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When two sounds are written in phonetic analysis. What do the letters e, e, yu, i mean

\u003e\u003e Russian language grade 5 \u003e\u003e Russian language: The dual role of letters I, yu, e, e

DOUBLE ROLE OF THE LETTERS I, YU, E, Y.

Some letters can represent one or two sounds.

Letters e, e, y, iafter the consonants in the word, they denote one sound: [e], [o], [y], [a] and indicate the softness of this consonant: seed - [with "e" m "a].

In other cases (at the beginning of a word, after vowels and after separating b and b) letters e, e, y, i denote two sounds: [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya] - judge [judgment ya] Therefore, the number of letters and sounds in words is not always the same.

Did you know?

In the history of the Russian language, the combination of sounds [yo] in writing was conveyed in different ways: yo, io, io.

A famous Russian writer and historian Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826) for this sound combination invented the letter yo.

Compare!

1. Compare the letter combinations in the left and right columns. Are there special letters for such combinations? If there is,

write these letters.

[ay] - ... [ya] - ...
[oh] - ... [yo] - ...
[yu] - ... [yu] - ...
[hey] - ... [yeh] - ...

2. Saying words slowly, tell which of them the letter i transmits two sounds [ya], and in which - one [a].

Month, five, January, memory, name, time, bench, family, September, apple.

3. Write out the highlighted words. Underline the letters her and indicate how many sounds they represent.

Sing, friends, after all hike tomorrow
Let's go to pre-dawn fog.
Let's sing more fun, let us sing along
Gray-haired combat captain.
(A. Churkin)

4. Do you know Russian names starting with letters e, y, i? Write them down. How many sounds do these initial letters represent?

5. Say the words slowly. Count how many letters and how many sounds there are. Justify your conclusion.

Flight, pouring; sat down, ate; poison, hell; Kolya, stakes; field, pour; seed, family; dine, eat.

N.F. Baladina, K.V. Degtyareva, S.A. Lebedenko. Russian language grade 5

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Phonetics - This is a section of the science of language, in which sounds and their alternations are studied, as well as impact, intonation, syllabic section.

Graphic arts - This is a section of the science of language, in which the outlines of the letters of the alphabet and their relationship with the sounds of speech are studied.

Modern russian alphabet consists of 33 letters, 10 of which are intended to denote vowels and, accordingly, are called vowels. 21 consonants are used to denote consonants. In addition, in modern Russian there are two letters that are not sounds do not mean: b(hard mark) b (soft sign).

Vowel and consonant sounds

All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants.

1. Vowel sounds - these are the sounds that are formed with the participation of the voice. There are six of them in Russian: [a], [e], [i], [o], [y], [s].

2. Consonant sounds - these are sounds that are formed with the participation of voice and noise or only noise.

and)Consonants are divided into hard and soft... Most hard and soft consonants form hard-to-soft pairs: [b] - [b ′], [c] - [c ′], [d] - [z ′], [d] - [d ′], [h] - [h ′], [k] - [k ′], [l] - [l ′], [m] - [m ′], [n] - [n ′], [n] - [n ′], [p] - [p ′], [c] - [c ′], [t] - [t ′], [φ] - [φ ′], [x] - [x ′] (the apostrophe at the top right means softnessconsonant sound). For example, bow - [bow] and hatch - [bow].

b)Some consonants do not have correlative pairs but hardness-softness, that is, there are unpaired solid consonants [g], [w], [c] (ie they are always only solid) and unpaired soft consonants [w ′], [d], [h] (ie, they are always only soft).

Notes:

  • it is not customary to denote softness with an apostrophe for the sounds [y], [h], although in some textbooks it is indicated;
  • the sound [w ′] is indicated in the letter by the letter u;
  • the bar above denotes doubled (long) sound... For example, cheek - [sh ′ ika], thicket - [bowl ′ a], bath - [van a], cash desk - [cas a]. Some textbooks indicate long consonants so: [van: a] - bath.

