☰

Definition of sounds in a word. Consonant sounds

Before proceeding to performing phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same.

Letters - these are letters, graphic symbols with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to convey meaning visually, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read the letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

The list of all letters is just the alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a specific sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet is used:

  • 21 letters for consonants;
  • 10 letters - vowels;
  • and two: b ( soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, the word can use more lettersthan sounds. For example, "childish" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [c]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "U" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive the sounding speech by ear. Phonetic parsing of a word means the characteristic sound composition... In the school curriculum, such analysis is often called "sound-letter" analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of a phrase, united by a common verbal stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis use special transcription in square brackets. For example, the spelling is correct:

  • black -\u003e [ч "О́рный"]
  • apple -\u003e [yablaka]
  • anchor -\u003e [yakar "]
  • tree -\u003e [yolka]
  • sun -\u003e [sonce]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly identify and distinguish between the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

  • phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets -;
  • a soft consonant is indicated by the transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
  • shock [´] - stress;
  • in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] is used - gravis (not practiced in the school curriculum);
  • the letters of the alphabet Y, Y, E, E, L and B are NEVER used in the transcription (in the curriculum);
  • for doubled consonants, [:] is used - the sign of the longitude of sound pronunciation.

Below are detailed rules for spelling, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing of words with examples online, in accordance with the school-wide norms of modern Russian. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic signs of vowels and consonant phonemes.

How to do phonetic parsing of a word?

The following scheme will help you carry out a letter analysis:

  • Write down the required word and say it out loud several times.
  • Count how many vowels and consonants it contains.
  • Indicate a stressed syllable. (Stress with intensity (energy) selects a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
  • Divide the phonetic word by syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable section in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
  • In transcription, sort the word by sound.
  • Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
  • In front of each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (as it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always the same as letters. The letters "b" and "b" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "u", "i", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
  • Analyze each phoneme separately and separate its properties with commas:
    • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; percussive or unstressed;
    • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and voiced-deafness.
  • At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is a sample of phonetic analysis for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'en'n'iye]. IN this example 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables here: I-vle′-no-e. The stress falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [y] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [v] - acc., paired hard, paired zv.l [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired ... zv., sonorous [e ′] - vowel, stressed [n '] - agree, paired soft., unpaired. zv., sonorous and [and] - vowel., unstressed [y] - acc., unpaired. soft., unpaired sound, sonorous [e] - vowel, unstressed ________________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word - 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" stand for two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. Further, a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their interrelationships and rules of transcription for sound-letter parsing is given.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are percussive and unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words is: hard - soft, sonorous - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

By doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easy to explain. A number of letters when participating in word formation can mean 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

  • [b] - cheerful and [b '] - squirrel;
  • or [d] - [d ']: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example, [h '] will always be soft. If you doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely from the larynx, as it were, in a chant, without obstacles and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. Conversely, the louder you try to pronounce the consonant, the more energetically you will close the mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are there in Russian phonetics?

In Russian speech, fewer vowel phonemes are used than letters. There are six percussion sounds: [a], [and], [o], [e], [y], [s]. Let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, y. Vowels Е, Е, Ю, Я are not "pure" sounds and in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words in letters, stress falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of the exhalation, the increased duration of sounding and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis syllables with stressed vowel phonemes are much easier to draw. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retain its basic appearance is called strong position. This position can only be taken by impact sound and syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

  • The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with greatest strength and duration.
  • A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less strength and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme "U" retains its unchangeable phonetic properties: ku ku ru za, tablet, u chu s, u lov, - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel "U" does not undergo a qualitative reduction. Attention: on the letter, the phoneme [y] can also be denoted by another letter "U": muesli [m'u ´sl'i], key [kl'u ´ch ’] and so on.

