The first Russian round-the-world expedition who. Expeditions of Russian travelers

The first Russian circumnavigation


Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky

The first half of the voyage (from Kronstadt to Petropavlovsk) was marked by the eccentric behavior of the American Tolstoy (who had to be landed in Kamchatka) and the conflicts between Kruzenshtern and N.P. Rezanov, who was sent by Emperor Alexander I as the first Russian envoy to Japan to establish trade between countries and was officially approved as the head of the expedition.

Escaping trouble here with difficulty, Kruzenshtern crossed the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Kharamukotan on May 20, and on May 24 again arrived at the Port of Peter and Paul. On June 23, he went to Sakhalin to complete the description of its shores, on the 29th passed the Kuril Islands, the strait between Raukoke and Mataua, which he named Nadezhda. July 3 arrived at Cape Terpeniya. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he walked around the northern tip of the island, went down between it and the mainland coast to latitude 53 ° 30 "and in this place on August 1 found fresh water, on which he concluded that the Amur River estuary was not far, but because of the rapidly decreasing depth he did not dare to go forward.

The next day I anchored in the bay, which he called the Bay of Hope; On August 4, I went back to Kamchatka, where repairing the ship and replenishing supplies delayed it until September 23. When leaving Avacha Bay due to fog and snow, the ship almost ran aground. On the way to China, he searched in vain for the islands shown on old Spanish maps, withstood several storms and came to Macau on November 15. On November 21, when the "Nadezhda" was already quite ready to go to sea, the ship "Neva" came with a rich cargo of fur goods and stopped in Wampoa, where the ship "Nadezhda" also crossed. At the beginning of January 1806, the expedition ended its commercial affairs, but was detained by the Chinese port authorities for no particular reason, and only on January 28 did the Russian ships leave the Chinese coast.

2006 marked the 200th anniversary of the end of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world. By this date, the Russian Geographical Society planned to republish the descriptions of the travels of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, Kruzenshtern's Atlas of the South Sea, for the first time to publish in Russian translation the work of Grigory Langsdorf, an unknown version of the notes of the merchant Fyodor Shemelin, an unpublished diary - Lieutenant Yermolai, the unpublished diaries of Levensh and letters from Nikolai Rezanov, Makar Ratmanov, Fyodor Romberg and other participants in the voyage. It was also planned to publish a collection of scientific articles on the main aspects of the preparation, conduct and results of swimming.

Several fiction and non-fiction books are devoted to the voyages of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky. In particular, Nikolai Chukovsky tells about the expedition in detail in the third part of the popular book about great sailors "Frigate Drivers" (1941). VP Krapivin's novel "Islands and Captains" (1984-87) is also dedicated to the first Russian circumnavigation.

Based on the novel by E. Fedorovsky "Fresh Wind of the Ocean", a feature film "The Wanderer" was shot, one of the plot lines of which is the expedition.

Notes

Sources

I.F.Kruzenshtern. "Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships" Nadezhda "and" Neva ""
Yu. F. Lisyansky. "Travel around the world on the ship" Neva "in 1803-1806"

Literature

Lupach. V. S, I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky, State Publishing House of Geographical Literature, Moscow, 1953, 46 p.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

In 1803 - 1806 took place the first Russian circumnavigationheaded by Ivan Kruzenshtern. This journey embarked on 2 ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda", which were bought by Yuri Lisyansky in England for 22,000 pounds. The captain of the sloop "Nadezhda" was Kruzenshtern, the captain of the "Neva" Lisyansky.

This trip around the world had several goals. First, the ships were to sail to the Hawaiian Islands, circling South America, and from that point the expedition was ordered to split. The main task of Ivan Kruzenshtern was to sail to Japan, he needed to deliver Ryazanov there, who in turn had to conclude trade agreements with this state. After that "Nadezhda" should have studied the coastal zones of Sakhalin. Lisyansky's goal was to deliver cargo to America, indirectly demonstrating to the Americans his determination to protect and defend their merchants and sailors. After that, the "Neva" and "Nadezhda" were to meet, take on their boards a cargo of furs and, rounding Africa, return to their homeland. All these tasks were completed, albeit with minor errors.

The first Russian circumnavigation was planned back in the time of Catherine II. She wanted to send the brave and educated officer Mulovsky on this journey, but because of his death in the Battle of Hogland, the empress's plans came to an end. Which, in turn, dragged out this undoubtedly necessary campaign for a long time.

In the summer, on August 7, 1803, the expedition left Kronstadt. The first stop of the ships took place in Copenhagen, then they headed to Falmouth (England). There it became possible to dig through the underwater part of both ships. On October 5, the ships went to sea and headed for about. Tenerife, and on November 14, the expedition crossed the equator for the first time in the history of Russia. This event was marked by a solemn cannon salvo. A serious test for ships was still to come near Cape Horn, where, as we know, many ships sank due to constant storms. There were no concessions for the expedition of Kruzenshtern either: in severe bad weather the ships lost each other, and the Nadezhda was thrown far to the west, which prevented him from visiting Easter Island.

September 27, 1804 "Hope" dropped anchor in the port of Nagasaki (Japan). The negotiations of the Japanese government with Ryazanov were not crowned with success, and without wasting a minute Kruzenshtern gave the order to go to sea. After exploring Sakhalin, he headed back to the Peter and Paul harbor. In November 1805, Nadezhda went home. On the way back, she met Lisyansky's Neva, but they were not condemned to arrive together in Kronstadt - skirting the Cape of Good Hope due to stormy conditions, the ships again lost each other. "Neva" returned home on August 17, 1806, and "Nadezhda" on the 30th of the same month, thus completing the first round-the-world expedition in the history of Russia.

