Vowel harmony or something that is essential in Turkish. Equivalent to the verb "to be

Interpretation of vowel phonemes In ancient times of paganism, the art of eloquence was considered magical and belonged to the gifts of the immortal gods. Knowing the true names of things, according to the same views, it was possible to control the world. We would advise "lyricists" to contact

The harmony, or use, of vowels occurs in a row.

The vowel row of the first syllable has an impact.

IN simple word there are vowels of only one row - or non-front ones:

steam -good, good
colmo -three
kudo - house;

Or the front ones:

vele - village
kevkstems - ask
pidems - cook.

In complex words, this pattern may not be observed:

who are - sixteen, from kemen ten + koto - six;
codegemen - sixty of koto six + kemen ten.

Vowel harmony is disturbed by the following circumstances:

1) soft consonants. If a soft consonant occurs in a word with non-front vowels, it changes the row of the next vowel to the front:

kudosonzolinec - we were at his house;

2) the behavior of the vowels a, and, s in non-first syllables. These sounds in this position do not obey the vowel harmony:

or it can follow the front vowel: sir - acorn;
and, s - behind the non-front vowels: wands - tomorrow;

3) the phenomenon of morphonology. Some suffixes do not obey vowel harmony and have only one variation:

suffix dativa -nen / nen: kudonen - at home;
plural definiteness suffix -not / ne: panartne - these shirts, veletne - these villages.

In accordance with the harmony of vowels and the softness / hardness of consonants, most suffixes have two or more variants.

For instance:

Inessiva suffix -so / -se:
kudoso - in home, velese - in the village;

The abessive suffix -automo / -theme / -tomo / -theme / -theme:

kudovtomo - without a home
velevteme - without a village
saltomo - no salt
kedteme - without a hand
virezteme - without the lamb;

Suffix ablative - -do / -de / -de / -to / -te / -te:

kudodo-about the house
velede - about the village
virezde - about the lamb
oshto - about the city
sekste - about autumn
levkste - about the baby.
the pronunciation of consonants and their combinations

Final voiced consonants are not stunned:

after all (in, ed,) - water.

When inflating, stunning is possible:

valgoms-roll - go down, go down,
lead (in, fl, t,) - water,
lead (in, et, t, e) about water, water,

but: virezde (v, ir, ezde) - about the lamb.

After the sonoric, instead of s, s, s, s, z, affricates c, c, dz, dz, j can be pronounced:

mons (mon, c,) - I myself,
panjoms (pan joms) - open,
inze (in dzher) - raspberry,
yarsams (yartsams) - eat, eat.

However, there is also the preservation of these sounds:

(mon, s,), (in, s, hey).

Combinations (ts, t, s, ds, d, s,) in the middle and end of a word sound like affricates c, c,:

kands (kan, c,) - he brought,
tones (tonavts,) - he taught.

Whistling can and persist:

(kan, s,),
(toneavs,).

In combinations of noisy consonants, all components are the same in voicing / voicelessness:

or all deaf:

cakes - gender,
chaksha - a pot,
moth - dry,
summer - wet;

or all voiced:

kedge - dishes,
lezamo - help,
witch - on water.

At the junctions of words, stems and suffixes, suffixes, a number of consonant changes occur in voicing / voicelessness.

1. A dull sound turns into a ringing one:

a) in compound words:

the first word ends in voiced, the second begins with voiceless, which turns into voiced:

weigelbe (veig, el, b, e) - verst, kilometer from weigel voice + ne end;
yondol (yondol) - lightning from yong - dexterous, side + tol - the fire;

b) at the junction of two words, if they are not separated by a pause during pronunciation:

tseran panard (c, oran, banar) - men's shirt,
velen teiter (v, el, en, d, ey, er,) - a country girl.