in)The consonants formed with the participation of voice and noise are called voiced (for example, [d], [d ′], [h], [h ′], etc.); if only noise participates in the formation of sounds, then such sounds are called deaf consonants (for example, [t], [t ′], [c], [c ′], etc.). Most voiced and voiceless consonants in Russian form pairs of voiced-deafness: [b] - [n], [b] - [n], [c] - [φ], [c] - [φ], [z] - [k], [z] - [k ′], [d] - [m], [d ′] - [m ′], [h] - [c], [h ′] - [c ′], [g] - [w]. Wed: beat - drink, year - cat, live - sew.

d)The sounds [y], [l], [l ′], [m], | m ′], [n], [n ′], [p], [p ′] do not form a correlative pair with voiceless consonants, hence they are unpaired voiced(unpaired voiced consonants are also called sonorous, these are sounds in the formation of which both voice and noise participate). Conversely, voiceless consonants that are not paired with voiced consonants are unpaired deaf... These are the sounds [h], [c], [x], [x ′].

3. In a speech stream, the sound of one sound can be like the sound of another sound. This phenomenon is called assimilation... So, in the word life the sound [z], standing next to the soft [n ′], also softens, and we get the sound [z ′]. Thus, the pronunciation of the word a life is written like this: [zhz′n ′]. The convergence of sound is also possible for sounds paired in voicing-deafness. So, voiced consonants in a position in front of deafs and at the end of a word sound close to paired deafs. Hence, there is stunning consonants. For example, boat - lo [t] ka, fairy tale - ska [s] ka, carriage [s]. The opposite is also possible, when voiceless consonants in a position in front of the bells also become voiced, that is voiced... For example, mowing - ko [z ′] ba, request - about [z ′] ba.

Indicating the softness of consonants in writing

In Russian, the softness of consonants is indicated in the following ways:

1. Using a letter b (soft sign) at the end of a word and in the middle between consonants: benefit - [pol′za], elk - [los ′], etc.

Note. The soft sign does not indicate the softness of the consonants in the following cases:

a) if it serves to separate consonants, the second of which th(iot): leaves - fox [t′ya], white - be [l′yo];

b) to distinguish between grammatical categories: rye (3 fold, f) - knife (2 fold, f);

c) to distinguish the forms of words (after hissing): read (2 l., singular), cut (form of imperative mood), help (indefinite form of glago-la), as well as adverbs: gallop, supine.

2. Through lettersand,e, e, y, i, indicating the softness of the preceding consonant sound and transmitting vowel sounds [and], [e], [o], [y], [a]: forest - [l′es], honey - [m′ot], lil - [l'il], hatch - [l'uk], crumpled - [m'al].

3. With the help of subsequent soft consonants: screw - [v′int′t′ik], plum - [s′l′iva].

The sound meaning of the letters e, yo, yu, i

1. Letters e, e, yu, i can meantwo sounds: [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya]. This happens in the following cases:

  • at the beginning of a word: for example, spruce - [ye] l, hedgehog - [yo] f, yula - [yu] la, yama - [ya] ma;
  • after the vowel sound: washes - mo [ye] t, sings - by [yo] t, give - yes [yu] t, bark - la [ya] t;
  • after dividing b, b: eat - eat [ye] m, drink - p [yo] t, pour - l [yu] t, zealous - ry [ya] ny.

In addition, after the separation b two sounds would represent a letter and: nightingales - nightingale [yi].

2. The letters e, e, yu, i indicate the softness of the preceding consonant in the position after consonants, paired in hard-to-reach-softness: fur - [m′eh], nes - [n′os], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].

Memo:

  • Sounds [y], [l], [m], [n], [p] - voiced (do not have a pair of voiced-deafness)
  • Sounds [x], [c], [h], [sh ′] - deaf (do not have a pair of hard-reach-softness)
  • Sounds [w], [w], [c] are always solid.
  • The sounds [y], [h], [sh ′] are always soft.

Phonetic analysis words (sound-letter analysis of a word) Is the analysis of a word, which consists in the characteristic syllabic structure and sound composition the words; phonetic analysis of a word involves elements of graphical analysis. Word for phonetic parsing in school textbooks denoted by the number 1: for example, earth 1 .

When conducting phonetic parsing of a word, it is imperative to pronounce the word aloud. It is impossible to automatically translate an alphabetic recording into a sound one, this leads to errors. It must be remembered that it is not the letters that are characterized, but the sounds of the word.

