What can you learn about a person by his. Sociologists: what you can learn about a person by their appearance

There are many lanes in Moscow, named after the occupations of the people who lived in them. Tanners lived in Kozhevnichesky Lane, kolpachniki lived in Kolpachnoye, and carpenters lived in Plotnikovoye. Oddly enough, in Khamovnichesky lane lived not boors, but weavers. Who lived in Vorotnikovsky Lane?

(The guards, or "collars".)

Translators (interpreters) used to live in Tolmachevsky Lane in Moscow, blacksmiths lived on Kuznetsky Most, and kolpachny Lane used to make hats. And what was produced on Verkhnyaya Bolvanovskaya Street?

(Blanks for hats. Now this street is called Verkhnyaya Radishchevskaya.)

In princely times Kiev was a real City of Masters. One of the most revered was the profession of those who were called "sorcerers working at the forge." What profession are you talking about?

(Potter - from the word "miner", that is, "a sorcerer working at the forge.")

Carpenters in Russia were unsurpassed builders. Without a single nail, they could both cut down the church and build a bridge. But from about the 10th century, stone structures were also erected. Not only walls were built of stone and brick, but houses as well. The name of the new profession comes from the building material from which the brick was made - clay. At that time, the word "clay" sounded like "zd" or "zod". How did the new profession and structures erected by such craftsmen come to be called?

(The architect who built the building.)

When in the 12-13 centuries. stokers in Russia went about their usual business, their main food was fish. Why?

(Because pirates were then called stokers, from the word "sink" ships.)

What was the name of the standard-bearer under Peter I?

(Once in Russia the banner was called the ensign. And under Peter I, the standard-bearer was called the ensign.)

The representative of what profession in Russia was called "goldsmith"?

(Jeweler.)

At the time of Catherine II, there was a profession whose people burned gold leaf from their uniforms. It was done this way: clothes were put on large baking sheets and stuffed into the oven. The fabric decayed, and the gold dripped into prepared buckets. Now the name of this profession, applied to a person, has acquired an extremely negative connotation. According to Ozhegov's dictionary, this is a rogue, a rogue, a tight-fisted person. What is this profession?

(Burnout.)

Why in Russia did the merchants selling fabrics prefer to hire small sellers?

(In the old days, the fabric was measured with the elbows. The elbow is the distance from the elbow joint to the middle finger. A small seller has a shorter elbow, you can get more money for a piece of fabric.)

What was the name of the used goods dealer: maklak or wahlak?

(McLuck.)

Whom in the old days were they called "freaks": merchants or grooms?

(Merchants selling haberdashery goods, books, popular prints on the spot.)

Was a peddler in Russia engaged in trade or in the manufacture of boxes from birch bark?

(Trade. Harassment sold haberdashery goods, small things necessary in peasant life.)

On the way from the Ambassadorial yard to the Kremlin, at one time it was possible to go to the so-called lousy market, where various old things were sold, and representatives of a certain profession also sat there. What kind of profession is this if the German traveler Adom Olearius recalled that he walked across the square as if on soft upholstery?

(Bradobrai, hairdresser - the whole square was covered with hair.)

Ancient Russia. A man walks up to an oak, pine or linden tree. In his hands he has an ax and a special knife, on his legs there are tree-dart thorns. What is his profession?

(Bortnik– a person who was engaged in fighting, from the word "to fight"– hollow tree. Borticulture– the oldest form of beekeeping, in which bees live in tree hollows.)

In the Middle Ages in Russia, the spinning profession was one of the most widespread. There were several dozen types of yarn, which made different types of threads for different purposes. The two most basic specialties of spinning were called founding and weaving. What they were doing?

(They made threads for the warp and weft, respectively. Weft - transverse threads of the fabric, intertwined with longitudinal ones - the warp.)

According to Dahl's dictionary, since ancient times in Russia they called those who sew clothes, a simple peasant tailor. And later - a cheesy fellow. How is it?

(Trash.)

In which russian city erected the only monument in the world to barge haulers, whose hard labor the Volga region was rich in?

(In the city of Rybinsk, which at one time received the unofficial status of the "capital of barge haulers".)

For which of the royal amusements was the Jägermeister previously responsible?

(For the hunt.)

What is the name of the master craftsman's assistant?

(Journeyman.)

In Russia, a careless apprentice, a craftsman, could be locked up with a tool and “put on bread and water” for a whole year. Only a four-legged friend could brighten up his loneliness. The masters that came from this training were very skillful. What was said about those of them who, due to hunger, acted with their friend in the learning process in a very unfriendly manner?

