During the formation of the lexical composition of the Russian language, it included many words that were in use by neighboring peoples who spoke Slavic languages \u200b\u200bof the same branch of the language tree from which Russian originates. Of course, Old Church Slavonic became one of the most significant for the development of the Russian language.
Old slavic they call one of the South Slavic dialects, which since the 9th century AD has become a literary language for quite large territories. Many ancient books have been written in the Old Slavonic language, mainly of religious content. These are translations of the Bible, Greek treatises of the church fathers, books for church services and other literature that served to introduce Christianity to the Slavic lands.
The Old Church Slavonic language is a certain synthesis of the "living" languages \u200b\u200bthat existed at that time, spoken by the Slavic tribes and which were included by Saints Cyril and Methodius in the composition of the universal language they created for translation from Greek. In addition to the local lexicon, the Old Slavonic language includes elements from Greek and Latin, as well as some other European languages.
The Old Slavonic literary language, in addition to being a derivative of local colloquial dialects, was a normalized, virtually inanimate language. There was no live communication on it - only official records. They also actively used the Old Church Slavonic language: not only all literature was written in it, but also services were conducted, the facts of birth, baptism, marriage and death were recorded. Many Old Church Slavonic words are still found in the language called Church Slavonic - precisely because the church, as the world's largest conservative, still uses the remnants of Old Church Slavonic for its services.
In Russia, the Old Church Slavonic language entered full force at the end of the 10th century. As Christianity advanced to remote corners of the state, the Old Slavonic language also moved there. In each locality, he was subjected to some influence of the dialects already prevailing there, synthesizing new materials from the original Russian language. Such a peculiar and very interesting mixture of local and alien is recorded in chronicles and other monuments of ancient Russian writing. In view of this, it would be wrong to say that Old Slavonic words in Russian are an alien borrowing. This is by no means the case, because over the centuries the Old Church Slavonic and native Russian languages \u200b\u200bhave become closely related.
Many Old Slavonic words can be found in modern Russian. These are, of course, first of all - church terms such as cross, rod, sacrifice, grace. Abstract concepts also came from Old Slavonic: good, trouble, wandering, power.
Not all borrowings are the same. Some are purely Old Slavic (Lanites, Persians), some came to it from other languages \u200b\u200b(Glad, enemy).
All Old Church Slavonic words have their own phonetic, semantic and morphological features. Among their signs are inconsistency, alternation - j - and - w - with the declension of words and in their derivatives, and much more.
However, the Old Slavonic words are far from the only borrowings that the Russian language took from the languages \u200b\u200bthat existed and exist in the Slavic lands. Big influence they also produced Ukrainian, Polish, Belarusian and Slovak languages \u200b\u200bfor it.
To answer this question, it is enough to delve a little into the history of the language.
The basis for all Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwould be the Proto-Slavic language, very ancient.
Proto-Slavic language
Some scholars consider it a hypothetical language, i.e. presumably the former, theoretical - no written monuments of the Proto-Slavic language exist. It was reconstructed based on a comparison of reliably attested Slavic and other Indo-European languages.
The first to describe the Proto-Slavic language in 1858 was A. Schleicher in the article “ Brief outline history of Slavic languages \u200b\u200b". A. Leskin, who studied Proto-Slavic phonetics and morphology, made a great contribution to the study of the Proto-Slavic language.
Yosef Dobrovsky August Schleicher August Leskin
(1753-1829) (1821-1868) (1840-1916)
These linguists have made a significant contribution to the reconstruction of the Proto-Slavic language.
Most of the Proto-Slavic vocabulary is primordial. But the long-term proximity with non-Slavic peoples affected the vocabulary of the Proto-Slavic language. In Proto-Slavic there were borrowings from Iranian, Celtic, Germanic, Turkic, Latin and Greek languages. Most likely, there were borrowings from the Baltic languages, but it is difficult to distinguish them due to the fact that in the case of the Slavic and Baltic languages, it is often difficult to distinguish borrowed words from primordially related ones.
Reconstruction of the Proto-Slavic vocabulary helps to establish the origins of the Slavic languages. Here are examples: * orati "to plow", * gum'no "threshing floor", * tokъ "tok", * proso "millet", * rъžь "rye", * ovьsъ "oats", * pьšenica "wheat", * melko "milk" , * syrъ "cheese", * korva "cow", * volъ "ox", * bykъ "bull", * telę "calf", * ovьca "sheep", * tъkati "to weave", * lьnъ "flax", * konopja "hemp", * kǫdělь "tow", * pręsti "spinning", * sukno "cloth", * poltьno "cloth").
Here is the estimated area of \u200b\u200bdistribution of the Proto-Slavic language in the VI century. (marked in pink)
Old Slavonic language
It is closest to all other Slavic languages \u200b\u200bto the hypothetical Proto-Slavic language.