Many readers of the magazine ask to tell about the origins of domestic travel around the world. This request is supplemented by other letters from our readers who would like to see on the pages of the magazine an essay on the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Prehistory of long voyages

In the summer of 1803, two Russian ships set sail under the command of naval officers, captain-lieutenants of the fleet, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Their route boggled the imagination - it was laid, as it was customary to say at that time, "a circle of light". But, talking about this voyage, one cannot fail to notice that the traditions of "distant voyages" date back to times much older than the beginning of the 19th century.

In December 1723, the carriages of Admiral Daniel Wilster arrived in Rogwerik, which lay not far from Revel. Here the admiral was met by the members of the expedition. In the bay, covered with thin ice, there were two ships. The secret Peter's decree was read in the cabin of the flag-captain Danila Myasny. There was also Lieutenant-Captain Ivan Koshelev, "Russian with the Swede" adviser to the expedition. “You’ll go from St. Petersburg to Rogverik,” the decree said, “and there you sit on the frigate Amsterdam - Galey and take another Dekrondelivde with you, and with God's help, embark on a voyage to the East Indies, namely to Bengal ". They were to be the first to cross the "line" (equator). Alas, the idea of \u200b\u200b"making commerce" with the "great mogul" failed.

The ships set out on December 21, but due to a leak in the storm, they returned to Revel. And in February of the following year, Peter I canceled the voyage until "another favorable time."

Peter also had a dream to send ships to the West Indies. Therefore, he decided to establish trade relations with the mistress of the "Gishpan lands" in America. In 1725 - 1726, the first trade voyages took place to Cadiz, a Spanish port near Gibraltar. The ships prepared for the voyage "to Bengal" were also useful, to which the "Devonshire" was added. A detachment of three ships with goods in May 1725 was led by Ivan Rodionovich Koshelev. After returning to his homeland, the former adviser was promoted to captain of the 1st rank, “he was the first in Spain with Russian ships”. This is how the tradition of ocean navigation of Russian ships was laid.

But when did the idea of \u200b\u200bcircumnavigation of the world come up in Russian minds?

250 years ago, a well-thought-out plan for a round the world trip was first drawn up: the minutes of the Senate meeting of September 12, 1732 are known. Senators puzzled over how to send Bering's expedition to the East, by sea or by land. “Members of the Senate of the Admiralty Collegium have been called to the Admiralty Collegium Senate, who presented that it is possible to send ships to Kamchatka from St. Petersburg ...” The authors of the project are Admiral N. F. Golovin, President of the Admiralty Collegiums and Admiral T. P. Sanders. Golovin himself wanted to lead the voyage. He considered such a voyage the best school, because "... in one such way those officers and sailors can learn more than in the local sea in ten years." But the senators preferred the dry path and did not heed the advice of the eminent admirals. Why is unknown. Apparently, the reasons were good. They doomed Vitus Bering to incredible hardships with the transportation of thousands of poods of equipment to Okhotsk, where the construction of ships was planned. Therefore, the epic of the Second Kamchatka was stretched for a good ten years. And it could be different ...

And yet - remember - this was the first round-the-world travel project.

In the annals of long voyages, 1763 stands out for two remarkable events. The first took place in St. Petersburg. Mikhailo Lomonosov proposed to the government a project for an Arctic expedition from Novaya Zemlya to the Bering Strait through the North Pole. The following year, three ships under the command of Captain 1st Rank Vasily Chichagov made their first attempt to penetrate the polar basin north of Svalbard. The transpolar transition failed. The meeting between Chichagov and the head of the Aleutian expedition Krenitsyn, appointed in the Bering Strait, did not take place. After the departure of both expeditions, it was planned to send two ships around the world from Kronstadt with a call to Kamchatka. But the preparation for the approach was delayed, and that began soon russian-Turkish war forced and completely cancel the exit to sea.

In the same 1763 in London, Ambassador AR Vorontsov received from the board of the East India Company an agreement to send two Russian officers aboard the ship Speakey. So in April 1763, warrant officer N. Poluboyarinov and non-commissioned lieutenant T. Kozlyaninov left for Brazil. They were destined to become the first Russians to cross the equator. Warrant officer Nikifor Poluboyarinov kept a journal, which conveyed to the descendants the impressions of this one and a half year sailing to the shores of Brazil and India ...

The long voyage of the Russians from Kamchatka around Asia and Africa took place in 1771-1773. Colonel of the Confederation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Moritz Beniovsky, exiled for speaking out against the authorities in Bolsheretsk, raised a riot. Together with his exiled accomplices, he captured a small ship - the galiot “St. Peter ", wintering at the mouth of the river. About 90 Russians, among whom, in addition to exiles, were free industrialists and several women, went into the unknown - some voluntarily, some under the threat of reprisals, and some simply out of ignorance. The fugitives' ship was led by sailors Maxim Churin and Dmitry Bocharov.

