Experiments with ice for children are always interesting. While conducting experiments with Vlad, I even made some discoveries for myself.

Today we will find answers to the following questions:

• how does water behave when frozen?
• what happens if you freeze salt water?
• will the fur coat warm the ice?
• and some others...

Freezing water

Water expands when it freezes. The photo shows a glass of frozen water. It can be seen that the ice has risen as a hillock. Water does not freeze evenly. Initially, ice appears at the walls of the glass, gradually filling the entire vessel. In water, molecules move chaotically, so it takes the form of a vessel into which it is poured. Ice, on the other hand, has a clear crystalline structure, while the distance between ice molecules is greater than between water molecules, so ice takes up more space than water, that is, it expands.

Does salt water freeze?

The saltier the water, the lower the freezing point. For the experiment, we took two glasses - in one fresh water (marked with the letter B), in the other very salty water (marked with the letters B + C).

After standing in the freezer all night, the salt water did not freeze, but ice crystals formed in the glass. Fresh water turned to ice. While I was manipulating glasses and salt solutions, Vladik made his own unplanned experiment.

I poured water, vegetable oil into a mug and imperceptibly put it in the freezer. The next day, I found a mug of ice and floating cloudy butter. We conclude that different liquids have different freezing points.

The salt water in the freezer is not frozen, but what happens if you sprinkle the ice with salt? Let's check.

Experiment with ice and salt

Take two ice cubes. Sprinkle one of them with salt, and leave the other for comparison. The salt eats away at the ice, making grooves and holes in the ice cube. As expected, the salt-sprinkled ice cube melted much faster. That is why janitors sprinkle salt on the paths in winter. If you sprinkle ice with salt, you can not only watch the melting, but also draw a little!

We froze a large piece of ice and sprinkled it with salt, took brushes and watercolors and began to create beauty The eldest son applied paint to the ice with a brush, and the younger with his hands.

Our experienced creativity unites the whole family, and so Makarushkin's pen has hit the camera lens!

Makar and Vlad are very like to freeze everything ... Sometimes there are completely unexpected items in the freezer.

I dreamed of making this experience since childhood, but my mother did not have a fur coat, but many it was a fur coat that was needed and no substitutes! My beloved bought me a fur coat, and now I present to your attention this wonderful experience. At the beginning, I had no idea how I could decide to wrap the ice cream in a fur coat, even if I really want to experiment. And if the experiment fails, how to wash it later. Oh, it was not! ..

I put the ice cream in bags :) I wrapped it in a fur coat and waited. Hooray, everything is great! The fur coat is intact, and the ice cream melted much less than the control sample, which stood nearby without a fur coat.

How great it is to be an adult, to have a fur coat and to do all kinds of childhood experiences!

Children love to paint and decorate. And colored ice brings a lot of positive emotions and allows kids to develop creativity. The experiments are not only bright, informative, but also useful. I am giving you recipes for even more bright experiments for children now. Download a useful collection of experiments for your home laboratory - “Experiments with water”. Write in the comments your feedback on the experiences and wishes: what experiences would you like to see on the pages of our site. Science is fun.

Your Galina Kuzmina

Young naturalists are always haunted by seemingly simple questions. At what temperature does sea water usually freeze? Everyone knows that zero degrees is not enough to turn the sea surface into a good ice rink. But at what temperature does it happen?

What is seawater made of?

How is the content of the seas different from fresh water? The difference is not that great, but still:

• Much more salt.
• Magnesium and sodium salts prevail.
• The density differs slightly, within a few percent.
• Hydrogen sulfide may form at depth.

Main component sea \u200b\u200bwater, as predictable as it may sound, is water. But unlike the water of rivers and lakes, in it contains a large amount of sodium and magnesium chlorides.

The salinity is estimated at 3.5 ppm, but to make it more clear - at 3.5 thousandths of a percent of the total composition.