("I ate a dog on this.")

What is the name of the master who makes barrels?

(Cooper, or bochard.)

What was the name of all the cheap cabs in pre-revolutionary Moscow?

(Vanka.)

Was the servant in the tavern called a sex or dish servant?

(Sexual.)

How would our current bartender be called in the Russian state before the 18th century?

(Butler. This executivewho was in charge of wine cellars, who poured and served drinks at the feast.)

Previously, it was a merchant, a trader, mostly foreign. And now - a familiar person whom you accept in your home. Who is it?

(The guest.)

What Russian painter loved to paint merchants who were famous for their enterprising mind, and merchants - sleek and burly?

(Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev.)

Earlier in Russia every person of this profession had his own teacher. Right to independent work the student received only after the death of the teacher. A person of this profession usually lived near his place of work and often, since the salary was small, he combined several other professions - he was both a refectory and a gravedigger. Name this profession.

(Bell ringer.)

What old professions were threatened by such two misfortunes as deafness and lightning strikes?

(To the bell ringers.)

Guess who our ancestors called pestun?

(A caring educator. To nurture is to carefully, lovingly grow, educate, and also nurse.)

Translate to modern language the word "protective", which served as the name of one of the professions of our ancestors.

(Bodyguard.)

In P.P. Ershov "The Little Humpbacked Horse" we read:

Sleeping bag here with the skok
And from all that was feet
I went into the palace to see the king.

Who is "Sleeper"?

(In the Russian state of the 11-17 centuries - a courtier whose duties were to help the Tsar to dress and undress.)

Previously, this word was used to call a servant who did dirty work, and now it is called a dirty, dirty woman. What's this word?

(Chumichka.)

What word in the old days was a scornful name for a writer and a journalist (it was used in the sense of "scribbler")?

("Silk-fin", from the phrase "flick the pen.")

What was the name of the philosopher in Russia?

(Wisdom, wisdom is philosophy.)

Clown or clerk used to be called "clown"?

(Clown.)

Who in Russia in the 18th - 19th centuries was called a horseman?

(A veterinarian who graduated from a special school.)

Was the interpreter or the basmach in Russia an interpreter during the conversation and negotiations?

(Interpreter.)

Who in Dahl's dictionary is called a scribe: an informer or a stenographer?

(A stenographer. Now this is the ironic term for a person who writes quickly, hastily and superficially.)

Previously, this word was used to refer to the owner of the inn, but today they are called the employee who maintains cleanliness and order in the yard and on the street. What's this word?

(Janitor.)

Whom were they called representatives in Russia?

(Actors.)

A buffoon in the old days is ... Who?

(Magician, acrobat.)

What in Russia, according to Dahl, did the ore-thrower do?

(He bled to the sick. Usually this responsibility fell on the barbers.)

What did the solicitor do in Russia: jurisprudence, military affairs or cookery?

(Jurisprudence.)

A representative of what profession was called a sculptor in the old days? And the architect?

(Sculptor, architect.)

The Moscow Museum of which symbol of Russia became possible thanks to the hard work of fellers?

(Valenka Museum.)

What was the name of the hand wash worker?

(Laundress.)

Name the profession of people who, as a rule, were natives of Finland, carried a large spoon with a folding handle and had the right to visit baths in St. Petersburg in the 19th century for free.

(Chimney sweeps. They used a spoon with a large folding handle to scoop ash out of chimneys. In St. Petersburg in the 19th century, 2/3 of the chimney sweeps were Finns. After the revolution, they returned to their homeland.)

In Old Tallinn, they honestly fulfill all their duties. Not forgetting to bring happiness to the one who touches them. Who are they?

(Chimney sweeps.)

"Without us, the human race will end!" - defended the honor of this profession Akulina Gavrilovna in a play about the adventures of Misha Balzaminov. What is this profession?

(Matchmaker.)

Whom in Russia XIX century was the name of the attorney at law: a lawyer or a prosecutor?

(Lawyer.)

What was the name of the railway workers in the century before last?

(Travelers.)

Representatives of what ancient profession use ruff, weights and cables as improvised means at work?

(Chimney sweeps.)

This profession is quite dangerous. Indeed, according to available data in Russia, of all those who were engaged in this difficult profession, only 60% survived to retirement (although they did not go on a well-deserved rest). Now we do not have this profession. What is this profession?

(Tsar. Of all Russian tsars, only 60% died of old age, the rest were helped to die.)

Tell me, isn't it a shame that in Holy Russia
Thanks to you, we have not seen any books until now?
What profession did A.S. Pushkin in these lines?