Parsing the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in the strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko 't'ik], bell [kalako' l'ch'yk], milk [malako'], eight [vo'c'im '], search [paisko' vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in '].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only a few foreign words: cocoa [cocoa "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra "dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter "ё" - [o]: turn [t'o'rn], bonfire [cas't'o'r]. It is also not difficult to parse the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of the Russian language

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after the stress is placed in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamo" to and about the change of phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

  • I'm home [ya to ma].
  • New houses [but "vie da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than it is written:

  • mountains - mountain \u003d [go "ry] - [gara"];
  • he is online \u003d [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
  • testimonial \u003d [s'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative when the duration of the sound changes. And qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristics depending on the position:

  • primarily in relation to the stressed syllable;
  • at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
  • in naked syllables (consist of only one vowel);
  • by the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

So, differs 1st degree of reduction... It is exposed to:

  • vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
  • an overt syllable at the very beginning;
  • repetitive vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the "head" of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-local [n'iz'd'e'shn'iy].

(naked syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

  • ahead -di [fp'ir'i d'i'];
  • e-naturally-nno [yi s't'e's't'v'in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables when parsing sound refer to the 2nd degree reduction. It is also called “second degree weak position”.

  • kiss [pa-tsy-la-wa't ’];
  • to model [ma-dy-l'i'-ra-wat '];
  • swallow [la'-sta -ch'ka];
  • kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-yy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in degrees: the second, third (after hard and soft agree., This is outside curriculum): to learn [uch'i'ts: a], to be numb [acyp'in'e't '], hope [over'e'zhda] In literal analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable (\u003d at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

  • cup;
  • goddess;
  • with songs;
  • turn.

Sound letter parsing: iotated sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], E - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is "Y"? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, Y, Y, Y is determined by their positional position.

When parsing phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

  • At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "U" always:
    • - hedgehog [yo' zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo'lach'ny], hedgehog [yo' zhyk], capacity [yo' mkast '];
    • - jeweler [yuv 'il'i'r], yula [yu la'], skirt [yu' pka], Jupiter [yu p'i't'ir], briskness [yu ´rkas't '];
  • at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
    • - spruce [ye'l '], I go [ye'w: y], huntsman [ye' g'ir'], eunuch [ye' vuh];
    • - yacht [ya'hta], anchor [ya'kar '], yaki [ya'ki], apple [ya' blaka];
    • (* to perform sound-literal analysis of unstressed vowels "E" and "I", a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
  • in the position immediately after the vowel "E" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except for cases when these letters are located behind a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specified cases:
    • - receiver [pr'iyo'mn'ik], singing t [payot], pecking t [klyuyo ´t];
    • -yu rveda [ayu r'v'ed'da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [t'yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
  • after the dividing solid "b" the sign "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo'm], shooting [syo'mka], adjutant [adyu "ta'nt]
  • after the dividing soft "b" signs "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya'], brothers [brat'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya'na], blizzard [v'yu'ha], family [s'em'ya' ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is crucial. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound analysis of the remaining iotated ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels "E" and "I" denote two sounds in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

  • at the very beginning of a word:
    • - unity [yi d'in'e'n'i'ye], spruce [yil'vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i'ka], his [yivo'], egoza [yigaza'], Yenisei [yin'is 'hey], Egypt [yig'i'p'it];
    • - January [yi nva'rsky], core [yidro´], sarcastic [yiz'v'i´t '], label [yirli'k], Japan [yipo'n'iya], lamb [yign'o'nak ];
    • (The only exceptions are rare foreign-language word forms and names: Caucasian [ye wrap'io'idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge'ny, European [ye wrap'e'yits], diocese [ye] par'archia, etc.).
  • immediately after the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
    • timely [svayi vr'e'm'ina], trains [payi zda '], let's eat [payi d'i'm], run over [nayi w: a't'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi ts], students [uch'a'sh'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe'n'iyi mi'i], vanity [suyi ta'],
    • bark [la'yi t '], pendulum [ma'yi tn'ik], hare [z'yi ts], belt [po'yi s], declare [zayi v'i't'], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
  • after a dividing hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i't], express [izyi v'i't '], announcement [abyi vl'e'n'iye], edible [this is good].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "hiccups", and for the Moscow school "hiccups". Previously, the iotrated "Yo" was pronounced with a more accented "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel "I" under stress and without stress is sounded differently: fair [ya ´rmarka], but an egg [yi yzo´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's carry out a sample of sound-letter online parsing: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on k'r'yi 'x "socks], rabbit [kro'l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], nobody's [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [l´s'yi] But: Vowel "O" after a soft sign "B" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotation can be heard: broth [bul'o'n], pavilion n [pav'il'o'n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotine, karagno la, migno n and others.