And even this, not the most impressive figure, provides water not only with a specific taste, but also makes it unfit for drinking. There are no absolute contraindications, sea water is not a poison or toxic substance and nothing terrible will happen from a couple of sips. The consequences can be talked about if a person is at least during the day. Also, the composition of sea water includes:

1. Fluorine.
2. Bromine.
3. Calcium.
4. Potassium.
5. Chlorine.
6. Sulfates.
7. Gold.

True, the percentage of all these elements is much less than salts.

Why not drink sea water?

We have already touched on this topic in passing, let's look at it in more detail. Together with sea water, two ions enter the body - magnesium and sodium.

Sodium	Magnesium
Participates in maintaining the water-salt balance, one of the main ions along with potassium.	The main effect is on the central nervous system.
With an increase in the number Na in the blood, fluid is released from the cells.	Very slowly excreted from the body.
All biological and biochemical processes are disrupted.	An excess in the body leads to diarrhea, which aggravates dehydration.
The human kidneys are unable to handle this amount of salt in the body.	Perhaps the development of nervous disorders, an inadequate state.

This is not to say that a person does not need all these substances, but needs always fit into certain frameworks. After drinking a few liters of such water, you will go too far beyond them.

However, today the acute need for the use of sea water may arise only from the victims of shipwrecks.

What determines the salinity of sea water?

Seeing just above the figure 3.5 ppm , you might think that this is a constant for any sea water on our planet. But it's not that simple, salinity depends on the region. It just so happened that the farther north the region is, the greater this value.

On the contrary, the south boasts not so salty seas and oceans. Of course, there are exceptions to all the rules. The salt levels in the seas are usually slightly lower than in the oceans.

What could be the reason for the geographical division? It is not known, researchers take it for granted, there is everything. Perhaps the answer should be sought in more early periods development of our planet. Not at the time when life was born - much earlier.

We already know that the salinity of water depends on the presence in it:

1. Magnesium chloride.
2. Sodium chlorides.
3. Other salts.

Perhaps in some areas crust the deposits of these substances were somewhat larger than in neighboring regions. On the other hand, no one canceled the sea currents, sooner or later general level had to level.

So, most likely, the small difference is related to the climatic features of our planet. Not the most unfounded opinion, if you remember about the frost and take into account what exactly water with a high salt content freezes more slowly.

Desalination of sea water.

Regarding desalination, everyone has heard at least a little, some now even remember the film "Water World". How realistic is it to put one such portable watermaker in each house and forget about the problem for humanity forever? drinking water? Still fiction, not a reality.

It's all about the energy expended, because for effective work huge power is needed, no less than a nuclear reactor. A desalination plant in Kazakhstan operates on this principle. The idea was also submitted in Crimea, but the power of the Sevastopol reactor was not enough for such volumes.

Half a century ago, before numerous nuclear disasters, it was still possible to assume that a peaceful atom would enter every home. Even the slogan was. But it is already clear that there is no use of nuclear micro-reactors:

• In household appliances.
• In industrial plants.
• In the structures of cars and aircraft.
• And in general, within the city limits.

The next century is not expected. Science can make another leap and surprise us, but so far it's all just the fantasies and hopes of reckless romantics.

At what temperature can sea water freeze?

But on main question there was no answer yet. We have already learned that salt slows down the freezing of water, and the sea comes out with a crust of ice not at zero, but at sub-zero temperatures. But how far should the thermometer readings go to minus so that, leaving their homes, residents of coastal areas do not hear the usual sound of the surf?

To determine this value, there is a special formula that is complex and understandable only for specialists. It depends on the main indicator - salinity level... But since we have an average value for this indicator, can we also find the average freezing point? Yes of course.

If you do not need to calculate everything up to the hundredth, for a specific region, remember the temperature at -1.91 degrees.

It may seem that the difference is not that great, only two degrees. But during seasonal temperature fluctuations, this can play a huge role where the thermometer drops at least 0. It would be only 2 degrees cooler, the inhabitants of the same Africa or South America could see ice near the coast, but alas. However, we do not think that they are greatly upset by such a loss.