In the IX-XI centuries. the literary language of most of the Slavic peoples was the Old Slavonic language. It was he who influenced the formation of many then young Slavic languages, enriched the Russian language with abstract concepts that did not yet have their names. The Cyrillic alphabet, developed for the Old Slavonic language, later formed the basis for the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Macedonian, Bulgarian and Serbian alphabets.
The Old Church Slavonic language was the first Slavic literary language based on the dialect of the Slavs who lived in the 9th century. in the vicinity of the city of Solun (now Thessaloniki, the second largest city in Greece). Writing was developed in the middle of the 9th century. brothers-educators Cyril and Methodius.
Cyril and Methodius
Kirill (in the world Constantine nicknamed Philosophus, 827-869) and Methodius (in the world of Michael; 815-885) - brothers from the city of Soluni, creators of the Old Slavonic alphabet and language, Christian preachers.
Cyrillic and Glagolitic were used as the alphabet for the Old Church Slavonic.
Cyrillic
Cyrillic - one of two (along with the verb) ancient alphabets for the Old Church Slavonic.
Cyrillic
Cyrillic alphabets are or were a writing system for 108 natural languages, including the following Slavic languages: Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Ruthenian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian, Montenegrin.
Most of the non-Slavic languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of the USSR (of which some had other writing systems in Latin, Arabic, or another basis) were translated into Cyrillic at the end of the 1930s. These are, for example, the non-Slavic languages \u200b\u200bKazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik, as well as Mongolian, etc.
The Cyrillic alphabet entirely includes the Greek alphabet (24 letters), but some purely Greek letters (xi, psi, fita, izhitsa) do not stand in their original place, but are placed at the end. 19 letters were added to them to denote sounds specific to the Slavic language and absent in Greek. Before the reform of Peter I, there were no lowercase letters in the Cyrillic alphabet, the entire text was written in capital letters.
Cyrillic alphabet: Novgorod birch bark letter and its drawing
Glagolitic
One of the first Slavic alphabet.
Glagolitic
Many linguists believe that the Glagolitic alphabet was created before the Cyrillic alphabet, and that, in turn, was created on the basis of the Glagolitic alphabet and the Greek alphabet. The oldest extant glagolic inscription with exact date refers to 893 (made in the church of the Bulgarian king Simeon in Preslav). The oldest handwritten monuments (including the "Kiev Leaves" of the 10th century) are written precisely in Glagolitic - a more archaic language.
The shape of the letters of the early Glagolitic alphabet somewhat coincides with the Georgian church alphabet, created before the 9th century, possibly based on the Armenian one. It is known that St. Constantine the Philosopher (Cyril) was familiar with the oriental alphabets (he read the Hebrew texts in the original), which is also mentioned in his life. The Glagolic and Cyrillic alphabets in their oldest variants almost completely coincide in composition, differing only in the shape of the letters. When republishing verbatim texts by typographical method, the verb letters are usually replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet (since today very few people can read the verb). However, the numerical value of the letters of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet does not coincide: in the Glagolitic alphabet, the numerical values \u200b\u200bof the letters are ordered according to the order of the letters, and in the Cyrillic alphabet they are tied to numerical values corresponding letters of the Greek alphabet.
From the very beginning, Old Church Slavonic was a book-literary language and was never used as a means of everyday communication.
By the end of the X century. the Old Church Slavonic language underwent changes under the influence of other Slavic languages, and the manuscripts written after this period are considered to have been written already in the Church Slavonic language. We remind you that the Old Slavic language was based only on one of the dialects of the eastern group of the South Slavic branch of the Slavic languages.
Old Russian language
The Old Russian language is the language of the Eastern Slavs in the period from VI to XIII-XIV centuries, the common ancestor of Belarusian, Russian and ukrainian languages... The Old Russian language, like all Slavic languages, goes back to the Proto-Slavic language and is the result of its disintegration and division into different Slavic language groups. By the X century. in the language of the Eastern Slavs, a number of linguistic phenomena developed that separated them from the Southern and Western Slavs: full accord, the use of [h] and [w] in place of the Proto-Slavic combinations * tj and * dj; lack of nasal vowels and others. In general, the phonetic and grammatical systems were inherited from the Proto-Slavic.
The phrase "old Russian language" does not relate exclusively to the modern Russian language. This is the self-name of the language of the Eastern Slavs of this period (Rus). The Old Russian language was not uniform, it included many different dialects and contributed to the unification of the Eastern Slavs within the Old Russian state. There are two dialectal zones on the territory of ancient Russia. This is a northwestern dialect type (Pskov and Novgorod lands, which include the territories of the European north modern Russia, as well as the territory of northern Belarus). Another dialect type was widespread in the south (future Ukraine), in the center (the future middle zone of Russia), in the east (the current eastern part of European Russia).