(To the censor.)

Pickpockets as specialist thieves appeared only in the 17th century, after the appearance of pockets on clothes. Who was the professional predecessor of pickpockets in Russia?

(Scammers. They cut off the wallet – purse.)

What would be called our Minister of Defense in Ancient Athens?

(Strategist. He commanded all the troops in Athens. They were Pericles, Themistocles, Alcibiades.)

IN Ancient Rome - a teacher who taught children the basics of linguistics - grammar. The reading teacher is a writer. The slave who accompanied the children to and from school is a teacher. And what was the name of the teacher of arithmetic in ancient Rome?

(Calculator.)

Information about common people ancient Rome, we draw mainly from the epitaphs. Many inscriptions have been preserved about gladiators and about various artisans. And only one single inscription brought to us information about the representative of this profession. His name was Furius Filocal, he lived in Capua, as the epitaph says, "poor and honest." Times are changing, but even now most of the representatives of this profession, well known to you, live poorly and honestly. Name this profession.

(School teacher.)

What was the name of the teacher of eloquence in ancient Rome?

(Rhetorician.)

Soon after the first Olympiad of antiquity was held in honor of Zeus, for the first time in history, a service of "ellonodiks" was formed, who underwent serious training. What are the names of their modern colleagues?

(Sports judges, or referees. "Ellonodic" literally means "Greek judge".)

This is one of the oldest "professions", but not the oldest. Translated from Greek, the name of this "profession" is "try", "test". No - this is not a test pilot. Some historians include Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama and Fernando Magellan as representatives of this "profession". Now this "profession" is experiencing a rebirth. Name this widespread “profession”.

(This is "pirate", from ancient Greek peiran.)

In ancient Rome, there was a profession "argyroscope". What did the people of this profession do?

(They checked coins for teeth.)

In ancient Rome, there were up to 7 thousand professionals who are in demand to this day. True, then their duty was to destroy the houses if something happened. Now they are doing just that. What?

(They fill burning buildings with water and foam. These are firemen. And in those distant times, firefighters simply brought down the house to prevent the fire from spreading further.)

Did the Greeks call builders architects or architects?

(Architects.)

The tradition of this profession has existed for three centuries. At first, only men owned it, but by XVIII century women have completely ousted men from this profession. FROM japanese its name is translated as "man of art". What is this profession?

(Geisha is a professional dancer and singer invited to receive and entertain guests.)

What was the name of professional spies in medieval Japan who secretly performed a difficult task?

(Ninja.)

In the middle of the 19th century, adding machines became widespread. They were served by specially trained people who could count quickly and accurately with the help of this device. Tell me what the profession of such a person was called.

(Calculator.)

As in feudal Russia 10-18 centuries. what were the big merchants who conducted intercity and foreign trade?

a) Guests;

b) Tourists;

c) Aliens;

d) Shuttles.

Who was in charge of beekeeping and honey making in the service of the medieval Russian prince?

a) Sleeping bag;

b) Falconer;

c) Cup;

d) Equestrian.

What or who was the equestrian in charge of the Russian court?

a) the royal chambers;

b) the royal kennel;
c) Royal stables;

d) Palace servants.

Who was in charge of the whole hound hunting in the landlord's time?
a) Hunter;

b) Traffic driver;
c) The lurker;

d) Borzovik.

From the vocabulary of representatives of what profession came the expression: "To go all out"?

a) Kuznetsov;

b) Bell ringers;
c) Burlakov;

d) Stolyarov.
(Which meant ringing big, heavy bells. Now this expression means: start doing something, using all the ways, opportunities, or begin to behave extremely reprehensible.)

By the great command of which Russian monarch in 1871, women were admitted to public service?

a) Peter I ;

b) Ivan IV the Terrible;
c) Alexander II.

d) Nicholas II.

What were the merchants called by all sorts of trifles who accompanied the troops on long campaigns?

a) Shopkeepers;

b) War traders;
c) Salesmen;

d) Marauders.

What was the shinkar doing?

a) Shredded cabbage;
b) Manufactured wheels;
c) Was engaged in tire repair;
d) I ran a small drinking establishment.
(Which was called a shinok.)

For spoon-makers, apprentices prepared wooden chocks for future spoons. The process was called that way. How?

a) Sharpen the fringes;

b) Beat the thumbs;
c) Pull the gimp;

d) Stabbing eyes.

Who in Odessa were called bindyuzhniki?

a) Raiders;

b) Port loaders;
c) Scrap cabs;

d) Market resellers.
(Cabs carrying heavy loads, cargo.)