A few words about the world's oceans.

And what about the oceans, fresh water supplies, and the level of pollution? Let's try to find out:

1. The oceans are still standing, nothing has happened to them. In recent decades, the water level has been rising. Perhaps this is a cyclical phenomenon, or maybe the glaciers are melting.
2. There is also more than enough fresh water, it is too early to raise a panic about this. If there is another global conflict, this time with the use of nuclear weapons, maybe we will, like in "Mad Max", pray for saving moisture.
3. The last point is very much loved by conservationists. And sponsoring is not so difficult to achieve, competitors will always pay for black PR, especially when it comes to oil companies. But it is they who cause the main damage to the waters of the seas and oceans. It is not always possible to control oil production and emergency situations, and the consequences are catastrophic every time.

But the world's oceans have one advantage over humanity. It is constantly being updated, and its real self-cleaning capabilities are very difficult to assess. Most likely, he will be able to outlive human civilization and see its decline in a perfectly acceptable state. Well, then the water will have billions of years to cleanse itself of all the "gifts".

It is even difficult to imagine who needs to know at what temperature sea water freezes. A general educational fact, but who will really use it in practice is a question.

Video experiment: freezing seawater

3.2. SEA ICE

All our seas, with rare exceptions, are covered with ice of varying thickness in winter. In this regard, in one part of the sea, navigation in the cold half of the year becomes difficult, in another it stops and can only be carried out with the help of icebreakers. Thus, the freezing of the seas disrupts the normal operation of the fleet and ports. Therefore, for a more qualified operation of the fleet, ports and offshore facilities, certain knowledge is required. physical properties sea \u200b\u200bice.

Sea water, unlike fresh water, does not have a specific freezing point. The temperature at which ice crystals (ice needles) begin to form depends on the salinity of the sea water S. Empirically found that the freezing point of sea water can be determined (calculated) by the formula: t 3 \u003d -0.0545S. With a salinity of 24.7%, the freezing point is equal to the temperature of the highest density of sea water (-1.33 ° C). This circumstance (a property of sea water) made it possible to divide the sea water into two groups according to the degree of salinity. Water with salinity less than 24.7% is called brackish and, when cooled, first reaches the temperature of the highest density, and then freezes, i.e. behaves like fresh, with a temperature of the highest density of 4 ° C. Water with a salinity of more than 24.7 ° / 00 is called sea water.

The temperature at the highest density is below the freezing point. This leads to the occurrence of convective mixing, which retards the freezing of seawater. Freezing also slows down due to the salinization of the surface layer of water, which is observed when ice appears, since when water freezes, only part of the salts dissolved in it remains in the ice, while a significant part of them remains in the water, increasing its salinity, and therefore, and the density of the surface layer of water, thereby lowering the freezing point. Average salinity sea \u200b\u200bice four times less water salinity.

How does ice form in seawater with a salinity of 35 ° / 00 and a freezing point of -1.91 ° \u200b\u200bC? After the surface layer of water has cooled to the above temperature, its density will increase and the water will go down, and warmer water from the underlying layer will rise up. Stirring will continue until the temperature of the entire mass of water in the upper active layer drops to -1.91 ° \u200b\u200bC. Then, after some supercooling of the water below the freezing point, ice crystals (ice needles) begin to appear on the surface.

Ice needles are formed not only on the sea surface, but throughout the entire thickness of the mixed layer. Gradually, the ice needles freeze up, forming ice spots on the sea surface that resemble a frozen fat... It differs little from water in color.

When snow falls on the sea surface, the ice formation process is accelerated, since the surface layer is desalinated and cooled, in addition, ready-made crystallization nuclei (snowflakes) are introduced into the water. If the water temperature is below 0 ° C, then the snow does not melt, but forms a viscous mushy mass, called snowy... Salo and snowflakes under the influence of wind and waves are knocked into pieces whitecalled sludge... With further compaction and freezing of the initial types of ice (ice needles, fat, sludge, snow), a thin, elastic crust of ice forms on the sea surface, easily sagging on the wave and, when compressed, forms jagged layers, called nilas... Nilas has a matte surface and a thickness of up to 10 cm, subdivided into dark (up to 5 cm) and light (5-10 cm) nilas.