Phonetic parsing of words when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Y" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

  • sound units "E" "U" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: f, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
    • yo - [o],
    • e - [e],
    • yu - [y].
    Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho 'lk], whole [whole], recipe [r'itse'ft], pearl [zhe'mch'uk], six [she'st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
  • The letters "I" "U" "E" "E" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. The only exception is for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in shock position they form one vowel sound:
    • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey mushroom [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [rib ' o'nak];
    • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e'n '], mirror [z'e'rkala], smarter [umn'e' ye], conveyor [canv'e' yir];
    • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a'ta], softly [m'a'hka], oath [k'a'tva], took [v'a'l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
    • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u'f], people [l'u'd'am], gateway [shl'u'c], tulle [t'u'l '], costume [kas't 'y'm].
    • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the XX century. In such cases, when you make phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate'l '], shoulder strap [br'ite'l'ka], test [te'st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], mashed potatoes [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet 't].
  • Attention! After soft consonants in pre-stressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [and] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - zerno [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], ve sely [v'i s'o'ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i't], forest [l'i sleep'y], metitsa [m'i t'e'l'itsa], per po [p'i ro'], brought weak [pr' in'i sl'], knit [v'i z't '], la gat [l'i g't'], five grater [p'i t'o'rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by the organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hiss, whistle or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian?

In the alphabet, they use 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

  • hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
    • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
    • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in yun,
    • [g] - [g ']: city - duke,
    • [d] - [d ']: da acha - d elfin,
    • [z] - [z ']: z von - z ethere,
    • [to] - [to ’]: to onfeta - to yangaroo,
    • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - luks,
    • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
    • [n] - [n ']: new - n ectar,
    • [p] - [p ’]: p alma-p yosik,
    • [p] - [p ’]: pomashka - p poison,
    • [s] - [s ’]: s ovenir - yurprise,
    • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t yulpan,
    • [f] - [f ’]: f lag - f evral,
    • [x] - [x ’]: x nut - x seeker.
  • Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired include:
    • sounds [f], [c], [sh] are always solid (life, cycl, mouse);
    • [h ’], [sch’] and [th ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
  • The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

The consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

It is possible to determine voicedness-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the involvement of the organs of articulation.

  • Sonorous (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they contain a maximum of voice and a little noise: lev, rai, nol.
  • If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and a noise are formed, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.) in front of you: zavod, b people o, zn.
  • When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: st opka a, fishk a, kost yum, ts irk, zashit.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of the formation: bow (b, p, d, t) - gap (w, w, h, s) and method of articulation: labial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), front-lingual (t, d, z, s, c, w, w, sch, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, g, x) ... The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try pressing your palms to your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound under investigation is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For an associative connection, remember the phrases: "Oh, we haven't forgotten a friend." - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding soft-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some shchets? - Fi! " - similarly, these cues contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant, like the vowel, undergoes changes. One and the same letter phonetically can mean a different sound, depending on the position occupied. In the flow of speech, the sounding of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stunning / voicing

In a certain position, the phonetic law of deafness-voiced assimilation operates for consonants. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

  • at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but w [no'sh], snow [s'n'ek], vegetable garden [agaro't], club [klu'p];
  • before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n'izabu't ka], obh vatit [apkh vat'i't ’], tu ornik [ft o'rn'ik], pipe a [corpse a].
  • doing sound literal parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless paired consonant in front of a voiced consonant (except for [y '], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l '], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [p] - [p']) also voiced, that is, it is replaced with its own sonorous pair: surrender [zda'ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba'], threshing [malad 'ba'], request [pro'z'ba], guess [adgada't'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant is not combined with the subsequent voiced noisy one, except for the sounds [в] - [в ']: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both phonemes [s] and [s] is equally permissible.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-alphabetic analysis in the endings "-th", "-his" adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "Г" is transcribed as a sound [in]: red [krasnava], blue [s'i'n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [hell: 'il'i't'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced into sounds [d'd '], bessh clever [b'ish: u ´mny]. When parsing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two consonants standing next to each other changes: the combination "GK" sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'oh'kh'k'iy], soft [m'ah'kh ' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