Phonetic order(sound-letter) parsing words (according to school tradition):

1. Write down the given word, divide it into syllables, orally indicate the number of syllables.

2. Put stress on the word.

3. Write down the phonetic transcription of the word (we write the word in letters in a column, opposite each letter we write the sound in square brackets).

4. Describe the sounds (put a dash in front of each sound and write its characteristics, separating them with commas):

  • characteristics of a vowel sound: we indicate that the sound is a vowel; percussion or non-percussion;
  • characteristics of a consonant sound: we indicate that the sound is a consonant; hard or soft, sonorous or dull. You can also indicate paired or unpaired in hard-reach-softness, voiced-deafness.

5. Specify the number of sounds and letters.

Phonetic samples(sound-letter) parsing a word(a basic level of)

Earth - earth
z [z ′] - consonant, soft, voiced
e [and] - vowel, unstressed
m [m] - consonant, solid, voiced
l [l ′] - consonant, soft, voiced
e [e] - vowel, stressed
__________
5 letters, 5 sounds

Turn black - black-né-yut
h [h] - consonant, soft, voiceless
e [and] - vowel, unstressed
p [p] - consonant, solid, voiced
n [n ′] - consonant, soft, voiced
e [e] - vowel, stressed
yu [y] - consonant, soft, voiced
[y] - vowel, unstressed
t [t] - consonant, hard, voiceless.
___________
7 letters, 8 sounds

Physical minute.

Open the tutorial on page 48

Exercise # 30

Consider the pictures, name the objects depicted. (ate, hedgehog, berries, whirligig)

Write these words in a notebook and divide them into syllables?

Guys, how do you know how many syllables are in a word? (There are as many vowels as there are vowels in a word.)

And for the board will go ...

Checking.

E-li (2 syllables), hedgehog (1 syllable), i-go-dy (3 syllables), yu-la (2 syllables)

Raise your hand, who has the same?

How many letters are there in the 1st syllable of each word? (one)

What are these letters? (yo, e, i, y)

Remember the difference between a sound and a letter? (sounds are pronounced, letters are written.)

Today we will learn about one more role of the letters e, e, i, y.

Say the word ate, how many sounds do you hear in the first syllable? (2)

What kind? (yeah)

In the word hedgehog, what are the first sounds? (yo)

And in the word berries, what are the first sounds? (yah)

In the word whirligig, what are the first sounds? (yu)

Who guessed what the topic of the lesson was?

Our task today in the lesson is to find out when the letters e, e, i, y denote two sounds.

Continue saying: The letters e, e, yu, i, at the beginning of the word mean .... (2 sounds)

Could these letters represent two sounds in the middle of a word?

In order to answer this question, do Exercise 31

Exercise # 31

Read the words. At the beginning or in the middle of these words, the letters e, e, i, yu? (In the middle)

Write down these words with division into syllables and indicate which sounds in them represent the letters ё, e, I, yu,

Look at the board how you will do mak,

Let's continue. co-ro-ed, co-yuz, po-yo

Pay attention and tell me, after what sounds (vowels or consonants) the letters e, e, i, y denote two sounds? (after vowels)

Read the rule on pages 48 and 49.

How many vowels? (ten)

What about vowels? (6)

What vowels represent 2 sounds? (e, e, y, i)

When do they mean 2 sounds? (At the beginning of a word, after vowels)

Exercise # 32

Read the assignment.

What should you do in this exercise?

What does each sentence contain? (message)

What are these offers called? (narrative)

With what intonation are these sentences pronounced? (calmly)

Write down the riddle and the answer to it.

And what is it? (Apple)

Now underline the letters in the words that represent the two sounds.

Look at the board, did I underline the letters in the words correctly?

Correctly

Round e, room inoe,

Round e, rosy e,

I grow on in eweft.

I grow on a branch.

Any ii'm grown up e

Adults love me e

And little kids.

And small e kids.

(iblock)

(iblock)

What will be the ratio of sounds and letters in these words? (There will be more sounds than letters since the letters e, e, i, y denote 2 sounds. At the beginning of a word, after vowels)

Exercise # 33

Read the assignment.

Read these words.

How many sentences do you think can be made from these words?