If the surface layer of the sea is strongly desalinated, then with further cooling of the water and a calm state of the sea as a result of direct freezing or from ice fat, the sea surface is covered with a thin shiny crust called bottle... The flask is transparent, like glass, easily broken by wind or wave, its thickness is up to 5 cm.

On a light wave of ice fat, sludge or snowfly, as well as as a result of the flask and nilas breaking with a large swell, the so-called pancake ice... It is predominantly circular in shape from 30 cm to 3 m in diameter and up to about 10 cm in thickness, with raised edges due to ice floes hitting one another.

In most cases, ice formation begins near the coast with the appearance of coastlines (their width is 100-200 m from the coast), which, gradually spreading into the sea, turn into fast ice. Shore and fast ice refer to stationary ice, that is, to ice that forms and remains motionless along the coast, where it is attached to the coast, ice wall, to the ice barrier.

Top surface young ice in most cases it is smooth or slightly wavy, the lower one, on the contrary, is very uneven and in some cases (in the absence of currents) looks like a brush made of ice crystals. During winter, the thickness of young ice gradually increases, its surface is covered with snow, and the color, due to the brine flowing from it, changes from gray to white. Young ice 10-15 cm thick is called gray, and 15-30 cm thick - gray-white... With a further increase in ice thickness, the ice becomes white. Sea ice, which lasted one winter and has a thickness of 30 cm to 2 m, is usually called white first-year icewhich is subdivided into thin (thickness from 30 to 70 cm), middle (from 70 to 120 cm) and fat (more than 120 cm).

In areas of the World Ocean, where the ice does not have time to melt over the summer and from the beginning of the next winter begins to grow again and by the end of the second winter its thickness increases and is already more than 2 m, it is called two-year ice... Ice that has existed for more than two years called perennial, its thickness is more than 3 m. It has a greenish-blue color, and with a large admixture of snow and air bubbles, it has a whitish color, glassy appearance. Over time, perennial ice, freshened and compacted by compressions, acquires a blue color. According to their mobility, sea ice is divided into fixed ice (fast ice) and drifting ice.

Drifting ice in shape (size) is subdivided into pancake ice, ice fields, fine ice (a piece of sea ice less than 20 m across), grated ice (broken ice less than 2 m across), endless (a large hummock or a group of hummocks, frozen together, up to 5 m above sea level), frost (pieces of ice frozen in the ice field), ice porridge (accumulation of drifting ice, consisting of fragments of other forms of ice not more than 2 m in diameter). In turn, ice fields, depending on the horizontal dimensions, are subdivided into:

Giant ice fields, more than 10 km across;

Vast ice fields, 2 to 10 km across;

Large ice fields, 500 to 2000 m across;

Fragments of ice fields, 100 to 500 m across;

Broken ice, 20 to 100 m across.

A very important characteristic for shipping is the concentration of drifting ice. Concentration is the ratio of the sea surface area actually covered with ice to the total sea surface area on which drifting ice is located, expressed in tenths.

In the USSR, a 10-point scale of ice concentration is adopted (1 point corresponds to 10% of the area covered with ice), in some foreign countries (Canada, USA) -8 points.

By its concentration, drifting ice is characterized as follows:

1. Compressed drifting ice. Drifting ice, the concentration of which is 10/10 (8/8), and no water is visible.

2. Frozen solid ice. Drifting ice, the concentration of which is 10/10 (8/8), and the ice floes were frozen together.

3. Very tight ice. Drifting ice with a concentration greater than 9/10 but less than 10/10 (from 7/8 to 8/8).

4. Solid ice. Drifting ice with a concentration of 7/10 to 8/10 (6/8 to 7/8), consisting of ice floes, most of which are in contact with each other.