In the Portuguese colony of Macau, Beniovsky sold a Russian ship and chartered two French ones. In July 1772, the fugitives arrived at a French port in the south of Brittany. From here

16 people who wished to return to Russia set off on foot 600 versts to Paris. In the capital, through the ambassador and the famous writer Fonvizin, permission was obtained. Among the returning sailors was a navigator's apprentice, the commander of the Okhotsk ship "St. Ekaterina "Dmitry Bocharov. Later, in 1788, he became famous in a remarkable voyage to the shores of Alaska on the Three Saints galiot, accomplished on the instructions of the “Columbus of Russia” - Shelikhov, together with Gerasim Izmailov. No less interesting is the fact that women participate in this swimming. One of them, Lyubov Savvishna Ryumina, is probably the first Russian woman to visit the southern hemisphere of the Earth. By the way, the husband of the brave traveler most reliably told about the adventures of the fugitives in the "Notes of the clerk Ryumin ...", published half a century later.

The next attempt to pass "near the light" was the closest to realization. But this was again prevented by the war. And it was like that. In 1786, the personal secretary of Catherine II, P. P. Soimonov, submitted to the Commerce Collegium "A note on bargaining and animal hunting in the Eastern Ocean." It expressed fears for the fate of the Russian possessions in America and proposed measures to protect them. Only armed ships could restrain the expansion of the British. The idea was not new either for the maritime or trade departments and their leaders. By a decree of the Empress of December 22, 1786, the Admiralty was ordered to "immediately send two ships from the Baltic Sea, armed following the example of those consumed by the English captain Cook and other navigators for such discoveries ...". A 29-year-old experienced sailor Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky was appointed to lead the expedition. The ships most capable of discoveries were hastily prepared: "Kholmogor", "Solovki", "Sokol", "Turukhtan". The route of the expedition was laid "to meet the sun": from the Baltic Sea to the southern tip of Africa, then to the shores of New Holland (Australia) and to russian lands in the Old and New World. The Olonets plant even cast iron coats of arms and medals for installation on newly discovered lands, but the war with Turkey began again. A decree followed: "... we command to cancel the expedition for the present circumstances." Then Mulovsky's squadron was planned to be sent on a campaign to the Mediterranean Sea to fight the Turkish fleet, but ... war broke out with Sweden. Suddenly attacking Russian positions and ships, the Swedish king Gustav III intended to return all pre-Petrine possessions, destroy St. Petersburg and put his autograph on the recently opened monument to Peter I. So in the summer of 1788 Mulovsky was appointed commander of the Mstislav. The 17-year-old warrant officer Ivan Kruzenshtern, released ahead of schedule (on the occasion of the war), arrived on the same ship. When the 36-gun Mstislav forced the 74-gun Sofia-Magdalena to surrender, Mulovsky instructed the young officer to take the flags of the ship and the Swedish admiral Lilienfield. Mulovsky's dreams of an ocean campaign sunk into the heart of Kruzenshtern. After Mulovsky was killed in battle on July 15, 1789, a series of failures ended and the story of the first Russian journey “around the whole world” began.

Three years in three oceans

The project of the first round the world was signed by Kruzenshtern on "January 1st of 1802". The conditions for the project are favorable. Naval Minister Nikolai Semenovich Mordvinov (by the way, included by the Decembrists in the future "revolutionary government") and Minister of Commerce Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (founder of the famous Rumyantsev Museum, whose book collections served as the basis for the creation of the V.I. Lenin State Library of the USSR) supported the project and highly appreciated the progressive undertaking of the 32-year-old Lieutenant Commander. On August 7, 1802, Kruzenshtern was approved as the head of the expedition.

It is known that most of the funds for the equipment of the expedition were allocated by the board of the Russian-American company. The haste in fees and the generosity of the company were the reason that the ships decided not to build, but to purchase abroad. To this end, Kruzenshtern sent Lieutenant Commander Lisyansky to England. For 17 thousand pounds sterling were bought rather old, but with a strong hull, two three-masted sloops "Leander" and "Thames", which received the new names "Nadezhda" and "Neva".

The peculiarity of the campaign was that the ships carried naval flags and at the same time performed the functions of merchant ships. A diplomatic mission headed by one of the directors of the company, Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, was heading to Japan on the "Nadezhda" ...

The historic day came on August 7, 1803. Driven by a light tailwind, "Nadezhda" and "Neva" left the Great Kronstadt roadstead. Having visited Copenhagen and the English port of Falmouth, and having survived the first severe storm, the ships made their last "European" stop in Tenerife in the Canary Islands.

On November 26, 1803, the Nadezhda and Neva cannons saluted the Russian flag for the first time in the southern hemisphere of the Earth. A holiday was held on the ships, which became traditional. The role of the "sea lord" - Neptune was played by the sailor Pavel Kurganov, who "greeted the Russians with their first arrival in the southern Neptunian regions with sufficient decency." After stopping in Brazil and replacing part of the rigging, the ships circled Cape Horn on March 3, 1804 and began sailing in the Pacific Ocean. After a separate voyage, the ships met at the Marquesas Islands. In the order for the sailors, Kruzenshtern wrote: "I am sure that we will leave the coast of this quiet people, without leaving a bad name." A humane attitude to the "wild" - a tradition laid down by our sailors, was strictly observed by all subsequent Russian expeditions ...

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky have already done a lot for science: for the first time, hydrological observations, as well as magnetic and meteorological ones, were carried out. The current velocity was measured in the area of \u200b\u200bCape Horn. During the Neva's stay at Easter Island, Lisyansky clarified the coordinates of the island and made a map. A collection of weapons and household items was collected on the Marquesas Islands. In early June 1804, the sailors reached the Hawaiian Islands. Here the ships parted for almost a year and a half. The meeting was scheduled for November 1805 near the Chinese port of Canton.