  • The softening of paired solid consonants occurs before "b";
  • the softness of a consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help to determine the following vowel letter (e, e, i, y, i);
  • [u ’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
  • the sound [n] is always softened before the soft consonants "Z", "S", "D", "T": claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'iceen'z' iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z'] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd'] idat, ba [n'd '] it, and [n'd'] ivid , blo [n'd '] in, stipe [n'd'] ia, ba [n't '] ik, vi [n't'] ik, zo [n't '] ik, ve [n' t '] il, a [n't'] ichny, ko [n't '] text, rem [n't'] ration;
  • the letters "Н", "К", "Р" during phonetic analysis by composition can be softened before soft sounds [h '], [u']: glass ik [stack'n'ch'ik], change ik [sm'e ′ N'sh'ik], ponch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'en'n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borsch [ borscht'];
  • often the sounds [z], [s], [p], [n] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation by hardness-softness: wall [s't'en'nka], life [zhyz'n '], here [ z'd'es'];
  • in order to correctly perform sound-letter parsing, take into account the words of the exception, when the consonant [p] is pronounced firmly in front of soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’]: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, in square brackets, a [-] dash is placed opposite the letter "b".

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless in front of hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, you need to take them into account positional changes... Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before hissing (f, w, w, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

  • Alphabetic analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: come [pr'iye'zhzhii], rebellion [vash e'stv'iye], izzh elta [i'zhzh elta], squeeze [zh a'l'its: and].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you must designate one of the repetitive sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

  • Combinations of letters with a hissing "szh" - "zzh" are pronounced as a double hard consonant [w:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - as [w:]: squeezed, sew, without a tire, got in.
  • Combinations "zzh", "zzh" inside the root during sound-letter parsing is written in transcription as a long consonant [w:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
  • The combinations "mid", "zch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced like a long soft [ш ':]: score [ш': о´т], scribe, customer.
  • At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place of "mid", "zch" is transcribed as [uch'ch ']: without number [b'esh' h 'isla´], with something [uch'ch' emta] ...
  • In the sound-letter parsing of the combination "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes is defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o'ch': hic], molodch ik [little'h ': ik], report [ach ': o´t].

Cheat sheet for the assimilation of consonants at the place of education

  • nt → [ny ':]: happiness [ni': a's't'ye], sandstone [n'isch ': a'n'ik], peddler [razno'sh': uk], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clean up;
  • zch → [uch ’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: uk], loader [gru’sch ’: uk], narrator [rask’sch’: uk];
  • gh → [u ':]: defector [p'ir'ibe' u': uk], man [musch ': i'na];
  • shh → [u ':]: freckled [v'isn'shch': ity];
  • stch → [u ':]: tougher [jo'sh': e], whip, snap;
  • zd → [uch ’:]: buster [abye’sch’: uk], furrowed [baro’sch ’: ity];
  • ssch → [ny':]: split [rasch ': ip'i't'], generous [rasch ': edr'ils'a];
  • vain → [ch'ch ']: to split off [ach'sh' ip'it '], to snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat '], in vain [ch'ch' etna], thoroughly [h ' sh 'at'el'na];
  • pm → [h ’:]: report [ach’: o′t], homeland [ach ’:‘ zna], ciliated [r’is’n’ ’h’: it’s];
  • dch → [h ’:]: underline [pach’: o'rk'ivat ’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
  • squeeze → [w:]: squeeze [w: a't ’];
  • zzh → [f:]: get rid of [ilh: y't ’], ignite [ro'zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a't’];
  • ssh → [w:]: brought [pr'in'o'sh: th], embroidered [rush: y'ty];
  • zsh → [w:]: lower [n'ish: y'y]
  • thu → [pcs], in word forms with "what" and its derivatives, making a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about'by], not for anything [n'e ′ zasht a], something [ piece about n'ibut '], something;
  • thu → [h't] in other cases of literal analysis: dreamer [m'ich't a't'il '], mail [po'ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't' e'n ' iye] and so on;
  • chn → [shn] in words-exceptions: of course [kan'eshn a ′], boring [sku'shn a ′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc .;
  • chn → [ch'n] - alphabetic analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska'zach'n], dacha [da'ch'n th], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i'ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc .;
  • ! zhd → at the place of the letter combination "zhd", a double pronunciation and transcription [ш ’] or [pcs’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it are permissible: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. In order to correctly perform phonetic parsing online, an unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than the number of letters.