5. Thin ice. Drifting ice, the concentration of which is from 4/10 to 6/10 (from 3/8 to 6/8), with a large number of floes, ice floes usually do not touch one another.

6. Rare ice. Drifting ice in which the concentration is 1/10 to 3/10 (1/8 to 3/8) and space pure water prevails over ice.

7. Separate ice floes. Large area of \u200b\u200bwater containing sea ice less than 1/10 (1/8). In the complete absence of ice, this area should be called pure water.

Drifting ice is in constant motion under the influence of wind and currents. Any change in the wind over an area covered with drifting ice causes changes in the distribution of ice: the more, the stronger and longer the effect of the wind.

Long-term observations of the wind drift of solid ice have shown that ice drift is directly dependent on the wind that caused it, namely: the direction of ice drift deviates from the wind direction by about 30 ° in the northern hemisphere to the right, and in the southern hemisphere to the left, the drift speed is related with a wind speed of approximately 0.02 (r \u003d 0.02).

Table 5 shows the calculated values \u200b\u200bof the ice drift velocity depending on the wind speed.

Table 5

The drift of individual ice floes (small icebergs, their debris and small ice fields) differs from the drift of solid ice. Its speed is higher, since the wind coefficient increases from 0.03 to 0.10.

The speed of movement of icebergs (in the North Atlantic) with fresh winds ranges from 0.1 to 0.7 knots. As for the angle of deflection of their movement from the direction of the wind, it is 30-40 °.

The practice of ice navigation has shown that independent navigation of an ordinary sea vessel is possible when the concentration of drifting ice is 5-6 points. For large-tonnage vessels with a weak hull and for old vessels, the cohesion limit is 5 points, for vessels of medium tonnage in good condition, -6 points. For ice-class ships, this limit can be increased to 7 points, and for icebreaking transport ships - up to 8-9 points. The specified limits of the passability of drifting ice are derived from practice for medium-heavy ice. When sailing in heavy perennial ice, these limits should be reduced by 1-2 points. With good visibility, sailing in ice concentration up to 3 points is possible for vessels of any class.

If it is necessary to follow through an area of \u200b\u200bthe sea covered with drifting ice, it must be borne in mind that it is easier and safer to enter the ice edge against the wind. It is dangerous to enter the ice with a tailwind or crosswind, as conditions of ice piling are created, which can lead to damage to the side of the vessel or its bilge part.

Forward
Table of contents
Back to

The water in the seas and oceans is very different from river and lake water. It is salty - and this determines many of its properties. The freezing point of sea water also depends on this factor. It does not equal 0 ° C, as is the case with fresh water... To cover with ice, the sea needs a stronger frost.

It is impossible to say unequivocally at what temperature sea water freezes, since this indicator depends on the degree of its salinity. In different places of the world's oceans, it is different.

The saltiest is the Red Sea. Here, the concentration of salt in water reaches 41 ‰ (ppm). The least salt in the waters of the Baltic Gulf is 5 ‰. In the Black Sea, this figure is 18 ‰, and in the Mediterranean - 26 ‰. Salinity Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov - 12‰. And if you take an average, the salinity of the seas is 34.7 ‰.

The higher the salinity, the more seawater must cool before it becomes solid.

This is clearly seen from the table:

Salinity, ‰	Freezing point, ° C	Salinity, ‰	Freezing point, ° C
0 (fresh water)		20	-1,1
2	-0,1	22	-1,2
4	-0,2	24	-1,3
6	-0,3	26	-1,4
8	-0,4	28	-1,5
10	-0,5	30	-1,6
12	-0,6	32	-1,7
14	-0,8	35	-1,9
16	-0,9	37	-2,0
18	-1,0	39	-2,1

Where salinity is even higher, as, for example, in Lake Sivash (100 Кара), Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay (250 ‰), in the Dead Sea (over 270 вода), the water can freeze only with a very large minus - in the first the case - at -6.1 ° C, in the second - below -10 ° C.