What is the best word to start the first sentence with? (dropped out)

What was the 1st sentence? (The first snow fell)

What is the 2nd? (Zoya, Yakov and Julia are making a snowman)

Write down the sentences.

Now underline the iotated letters in the words, where they represent 2 sounds.

What words did the letters underline in? (Zo i, Ikov, YUla)

Why in these words the letters I, u have 2 sounds? (T. to the letter I, u are at the beginning of the word and after the vowel)

Exercise # 34

Read the assignment.

And now we answer the questions in writing and divide the words into syllables in the second sentence. (1 person per board)

Bel-ka hid in the hole-lo.

Let's summarize our lesson

What tasks were you interested in? What tasks caused difficulties?

The children's answers are heard.

Let's remember once again what is the secret of the letters e, e, y, i.

(these letters represent two sounds)

When the letters e, e, yu, i mean 2 sounds? (Stand at the beginning of a word, after the vowels.

Give examples (lay down, stove, meat, chandelier, lighthouse, cabin, whirligig, hare, mine, etc.)

Well done! Thank you all for your efforts!

Before proceeding to performing phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same.

Letters - these are letters, graphic symbols with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to convey meaning visually, we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read the letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

The list of all letters is just the alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a specific sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet is used:

  • 21 letters for consonants;
  • 10 letters - vowels;
  • and two: b (soft sign) and b (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, the word can use more lettersthan sounds. For example, "childish" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [c]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "U" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive the sounding speech by ear. Phonetic parsing of a word means the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is often called "sound-letter" analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of the phrase, united by a common verbal stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the spelling is correct:

  • black -\u003e [ч "О́рный"]
  • apple -\u003e [yablaka]
  • anchor -\u003e [yakar "]
  • tree -\u003e [yolka]
  • sun -\u003e [sonce]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly identify and distinguish between the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

  • phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets -;
  • a soft consonant is indicated by the transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
  • shock [´] - stress;
  • in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] is used - gravis (not practiced in the school curriculum);
  • the letters of the alphabet Y, Y, E, E, L and B are NEVER used in the transcription (in the curriculum);
  • for doubled consonants, [:] is used - the sign of the longitude of sound pronunciation.

Below are detailed rules for spelling, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing of words with examples online, in accordance with the school-wide norms of modern Russian. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic signs of vowels and consonant phonemes.

How to do phonetic parsing of a word?

The following scheme will help you carry out a letter analysis:

  • Write down the required word and say it out loud several times.
  • Count how many vowels and consonants it contains.
  • Indicate a stressed syllable. (Stress with intensity (energy) selects a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
  • Divide the phonetic word by syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable section in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
  • In transcription, sort the word by sound.
  • Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
  • In front of each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (as it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always the same as letters. The letters "b" and "b" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "u", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
  • Analyze each phoneme separately and separate its properties with commas:
    • for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; percussive or unstressed;
    • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and voiced-deafness.
  • At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is a sample of phonetic analysis for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'en'n'iye]. IN this example 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables here: I-vle′-no-e. The stress falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [y] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [v] - acc., paired hard, paired zv.l [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired ... sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, stressed [n '] - agree, paired soft., unpaired. zv., sonorous and [and] - vowel., unstressed [y] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorous [e] - vowel, unstressed ________________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word - 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" stand for two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. Further, a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their interrelationships and rules of transcription for sound-letter parsing is given.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are percussive and unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words is: hard - soft, sonorous - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easy to explain. A number of letters when participating in word formation can mean 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

  • [b] - cheerful and [b '] - squirrel;
  • or [d] - [d ']: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example, [h '] will always be soft. If you doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds unlike the melodic consonants, they flow freely from the larynx, as it were, in a chant, without obstacles and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. Conversely, the louder you try to pronounce the consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are there in Russian phonetics?

In Russian speech, fewer vowel phonemes are used than letters. There are six percussion sounds: [a], [and], [o], [e], [y], [s]. Let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, y. The vowels Е, Е, Ю, Я are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words in letters, stress falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of the exhalation, the increased duration of sounding and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis syllables with stressed vowel phonemes are much easier to draw. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retain its basic appearance is called strong position. This position can only be taken by impact sound and syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.