In Russian phonetics, the unpronounceable consonants include:

  • "T" - in combinations:
    • stn → [sn]: local [m'es'n'y], reed [trans'n''i'k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words flattering, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, vestnick, rainy, furious and others;
    • stl → [sl]: happy ive [sch ': asl ’and'vy"], happy ive, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and post, in them the letter "T" is pronounced);
    • ntsk → [nsk]: giant [g'iga'nsk'ii], agency, presidential;
    • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat me [vzye´s: a], I swear [cl'a´s: a];
    • sts → [s:]: tourist cue [tour'i's: c'y], maximalist cue [max'imal'i's: c'y], racist [ras'is: c'y] , bests yeller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
    • ntg → [ng]: roentgen [r'eng 'e'n];
    • “–Sat”, “–sat” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile'ts: a], wash [my'ts: a], looks, fits, bows, shaves, suits;
    • ts → [c] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'iy], fraternal [bra'tskiy];
    • ts → [c:] / [cs]: sports men [sparts: m'en'n], send [acs yyl'at '];
    • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic parsing online is written as a long "ts": bratz a [bra'ts: a], father to drink [ats: ep'i't '], to father u [to ac: y´];
  • "D" - when parsing the sounds in the following letter combinations:
    • zdn → [zn]: late [pos'z'n 'iy], starry [z'v'o'zniy], festive ik [pra'z'n' ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm ' e'zn th];
    • ndsh → [nsh]: mouthsh tuk [munsh tu'k], landsh aft [lansh a'ft];
    • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala'nsk'ii], Thai [thaila'nsk''ii], Norman [narma'nsk''ii];
    • zd → [ss]: under the bridle [pad usts'];
    • ndc → [nts]: dutch [gala'ants];
    • rdc → [rts]: heart e [s'e'rts e], heart of evin [s'irtz yv'i'na];
    • rdch → [rch "]: heart ishko [s'erch 'and'shka];
    • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in the roots, are pronounced and when parsing the sound, the word is written as double [ts]: punch [pats: yp'i't '], twenty ;
    • ds → [c]: factory [zavats k'y], family [race], means [sr'e'ts tva], Kislovods k [k'islavots k];
  • "L" - in combinations:
    • lnz → [nts]: suns e [so'nts e], suns state;
  • "B" - in combinations:
    • vstv → [st] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'stv a], feelings [ch'u'stv 'inas't'], pampering about [ballast o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in: th].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonants "stk", "ntk", "zdk", "ndk", the phoneme [t] is not allowed to fall out: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, irish, tartan.

  • Two identical letters immediately after a stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:] when parsing literally: class, bath, mass, group, program.
  • Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are denoted in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tanël ’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic parsing of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book ". M. 1959

References:

  • E.I. Litnevskaya Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
  • Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. - Education, M .: 1967
  • Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Russian spelling rules with comments.
  • Tutorial. - "Institute for Advanced Training of Educators", Tambov: 2012
  • Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Reference book on spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word by sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of the school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

There are 21 consonant letters and 36 consonants in Russian. Consonant letters and corresponding consonant sounds:
b - [b], c - [c], d - [d], d - [d], g - [g], d - [d], h - [h], k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], n - [n], p - [p], s - [s], t - [t], f - [f], x - [x ], c - [c], h - [h], w - [w], u - [u].

Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf, hard and soft. They are paired and unpaired. There are 36 different combinations of hard and soft, voiceless and voiced consonants by pair-unpaired: voiceless - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).

Scheme 1. Consonants and consonants of the Russian language.

Hard and soft consonants

Consonants are hard and soft. They are divided into paired and unpaired. Paired hard and paired soft consonants help us distinguish words. Compare: horse [con '] - con [con], bow [bow] - hatch [l'uk].

For understanding, let's explain "on the fingers". If the consonant letter is different words means either soft or hard sound, then the sound refers to paired. For example, in the word cat the letter k denotes a hard sound [k], in the word whale the letter k denotes a soft sound [k ’]. We get: [k] - [k '] form a pair of hardness-softness. Sounds for different consonants cannot be attributed to a pair, for example [в] and [к '] do not make up a pair in terms of hardness-softness, but they make up a pair [в] - [в ’]. If a consonant is always hard or always soft, then it refers to unpaired consonants. For example, the sound [w] is always solid. There are no words in the Russian language where it would be soft [f ']. Since there is no pair [w] - [w '], it refers to unpaired.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Consonant sounds are voiced and deaf. Thanks to voiced and voiceless consonants, we distinguish between words. Compare: ball - heat, count - goal, house - volume. Voiceless consonants are pronounced with their mouths closed; when pronouncing them, the vocal cords do not work. For voiced consonants, more air is needed, the vocal cords work.

Some consonants sound similar in the way they are pronounced, but pronounced with different tonality - dull or loud. Such sounds are combined into pairs and form a group of paired consonants. Accordingly, paired consonants are a pair of voiceless and voiced consonants.

  • paired consonants: b-p, w-f, g-k, d-t, z-s, zh-w.
  • unpaired consonants: l, m, n, p, y, c, x, h, sch.

Sonorous, noisy and hissing consonants

Sonorous - voiced unpaired consonants. Sonorous sounds 9: [’], [l], [l’], [m], [m ’], [n], [n’], [p], [p ’].
Noisy consonants are voiced and deaf:

  1. Noisy deaf consonants (16): [k], [k "], [n], [n"], [s], [s "], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x '], [q], [h'], [w], [u '];
  2. Noisy voiced consonants (11): [b], [b '], [c], [c'], [g], [g '], [d], [d'], [g], [z ], [h '].

Hissing consonants (4): [w], [h ’], [w], [w’].

Paired and unpaired consonants

Consonant sounds (soft and hard, deaf and voiced) are divided into paired and unpaired. The above tables show the division. Let's summarize everything with the scheme:


Scheme 2. Paired and unpaired consonants.

To be able to do phonetic analysis, in addition to consonants, you need to know

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound system of the language and the sounds of speech in general. Phonetics is the science of the combination of sounds in speech.

Phonetic analysis, or sound-letter analysis, is an analysis of the structure of syllables and the sound system of a word. This analysis is suggested to be performed as an exercise for educational purposes.

Analysis means:

  • counting the number of letters;
  • determination of the number of sounds in a word;
  • stress setting;
  • distribution of sounds into consonants and vowels;
  • classification of each sound;
  • drawing up transcription (graphic form of the word).

When parsing it is important to distinguish between the concepts of "letter" and "sound". After all, the former correspond to spelling rules, and the latter to speech ones (that is, sounds are analyzed in terms of pronunciation).

Before proceeding with the sound-letter analysis, you should remember

There are ten vowel sounds in Russian:

The first five indicate that the preceding consonant is hard, while the second is soft.

And twenty-one consonant sounds:

voiced unpaired sounds [Th ’] [L] [M] [H] [R]
voiceless unpaired [X] [C] [H ’] [Щ ’]
voiced paired [B] [IN] [D] [D] [F] [Z]
deaf paired [P] [F] [TO] [T] [W] [FROM]

Voiced consonants are called consonants that are formed with the participation of sound, and deaf ones - with the help of noise. Paired consonants are those consonants that form a voiceless / voiced pair. For example, [B] / [P], [B] / [F], [G] / [K]. Unpaired - those that do not form a pair: [L], [M], [P].