The average figure for all seas can be taken as -1.9 ° C.

Freezing stages

It is very interesting to watch the sea water freeze. It is not immediately covered with a uniform ice crust, like fresh. When part of it turns into ice (and it is fresh), the rest of the volume becomes even more salty, and an even stronger frost is required for it to freeze.

Types of ice

As the sea cools, ice of various types forms:

• snezhura;
• sludge;
• needles;
• fat;
• nilas.

If the sea is not frozen yet, but very close to it, and at this time snow falls, it does not melt when it comes into contact with the surface, but is saturated with water and forms a viscous mushy mass, which is called snow. Freezing, this porridge turns into sludge, which is very dangerous for ships caught in a storm. Because of it, the deck is instantly covered with an ice crust.

When the thermometer reaches the mark necessary for freezing, ice needles begin to form in the sea - crystals in the form of very thin hexagonal prisms. If you collect them with a net, wash off the salt and melt them, you will find that they are fresh.

First, the needles grow horizontally, then they take a vertical position, and only their bases are visible on the surface. They resemble grease stains in cold soup. Therefore, ice at this stage is called lard.

When it gets even colder, the lard begins to freeze and forms an ice crust, as transparent and fragile as glass. Such ice is called nilas, or flask. It is salty, although it is formed from unleavened needles. The fact is that during freezing, the needles capture the smallest drops of the surrounding salt water.

Only in the seas is there such a phenomenon as floating ice. It arises because the water here cools faster off the coast. The ice formed there freezes to the coastal edge, which is why it was named fast ice. As frosts intensify during calm weather, it quickly conquers new territories, sometimes reaching tens of kilometers in width. But as soon as a strong wind rises, the fast ice begins to break apart into pieces of various sizes. These ice floes, often of enormous size (ice fields), are carried by the wind and current throughout the sea, creating problems for ships.

Melting temperature

Sea ice does not melt at the same temperature as sea water freezes, as one might think. It is less salty (by an average of 4 times), so its transformation back into liquid begins before reaching this mark. If the average freezing rate of sea water is -1.9 ° C, then the average value of the melting temperature of the ice formed from it is -2.3 ° C.

Freezing Salt Water: Video

3 degrees Celsius, but the air temperature may be -20, and the water will not freeze, as in the ocean water communicates with warm seas .... Sea water is a solution of 44 chemical elements, but salts play a primary role in it. Table salt gives water a salty taste, while magnesium salt gives it a bitter taste. Salinity is expressed in ppm (% o). This is a thousandth of a number. An average of 35 grams of various substances are dissolved in a liter of ocean water, which means that the salinity will be 35% o. The salinity of ocean waters is not the same everywhere. The salinity is influenced by the following processes: water evaporation. In this process, salts with water do not evaporate; ice formation; precipitation that lowers salinity; river runoff. The salinity of ocean waters near the continents is much less than in the center of the ocean, since the waters of rivers freshen it; melting ice. Processes such as evaporation and ice formation contribute to an increase in salinity, while precipitation, river runoff, and ice melting lower it. Evaporation and atmospheric precipitation play the main role in changing salinity. Therefore, the salinity of the surface layers of the ocean, like the temperature, depends on climatic conditionsrelated to latitude. The salinity of the Red Sea is 42% o. This is due to the fact that not a single river flows into this sea, very little atmospheric precipitation falls here (tropics), the evaporation of water from strong heating by the sun is very large. The water evaporates from the sea, but the salt remains. The salinity of the Baltic Sea is not higher than 1% o. This is due to the fact that this sea is located in a climatic zone where there is less evaporation, but more precipitation falls. However, the general picture can be disturbed by currents. This is especially noticeable in the example of the Gulf Stream, one of the most powerful currents in the ocean, whose branches, penetrating far into the Arctic Ocean (salinity 10-11% o), carry waters with salinity up to 35% 0. The opposite is observed off the coast North Americawhere, under the influence of a cold Arctic current, for example, the Labrador current, the salinity of the water near the coast decreases. The salinity of the deep ocean is generally almost constant. Here, individual layers of water with different salinity can alternate in depth, depending on their density.