What did the reketmaster do at the imperial court?
a) reported petitions to the emperor;
b) Responsible for fireworks;
c) Knocked out royal debts;
d) Arranged games and entertainment.

How in pre-revolutionary Russia what was the name of the official who headed the lowest structural part of the institution?

a) Chairperson;

b) Head of the clerk;
c) Portfolio manager;

d) Cabinet chief.

In what institution of pre-revolutionary Russia did the kissing man sell?
a) In a tobacco shop;

b) In a bakery;
c) In a hairdressing salon;

d) In a pub.
(Seller in a drinking establishment, pub.)

Who in Russia at the end of the 18th century were called "Arkharovtsy"?
a) Police officers;

b) Firefighters;
c) Coachmen;

d) Gypsy.
(The nickname of the Russian police, named after N.P. Arkharov, the Moscow chief police chief. In a figurative sense, an Arkharovets is a desperate mischievous hooligan.) Whom in Russia were called coachmen until the end of the 19th century?

a) Excavators;
b) Workers' cemeteries;
c) Workers for patching roads;
d) Charioteers, coachmen on the post road.

In the 19th century, the Moscow mayor issued a decree in which he consolidated the phrase recommended to coachmen to replace the abuse in the presence of ladies. We also use this phrase with success. What phrase did he recommend?
a) "Kreks, pex, fex";

b) "Shirley-myrli";

c) "Yolki-sticks";

d) "Byaki-buki".

What was the name of the class associations of merchants in Russia before the revolution?
a) Guilds;

b) Colleges;

c) Partnerships;

d) Clans.
(Since 1775, the privileged guild merchant has been divided by capital into three guilds.)

How were merchants referred to in 19th century Russia?
a) "Your Reverend";

b) "Your degree";
c) "Your Highness";

d) "Your Excellency."

What professions successfully replaced doctors in the Middle Ages?
a) Blacksmiths;

b) Alchemists;
c) Barriers;

d) Tailors.

What did the repairmen do before?
a) Procurement of edible stocks;

b) Conducting audits;
c) Training of recruits;

d) Purchase of horses.
(Horse purchasing officer.)

The representative of what profession in post-revolutionary Russia was called "shkrab"?
a) Floor polisher;

b) Teacher;
c) Dishwasher;

d) Watchman.
(Shkrab - short for " shkolny slaveotnik ".)

What did the young lady do while working for Underwood?
a) Spun the steering wheel;

b) answered calls;
c) Pounded on the keys;

d) I scolded providers.
(This young lady was a typist, because Underwood is a typewriter.)

What was the name of the leader of the choir in ancient Greek tragedy?
a) Luminary;

b) Archon;
c) Chorion;

d) Harita.
(And now they call outstanding figures in any field. For example, luminaries of science.)

What was the name of the actor in the old days?
a) Hypocrite;

b) Lyceum student;
c) Lyceum;

d) The accuser.

Whom did retouchers help before?
a) Firefighters;

b) Composers;
c) Photographers;

d) Hairdressers.
(They could, at the request of the client, improve the photo - correct the oval of the face or paint over wrinkles. Or they could paint the photo with watercolors. Now this work is performed by special computer programs.)

Funny questions for knowledge of proverbs and catchphrases about professions

Turnip spitters

The ability to spit masterly could well ensure a comfortable life. But the main thing here was not to get carried away - to send "volleys" of a certain force at a strictly established distance. It was forbidden to talk during work, and the professional's mouth was full of seeds of the most popular root vegetable in Russia - turnip.

Until the 19th century, when, according to orders from above, potatoes nevertheless began to gradually displace it, turnip was the main product on the table: soups and cereals were cooked from it, baked, ate raw, stuffed pies (and geese) with it, fermented and salted for the winter. Turnip crop failure equated to natural disaster, but first it was necessary to carry out competent seeding. And the seeds of the root crop are so small that up to a million can fit in 1 kg of them - when scattering by hand, you can not exactly sow. It is not known who first invented this, but they began to "spit" the turnip on the arable land - a certain portion of seeds for a certain area. Good spitters were highly regarded and taught their art to others.

Leech catchers

They spent work timethrashing the swamp slurry with a stick - imitated the entry of cattle into the water. The foolish leeches mistook it for the sound of the dinner gong and hurried to the meal. They were also lured to live bait, in the role of which the catcher himself acted: he entered the water above his knees and his legs were immediately covered with blood-sucking ones. It was then that they were collected. True, not always and not all. So, it was forbidden to catch leeches during breeding - in May, June and July. Also, “when fishing, only those fit for medical use must be selected, that is, at least 1 1/2 inches of length; small leeches, as well as too thick, should be thrown back into the water when fishing. The prey should be stored in the chill, in a container filled with earth.