Old Russian state arose as a result of the unification of a number of East Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes under the rule of the princes of the Rurik dynasty.
Map of the Old Russian state
During the period of its highest prosperity, the Old Russian state with its capital in Kiev occupied the territory from the Taman Peninsula in the south, the Dniester and the upper reaches of the Vistula in the west to the upper reaches of the Northern Dvina in the north and tributaries of the Volga in the east.
By the middle of the XII century. period has begun feudal fragmentation, and the Old Russian state actually disintegrated into one and a half dozen separate Russian principalities, ruled by different branches of the Rurik dynasty. Kiev, on the other hand, continued to be formally considered the main table of Rus until the Mongol invasion (1237-1240), and the Kiev principality remained in the collective possession of the Russian princes. The first to separate from Kiev Polotsk principality (at the beginning of the 11th century). In the second quarter of the XII century. The Old Russian state completely disintegrated into independent principalities.
The Western Russian written language ("Ruski ezyk") was formed, which was used in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There are known texts of this period with Belarusian and Ukrainian features. The basis belarusian language the dialects of the Dregovichi, part of the Krivichi, Radimichi and Northerners formed. After unification with Poland on the lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the use of church Slavonic.
The literary language of the Moscow principality was much less influenced by Polish, in contrast to the Western Russian language, although in it in the XVI-XVII centuries. some Polish linguistic phenomena were borrowed. But the influence of the Church Slavonic language on the "Great Russian" ("Moscow") literary language was deeper. Church Slavonic influence affected primarily the vocabulary of the Russian language, as well as syntax, morphology and spelling. But the Russian (Great Russian) language also acquired some new features that were absent in the Church Slavonic, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.
So, the modern Russian literary language was originally a combination of two old dialectal traditions old Russian language: North-West (Novgorod, Pskov) and Center-East (Rostov, Suzdal, Ryazan, a little later Moscow) and was formed during the XVII-XIX centuries.
Period of the Russian national language
In the middle of the 17th century. the Russian nation is formed and the Russian national language begins to form on the basis of Moscow. This is facilitated by the wider spread of writing, education and science.
From the second half of the XVI century. the sphere of use of the Church Slavonic language is narrowed, by the 18th century. it is preserved only as the language of worship. Church Slavicisms become archaisms (obsolete words).
Russian norms literary language produced in the XVII-XVIII centuries. TO mid XVIII at. an oral-colloquial variety of the Russian language is formed.
In 1755 M. V. Lomonosov created the first grammar ("Russian grammar"), which consolidated the norms of the Russian literary language. Further, the Russian language developed in the works of A.D. Kantemir, V.K. Trediakovsky, M.V. Lomonosov, A.P. Sumarokov, N.I. Novikov, D.I.Fonvizin, G.R.Derzhavin, N. M. Karamzin, I. A. Krylova, A. S. Griboyedov, A. S. Pushkin. 
It is Pushkin who is the founder of the modern Russian language - in his work, the language combined Russian colloquial, foreign and Church Slavonic elements. M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, I. A. Bunin and other writers improved the norms of the literary Russian language.
Modern Russian language
The Russian language is one of the most widespread languages \u200b\u200bin the world - the sixth among all the languages \u200b\u200bof the world in terms of the total number of speakers and the eighth in terms of the number of those who speak it as a native.
Russian is the most spoken Slavic language and the most spoken language in Europe (geographically and by the number of native speakers).
Russian is the state language Russian Federation, one of the two state languages \u200b\u200bof Belarus, one of the official languages \u200b\u200bof Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and other countries.
Russian is the main language of international communication in Central Eurasia, in Eastern Europe, in the countries of the former Soviet Union, one of the six working languages \u200b\u200bof the United Nations, UNESCO and other international organizations. In 2013, the Russian language took the 2nd place among the most popular languages \u200b\u200bof the Internet.
In total, about 260 million people speak Russian in the world.
Slave
HOLOP
AND, m. Jack in cards.
Recorded by Dahl [Dahl IV: 559].
Efremova's Dictionary
Slave
- m.
- :
- The one who is in Ancient Rus was in feudal dependence, in a form close to slavery.
- Yard servant.
- A subject of the king who was completely dependent on him.
- transfer Someone who grovels before smb., Who is ready for anything out of servility, servility.
- :
- m. is outdated. A device in the form of an inclined bench with a cutout for the backdrop, used when removing boots.
Ozhegov Dictionary
HOL ABOUTP, and, m.
1. In Ancient Rus: a person who is dependent is close to slavery; in feudal Russia: serf peasant, servant.
2. transfer A person who is ready for anything out of servility, sycophancy, (in 2 meanings) (contempt.).
| g. servant, and.
| adj. lackey, th, th (to 1 value) and servile, oh, oh.