2. The voiced sound turns into a dull sound (d-t, d, -t, z-s, z, -s, z-k, zh-w) or drops out:

a) when conjugating a verb:

before the 1st person plural suffix. numbers - tano / tano and before the 2nd person plural suffix. numbers -tado / tyado

candoms candtano (cantano)
(carry) kandtado (kantado)

paidems peidtyano (p, ayt, ano)
(smile, laugh) paytyado (p, ayt, ado)

gozoms coztano (costano)
(cough) goztado (costado)

kuzems Kuztyano (kus, t, ano)
(climb, climb) kuztyado (kus, t, ado)

valgoms valgtano (valctano)
(descend) valgtado (valktado)

pujoms puzhtano (pushtano)
(wither) pujtado (pushtado)

Before the imperative suffix sing. numbers -t / t:

kandt (kant) - carry,
payt (p, eyt,) - laugh,
goat (cost) - cough,
kuzt (kus, t,) - rise,
valgt (roll) - go down,
pujt (pusht) - fade;

b) with the formation of a plural:

tarad is a branch,
taradt (taratt) - branches,

ked - hand,
kedt (k, et, t,) - hands,

kuz - spruce,
kuzt (bush) - ate,

kezh - anger, anger
kezht (k, esht,) - plural

c) when declining, for example, before the suffix -tomo / -theme / -theme:

taradtomo (tarattomo) - without a branch,
kedteme (k, et, t, uh, e) - without an arm,
kuztomo (kustoomo),
rivezteme (r, iv, es, t, uh, e) - without a fox,
kezhteme (k, esht, uh, e) - without anger.

There are cases when the suffix changes its voicing under the influence of the final sound of the stem:

suffix -do / -de / -de / -to / -te / -te:

Do / -de / -de is used after vowels and voiced consonants, except for d, d,:

kudo - house,
kudodo - about the house,

vele - a village,
velede - about the village,

kuz - spruce,
kuzdo - about eating,

virez - lamb,
virezde - about the lamb;

To / -te / -te follows voiceless consonants, after d, d, which are deafened at the same time (see examples above):

chaksh - a pot,
cakshto - about the pot,

hooked - autumn,
sekste - about autumn,

pix - rope,
pikste - about the rope;

suffix -ha / -ka:

Ha appears after voiced consonants, - ka - after deaf ones:

vir - forest,
virga - through the forest,

lei - river
leiga - along the river,

san - lived,
sanga - by vein,

cakes - floor,
kiyakska - on the floor,

lax - slit,
laskka - along the crack;

d) when forming new words using suffixes:

The transition of the final voiced consonant in the voiceless stem is transmitted in the spelling:

ked - hand,
ketks - bracelet,

risnams - to worry,
risk - sadness

visdems - to be ashamed, ashamed,
visks - shame;

For the sonorant consonant of the base, the voiceless consonant of the suffix can be voiced or preserved:

molems - go,
moltyano (they say, t, ano) or (they say, d, ano) - let's go,

wanoms - watch
vantano (vantano) or (vandano) - look,

simems - to drink,
simtyano (s, imt, ano) or (s, imd, ano) - we drink;

Final n, n, before the plural suffix are not pronounced:

break (lomat, t,) - people,
narmunt (narmut, t,) - birds.

When sibilants or sibilants and sibilants meet at the junction of the stem and the suffix or two suffixes, the previous s, s, z, z, sometimes turn into d:

goats (kois,) - he coughed,
lazso (layse) - a board,
lassto (layte) - from the board,
lazz (lays) - into the board,

picse - with a rope,
pixte - made of rope.

Lesson vocabulary

ağaç - tree
deniz - sea
doktor - doctor
dünya - the world, the universe
göz - eye
gül - rose flower
hoş - good, good
kuş - bird
mektup - letter
müdür - Chief

oda - room
otobüs - bus
silgi - rag, sponge (for wiping)
söz - word
sözlük - dictionary
tahta - school board
televizyon - TV set
vurgu - stress
yıldız -star
yoğurt - yogurt

Interrogative pronouns

In Turkish, to express a question Who is it? What is it? demonstrative pronouns are used bu, şu, o combined with question words kim (who), ne (what). When it comes to animals, use the question Bu ne?