When phonetic analysis of a word, it is worth remembering that the consonants [Ч ’], [Щ’], [Y ’] are always soft, regardless of which vowel forms a syllable with them. The consonants [Ж], [Ш] and [Ц] are always solid.

[Y ’], [L], [L’], [M], [M ’], [N], [N’], [R], [R ’] are sonorous sounds. This means that when pronouncing these consonants, the sound is formed mainly by voice, but not by noise. All sonorous sounds are voiced.

The Russian alphabet also contains the letters L, B. They make no sound. B (soft sign) serves to soften the consonants after which it is placed. B (solid sign) has a separating function.

Parsing rules for sounds

  1. The transcription is written in square brackets:.
  2. The softness of the sound is indicated by the symbol ''.
  3. Before the deaf, voiced consonants are deafened: nails - [noct'i].
  4. The sounds [s], [z] in word prefixes are softened: to disconnect - [raz'y'ed'in'it '].
  5. Some consonants are not readable in words: bone - [inert '].
  6. The combination of letters "mid", "zch" reads like "uh": happiness - [sh'ast'ye'e].
  7. The doubled consonant is denoted ":": gradual - [past'ip'en: th ''].

Sample of sound-letter parsing of a word

  1. Write a word according to the spelling rules.
  2. Divide the word into syllables.
  3. Indicate the stressed syllable.
  4. Say the word out loud and transcribe it based on this.
  5. Describe the vowel sounds in order, designate which of them are stressed and which are unstressed. Describe consonants. Describe them: paired / unpaired, voiced / voiceless, hard / soft.
  6. Count the number of sounds and letters in a word.

How to make phonetic parsing of a word correctly?

Is a characteristic of the structure of syllables and the composition of a word from sounds.

Memo

Phonetic parsing plan

  1. Spell the word spelling correctly.
  2. Divide the word into syllables and find the place of stress.
  3. Mark the possibilities of word hyphenation by syllables.
  4. Phonetic transcription of the word.
  5. Characterize all sounds in order: a. consonant - voiced - voiceless (paired or unpaired), hard or soft, what letter it is designated by; b. vowel: stressed or unstressed.
  6. Count the number of letters and sounds.
  7. Mark cases where the sound does not match the letter.

Samples phonetic parsing:

I really like to eat carrots.

Phonetic analysis of the word love:

  1. love
  2. any - lЮ (the stress falls on the second syllable, 2 syllables)
  3. love
  4. [l "ubl" y]
  5. L - [l "] consonant, soft, voiced and unpaired;
    Yu - [y] - vowel and unstressed;
    B - [b] - consonant, solid, voiced and paired
    L - [l "] - consonant, soft, voiced and unpaired;
    Yu - [y] - vowel and stressed
  6. The word has 5 letters and 5 sounds.

Phonetic parsing of the word carrot:

  1. carrot
  2. sea-cov (the stress falls on the second syllable, 2 syllables).
  3. Transfer: carrot
  4. [markoff "]
  5. M - [m] - consonant, hard, voiced and unpaired.
    O - [a] - vowel and unstressed.
    P - [p] - consonant, hard, voiced and unpaired.
    K - [k] - consonant, hard, voiceless and paired.
    O - [o] - vowel and stressed.
    B - [f "] - consonant, soft, voiceless and paired.
    B —————————–
  6. The word has 7 letters and 6 sounds.
  7. o - a, b - a dull sound f, b softens c.

Phonetic transcription video

Useful Tips:

  • When doing phonetic analysis, you need to say the word out loud.
  • It is important to always check the transcription.
  • Be sure to pay attention to spelling in phonetic analysis.
  • Also pay attention to sounds that are pronounced in weak positions, such as: a confluence of consonants or a confluence of vowels, hissing consonants, unpaired consonants for hardness and softness or voiced and voiceless.