Ushakov's Dictionary
Slave
holo p, slave, pl. slaves, slaves, and ( outdated.) serfs, serfs, as well as serfs, serfs, husband.
1. In ancient Russia - a slave ( ist.). Bonded slave. Complete slave.
| serf peasant, serf. "In the teeth of an exemplary servant, Yakov the faithful, he blew with his heel." Nekrasov. "I am the princes of the Duck's slaves." Nekrasov. "We won't give up Sanka for a bonded village slave, we will find a merchant's son in Moscow." A.N. Tolstoy. "I do not intend to indulge slaves." Fonvizin.
2. transfer A man creeping in front of someone, ready for anything out of servility, servility ( contempt.). "What do I need in the solemn trial of a noble servant, an ignoramus in front of a star." Pushkin.
3. Jack, the same as ( old.).
4. The device in the form of an inclined bench with a cutout for the backdrop for removing boots ( outdated.).
Dictionary of Forgotten and Difficult Words of the 18th-19th Centuries
Slave
, and , m; GOLDEN, ev , pl.
1. In ancient times, a person who was dependent, in a form close to slavery.
◘ BOYARSKY HOLOP, ◘ CABAL HOLOP.
* [Khrushchev:] So, sir, our father. We are your diligent, persecuted serfs... // Pushkin. Boris Godunov // *
2. Serf servant.
* I do not intend to tolerate jokes from your serfs... // Pushkin. Dubrovsky //; ... In the teeth of an exemplary servant, Jacob the faithful, Walking around he beat with his heel... // Nekrasov. Who lives well in Russia // *
3. Minion, minion of someone ( figurative).
* A slave in brilliant decoration with sleeves folded back was immediately carrying various drinks and food... // Gogol. Taras Bulba //; He loved simple life Kozakov and quarreled with those of his comrades who were inclined to the Warsaw side, calling them serfs of the Polish lords... // Gogol. Taras Bulba // *
HOLOPIUM, HOLOPKA, HOLOPSKY, CLEANING, CUTTING.
One of the most interesting dead languages \u200b\u200bis Old Church Slavonic. The words that were part of his vocabulary, the rules of grammar, even some phonetic features and the alphabet became the basis of the modern Russian language. Let's take a look at what kind of language it is, when and how it arose, as well as whether it is used today and in what areas.
We will also talk about why it is studied at universities, and also mention the most famous and significant works on the Cyrillic alphabet and Old Church Slavonic grammar. Let us also recall Cyril and Methodius, the brothers of Solun, known throughout the world.
General information
Despite the fact that for more than one century scientists have been paying attention to this language, studying the Old Slavonic alphabet and the history of its development, there is not so much information about it. If the grammatical and phonetic structure of the language, the lexical composition is more or less studied, then everything that concerns its origin is still in question.
The reason for this is that the creators of writing themselves either did not keep records of their work, or these records were completely lost over time. A detailed study of the writing itself began only after several centuries, when no one could say with certainty what kind of dialect became the basis of this writing.
It is believed that this language was artificially created on the basis of the dialects of the Bulgarian language in the 9th century and was used on the territory of Russia for several centuries.
It is also worth noting that in some sources you can find the synonymous name of the language - Church Slavonic. This is due to the fact that the origin of literature in Russia is directly related to the church. At first, literature was ecclesiastical: books, prayers, parables were translated, and original scriptures were also created. In addition, in general, only people who served the church spoke this language.
Later, with the development of language and culture, Old Slavonic was replaced by the Old Russian language, which relied heavily on its predecessor. It happened in about the XII century.
Nevertheless, the Old Church Slavonic initial letter has come down to us practically unchanged, and we use it to this day. We also use the grammatical system, which began to emerge even before the emergence of the Old Russian language.
Creation versions
It is believed that the Old Slavonic language owes its appearance to Cyril and Methodius. And it is this information that we find in all textbooks on the history of language and writing.
The brothers created a new writing system based on one of the Solun dialects of the Slavs. This was done primarily in order to translate biblical texts and church prayers into the Slavic language.
But there are other versions of the origin of the language. Thus, I. Yagich believed that one of the dialects of the Macedonian language became the basis of Old Slavonic.
There is also a theory according to which the Bulgarian language was the basis of the new writing system. It will be nominated by P. Shafarik. He believed that this language should be called Old Bulgarian, and not Old Slavonic. Until now, some researchers are debating this issue.
By the way, until now the Bulgarian linguists believe that the language we are considering is exactly Old Bulgarian, not Slavic.
We can even assume that there are other, less well-known theories of the origin of language, but they either have not been considered in scientific circles, or their complete inconsistency has been proven.
In any case, Old Slavonic words can be found not only in Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, but also in Polish, Macedonian, Bulgarian and other Slavic dialects. Therefore, discussions about which of the languages \u200b\u200bare closest to Old Church Slavonic are unlikely to ever be completed.