  • The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with greatest strength and duration.
  • A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less strength and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme "U" retains its unchangeable phonetic properties: ku ku ru za, tablet, u chu s, u lov, - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel "U" does not undergo a qualitative reduction. Attention: on the letter, the phoneme [y] can also be denoted by another letter "U": muesli [m'u ´sl'i], key [kl'u ´ch ’] and so on.

Parsing the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in the strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko 't'ik], bell [kalako' l'ch'yk], milk [malako'], eight [vo'c'im '], search [paisko' vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in '].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only a few foreign words: cocoa [cocoa "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra "dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter "ё" - [o]: turn [t'o'rn], fire [cas't'o'r]. It is also not difficult to parse the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of the Russian language

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after the stress is placed in the word. Do not forget about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamo" to and about the change of phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

  • I'm home [ya to ma].
  • New houses [but "vie da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than it is written:

  • mountains - mountain \u003d [go "ry] - [gara"];
  • he is online \u003d [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
  • testimonial \u003d [s'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative when the duration of the sound changes. And qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristics depending on the position:

  • primarily in relation to the stressed syllable;
  • at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
  • in naked syllables (consist of only one vowel);
  • by the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

So, differs 1st degree of reduction... It is exposed to:

  • vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
  • an overt syllable at the very beginning;
  • repetitive vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the "head" of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-local [n'iz'd'e'shn'iy].

(naked syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

  • ahead -di [fp'ir'i d'i'];
  • e-naturally-nno [yi s't'e's't'v'in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables with sound parsing refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called “second degree weak position”.

  • kiss [pa-tsy-la-wa't ’];
  • to model [ma-dy-l'i'-ra-wat '];
  • swallow [la'-sta -ch'ka];
  • kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-yy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in degrees: the second, third (after hard and soft consents, this is outside curriculum): to learn [uch'i'ts: a], to be numb [acyp'in'e't '], hope [over'e'zhda]. In literal analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable (\u003d at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:

  • cup;
  • goddess;
  • with songs;
  • turn.

Sound letter parsing: iotated sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], E - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is "Y"? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, Y, Y, Y is determined by their positional position.

With phonetic parsing, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

  • At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "U" always:
    • - hedgehog [yo' zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo'lach'ny], hedgehog [yo' zhyk], capacity [yo' mkast '];
    • - jeweler [yuv 'il'i'r], yula [yu la'], skirt [yu 'pka], Jupiter [yu p'i't'ir], briskness [yu ´rkas't'];
  • at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
    • - spruce [ye'l '], I go [ye' w: y], huntsman [ye' g'ir'], eunuch [ye' vuh];
    • - yacht [ya'khta], anchor [ya'kar '], yaki [ya'ki], apple [ya' blaka];
    • (* to perform sound-literal analysis of unstressed vowels "E" and "I", a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
  • in the position immediately after the vowel "E" and "U" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except for cases when these letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables in the middle of words. Online phonetic analysis and examples for specified cases:
    • - the receiver [pr'iyo'mn'ik], singing t [payot], pecking t [klyuyo ´t];
    • -yu rveda [ayu r'v'ed'da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [t'yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
  • after the dividing solid "b" the sign "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo'm], shooting [syo'mka], adjutant [adyu "ta'nt]
  • after the dividing soft "b" signs "E" and "U" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya'], brothers [brat'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya'na], blizzard [v'yu'ha], family [s'em'ya' ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is crucial. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound analysis of the remaining iotated ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels "E" and "I" denote two sounds in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