Since ancient times, hirudotherapy has been held in high esteem: for any ailment, doctors first "bleed badly", and every merchant who loves to grumble knew that the best remedy for a hangover is leeches behind the ears. Moreover, Russia was successfully engaged in the export of bloodsucking. Before the revolution, up to 120 million leeches were exported to Europe annually - the income to the treasury was 6 million rubles. silver, which was comparable to the income from the export of grain.

Tail manufacturers

It was not just a profession, but a whole business that appeared in the “right” place at the “right” time. Alexander Dumas, the author of The Three Musketeers, who visited Russia in 1859, told about him.

It was a fierce winter, when the wolves came out of the forests and, coming close to the villages, attacked not only livestock, but also people. The authorities took decisive measures and began to pay 5 rubles for each wolf's tail presented (therefore, the destroyed wolf). The people got excited, presented 100,000 tails, for which 500,000 rubles were paid. But something went wrong: they began to make inquiries, conducted an investigation and found a factory for the production of wolf tails in Moscow.

"From one wolf skin worth ten francs," the writer calculated, "they made from fifteen to twenty tails, which brought three hundred fifty to four hundred thousand: as we see, no matter how much the dressing itself cost, the income was three and a half thousand per hundred."

A similar story, according to some sources, seems to have happened also in the Vologda province - albeit earlier. There, on April 1, 1840, the wolf-tails hearing began. This was also preceded by an invasion of wolves and the promised reward for each tail - 1 kopeck. copper (a pood of rye flour then cost 50 kopecks). When the number of wolves practically disappeared, the peasants, accustomed to additional income, became sad and found a way out - they began to make wolf tails from hemp. A whole production arose: some made rods, others attached hemp, others were combed, and still others painted. As a result, they reached almost complete naturalism. The governor himself was in the share, and therefore the tailors worked quietly until the benefactor resigned.

Screams

Professional mourners existed in ancient times - in Egypt, Greece, Rome. Moreover, in the empire, they even tried to limit their excessive grief: it was legally forbidden to scratch one's face and lament during burial. The Russian villages had their own mourners - crybirds. They were invited not only to funerals, where they could draw a tragic note for hours, but also to weddings. After all, the bride was supposed to leave the parental home, bursting into tears, but not in any way shining with polished copper. Here the corresponding crying recitative came in very handy: "Oh, yes, sorry, goodbye, dear donny ...".

A real vocalist had to combine both author's talent and acting. Some have reached real heights in this matter. So, a resident of the village of Safronovo, Olonets province, Irina Fedosova, is dedicated to the essay by Maxim Gorky "Voplenitsa". “Orina,” the author pushes hard on “o”, “from the age of 14 she began to scream. She is lame because, at the age of eight, she fell from her horse and broke her leg. She is ninety-eight years old. In her homeland, her fame is wide and honorable - everyone knows her, and every well-to-do person invites her to "cry out" at funerals, weddings ... More than 30,000 verses have been written down from her words, while Homer's Iliad has only 27,815 !. . "

Rag pickers, crochet hookers

Could the workers of rags and garbage dumps have assumed that in the 21st century their business - on the separate collection of garbage - would become fashionable and relevant? Mournful cry "Old-e-e-take-e-e!" carried around the yards in the middle of the last century. For rags, cans, old newspapers, one could get all sorts of treasures: sugar cockerels, crackers, pipes and even bogey pistols that were loudly firing blank charges. Gradually, the matter came to naught. But before there was a whole empire.

For example, in the Petersburg slums near the Senny market there was a whole "Rag Wing", which occupied one of the buildings of the Vyazemskaya Lavra. It was not difficult to find it: in the courtyard there were mountains of rags, paper, bones and other garbage, the place of which was in the trash heap. But the workers of the rag front who lived here did not bother at all: the main thing was earnings. The hooker was considered the lowest in the hierarchy of collectors. His main tool was a hook planted on a stick, with which he rummaged, extracting what he needed, in dumps and garbage heaps, and thus earned about 50 kopecks. per day, and as much as 15 rubles per month. The finds were handed over to the mackerels (or "rag aces" - the owners of the artel), of which there were more than 50 in St. Petersburg in 1895. They also allocated the rag-pickers funds to buy (or exchange) rags from the population, in order to then hand them over to larger dealers or directly for processing ... The product was in demand. So, the owners of the Nevskaya stationery factory, the merchants Vargunins, spent up to 150,000 rubles on the purchase of rags. in year. And Krylov's stationery factory annually bought 50,000 poods of bast shoes in the Vologda province - 60 kopecks each. for a pood.