Solunski brothers
The creators of the Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabet - Cyril and Methodius - come from the city of Thessalonia, in Greece. The brothers were born into a fairly wealthy family, so they were able to get an excellent education.
The elder brother - Mikhail - was born around 815. When ordained a monk, he received the name Methodius.
Constantine was the youngest in the family and was born about 826. Knew foreign languages, versed in the exact sciences. Despite the fact that many prophesied success and a great future for him, Constantine decided to follow in the footsteps of his older brother and also became a monk, receiving the name Cyril. He died in 869.
The brothers were actively involved in the spread of Christianity and the scriptures. They have been to different countries, trying to convey the word of God to people. But it was the Old Slavonic alphabet that brought them world fame.
Both brothers were canonized. In some Slavic countries, May 24 is celebrated slavic writing and culture (Russia and Bulgaria). In Macedonia, Cyril and Methodius are honored on this day. Two more Slavic countries - Czech Republic and Slovakia - have postponed this holiday to July 5.
Two alphabets
It is believed that the Old Slavonic initial letter was created precisely by the Greek enlighteners. In addition, there were originally two alphabets - Glagolitic and Cyrillic. Let's take a quick look at them.
The first is Glagolitic. It is believed that Cyril and Methodius were its creators. It is believed that this alphabet has no basis and was created from scratch. In Ancient Rus it was used quite rarely, in some cases.
The second is Cyrillic. Its creation is also attributed to the Solun brothers. It is believed that the statutory Byzantine letter was taken as the basis for the alphabet. For now east Slavs - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians - use the letters of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet, or rather, the Cyrillic alphabet.
As for the question of which alphabet is older, there is also no single answer to it. In any case, if we proceed from the fact that both Cyrillic and Glagolitic were created by the Solun brothers, then the difference between the time of their creation would hardly exceed ten to fifteen years.
Was there a written language before the Cyrillic alphabet?
An interesting fact is that some researchers of the history of the language believe that there was a written language in Russia even before Cyril and Methodius. Confirmation of this theory is considered "Veles's book", which was written by the Old Russian Magi even before the adoption of Christianity. At the same time, it has not been proven in which century this literary monument was created.
In addition, scientists argue that in various records of ancient Greek travelers and scientists there are references to the presence of a written language among the Slavs. It also mentions the treaties that the princes signed with the Byzantine merchants.
Unfortunately, it has not yet been precisely established whether this is true, and if so, what kind of writing was in Russia before the spread of Christianity.
Learning Old Church Slavonic
Regarding the study of the Old Church Slavonic language, it was of interest not only for scientists studying the history of the language, dialectology, but also for Slavic scholars.
Its study began in the 19th century with the formation of the comparative historical method. We will not dwell on this issue in detail, since, in fact, a person who is not closely familiar with linguistics, the names and surnames of scientists will not be interesting and familiar. Let's just say that more than one textbook has been compiled on the basis of research, many of them are used to study the history of language and dialectology.
In the course of the research, theories of the development of the Old Church Slavonic language were developed, dictionaries of the Old Church Slavonic vocabulary were compiled, grammar and phonetics were studied. But at the same time, there are still unsolved secrets and mysteries of the Old Church Slavonic dialect.
We will also allow ourselves to give a list of the most famous dictionaries and textbooks of the Old Church Slavonic language. Perhaps these books will be of interest to you and help you delve into the history of our culture and writing.
The most famous textbooks were published by such scientists as Khabugrayev, Remneva, Elkina. All three textbooks are called "Old Church Slavonic".
Pretty impressive treatise was released by A. Selishchev. He prepared tutorial, consisting of two parts and covering the entire system of the Old Church Slavonic language, containing not only theoretical material, but also texts, a dictionary, as well as some articles on the morphology of the language.
The materials devoted to the Solun brothers and the history of the emergence of the alphabet are also interesting. So, in 1930 the work "Materials on the history of the origin of the ancient Slavic writing", written by P. Lavrov, was published.
No less valuable is the work of A. Shakhmatov, which was published in Berlin in 1908 - "The Legend of the Presentation of Books on slovenian language". In 1855 the monograph by O. Bodyansky" On the time of origin of Slavic letters "was published.
Also, the "Old Slavonic Dictionary" was compiled, based on the manuscripts of the 10th - 11th centuries, which was published under the editorship of R. Zeitlin and R. Vecherka.
All of these books are widely known. On their basis, they not only write abstracts and reports on the history of the language, but also prepare more serious works.
Old Church Slavonic vocabulary
A fairly large layer of Old Church Slavonic vocabulary inherited the Russian language. Old Slavonic words have become quite firmly entrenched in our dialect, and today we will not even be able to distinguish them from the original Russian words.
Let's take a look at a few examples in order for you to understand how deeply Old Church Slavonicism penetrated our language.