On the way to Petropavlovsk "Nadezhda", according to the instructions, passed the ocean area southeast of Japan and dispelled the myth about the lands supposedly existing here. From Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern took a ship to Japan to deliver the envoy Rezanov there. A severe typhoon caught sailors off the eastern coast of Japan. “One must have the gift of a poet in order to vividly describe his rage,” Kruzenshtern wrote in his diary and lovingly noted the courage and fearlessness of the sailors. AT japanese port Nagasaki "Hope" was for more than six months, until mid-April 1805. Rezanov's mission was not accepted by the authorities, which adhered to an archaic law that had been in effect since 1638 and prohibited foreigners from visiting the country "as long as the sun shines on the world." On the contrary, ordinary Japanese on the day of the departure of the "Nadezhda", showing sympathy for the Russians, saw off the ship on hundreds of boats.

Returning to Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern led the ship on courses completely unknown to Europeans - along the western shores of the Land of the Rising Sun. For the first time, a scientific description was made of Tsushima Island and the strait separating it from Japan. Now this part of the Korea Strait is called the Kruzenshtern Pass. Further, the navigators made an inventory of the southern part of Sakhalin. Crossing the ridge of the Kuril Islands by the strait, now bearing the name of Kruzenshtern, "Nadezhda" almost died on the rocks. They entered Avacha Bay at the beginning of June, when floating ice was visible everywhere and solid banks gleamed white.

Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov left the ship in Petropavlovsk. On one of the company's ships, he went to Russian America. We must pay tribute to this active person who has done a lot for the development of crafts in the waters of Russian possessions. Rezanov was also involved in the selection of the site for the southernmost Russian settlement in America - Fort Ross. The story of Rezanov's engagement with the daughter of the Spanish governor Jose Arguello - Conchita is also romantic. At the beginning of 1807 he left for Russia to seek permission to marry a Catholic woman. But in March 1807 Nikolai Petrovich died suddenly in Krasnoyarsk on his way to Petersburg. He was 43 years old. A year later, his betrothed in the New World received the news of the death of the groom and, fulfilling a vow of fidelity, went to the monastery.

The time remaining before the meeting with the "Neva" Kruzenshtern again devoted to the survey of Sakhalin. It just so happened that Sakhalin, discovered back in the 17th century, was considered an island and no one seemed to doubt it. But the French navigator La Perouse, exploring the Tatar Strait from the south on an expedition of 1785-1788, mistakenly considered Sakhalin a peninsula. Later the mistake was repeated by the Englishman Browton. Kruzenshtern decided to penetrate the strait from the north. But, having sent Lieutenant Fyodor Romberg on the boat, Kruzenshtern ahead of time with a cannon signal gave the order for the boat to return to the ship. Of course, fearing for the fate of the sailors in unknown places, the head of the expedition hurried. Romberg simply didn’t have time to go far enough south to find the strait. The diminishing depths seemed to confirm the conclusions of previous expeditions. This delayed the opening of the mouth of the Amur and the restoration of the truth for some time ... Having made over one and a half thousand miles of route survey with many astronomical definitions, "Nadezhda" dropped anchor in Petropavlovsk. From here the ship, after loading the furs for sale, headed to the meeting place with the Neva.

The sailing of the Neva was no less difficult and interesting. The silhouette of the "Hope" faded over the horizon, and the crew of the "Neva" continued to explore the nature of the Hawaiian Islands. Everywhere the locals warmly welcomed the kind and attentive envoys of the northern country. The sailors visited the village of Tavaroa. Nothing reminded of the tragedy 25 years ago, when Captain Cook was killed here. The hospitality of the islanders and their constant help made it possible to replenish the ethnographic collections with samples of local utensils and clothes ...

After 23 days, Lisyansky brought the ship to the village of Pavlovsky on Kodiak Island. The Russian inhabitants of Alaska solemnly greeted the first ship that made such a difficult and long journey. In August, the sailors of the Neva, at the request of the chief ruler of the Russian-American Company, Baranov, took part in the liberation of the inhabitants of the Arkhangelskoye fort on the island of Sitkha, captured by the Tlingits, which were led by American sailors.

More than a year "Neva" was off the coast of Alaska. Lisyansky, together with navigator Danila Kalinin and sub-navigator Fedul Maltsev, compiled maps of numerous islands, made astronomical and meteorological observations. Also Lisyansky, learning languages local residents, compiled "A Concise Dictionary of the Languages \u200b\u200bof Northwest America with Russian Translation." In September 1805, having loaded furs from Russian crafts, the ship headed for the shores of southern China. On the way, the Neva ran into a sandbank near an island hitherto unknown to seafarers. In stormy conditions, the sailors selflessly fought to save the ship - and won. On October 17, a group of sailors spent the whole day ashore. In the very middle of the island, the discoverers set up a pole, and under it they buried a bottle with a letter containing all the information about the discovery. At the insistence of the team, this piece of land was named after Lisyansky. "This island, apart from obvious and inevitable death, does not promise anything to an enterprising traveler," wrote the commander of the Neva.

It took three months to move from Alaska to the port of Macau. Fierce storms, fogs and treacherous shoals required caution. On December 4, 1805, the sailors of the Neva were happily looking at the familiar silhouette of the Nadezhda, which congratulated them with flag signals on their safe return.

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky

Selling furs in Canton and accepting a load of Chinese goods, the ships weighed anchor. Through the South China Sea and the Sunda Strait, the travelers entered the Indian Ocean. On April 15, 1806, they crossed the meridian of the Russian capital and thus completed their circumnavigation of the globe.