With the development of technological progress in many professions, the need has disappeared, because now they are being replaced by automated devices and a variety of gadgets. But in the last century, these professions were very useful and in demand. For example, in Russia, in order to earn their bread, our ancestors thrashed the swamp slurry with a stick, yelled at the top of their lungs at funerals and weddings, and also dug in the garbage in search of profit.

Turnip spitters

Until the 19th century, when, according to orders from above, potatoes nevertheless began to gradually displace it, turnip was the main product on the table: soups and cereals were cooked from it, baked, ate raw, stuffed pies (and geese) with it, fermented and salted for the winter. A turnip crop failure was equated with a natural disaster, but first it was necessary to carry out a competent sowing. And the seeds of the root crop are so small that up to a million can fit in 1 kg of them - when scattering by hand, it is impossible to sow exactly. It is not known who first invented this, but they began to "spit" turnips on arable land - a certain portion of seeds for a certain area. Good spitters were highly regarded and taught their art to others.

Leech catchers

They spent their working hours hitting the swamp slurry with a stick - they imitated the entry of cattle into the water. The foolish leeches mistook it for the sound of the dinner gong and rushed to their meal. They were also lured to live bait, in the role of which the catcher himself acted: he went above the knees into the water and his legs were immediately covered with blood-sucking ones. It was then that they were collected. True, not always and not all. So, it was forbidden to catch leeches during breeding - in May, June and July. Also, “when fishing, only those fit for medical use must be selected, that is, at least 1 1/2 inches of length; leeches are small, as well as too thick, and should be thrown back into the water when fishing. The prey should be stored in the chill, in a container filled with earth.

Tail manufacturers

A similar story, according to some sources, seems to have happened also in the Vologda province - albeit earlier. There, on April 1, 1840, the wolf-tails hearing began. This was also preceded by an invasion of wolves and the promised reward for each tail - 1 kopeck. copper (a pood of rye flour then cost 50 kopecks). When the number of wolves practically disappeared, the peasants, accustomed to additional income, became sad and found a way out - they began to make wolf tails from hemp. A whole production arose: some made rods, others attached hemp, others were combed, and still others painted. As a result, they reached almost complete naturalism. The governor himself was in the share, and therefore the tailors worked quietly until the benefactor resigned.

Screams

Rag pickers, crochet hookers

5 City of Masters

The names of the ancient Russian cities come from the names of their founders: the city of Vladimir is named after Vladimir Monomakh, the Russian prince, Yaroslavl - in honor of another famous prince, Yaroslav the Wise. But still, the names of most of the cities came from the names of the rivers on which they were built. For example, Moscow on the Moscow River.

The names of the cities were also given by the professions of their inhabitants. Even a small town in the old days was famous for some kind of craft or craft. For example, in the town of Bronnitsy in the suburbs of Moscow there lived gunsmiths who made armor, and in Mytishchi, another town near Moscow, the collection of myt (duties) took place. The names of streets in ancient Russian cities for the most part also came from the occupations of their inhabitants - Oruzheinaya, Kuznetskaya, Myasnitskaya, Goncharnaya, Kozhevnicheskaya. These names have survived in modern cities.

Old clothes: 1 - hairy; 2, 3 - gloves; 4 - caftan

A tailor at work. From a drawing of the 16th century.

Shoe shop in Moscow. From an engraving of the 17th century.Antique footwear: 1, 2 - boots; 3 - shoes; 4 - piston

Craftsmen fed and clothed the townspeople. These were pancakes, bakers, butchers, sotniki, “costume” artisans who sewed clothes. Leatherworkers processed leather and made from it various subjects, including shoes. Carpenters built houses and made wood products. Blacksmiths and foundry workers knew the secrets of forging and casting metal products. The artisans were very proud of their skills, it was not for nothing that they said: "There are many artisans, but few masters."

Peasant and artisan of the XII century Reconstruction

Imagine a bearded blacksmith, trimmed in a circle, dressed in a caftan just above the knees, an apron and boots. His main weapon is a hammer and pliers. He knows for sure that it is impossible to overexpose the molten metal at a high temperature, that it is necessary to remove the finished product from the furnace in time. Every blacksmith understood that if the metal cooled down, it would become hard and it would no longer be possible to forge it. This is where the modern saying "Strike the iron while it is hot" originated, which means "hurry up to do business on time." And so that outsiders did not interfere with such a complex matter as metal casting, blacksmiths spread various false rumors. Onlookers dispersed, and it was possible to calmly do business. This is the origin of the word "flood", that is, "deceive".