Bu ne? Bu masa.
Bu kim? Bu Ali.

Palatine attraction principle

The main feature of the phonetic structure of the Turkish language is the vowel and consonant harmony. The effect of vowel harmony is that in the roots of words, the quality of the vowel of the first syllable determines the quality of the vowels of subsequent syllables. This phenomenon does not apply to the roots of borrowed words, however, it acts with an iron consistency when building up various affixes (suffixes) to express various lexical and grammatical meanings of a word.

All vowels of the Turkish language are divided into two groups:

When pronouncing the vowels of the back row, the tongue is slightly pushed back (not in contact with the palate), when pronouncing the vowels of the front row, it is pushed forward (in contact with the palate). Therefore they are called that. Follow the language and everything will be clear. If the surveillance fails, hire an investigator to spy on him.

The vowels in the root of one native Turkish word can be only palatal or only non palatal.

D en iz
T av uk

However, in the Turkish language there are a huge number of borrowed words, at the root of which this pattern is violated. This rule applies when attaching various suffixes to the roots (stems of words). Consider plural affixes to demonstrate this phonetic phenomenon of language.

Plural

To express the number of objects, persons, phenomena, etc. Turkish has two affixes lar and lerjoining directly to the root of the word.

So, in accordance with the principle of palatal attraction, if last syllable words contains vowels a ı o uthen the affix larif the vowels e i ö üthen ler:

a ı o u → lar: mas a + lar, kap ı + lar, televizy on + lar, ok ul + lar
e i ö ü → ler: çiç ek + ler, şeh ir + ler, s ö z + ler, gözl ü k + ler

Exercise 2.1. Form plural nouns.

Araba, masa, öğretmen, sıra, aile, kedi, ders, pencere, çiçek, baba, çanta, müdür, defter, dolap, ev, şehir, öğrenci, kitap, silgi, otobüs, kalem, doktor, kö tpek, cetvel gül, oğul, ağaç

Exercise 2.2. Translate into Turkish.

Tables, dogs, windows, cars, friends, students, streets, notebooks, cupboards, houses, bags, flowers, sons, rulers, desks, buses, books, lessons, pens, trees, cats.

Exercise 2.3. Translate into Russian.

Kitaplar, kalemler, çiçekler, tahtalar, öğrenciler, köpekler, sıralar, cetveller, ağaçlar, şehirler, öğretmenler, doktorlar, evler, çantalar, dolaplar, dersler, defterler, ablar, masalar.

Interrogative particle mı

If in Russian the question is general type It is a table? is set by raising intonation up, then in Turkish for a similar question, in addition to intonation means, an interrogative particle is also used mı, which has its own phonetic variants (mı, mi, mu, mü) and is written separately from the word. The choice of the phonetic variant of any affix is \u200b\u200bdetermined by the law of vowel harmony. Let's consider it.

Vowel harmony law

The law of vowel harmony is formed from the principle of palatal attraction discussed above and the principle of labial attraction.

The vowels of the Turkish language are subdivided into non-labial and labial:

Unlawful are a ı e i
Labial are o u ö ü

With the normal position of the lips, uncorrupted vowels are obtained, when the lips are extended with a tube - rounded.

The essence of the law of vowel harmony is that, when increasing affixes to a word, behind non-labial non-sky vowels a ı only a non-palatal vowel can follow, i.e. ı ;
behind non-labial palatine e i only non-labial palatine i;
for labial non-palatal o u only labial non-palatal vowel u; behind the labial palatine ö ü only labial palatine ü

A → I
E → İ
O → U
Ö → Ü

That is, the vowel quality of the last syllable of the word determines the vowel quality of the affix.

a or ı ı :

Bu, mas a m ı ? - It is a table?
Bu, atk ı m ı ? - Is that a scarf?