Church terms such as "priest", "sacrifice", "rod" came to us precisely from the Old Church Slavonic language; abstract concepts such as "power", "calamity", "harmony" also belong here.
Of course, there are much more Old Slavisms themselves. We will give you a few signs that indicate that the word is Old Slavicism.
1. Availability of prefixes - and -. For example: return, excessive.
2. Compound lexemes with the words god-, good-, sin-, evil- and others. For example: evil, fall into sin.
2. The presence of suffixes -stv-, -zn-, -usch-, -usch-, -asch- -sch-. For example: burning, melting.
It would seem that we have listed just a few signs by which one can define Old Slavicisms, but you probably remembered more than one word that came to us from Old Church Slavonic.
If you want to know the meaning of Old Church Slavonic words, then we can advise you to look into any dictionary Russian language. Almost all of them have retained their original meaning, despite the fact that more than one decade has passed.
Modern use
At the moment, the Old Church Slavonic language is studied at universities in separate faculties and specialties, and is also used in churches.
This is due to the fact that at this stage of development, this language is considered dead. Its use is possible only in the church, since many prayers are written in this language. In addition, it is worth noting the fact that the first sacred scriptures were translated into the Old Slavonic language and are still used by the church in the same form as centuries ago.
Regarding the world of science, we note the fact that Old Slavonic words and their separate forms are often found in dialects. This attracts the attention of dialectologists, allowing them to study the development of the language, its individual forms and dialects.
Researchers of culture and history also know this language, since their work is directly related to the study of ancient monuments.
Despite this, at this stage, this language is considered dead, since no one speaks in it, as well as in Latin, ancient Greek, for a long time, and only a few know it.
Church use
This language is most widely used in the church. Thus, Old Church Slavonic prayers can be heard in any Orthodox church. In addition, excerpts from church books and the Bible are also read on it.
At the same time, we also note that church officials, young seminary students also study this dialect, its features, phonetics and graphics. Today the Old Church Slavonic language is rightfully considered the language of the Orthodox Church.
The most famous prayer, which is often read in this particular dialect, is "Our Father". But there are still many prayers in the Old Slavonic language that are less known. You can find them in any old prayer book, or you can hear them by visiting the same church.
Studying at universities
The Old Church Slavonic language is widely studied in universities today. They pass it at the faculties of philology, history, law. In some universities, it is possible to study for students of philosophy.
The program includes history of origin, Old Church Slavonic alphabet, features of phonetics, vocabulary, grammar. Basics of syntax.
Students not only study the rules, learn to inflect words, to parse them as part of speech, but also read texts written in a given language, try to translate them and understand the meaning.
All this is done so that philologists can further apply their knowledge to study old literary memorials, features of the development of the Russian language and its dialects.
It should be noted that it is quite difficult to learn the Old Church Slavonic language. The text written on it is difficult to read, since there are not only many archaisms in it, but the very rules of reading the letters "yat", "er" and "er" are at first remembered with difficulty.
Thanks to the knowledge gained, students-historians will be able to study ancient monuments of culture and writing, read historical documents and chronicles, and understand their essence.
The same applies to those who study at the faculties of philosophy, law.
Despite the fact that today Old Church Slavonic is a dead language, interest in it has not subsided to this day.
conclusions
It was Old Slavonic that became the basis of the Old Russian language, which, in turn, replaced the Russian language. Words of Old Slavonic origin are perceived by us as primordially Russian.
A significant layer of vocabulary, phonetic features, grammar of the East Slavic languages \u200b\u200b- all this was laid down during the development and use of the Old Slavonic language.
Old Church Slavonic is a formally dead language, in which only church ministers communicate at the moment. It was created back in the 9th century by the brothers Cyril and Methodius and was originally used to translate and write church literature. In fact, Old Church Slavonic has always been a written language that was not spoken by the people.
Today we no longer use it, but at the same time it is widely studied in philological and historical faculties, as well as in theological seminaries. Today, Old Slavonic words and this old language can be heard by attending a service in a church, since all prayers in Orthodox churches are read in it.