  • at the very beginning of a word:
    • - unity [yi d'in'e'n'i'ye], spruce [yil'vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i'ka], his [yivo'], egoza [yigaza'], Yenisei [yin'is 'hey], Egypt [yig'i'p'it];
    • - January [yi nva'rsky], core [yidro´], sarcastic [yiz'v'i´t '], label [yirli'k], Japan [yipo'n'iya], lamb [yign'o'nak ];
    • (The only exceptions are rare foreign-language word forms and names: Caucasian [ye wrap'io'idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge'ny, European [ye wrap'e'yits], diocese [ye] par'archia, etc.).
  • immediately after the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllables, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
    • timely [svayi vr'e'm'ina], trains [payi zda '], we will eat [payi d'i'm], run over [nayi w: a't'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi ts], students [uch'a'sh'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe'n'iyi mi], vanity [suyi ta'],
    • bark [la'yi t '], pendulum [ma'yi tn'ik], hare [z'yi ts], belt [po'yi s], declare [zayi v'i't'], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
  • after a dividing hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i't], express [izyi v'i't '], announcement [abyi vl'e'n'iye], edible [this is good].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "hiccups", and for the Moscow school "hiccups". Previously, the iotrated "Yo" was pronounced with a more accented "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to the Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel "I" under stress and without stress is sounded differently: fair [ya ´rmarka], but an egg [yi yzo´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's carry out a sample of sound-letter online parsing: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on k'r'yi 'x "socks], rabbit [kro'l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], nobody's [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [l´s'yi]. But: Vowel "O" after a soft sign "B" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotation can be heard: broth [bul'o'n], pavilion n [pav'il'o'n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotine, karagno la, minion n and others.

Phonetic parsing of words when the vowels "U" "E" "Y" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

  • sound units "E" "U" "E" are in under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
    • yo - [o],
    • e - [e],
    • yu - [y].
    Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho 'lk], whole [whole], recipe [r'itse'ft], pearl [zhe'mch'uk], six [she'st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
  • The letters "I" "U" "E" "E" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. The only exception is for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in shock position they form one vowel sound:
    • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey mushroom [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [rib ' o'nak];
    • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e'n '], mirror [z'e'rkala], smarter [umn'e' ye], conveyor [canv'e' yir];
    • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a'ta], softly [m'a'hka], oath [k'a'tva], took [v'a'l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
    • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u'f], people [l'u'd'am], gateway [shl'u'c], tulle [t'u'l '], costume [kas't 'y'm].
    • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening has ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the XX century. In such cases, when you make phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate'l '], shoulder strap [br'ite'l'ka], test [te'st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], mashed potatoes [p'ure´], ambre [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet 't].
  • Attention! After soft consonants in pre-stressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [and] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - zerno [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], ve sely [v'i s'o'ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i't], forest [l'i sleep'y], metitsa [m'i t'e'l'itsa], per po [p'i ro'], brought weak [pr' in'i sl'], knit [v'i z't '], la gat [l'i g't'], five grater [p'i t'o'rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow meets obstacles. They are formed by the organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hiss, whistle or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian?

In the alphabet, they use 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

  • hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
    • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
    • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in yun,
    • [g] - [g ']: city - duke,
    • [d] - [d ']: da acha - d elfin,
    • [z] - [z ']: z von - z ethere,
    • [to] - [to ’]: to onfeta - to yangaroo,
    • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - luks,
    • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
    • [n] - [n ']: new - n ectar,
    • [p] - [p ’]: p alma-p yosik,
    • [p] - [p ’]: pomashka - p poison,
    • [s] - [s ’]: s ovenir - yurprise,
    • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t yulpan,
    • [f] - [f ']: f lag - f evral,
    • [x] - [x ’]: x nut - x seeker.
  • Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired include:
    • the sounds [f], [c], [w] are always solid (life, cycl, mouse);
    • [h ’], [uch’] and [th ’] are always soft (daughter, more often yours).
  • The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

The consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

It is possible to determine voicedness-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the involvement of the organs of articulation.

  • Sonorous (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they contain a maximum of voice and a little noise: lev, rai, nol.
  • If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and a noise are formed, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.) in front of you: zavod, b people o, z n.
  • When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords are not strained, only noise is emitted: st opka, f ishk a, kost yum, ts irk, zashit.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of the formation: bow (b, p, d, t) - gap (w, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), front-lingual (t, d, z, s, c, w, w, sch, h, n, l, r), middle-lingual (d), posterior-lingual (k, g, x) ... The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you're just starting out with phonetic parsing, try pressing your palms to your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound under investigation is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For an associative connection, remember the phrases: "Oh, we haven't forgotten a friend." - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding soft-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some shchets? - Fi! " - similarly, these cues contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant, like the vowel, undergoes changes. One and the same letter phonetically can mean a different sound, depending on the position occupied. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stunning / voicing

In a certain position, the phonetic law of deafness-voiced assimilation operates for consonants. A voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