Ocean water freezes at (-2 C)

Before giving an answer, let's find out how fresh water differs from salt water?

Salinitydetermined in ppm, so the most salty body of water is the Dead Sea (300-350 ppm or 300-350 grams of salt in 1 liter of water).

Fresh water has a salinity of no more than 1 ppm.

There are several versions why the seas are salty. According to the main, during the formation of the earth's crust there was a high activity of volcanoes.

The volcanic gases contained bromine, chromium and fluorine, which, in contact with water, were transformed into acid. The acids then reacted with the solid rock of the ocean floor, resulting in salt formation.

After 500 mln.

At what temperature does sea water freeze?

years old chemical composition ocean water stabilized, but some percentage of the salt got into the ocean and river water.

With fresh waters, everything is easier, precipitation is responsible for the freshness, and they fill fresh water bodies.

Endless cycle

A kind of perpetual motion machine - the water cycle: rain washes away various pollution, penetrates deep into the earth, breaks down minerals in itself, then the rainwater goes into rivers, which carry it to the seas.

At the junction of the river and the sea, the water is less salty. Then the sun heats the water of the world's oceans, it evaporates, and salt impurities settle. The liquid that has evaporated returns to the earth's surface in the form of precipitation.

Precipitation also forms fresh glaciers, from where mountain rivers originate, gradually this fresh water will again reach the oceans and the cycle will repeat again.

Atlantic Ocean is the second largest in the world, with about half of the large volume of the Pacific Ocean.

In the north, it borders it in Greenland and Iceland, in the east - in Africa and Europe, in the west - in North and South America, and in the south - in Antarctica.

It is easy to see that the ocean flows off the coast of almost all continents and has a distinctly oblong shape.

Characteristics of the Atlantic Ocean

The area of \u200b\u200bthe Atlantic Ocean exceeds 91 million km2, which is very large.

Its depth is also impressive: a maximum of 8,742 meters, an average of about 3,600 meters. Therefore, the size of the water is very high - 329.6 million km3. This is a quarter of the world's oceans.

Short information:

• - The lower Atlantic Ocean is very uneven and has many defects, depressions and small mountains. And from north to south through the central part of the ocean floor, and passed through the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to separate the ocean in the western and eastern parts (almost identical).

  Sea ice

  In the region of the ridge, earthquakes and underwater volcanic eruptions are observed.

• - The sea, bays and straits occupy about 16% of the Atlantic Ocean (14.7 million km2).
• - There are relatively few islands in the ocean, about a thousand.
• - Due to the large length of the reservoir, as well as the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean currents, the Atlantic Ocean includes all climatic zones of the planet.

  In general, the average outside temperature is 20 ° C in summer and 0 to 10 ° C in winter. As the distance from the equator to the north, the temperature decreases markedly.

• - The salinity of the water ranges from 34 ‰ (at the equator) to 39 ‰ (in the Mediterranean). Although in areas where rivers flow into the ocean, this number can be halved.
• - Floating ice on the ocean surface forms only in the northern and southern regions, as they are close to the fractures of the planet.
• - The diversity of flora and fauna of the Atlantic Ocean is very great, but it can boast of the number of living organisms.

  Thanks to this, there are many people in the ocean. But this is leading to a significant decline in the number of wildlife. Therefore, a catch limit was set and other similar limits were introduced.

• - Minerals are mined in the Atlantic Ocean (oil, gas, iron ore, sulfur and many others).

  This leads to the gradual pollution of their waters.

• - The Atlantic Ocean was named after the ancient Greek myth of Atlanta - a powerful titan who has a firmament on his shoulders.
• - Famous Bermuda Triangle is located in the Atlantic Ocean.