It was a difficult craft for potters. They molded pots from clay rims, which they placed one on top of the other, aligned and stuck together. At first they were made by hand, and later invented potter's wheel- a special rotating device, with which the walls of the dishes could be molded even. When the dishes were ready, they were dried in the sun and burned in ovens. The craftsmen were very proud of their products, they gave affectionate names to individual parts of the vessels - spout, neck, handle, body, leg.

If the life of an urban artisan took place in a workshop, then a merchant spent all his time at the auction. Oriental goods were in special demand - peppers, raisins, nuts, glassware, cloth, which was bought in large skeins - pieces.Russian people brought honey, wax, leather, furs, linen to the market. In addition to goods, merchants also brought fresh news, stories about overseas countries and customs.

In addition to artisans and merchants in ancient cities lived coachmen- people who kept horses to transport people, mail and goods. Their homes were located along the most important roads leading out of the city. There were also serving military people in the city fortresses - archers, gunners.They served for the protection of the city, and in peacetime they were also engaged in craft and trade.

Church ministers also lived in the cities - priestsand monks.The latter lived in monasteries near the city or in backyardsin the city itself. There were a lot of churches in the cities, almost on every street. Near the churches, near the walls of the monasteries, one could see a huge number of beggars.

The inhabitants of the ancient cities were not much like modern citizens. They dressed completely differently. Remember the tale of Alexander Pushkin about the fisherman and the fish? The old man did not recognize his old woman when she became rich:

His old woman stands on the porch

In an expensive sable jacket,

Brocade kitsch on the top,

The pearls cut their neck

Gold rings on my hands

On his feet are red boots.

Boyars, wealthy merchants wore wide loose robes of bright colors, embroidered with gold and pearls. The sleeves and hems of caftans were necessarily trimmed with materials of other color. Large collars decorated with precious stones were fastened separately.

Sagittarius XVII century

Moscow dandy of the 17th century.

1. Kaftan 2. Smart caftan 3. Feriaz 4. Ohaben

In the old days, wide and long (up to the toes) clothes were called opal land.They were made of silk or thin cloth lined with a slit in the front and very long sleeves. Holes for the arms were made under the sleeves, and the sleeves themselves were tied with a knot on the back. The land was decorated with beautiful buttons and necklace- embroidered collar with gold and pearls. Apparently, this rich summer outfit was worn when leaving the house in good weather. They wore it "on fire", that is, in a cape (hence the name "opashen", as well as the word "plowed").

In the XVI century. appeared ferryaz- a wide and long party dress without a collar. Feriaz was sewn from silk, velvet, brocade, and lined with fur. The front was decorated with samples - embroidered silk and gold buttonholes. Initially, the ferryaz was with strings, which were later replaced with buttons. The ferryaz, like the opale, had long sleeves. In one of them, gathered in folds, an arm was threaded, and the other was left hanging to the floor. Sometimes the sleeves were tied at the back.

throated hats and a cap. Engraving. XVII century

The rich townspeople were very fond of fur coats. They were worn even in not very cold weather to show their wealth. And if it was hot, then a beautiful sable collar was attached to the clothes. Fur coats were always sewn with fur inside and covered with cloth or silk on top. On the sides of the cut in front, stripes were made from a different material. Loops and buttons were sewn onto them. Fur coats were usually in the old days wide, long, with turn-down collars.

The subject of panache was not only furs, but also buttons, which in those days were much more expensive than the dress itself. But the most fashionable piece of clothing was the stand-up collar - trump.The word "trump" meant in the old days "to be proud."

Trump. Parsuna "Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky". XVII century

A belt was an indispensable part of clothing in Russia. Only children could go outside without a belt. Rich people deliberately girded high under their breasts to protrude their belly. IN Ancient Rus to deprive a person of his belt meant dishonoring him (hence the well-known expression "to unbelieve", which meant "to disgrace").

The most common belt in Russia was the sash. It was wide and long; it was wrapped around the waist several times. The ends were sometimes left free, and sometimes they were tucked in from the sides. Behind the sash, according to the Asian custom, hung a dagger.

The high hat was called throaty,because they sewed it from skins from the throats of animals. She was an indispensable attribute of the outfit of a rich city dweller.