  • at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but w [no'sh], snow [s'n'ek], vegetable garden [agaro't], club [klu'p];
  • before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n'izabu't ka], obh vatit [apkh vat'i't ’], tu ornik [ft o'rn'ik], pipe a [corpse a].
  • doing sound literal parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless paired consonant in front of a voiced consonant (except for [y '], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l '], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [p] - [p']) also voiced, that is, it is replaced with its own sonorous pair: surrender [zda'ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba'], threshing [malad 'ba'], request [pro'z'ba], guess [adgada't'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant is not combined with the subsequent voiced noisy one, except for the sounds [в] - [в ']: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both phonemes [s] and [s] is equally permissible.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-alphabetic analysis in the endings "-th", "-his" adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "Г" is transcribed as a sound [in]: red [krasnava], blue [s'i'n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [hell: 'il'i't'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced into sounds [d'd '], bessh clever [b'ish: u ´mny]. When parsing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination "GK" sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'oh'kh'k'iy], soft [m'ah'kh ' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

  • The softening of paired solid consonants occurs before "b";
  • the softness of a consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help to determine the following vowel letter (e, e, i, y, i);
  • [u ’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
  • the sound [n] is always softened before the soft consonants "Z", "S", "D", "T": claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'iceen'z' iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z'] spruce, face [n'z '] ia, ka [n'd'] idat, ba [n'd '] it, and [n'd'] ivid , blo [n'd '] in, stipe [n'd'] ia, ba [n't '] ik, vi [n't'] ik, zo [n't '] ik, ve [n' t '] il, a [n't'] ichny, ko [n't '] text, rem [n't'] irovat;
  • the letters "Н", "К", "Р" during phonetic analysis by composition can be softened before soft sounds [h '], [u']: glass ik [stack'n'ch'ik], change ik [sm'e ′ N'sh'ik], ponch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'en'n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borsch [ borscht'];
  • often the sounds [z], [s], [p], [n] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation by hardness-softness: wall [s't'en'nka], life [zhyz'n '], here [ z'd'es'];
  • in order to correctly perform the sound-letter analysis, take into account the words of the exception, when the consonant [p] is pronounced firmly in front of the soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’]: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, in square brackets, a [-] dash is placed opposite the letter "b".

Positional changes of paired voiced-voiceless in front of hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, you need to take them into account positional changes... Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before hissing (f, w, w, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

  • Alphabetic analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: come [pr'iye'zhzhii], rebellion [vash e'stv'iye], izzh elta [i'zhzh elta], squeeze [zh a'l'its: and].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you must denote one of the repetitive sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

  • Combinations of letters with a hissing "szh" - "zzh" are pronounced as a double hard consonant [w:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - as [w:]: squeezed, sew, without a tire, got in.
  • Combinations "zzh", "zzh" inside the root during sound-letter parsing is written in transcription as a long consonant [w:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
  • The combinations "mid", "zch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced like a long soft [ш ':]: score [ш': о´т], scribe, customer.
  • At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place of "mid", "zch" is transcribed as [uch'ch ']: without number [b'esh' h 'isla´], with something [uch'ch' emta] ...
  • In the sound-letter parsing of the combination "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes is defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o'ch': hic], molodch ik [little'h ': ik], report [ach ': o´t].