Here it should be remembered that the round-the-world route for Kruzenshtern personally closed in Macau in November 1805, and for Lisyansky on the Ceylon meridian a little later. (Both commanders, while sailing abroad on British ships, visited the West Indies, USA, India, China and other countries in the period 1793-1799.)

However, the concept of traveling around the world has changed over time. Until recently, to make a round the world meant to close the circle of the route. But in connection with the development of the polar regions, travel around the world according to such criteria has lost its original meaning. Now a stricter formulation is in use: the traveler must not only close the circle of the route, but also pass near the antipode points lying at opposite ends of the earth's diameter.

At the Cape of Good Hope, the ships parted in thick fog. Now, until the return to Kronstadt, the ships were sailing separately. Kruzenshtern, upon arrival on the island of St. Helena, learned about the war between Russia and France and, fearing a meeting with enemy ships, proceeded to his homeland around the British Isles with a call to Copenhagen. Three years and twelve days later - on August 19, 1806 - "Nadezhda" arrived in Kronstadt, where the "Neva" was waiting for her for two weeks.

Lisyansky, after diverging in the fog with the flagship, having carefully checked the supplies of water and food, decided on a non-stop passage to England. He was confident that “... a brave undertaking will give us great honor; for not a single seafarer like us has ventured on such a long journey without going anywhere for rest. The route from Canton to Portsmouth "Neva" covered in 140 days, covering 13,923 miles. The Portsmouth public enthusiastically greeted Lisyansky's crew and, through him, the first Russian seafarers around the world.

The swimming of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky was recognized as geographical and scientific feat... In his honor, a medal was struck with the inscription: "For the journey around the world 1803-1806." The results of the expedition were summarized in the extensive geographical works of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, as well as natural scientists GI Langsdorf, IK Horner, VG Tilesius and other participants.

The first voyage of the Russians went beyond the "long voyage". It brought glory to the Russian fleet.

The personalities of the ship commanders deserve special attention. There is no doubt that they were progressive people for their time, ardent patriots, tirelessly caring for the fate of the "servants" - sailors, thanks to whose courage and hard work the voyage went extremely well. The relationship between Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky - friendly and trusting - decisively contributed to the success of the business. The popularizer of Russian navigation, a prominent scientist Vasily Mikhailovich Pasetsky cites in his biographical sketch about Kruzenshtern a letter from his friend Lisyansky during the preparation of the expedition. “After lunch Nikolai Semenovich (Admiral Mordvinov) asked if I knew you, to which I told him that you were a good friend to me. He was glad of this, talked about the dignity of your pamphlet (that was the name of Kruzenshtern's project for his free-thinking! - V.G.), praised your knowledge and knowledge, and then ended up saying that he would be happy to know you. For my part, at the whole meeting, I did not hesitate to say that I envy your talents and intelligence. "

However, the literature about the first voyages at one time unjustly diminished the role of Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Analyzing the "Journal of the Neva", researchers of the Naval Academy drew interesting conclusions. It was found that out of 1095 days of historic voyages, only 375 days were sailing together, the remaining 720 "Neva" sailed alone. The distance covered by Lisyansky's ship is also impressive - 45,083 miles, of which 25,801 miles - independently. This analysis was published in 1949 in Proceedings of the Naval Academy. Of course, the voyages of the "Nadezhda" and the "Neva" are, in essence, two round-the-world voyages, and Yu. F. Lisyansky is equally involved in the great feat in the field of Russian sea glory, like IF Kruzenshtern.

AT finest hour they were on an equal footing ...

Vasily Galenko, sea navigator

In the history of the first half of XIX century known for a number of brilliant geographical research. Among them, one of the most prominent places belongs to Russian travel around the world.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia occupies a leading place in organizing and conducting round-the-world voyages and ocean research.

The first voyage of Russian ships around the world under the command of Lieutenant Commanders I.F.Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky lasted three years, like most of the circumnavigation of the world at that time. This journey in 1803 begins a whole era of remarkable Russian round-the-world expeditions.

Yu.F. Lisyansky was ordered to go to England to buy two ships intended for circumnavigation of the world. These ships, "Nadezhda" and "Neva", Lisyansky bought in London for 22,000 pounds sterling, which was almost the same in gold rubles at the rate of that time.

The price for the purchase of "Nadezhda" and "Neva" was actually equal to 17,000 pounds sterling, but for their corrections they had to pay an additional 5,000 pounds. The ship "Nadezhda" has already counted three years from the date of its launching, and the "Neva" only fifteen months. "Neva" had a displacement of 350 tons, and "Nadezhda" - 450 tons.

In England, Lisyansky bought a number of sextants, lel-compasses, barometers, a hygrometer, several thermometers, one artificial magnet, chronometers by Arnold and Pettivgton, and more. The chronometers were checked by Academician Schubert. All other instruments were the work of Troughton.