You may also need

In a word online:
1.2 syllables (on-line, on-line);
2.the stress falls on the 2nd syllable: online

  • 1st option

1 ) Transcription of the word "online": [ʌнла́ j❜н].


LETTER/
[SOUND]		SOUND CHARACTERISTICS
about - [ʌ] - vowel, unstressed; see below. Section 32.
n - [n] - acc., firm. (pair), The sound [n] is pronounced softly only before soft [t❜], [d❜], [n❜], [h❜], [w ❜].
l - [l] - acc., firm. (pair), ringing. (unpaired), sonorous. The sound [л] is unpaired voiced, so it is pronounced in the same way as it is written. Before letters and, about, at, eh, s syllables paired in hardness-softness are always pronounced firmly.
and - [and ] - vowel, shock; see below. § fifteen.
th - - acc. to soft. (unpaired), ringing. (unpaired), sonorous. Before the sonorant, the deaf do not make voices (see Musatov V.N., p. 73).See § 69 below.
n - [n] - acc., firm. (pair), ringing. (unpaired), sonorous. At the end of a word, sound substitution occurs only in voiced pairs.At the end of a word, all consonants, except for unpaired soft ones ([ch❜], [u❜], [y]), are pronounced firmly.

6 letters, 6 sounds

Customization

PRUNING RULES 1

§ 15

§ 15. Letter and denotes a struck vowel [a] in the following positions: a) at the beginning of a word: act, arka, ali; b) after the vowels: zahahat, pohahat; c) after hard consonants: there, I will, myself, din, you, poppy, bak, marriage, step, za ba, prank, pity; d) after soft hissing [h] and [u]: hour, bob, swing, thank you.

§ 32

§ 32. In the 1st pre-stressed syllable, after hard consonants, except for vowels [s] and [y], and at the beginning of a word, except for vowels [and] and [y] (about them, see §§ 5-13), is pronounced vowel [a]. The vowel [a] in this position in the letter is denoted by the letter I or o.

Thus, in place of the letters a and o, the vowel [a] is pronounced: 1) after solid consonants: a) sadý, gifts, mala, pashu, old k, grass; naughty, hut, fry, hot, king of snakes, scratch; b) wateŕ (pronounced [wadá]), nogá (pronounced [nagá]), thunderstorm (pronounced [grazá]), polý (pronounced [pal❜ á]), sea (pronounced [mar❜ á]), stolý (pronounced [ staly]), fruits (pronounced [pladý]), please (pronounced [prashú]), gone (pronounced [pashó l]), driver (pronounced [shaf❜ ó r), juggler (pronounced [zhangl❜ ó r]); 2) at the beginning of the word: a) pharmacy, armena, arshin, akkord, ambar; b) window (pronounced [aknoно]), odin (pronounced [adin]), cucumber (pronounced [agurchik]), asins (pronounced [asyny]), clothes (pronounced [ad't❜]) ...

The vowel [a] of the 1st pre-stressed syllable is somewhat different from the stressed [a]: when pronounced, the lower jaw is pubescent, the mouth solution is narrower, the back of the tongue is slightly raised. Therefore, for more accurate transcription these sounds should be distinguished, for example, to designate unstressed [o] use the sign Λ, keeping the letter a for the percussion [a]: [vΛdaда] (water). In this reference dictionary, the letter a is used to designate both unstressed [a] (more precisely [Λ], and [a] percussion.

§ 69

§ 69. The consonants [h], [u], [f❜ zh❜], [d] are only soft. There are special letters for the sounds [ч] and [Щ] in Russian graphics h and u: Wed chin, chan, chub, chöln (pronounced [choln]), rabble, shit, pike, silk (pronounced [shol'lk]), chip, food. However, the consonant [ш] is also denoted in writing by combinations of mid, zch and some others (see § 124 for this): counting (pronounced [schoot], izvozchik (pronounced [votoschik]).

1 Pronouncing dictionary Russian: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S.N. Borunova, V.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Eskova; Ed. R.I. Avanesov. - 4th ed., Erased. - M .: Rus. language, 1988 .-- 704 p ..