Cheat sheet for the assimilation of consonants at the place of education

  • nt → [ny ':]: happiness [ni': a's't'ye], sandstone [n'isch ': a'n'ik], peddler [razno'sh': uk], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clean up;
  • zch → [uch ’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: uk], loader [gr’sch ’: uk], storyteller [raskash’: uk];
  • zh → [u ':]: defector [p'ir'ibe' u': uk], man [musch ': i'na];
  • shh → [u ':]: freckled [v'isn'shch': amy];
  • stch → [u ':]: tougher [jo'sh': e], whip, snap;
  • zd → [uch ':]: buster [abye'sh'': uk], furrowed [baro'sh'': ity];
  • ssch → [ny':]: split [rasch ': ip'i't'], generous [rasch ': edr'ils'a];
  • vain → [ch'ch ']: to split off [ach'sh' ip'it '], to snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat '], in vain [ch'ch' etna], thoroughly [h ' sh 'at'el'na];
  • pt → [h ’:]: report [ach’: o′t], homeland [ach ’: izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'h’: it’s];
  • dch → [h ’:]: underline [pach’: o'rk'ivat ’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
  • squeeze → [w:]: squeeze [w: a't ’];
  • zzh → [f:]: get rid of [ilh: y't ’], ignite [ro'zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a't’];
  • ssh → [w:]: brought [pr'in'o'sh: th], embroidered [rush: y'ty];
  • zsh → [w:]: lower [n'ish: y'y]
  • thu → [pcs], in word forms with "what" and its derivatives, making a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about'by], not for anything [n'e ′ zasht a], something [ piece about n'ibut '], something;
  • thu → [h't] in other cases of literal analysis: dreamer [m'ich't a't'il '], mail [po'ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't' e'n ' iye] and so on;
  • chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'eshn a ′], boring [sku'shn a ′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc .;
  • chn → [ch'n] - alphabetic analysis for all other options: fabulous [skazach'n], dacha [da'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i'ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc .;
  • ! zhd → in place of the letter combination "zhd", double pronunciation and transcription [ш ’] or [pcs’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it are permissible: rainy, rain.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. In order to correctly perform phonetic parsing online, an unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than the number of letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

  • "T" - in combinations:
    • stn → [sn]: local [m'es'n'y], reed [trans'n''i'k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words flattering, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participatory, well-known, rainy, furious and others;
    • stl → [sl]: happy ive [sch ': asl ’i'vy"], happy ive, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and post, in them the letter "T" is pronounced);
    • ntsk → [nsk]: giant [g'iga'nsk'y], agency, presidential;
    • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat me [vyes: a], I swear [cl'a´s: a];
    • sts → [s:]: tourist cue [tour'i's: c'y], maximalist cue [max'imal'i's: c'y], racist [ras'is: c'y] , bests yeller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
    • ntg → [ng]: roentgen [r'eng ’e'n];
    • “–Sat”, “–sat” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile'ts: a], wash [my'ts: a], looks, fits, bows, shaves, suits;
    • ts → [c] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'iy], fraternal [bra'tskiy];
    • ts → [c:] / [cs]: sports men [sparts: m'en'n], send [acs yyl'at '];
    • tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic parsing online is written as a long "ts": bratz a [bra'ts: a], father to drink [ats: yp'i't '], to father u [to ac: y´];
  • "D" - when parsing the sounds in the following letter combinations:
    • zdn → [zn]: late [pos'z'n 'iy], starry [z'v'o'zniy], festive ik [pra'z'n' ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm ' e'zn th];
    • ndsh → [nsh]: mouthsh tuk [munsh tu'k], landsh aft [lansh a'ft];
    • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala'nsk'ii], Thai [thaila'nsk''ii], Norman [narma'nsk''ii];
    • zd → [ss]: under the bridle [pad usts'];
    • ndc → [nts]: dutch [gala'ants];
    • rdc → [rts]: heart e [s'e'rts e], heart of evin [s'irtz yv'i'na];
    • rdch → [rch "]: heart ishko [s'erch 'and'shka];
    • dts → [c:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in the roots, are pronounced and, when parsing the sound, the word is written as double [c]: punch [pats: ep'i't '], twenty [two'ts: yt'] ;
    • ds → [c]: factory [zavats k'y], family [rats], means [sr'e'ts tva], Kislovods k [k'islavots k];
  • "L" - in combinations:
    • lnz → [nts]: suns e [so'nts e], suns state;
  • "B" - in combinations:
    • vstv → [st] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'stv a], feelings [ch'u'stv 'inas't'], pampering about [ballast o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in: th].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonants "stk", "ntk", "zdk", "ndk", the phoneme [t] is not allowed to fall out: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, irish, tartan.

  • Two identical letters immediately after a stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:] when parsing literally: class, bath, mass, group, program.
  • Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tanel '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic parsing of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book ". M. 1959

References:

  • Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
  • Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. - Education, M .: 1967
  • Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Russian spelling rules with comments.
  • Tutorial. - "Institute for Advanced Studies of Educators", Tambov: 2012
  • Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Reference book on spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word by sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of the school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.