If the last syllable of a word contains a vowel e or i, then the affix can only contain i:

Bu, deft er m i? - This is a copybook?
Bu, öğrenc i m i? - Is that a student?

If the last syllable of a word contains a vowel o or u, then the affix can only contain u:

Bu, dokt or m u? - Is that a doctor?
Bu, oğ ul m u? - This is son?

If the last syllable of a word contains a vowel ö or ü, then the affix can only contain ü :

Bu, s ö z m ü ? - This word?
Bu, müd ü r m ü ? - Is this the boss?

When adding affixes (suffixes) to a word, the law of vowel harmony always applies, which determines which vowel will be in the added affixes.

A (I) → I (Bu, masa mı?)
E (İ) → İ (Bu, defter mi?)
O (U) → U (Bu, doktor mu?)
Ö (Ü) → Ü (Bu, söz mü?)

Exercise 2.4. Ask a question

Exercise 2.5. Translate into Turkish.

This is a book?

This is a copybook?

This is a dog?

Is it a rose?

Is that mom?

Is this a desk?

This letter?

Is this a closet?

Is this the door?

This is a friend?

Is it a dictionary?

Is this a student?

Is this a window?

This is a car?

This room?

Exercise 2.6. Translate into Russian.

Bu, gül mü? Bu, aile mi? Bu, söz mü? Bu, kitap mı? Bu, pencere mi? Bu, dolap mı? Bu, şehir mi? öğrenci mi? Bu, ev mi? Bu, araba mı? Bu, mektup mu? Bu, kedi mi? Bu, çanta mı? Bu, yıldız mı? Bu, radyo mu? Bu, oda mı? Bu, oğul mu? Bu, köpek mi? Bu, defter mi? Bu, insan mı?

Negative particle değil

For a negative answer to a general question It is a table? / No, this is not a table negative particle is used değil, i.e. Russian negative particle not corresponds to the unchangeable Turkish değilstanding after noun.

Vowel harmony

a phonetic phenomenon that permeates the entire sound structure of the languages \u200b\u200bof the Ural-Altai family, although it is not inherent to its individual members to the same extent. In the languages \u200b\u200bof other families, with the exception of the Rezyan dialect, which belongs to the group of Slovinian dialects, that is, to the Indo-European family, it is not observed. This phenomenon consists in the dependence of the vowel sounds included in the secondary (suffix) syllables of the word from the vowel in the main (root) syllable. It is in close connection with the morphological structure of the Ural-Altai languages, which are, as you know, a type of agglutinating languages, that is, adding to the root (always at the head of the word) a number of secondary, suffixal syllables that are not connected with the root. All Ural-Altai vowels, in accordance with their greater or lesser sensitivity to the influence of the root vowel, are usually divided into two classes: "light" and "dark", or, in terms of sound physiology, "palatal (u, e, u)" and "non-palatal (a, oh, y, s) ". The "light" vowel of the root also requires "light" vowels in the suffix, "dark" - "dark". The G. of vowels in Rezyans' dialects is mysterious, where it takes on a different character: the main, conditioning vowel in a word is a vowel with stress, and not stressed ones change in accordance with it. This feature of the Rezian dialects, discovered by their researcher, Professor Baudouin de Courtenay, gave him a reason to consider the Rezians to be glorified Turanians. Cf .: Adam, "De l" harmonie des voyelles dans les langues Ouralo-Altaïques "(Paris, 1874); O. Bohtlingk," Ueber die Sprache der Jakuten "(1851); Ahlquist," Forschungen auf d. Gebiete d. uralaltaisch. Sprachen "(vol. I, Mordovian grammar, St. Petersburg and Helsingfors, 1861); W. Radloff," Phonetik d. nordl. Türksprachen "(Leipzig, 1882); Baudouin de Courtenay," An experience of the phonetics of the Rezian dialects "(1875).

S. Bulich.