Slavic dictionary of old Russian words. K - P
Quote post by Ryabinka Read the entirety to your quote book or community!Slavic dictionary. Part 2
KAZHENIK - eunuch
PUNISHMENT - admonition, admonition
INDICATOR - mentor
KALIGI - boots with low tops
KAL - impurities, dirt
KALNY - dirty
KALUGER - monk
KAMARA - vault, roof; tent, chamber
KAPA - hat
CAPITAL - get together
DRIP - together, together
KATUNA - wife
KENDAR - a measure of weight (about 3 pounds)
KERAST - snake; echidna
KEREMIDA - plate
KERSTA - coffin, grave
KLYUKA - trick, deception
KLYUSYA - horse, foal
KEY - fit
KEY - steering wheel, helm
KMET - warrior
COB - magic, fortune telling; happiness, luck
COUNTING - deceit
KOY (KUYU) - which, which
TIGHTS - quarrel, confusion
KOLO - cart, cart, wheel
KOMARA - vaults on the roof
COMON - war horse
KOMKATI - to commune
COMMUNICATION - communion
KOPRINA - silk
FEED - food; kind of tax, content; feast, treat
FEEDING - feed
KOROSTA - coffin
KOSNETI - procrastinate
KOSNO - slowly
KOTORA - quarrel, enmity
WHAT TO DO - scold, swear, quarrel
KOFAR - Hindu slave
KOSCHEY - slave, prisoner
KOSCHUNA - sacrilege; funny jokes
KRAMOLA - rebellion, riot; malicious intent, deceit; ambush, discord
KRASNA - yarn, weaving mill
CRIN - lily
EXCEPT in vain - looking to the side, in spite of this
KRYLOSHANE - clergy
KUDESA - miracles
KUNA - marten skin, banknote in Ancient Russia
KUPINA - bush, shrub
BUYING - market, trading
KUPNO - together
KUSCHA - tent
KIY (KIY) - which, which; some
KOMET - warrior, vigilante
LAGVITSA - bowl
LAGODITI - to indulge; do pleasant
LANITA - cheek
PASSION - gluttony
LASKOSERDIY - gluttonous; pampered
LEC - dice game
LEPOTA - beauty, splendor; decency
BABY is the best
FLAT - deception, cunning; heresy; conspiracy
SUMMERweed - plant shoots
FLY - you can
LYOKHA - ridge, heap
FEVER - interest
The dashing - evil
FACE - number, count
LICHEN - insignificant, unhappy
ЛОВЪ - hunting
LOVITVA - hunting, fishing
LOVISHCHE - a place for animal and fish hunting
FALSE - womb, uterus
LOMOVOY - heavy
LONIS - last year
BOW - bend, gyrus
LUKAREVO - tortuous
LUKNO - basket
LUTOVYANIY - bast
LUCKY - bast shoes
ANY - good, anything, maybe even
LOVE - love, affection; addiction, addiction; consent
FLAT - cunning, deceiving
LYADINA - thicket, bush; young forest
MAESTAT - throne, throne
MOM - a kind of monkey
MASTROTA - mastery
MEGISTANES - dignitaries, nobles
THROWING - bows
MECHNIK - a princely warrior in Ancient Russia; guardian, squire
MILOT - sheepskin; outerwear; mantle, cloak
MNITI - think, believe
MOV - bath
GRAVE - hill
MREZHA - network
MUDITI, WISE - to procrastinate, slowly
MUNGITS - Mongols
MUSIKSKY - musical
MUSIKIA - music
MUKHOYAR - Bukhara cotton fabric with wool or silk
MSHITSA - small insect, midge
MUKHORTY - nondescript, frail
MYTAR - tax collector, dashing
WASH - payment; file, trade duty; outpost, gathering place of myta
NABDETI - take care, help
NAV - death
TOUCH - to slander
NAZIRATI - to observe
APPOINT - indicate, present
NAIPACHE - especially
PUNISHER - mentor, teacher
NAKRY - tambourines, drums
INCIDENCE - get, find
NALYATSATI - strain
MAKE - assign
FLOORS - in half, in two
WRONG - suddenly, unexpectedly
BESbswy - to invent
DRAW - call
SPECIFIED - definite, well-known; noble; a great
ORDER - order, establishment of order
NASAD - ship
HERITAGE - descendant
PASS - convey, announce, report
TENDERING - inheritance of the princely throne
NEGLI - maybe, perhaps
NEDBALITY - negligence
INCLUSIVE - unworthy
LOVE - displeasure, annoyance; enmity
GERMAN - foreign, foreign
LITTLE - dumb
UNUSUAL - nasty
Inappropriate - pregnant
UNLIKELY - hostile, devilish
NEPSCHATI (NEPSCHAVATI) - to believe, to doubt; think
NETY - nephew
UNCLEANED - incorruptible
NIKOLIZHE (NIKOLI) - never
NOTHING VELIA - nothing special
NAIL - peas
ZERO - maybe; almost, right then
NUDMA - by force
NEED - hard
NECESSARY - forced, bad
DIVING - ruin, lair, pit, gully
OBTAIN - to deceive, to win over
OUCH - however, but
WEAR - hang, hang
OBESTITI - notify, notify
OFFENSE - bypass
PROSE - to exalt, glorify