Astronomical and physical instruments were designed to observe longitudes and latitudes and the orientation of the ship. Lisyansky took care of purchasing a whole pharmacy of medicines and antiscorbutic drugs, since in those days scurvy was one of the most dangerous diseases during long voyages. Equipment for the expedition was also purchased in England, including comfortable, durable and suitable for various climatic conditions clothing for the team. There was a spare set of linen and dress. For each of the sailors, mattresses, pillows, sheets and blankets were ordered. The ship's provisions were the best. The rusks prepared in St. Petersburg did not deteriorate for two whole years, just like the soloniya, whose ambassador was made by the merchant Oblomkov with domestic salt. The crew of the "Nadezhda" consisted of 58 people, and the "Neva" - of 47. They were selected from volunteer sailors, of whom there were so many that everyone who wanted to participate in the round-the-world voyage could be enough to complete several expeditions. It should be noted that none of the crew members took part in long voyages, since at that time Russian ships did not descend south of the northern tropic. The task facing the officers and the expedition team was not easy. They had to cross two oceans, go around the dangerous Cape Horn, famous for its storms, rise to 60 ° N. sh., visit a number of little-studied shores, where sailors could expect uncharted and undescribed pitfalls and other dangers. But the command of the expedition was so confident in the strength of its "officers and enlisted personnel" that they rejected the offer to take on board several foreign sailors familiar with the conditions of long voyages. Among the foreigners in the expedition were the naturalists Tilesius von Thielenau, Langsdorf and the astronomer Horner. Horner was of Swiss origin. He worked at the then famous Seeberg Observatory, the head of which recommended him to Count Rumyantsev. The expedition was also accompanied by a painter from the Academy of Arts.

The artist and scientists were together with the Russian envoy in Japan, N.P. Rezanov, and his retinue on board big ship - "Hope". "Nadezhda" was commanded by Kruzenshtern. Lisyansky was entrusted with the command of the Neva. Although Kruzenshtern was listed as the commander of the "Nadezhda" and the head of the expedition in the Naval Ministry, in the instructions given by Alexander I to the Russian ambassador to Japan, NP Rezanov, he was called the chief of the expedition. This ambiguous position was the reason for the emergence of conflicting relationships between Rezanov and Kruzenshtern. Therefore, Kruzenshtern repeatedly sent reports to the Office of the Russian-American Company, where he wrote that he was called upon the highest order to command the expedition and that "this was entrusted to Rezanov" without his supervision, to which he would never agree that his position "does not consist only to watch the sails, "and so on. Soon, relations between Rezanov and Kruzenshtern escalated so much that a riot occurred among the crew of the" Nadezhda ".

The Russian envoy to Japan, after a series of troubles and insults, was forced to retire to his cabin, from which he did not leave until he arrived in Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka. Here Rezanov turned to Major General Koshelev, a representative of the local administrative authority. An investigation was appointed against Kruzenshtern, which took on an unfavorable character for him. Given the situation, Kruzenshtern publicly apologized to Rezanov and asked Koshelev not to give the investigation any further course. Only thanks to the courtesy of Rezanov, who decided to discontinue the case, Kruzenshtern escaped major troubles that could have a fatal consequence for his career.

This episode shows that the discipline on the ship "Nadezhda", commanded by Kruzenshtern, was not up to par, if such a tall and highly empowered person like the Russian envoy to Japan could be subject to a number of insults from the crew and the captain of the "Nadezhda". It is probably no coincidence that the Nadezhda several times during its voyage was in a very risky position, while the Neva only once sat on a coral reef and, moreover, in a place where it could not have been expected by cards. All this suggests that the generally accepted idea of \u200b\u200bthe leading role of Kruzenshtern in the first Russian round-the-world trip does not correspond to reality.

Although the first part of the journey to England, and then across the Atlantic Ocean, bypassing Cape Horn, the ships were supposed to make together, but then they had to separate near the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands. "Nadezhda", according to the plan of the expedition, had to go to Kamchatka, where she had to leave her cargo. Then Kruzenshtern should have gone to Japan and delivered there the Russian ambassador N.P. Rezanov with his retinue. After that, the "Nadezhda" had to return to Kamchatka again, take a load of furs and take it to Canton for sale. The path of the Neva, starting from the Hawaiian Islands, was completely different. Lisyansky was supposed to go north-west, to Kodiak Island, where the main office of the Russian-American company was located at that time. the meeting of both ships - "Neva" and "Nadezhda". From Canton, both ships were to head to Russia past the Cape of Good Hope. This plan was carried out, albeit with retreats caused by storms that separated the ships for a long time, as well as lengthy stops for necessary repairs and food replenishment.

The naturalists who were present on the ships collected valuable botanical, zoological and ethnographic collections, observed sea currents, water temperature and density at depths of up to 400 m, tides, low tides and barometer fluctuations, systematic astronomical observations to determine longitudes and latitudes, and established the coordinates of the whole a number of points visited by expeditions, including all harbors and islands where there were parking.

If the special tasks of the expedition in the Russian colonies were successfully completed, then the same cannot be said about the part of the expedition plans that was associated with the organization of an embassy in Japan. The embassy of NP Rezanov was not crowned with success. Although he was surrounded by attention and all sorts of signs of honor and respect upon his arrival in Japan, he failed to establish trade relations with this country.

On August 5, 1806, the Neva arrived safely at the Kronstadt roadstead. Cannon salutes from the Neva and reciprocal volleys of the Kronstadt fortress rang out. Thus, the "Neva" was sailing for three years and two months. On August 19, the "Nadezhda" arrived, which was sailing around the world for fourteen days longer than the "Neva".