  In this area, many ships and aircraft have indeed disappeared, but there is scientific evidence for these incidents. However, no one really knows what actually happened.

At what temperature does sea water freeze

The Arctic Ocean has become more fresh

The Arctic Ocean has become fresher. Photo: Fotobank.ru/Getty Images

The Arctic Ocean absorbs quite a lot of fresh water.

Its sources are the great Siberian and North American rivers, sediments and glaciers. In addition, slightly saline waters of the Pacific Ocean enter it. Freshwater is lighter than saline water and therefore accumulates in the upper oceanic layer. Benjamin Rabe and his team analyzed 5,000 salinity profiles at different depths. They used sensor data on ships, on drifting ice floes and on submarines. A large amount of data was collected in the framework of the International Polar Year 2007/2008.

When comparing the salinity distribution in 2006-2008 with similar data from 1992-1999, scientists saw that the layer of freshened water on the surface became thicker.

They estimated the increase at 20%, which is 8,400 cubic kilometers. The main reasons for the freshening of the Arctic Ocean are the increased melting of glaciers, an increase in precipitation and an increase in river runoff. Researchers have confirmed these findings using mathematical modeling.

Nadezhda Markina

1. infox.ru

About the project "Map of Words"

Words and expressions in Russian are inextricably linked by millions of invisible threads. We hear the word snow and in our head, associations immediately flare up in scattering: winter, snowflakes, Santa Claus , snowman ⛄, Christmas tree  and dozens of others.

KARTASLOV.RU is an online map of Russian words and expressions.

at what temperature does ocean water freeze? how does temperature depend on salinity?

Here, the connections between words take on tangible form.

When creating the site, we used the most recent achievements in the field of computational linguistics, machine learning and artificial intelligence, while relying on the most powerful theoretical base of the Russian language, created by prominent Soviet and Russian linguists.

Start your journey with any word or expression, following the links to neighboring parts of the map. Now there are two types of connections - associations and synonyms, but in the future we will definitely cover derivational and vertical relationships between words, turning the service into a full-fledged online thesaurus.

Examples of usage in context are shown for all words and phrases on the map.

At the same time, using the search, you can always go beyond the boundaries of the drawn area.

Community

Join our community on VKontakte, where we regularly publish project news and communicate with our users.

Answers
for crosswords
and scanwords

Definitions from scanwords of the word ICEBERG

• big ocean ice
• "Chunk" of Antarctica
• "Shard" of Antarctica
• "Titanic" ice
• english "ice mountain"
• floating ice for the Titanic
• a mountain whose peaks are easier to reach than the foot
• drifting ice mountain
• large mass of ice floating in the sea
• ice wanderer
• the ice that drowned the Titanic
• ice mountain in the ocean
• fletcher's ice island
• ice ocean traveler
• the man from the song of Pugacheva, who does not sympathize with anyone
• huge block of ice in the sea
• drifting body of water breakaway from a glacier
• a drifting ice massif break away from a glacier with a deeply submerged underwater part
• floating mountain of ice
• floating ice mountain
• floating ice mountain breakaway from a coastal glacier
• floating piece of antarctica
• ruined the Titanic
• obstacle for the Titanic
• obstacle in the way of "Titanic"
• the cause of the sinking of the Titanic
• cameron's titanic ice
• titanic drowner
• titanic assassin
• cold in the ocean
• alla Pugacheva's cold friend
• the cause of the sinking of the Titanic
• the largest of its kind was 350 km long and 40 km wide, and was discovered by the Glacier icebreaker in 1956
• put together two Scandinavian words - "ice" and "mountain"
• english "ice mountain"
• titanic assassin
• the death of the Titanic is connected with it
• floating ice for "Titatnik"
• "Shard" of Antarctica
• obstacle for the Titanic
• ruined the Titanic
• obstacle in the way of "Titanic"
• "Titanic" ice
• "Fragment" of Antarctica