hypothesis, citing numerous rebuttals in defense of existing beliefs.
Nevertheless, the theory of a hollow earth has a right to exist. Once people believed that the Earth was flat, and if you told them that it was round, they would consider a person a heretic. In addition, the recent discovery of an ocean of water inside the Earth encourages you to think, is the theory of a hollow Earth so wrong?
An ocean of water is found 1000 km below the planet's surface.
A startling discovery was made by scientists last week. It now seems that Jules Verne was not so fantastic when he described the ocean deep below the surface of the planet, in Journey to the Center of the Earth.
Scientists have discovered that a huge ocean can be hidden under the thickness of the Earth's mantle, going 1000 kilometers below the planet's surface. "This water extends much deeper than ever found before, almost a third of the way to the edge of the Earth's core," say researchers of the underworld.
According to reports, researchers have found compelling evidence for the existence of oceans of water located within the Earth's lower mantle. Scientists suggest that there are huge water basins, comparable to all the oceans on Earth.
Our planet should be called "Water" as Earth is not really a very accurate description. After all, about 70 percent of the planet's surface is covered with water. And as it now turns out, a huge amount of water is found in the interior of the Earth.New research has shown that there are huge amounts of water located below the Earth's surface, and this has greatly puzzled scientists. Currently, the researchers do not know the actual volume of the basin, but they suggest that the figure could be 1.5 percent of the mass of the planet. This is about the same volume as all the oceans combined.
Interesting, isn't it? Moreover, since there is a secret of underground oceans, it is obvious that they are filled with life. So why, in fact, does not there exist an intelligent ancient civilization in the underworld?
Search for the Third Reich of an underground civilization.
Hollow Earth idea with inner peace inhabited by a culture of high development has fascinated people for a long time. The passage to the center of the underworld lies somewhere in the hard-to-reach regions of the North and South Poles, thereby protecting the ancient world from intruders for many centuries. They went to the inner area from, - one of the versions believes. 
We have all read mystical stories about the Nazis who studied the poles of our planet and even created secret bases in Neuschwabenland, seeking to find passages to the world of the ancient kingdom. No less famous and mysterious is "Operation HighJump" - Admiral Byrd's journey to Antarctica.
During the operation, the Yankees are said to have encountered very advanced airship technology, which was displayed as UFOs. While exploring new territories, the Americans suffered a crushing defeat, says conspiracy theorists. The real expeditionary force was expelled from Antarctica by an unknown military group, so the complex operation of the fleet was completed ahead of schedule.
Researchers of the old archives (as reported) have discovered a mysterious map of the Third Reich, which allegedly indicates the passages to the underground regions of the Earth. It is assumed that the ice-free passages were used by submarines of the German fleet to access the underground regions of the planet. Also, a complete map of both hemispheres was found, with the mysterious kingdom of Agartha.
There is an extremely intriguing letter by Karl Unger, allegedly aboard the German submarine U-209, commanded by Heinrich Brodd. The letter says, among other things, that the crew has finally reached the inner region of the Earth!
Does the opening of the maps show that the underworld really exists and is inhabited by an advanced civilization, whose flying machines we call UFOs? Or is there, in conditions of isolation from the surface, expanding the military and scientific potential of the Nazis?