The first Russian voyage around the world marked an epoch in the history of the Russian fleet and brought a number of new information about little-explored countries to the world geography. A number of islands that were visited by Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern were only recently discovered by seafarers, and their nature, population, customs, beliefs and economy remained almost completely unknown. Such were the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands, discovered in 1778 by Cook, less than thirty years before they were visited by Russian sailors. Russian travelers could observe the life of Hawaiians in its natural state, not yet changed by contact with Europeans. The Marquesas and Washington Islands, as well as Easter Island, have been little explored. It is not surprising that the descriptions of the Russian trip around the world made by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky aroused keen interest among a wide range of readers and were translated into a number of Western European languages. The materials collected during the journey of the "Neva" and "Nadezhda" were of great value for the study of the primitive peoples of Oceania and the North Pacific. Our first Russian travelers observed these peoples in the stage ancestral relations... For the first time, they described in detail the peculiar, ancient Hawaiian culture with its immutable laws of "taboos" and human sacrifice. The rich ethnographic collections collected on the ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda", together with descriptions of customs, beliefs and even the language of the Pacific islanders, served as valuable sources for the study of the peoples inhabiting the Pacific islands.

Thus, the first Russian trip around the world played a major role in the development of ethnography. This was largely due to the great observation and accuracy of the descriptions of our first travelers around the world.

It should be noted that numerous observations of sea currents, temperature and water density, which were carried out on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", gave impetus to the development of new science - oceanography. Until the first Russian voyage around the world, such systematic observations were usually not carried out by navigators. Russian sailors have proved to be great innovators in this regard.

The first Russian voyage around the world opens up a whole galaxy of brilliant voyages around the world under the Russian flag.

During these voyages, excellent personnel of sailors were created, who acquired long-distance sailing experience and high qualifications in the art of navigation, which is difficult for the sailing fleet.

It is interesting to note that one of the participants in the first Russian voyage around the world Kotzebue, who sailed as a cadet on the ship "Nadezhda", subsequently himself carried out an equally interesting round-the-world voyage on the ship "Rurik", equipped with the funds of Count Rumyantsev.

The expedition on the ships "Neva" and "Nadezhda" laid a new route to the Russian North American colonies. Since then, their supply with the necessary food and goods was carried out by sea. These continuous long voyages revived colonial trade and in many ways contributed to the development of the North American colonies and the development of Kamchatka.

The maritime ties of Russia with the Pacific Ocean were strengthened, and foreign trade developed significantly. By means of valuable observations along the long-distance voyages, the first Russian round-the-world voyage laid a solid scientific foundation for the difficult art of long-distance navigation.

Introduction

XIX century became the time of the largest geographical discoveriescommitted by Russian researchers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - the explorers and travelers of the 17th - 18th centuries, they enriched the perceptions of Russians about the world around them, contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia has fulfilled an old dream: its ships entered the World Ocean.

The purpose of my work is to study and determine the contribution to the development of geography - works, expeditions, research of Russian voyages around the world.

The first Russian round-the-world trip of I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky

In 1803, at the direction of Alexander I, an expedition was undertaken on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" to explore the North Pacific Ocean. This was the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which lasted for 3 years. It was headed by Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern, the largest navigator and scientist-geographer of the 19th century.

Small ships were purchased from the UK. Before sailing, Emperor Alexander I personally examined the sloops purchased from the British in Kronstadt. The sovereign allowed both ships to raise military flags and took the cost of maintaining one at his own expense, while the other was paid by the Russian-American Company and one of the main inspirers of the expedition - Count N.P. Rumyantsev.

The first half of the voyage (from Kronstadt to Petropavlovsk) was marked by the eccentric behavior of the American Tolstoy (who had to be landed in Kamchatka) and the conflicts of I.F. Kruzenshtern with N.P. Rezanov, who was sent by Emperor Alexander I as the first Russian envoy to Japan to establish trade between the countries.

The expedition left Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7) \u200b\u200b1803. She entered Copenhagen and on September 28 arrived in Falmouth, where she had to once again dig through the entire underwater part of both ships. Only on October 5, the expedition went further south, entered the island of Tenerife; On November 14, at 24 ° 20 "West longitude, it crossed the equator. The Russian flag fluttered for the first time in the southern hemisphere, which was celebrated with great solemnity.

Having reached 20 ° south latitude, Kruzenshtern was looking in vain for the Ascension Island, the position of which was very confused. The repair of the ship "Neva" forced the expedition from December 9 to January 23, 1804 to stay at the Brazilian coast. From here the voyage of both ships was at first very successful: on February 20 they rounded Cape Horn; but they were soon met by strong winds of hail, snow and fog. The ships parted and on April 24 Kruzenshtern alone reached the Marquesas Islands. Then he determined the position of the islands of Fetuga and Ouaguga, then went to the port of Anna Maria on the island of Nukagiva. On April 28 the ship "Neva" also arrived there.

On the island of Nukagiva, Kruzenshtern discovered and described an excellent harbor, which he called the port of Chichagov. On May 4, the expedition left the Washington Islands and on May 13, at 146 ° West longitude, again crossed the equator towards the north; On May 26, the Hawaiian (Sandwich) Islands appeared, where the ships split up: "Nadezhda" headed for Kamchatka and further to Japan, and the "Neva" went to explore Alaska, where she took part in the Battle of Arkhangelsk (Battle of Sitka).

Taking from the ruler of the Kamchatka region P.I. Koshelev honor guard (2 officers, drummer, 5 soldiers) for the ambassador, "Nadezhda" headed south, arriving at the Japanese port of Dejima near the city of Nagasaki on September 26, 1804. The Japanese were forbidden to enter the harbor, and Kruzenshtern dropped anchor in the bay. The embassy lasted six months, after which everyone returned back to Petropavlovsk. Kruzenshtern was awarded the Order of St. Anna of the II degree, and Rezanov, as having fulfilled the diplomatic mission entrusted to him, was released from further participation in the first round-the-world expedition.