OFFENSE - to retreat from something
OBLO, OBLY - round
OBON FLOOR - on the other half, on the other side
SWIMMER - seducer, sorcerer
IMAGE - view, image; icon; example, symbol, sign
REVOKE - to tax
OBSITI - hang, hang
OVO - whether, then ... then, or ... or
OVOGDA - sometimes
OVY - one, one, this, that; such, some
ONE - on the right
ONE ROW - single-breasted outerwear
ODRINA - building, hut, stable
Auger - what if
OKAYATI - to call unhappy, pitiful; deem unworthy
FEED - manage
OKREST - around, around
OKSAMIT - silk fabric with a pile of gold or silver threads
ENCHANGE - try, try to do something
OLAFA - reward, gift
OLE - however, but
OMZHENNY - closed
ONCE - recently
ONOMO - so
ONSITSA - someone, some
ONUDU - since then, from there
OPANITSA - bowl, dishes
DANGER - tail
OPEN - wash
LOWER - change, lose weight
AGAIN - back, back
ORATAY - plowman
ORAT - plow
ORB - horse
ORTMA - cover; blanket
OFFENSE - to grieve
OSLOP - pole, club
OCH - tip
OSTROG - palisade, fence made of stakes or logs
EAT - surround, besiege
OTAI - secretly, hidden
SUCK - get rid of, get out
OTHER - paternal
HEAT - warmth
OBSERVER - renegade
I WILL HAVE - from where, from there, why, because, therefore
DENIAL - condemnation, prohibition
GENDER - teenager, youth; vigilante from the personal protection of the prince
REPORT - to deny
GET OFF - damage, spoil
HUNT - hide; leave; lag behind; to abstain
OCET - vinegar
OECH - if
OCHINA - fatherland, inheritance passed by father to son
OSHUYUYU - left
PAVOLOK - silk fabrics
PAKI - again, again, again
PARDUS - cheetah, leopard
PAROBK - boy, servant, servant
PAHATI - to blow, flutter
PACE - more, higher, higher, better
PELON - wormwood
PENYAZ - money coin
SWITCH - outwit
GETTING - scared
CRASH - interpret, translate from another language
PEREECZ - abrasion
PERSY - breasts
FINGER - a handful of earth, earth, ashes
PESTUN - educator
SADNESS - care, concern, trouble
OVEN - take care
ПЬШЬЦЬ - pedestrian
PSCHITSI - infantry
PIRA - suma
PLAQUE - noise, scream; confusion, excitement
FLESH - body
SEAL - bodily
PLUS - foot
POVOSMO - bunch, skein
STORY - news, message, story
TURNED - silk
DAMAGE - overthrow
INCREASE - tell, say, show
POGANSKY - pagan
FATHED - pagan
SIMILARITY - comparison, use
HELP - subdue
GUIDANT - subordinate
LIFT - flattery, slyness
SHAME is a sight; mockery
SHAME - watch
NAP - bent, twisted
LOW - passing
FIELD - judicial duel
POLMA - half
STRIP - scare
PLASTIC - felt
AFTERNOON - South
MIDNIGHT - North
FULL - open
POMAVATI - give a sign
REMINDERS - gifts
PONE - although at least
PONT - sea
GET - grab, grab
POPRISCHE - a track measure 1000 steps long; day crossing
TAKE - to promote
PREKLO - nickname
VICTIMS - battering tools
POWDER - dust
PORT is a piece of cloth. clothes
PORTNO - canvas
PARUB - dungeon, prison, cellar
POSKEPATI - split, split; to harm
PROVIDER - a verbal agreement, consent; proverb
AFTERNOON is a witness
SALON - in the sun
SHOT - plague, epidemic
CONSUME - destroy
DEFEND - try
PULL - contrive, try
GET - hit, kill
POHATI - sniff
SMOOTHING - mockery
SING - take
RIGHT - real, correct
CONVERT - convert, persuade
PRELAGATAY - scout, spy; messenger
LOVELY - deceitful, deceitful
CHARM - deception, delusion; seduction; devilish machinations
DISCUSSION (RAY) - dispute, litigation; objection; court case
PREPARATION - the middle of anything
PRESIDENT - famous, illustrious
DONATE - threaten
STOP - tear
STUMP - stumble, stumble; make mistakes, sin
SNAP - dry out
INTERRUPTION is a threat
PRIVABITI - to invite, invite; attract
PRIVOLOKA - short outerwear
APPLICATION - example
PRIMATE - to resist
VISIT - visit, visit; send down mercy; consider
SHOULD - always
PRISNY - dear, close
PRYAPATI - equip
PRITOCHNIK - the writer of parables
CLICK ON - to prove
PROK - remainder
INDUSTRIAL PROTECTOR
LOOK - to become famous
AGAIN - stretch, stretch; proceed; spread, put
PAN - imprint, list; duty
PROTOZANCHIK - guardian
PROVIDE - to predetermine
OTHER - the future, in the future
YARN - dry, fry (immersed in oil), oven
PYH - pride, arrogance
PIRE - finger