Neva and Nadezhda returned to St. Petersburg by different routes. In 1805, their paths crossed at the port of Macau in southern China. After entering Hawaii, the Neva rendered assistance to the Russian-American Company headed by A.A. Baranov in the conquest of the Mikhailovskaya fortress from the natives. After an inventory of the surrounding islands and other research, the Neva transported goods to Canton, but ran aground in the middle of the ocean on October 3. Lisyansky ordered the rostras and carronades to be thrown into the water, but after that the squall landed the ship on the reef. In order to continue sailing, the team had to drop into the sea even such essential items as anchors. Subsequently, the product was picked up. On the way to China, the coral island of Lisyansky was discovered. "Neva" returned to Kronstadt before "Nadezhda" (July 22).

Leaving the shores of Japan, "Nadezhda" went north to the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan, almost completely unknown to Europeans. On the way, Kruzenshtern determined the position of a number of islands. He passed the La Perouse Strait between Iesso and Sakhalin, described the Aniva Bay, located on the southern side of Sakhalin, the eastern coast and the Terpeniya Bay, which he left on May 13. The huge amount of ice that he met the next day at 48 ° latitude prevented him from continuing to sail to the north and he descended to the Kuril Islands. Here, on May 18, he discovered 4 stone islands, which he named "Stone traps"; near them he met such a strong current that, with a fresh wind and a course of eight knots, the ship "Nadezhda" not only did not move forward, but it was carried to an underwater reef.

With difficulty, avoiding trouble here, on May 20, Kruzenshtern passed the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Kharamukotan, and on May 24 he again arrived at the port of Peter and Paul. On June 23, he went to Sakhalin. To complete the description of its shores, 29 passed the Kuril Islands, the strait between Raukoke and Mataua, which he named Nadezhda. July 3 arrived at Cape Terpeniya. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he went around the northern tip of the island, descended between it and the coast of the mainland to latitude 53 ° 30 "and in this place on August 1 he found fresh water, on which he concluded that not far from the mouth of the Amur River, but because of the rapidly decreasing depth to go did not dare forward.

Sloop "Hope".

Coming out of the Sunda Strait, the ship "Nadezhda" again, only thanks to the rising wind, coped with the current into which it fell and which carried it to the reefs. April 3 "Nadezhda" parted from "Neva"; 4 days later, Kruzenshtern rounded the Cape of Good Hope and on April 22 arrived on St. Helena Island, having traveled from Macau in 79 days, after 4 days Kruzenshtern left and on May 9 again crossed the equator at 22 ° W longitude.

Even on the island of St. Helena, the news of the war between Russia and France was received, and therefore Kruzenshtern decided to go around Scotland; On July 5, he sailed between Fair Isle and Mainland of the Shetland archipelago and, having sailed for 86 days, arrived on July 21 in Copenhagen, and on August 5 (17), 1806 in Kronstadt, having made the entire trip in 3 years 12 days. During the entire voyage on the ship "Nadezhda" there was not a single death, and there were very few sick, while on other ships then many people died in inland navigation.

Emperor Alexander I awarded Kruzenshtern and his subordinates. All officers received the following ranks, commanders of the Order of St. Vladimir 3 degrees and 3000 rubles each, lieutenants 1000 each, and warrant officers 800 rubles each for life pension. The lower ranks, at will, were dismissed and awarded a pension from 50 to 75 rubles. By the highest order, a special medal was struck for all participants in this first round the world trip.

The description of this expedition was printed at the expense of the imperial cabinet under the title "Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships" Nadezhda "and" Neva ", under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Kruzenshtern", in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, St. Petersburg, 1809

This work has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish. Reprinted 2007.

Kruzenshtern's voyage marked an era in the history of the Russian fleet, enriching geography and natural sciences with a lot of information about countries that are little known. This voyage is an important milestone in the history of Russia, in the development of its fleet, it made significant contribution in the study of the oceans, many branches of the natural and human sciences.

From that time on, a continuous series of Russian round-the-world travels began; the governance of Kamchatka has largely changed for the better. Of the officers who were with Kruzenshtern, many later served with honor in the Russian fleet, and the cadet Otto Kotzebue was himself later the commander of a ship that went on a round-the-world voyage.

During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island was mapped for the first time. A lot of interesting observations the travel participants left not only about Far Eastbut also about other areas through which they sailed. The commander of the Neva, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of data was collected by the participants of the expedition about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans.

The results of the observations were presented in the report of the Academy of Sciences. They turned out to be so significant that I.F. Kruzenshtern was awarded the title of academician. His materials formed the basis for the published in the early 1920s. Atlas of the South Seas. In 1845, Admiral Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian geographic society... He brought up a whole galaxy of Russian navigators and explorers.

Expedition route.

Kronshtadt (Russia) - Copenhagen (Denmark) - Falmouth (Great Britain) - Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) - Florianopolis (Brazil, Portugal) - Easter Island - Nukuhiva (Marquesas Islands, France) - Honolulu (Hawaiian Islands) - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Russia) - Nagasaki (Japan) - Hakodate (Hokkaido Island, Japan) - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk ( sakhalin Island, Russia) - Sitka (Alaska, Russia) - Kodiak (Alaska, Russia) - Guangzhou (China) - Macau (Portugal) - Saint Helena (Great Britain) - Corvo and Florish Islands (Azores , Portugal) - Portsmouth (Great Britain) - Kronstadt (Russia).