The townsfolk did not lag behind the men. They wore even wider and brighter robes. Long sleeves folded back, hands were not thrust into them. The girls wore crowns and braided ribbons. And women carefully tucked their hair under a headscarf or headdress - kiku.Kika had a high forehead, widening upward, - brow.As a rule, it was made of a silver sheet, covered with an elegant fabric and decorated with gold, pearls and precious stones. The back of the kiki - cuff- was made of dense fabric, sable or beaver fur. A fringe was fastened along the edge of the kiki, most often of pearls, which was called down.

The rich townspeople and townspeople wore soft boots on their feet, and the poor wore bast shoes. The expression “not bastard” meant that a person is not an ordinary person.

Vintage womens hats

N. Konchalovskaya in her book "Our Ancient Capital" describes the clothes in which Muscovites used to wear:

Oh, you, well done guests,

Long-sex merchants!

And boyars and nobles,

Citizens and peasants

Who is in shirts and pants,

Who is in short zipuns.

And such dandies were:

They wore a long ohab

Sleeves to the ground

The dust was shaking down the street

And in winter, in frost, in Moscow

They put on a fur coat, two.

And the noblewoman used to

I put on three fur coats.

They like to dress up on holidays

Our Russian girls:

Necklaces, earrings, beads,

Ribbons in braids to the ground.

And the pullets under the trim

They hide their hair:

In the old days there was a scythe

Only maiden beauty!

The artisans' clothes were simple: shirts, harbors and caftans. The ports were sewn from thin cloth - trousersand tucked into boots (the word "trousers" comes from this name). Hats were made of felted cloth. They cut their hair in a circle and wore beards.

1. Summertime 2. Kika and soul heat 3. Summer clothes of wealthy women

Telogrey

The wives and daughters of artisans, like peasant women, were very fond of wearing sarafans. They put on over them padded jacketsand soul warriors - wide and short jackets, and on the head - a kichka or kokoshnik. It was covered with bright fabric and embroidered. They also wore scarves - fly.The townspeople loved glass and copper bracelets, bone pendants for headdresses, hoops and rings made of wood and bone.

And the artisan, and the merchant, and the boyar - all the townspeople necessarily had a vegetable garden, a plot of field and a barn with cows, pigs, birds. And not somewhere outside the city, but in the city itself. In addition to the vegetable garden, the citizen always had a garden, which he loved very much and carefully looked after. Until now, vegetables and fruits are known, the cultivation of which was famous for the ancient cities: "vladimirka" - cherries from Vladimir, Nezhinsky cucumbers, Pavlovsky melons and watermelons.

There were in the old days in the cities and special hay trades. The fact is that the cities had their own hayfields and pastures for livestock. The urban landscape was characterized by stretched nets and fishermen sitting on the banks of a river or lake. It is not by chance that fish were depicted on many ancient coats of arms of cities. (In general, coats of arms can tell us a lot about the occupations of the inhabitants of the ancient city.)

Thus, each city dweller, in addition to his main profession, was also engaged in peasant labor, providing his family with everything necessary. This is why the old cities were so reminiscent of villages.

Noblewoman of the late 17th century

Questions and tasks

1. List all those who lived in the old days in the Russian city. What did they do? How did the townspeople dress before?

2. Try to draw the coat of arms of one of the Russian cities. Is it possible to determine the occupations of the townspeople by the drawn coat of arms?

3. What craft would you like to do if you are in the place of a city dweller-artisan? Sculpt a product from clay or plasticine that was made by artisans of this profession.

4. Rewrite, insert the missing letters and explain the meaning of the words:

r-messengers

k-chewers

l-teasters

p-yard

m – stera – arable land

to-dig

g – roll hat

sr-fan

k-koshnik

5. Why do you think the riddle "Seventy clothes, and all without fasteners" appeared in a Russian city? How does it relate to the habits of the townspeople?

6. Remember songs, jokes and riddles about Russian clothing. How was clothing treated in the old days?

I'm bored, girl,

Alone in the light room

Sew patterns in silver!

And without mother dear

The sundress is my favorite

I put it on in the evening.

In a multi-colored round dance

I was playing free

And she laughed like a child! ..

A.I. Polezhaev. Sundress

You, Nazar, you, Nazar,

Go to the bazaar,

Buy me a sundress:

Neither long nor short -

Not to go to the forest,

No hares to catch.

7. Guess Russian folk riddles about clothes. You can draw the answers. Which of these garments were worn in the old days?

1. I walked along the road,

I found two roads

I went on both.

2. I sit on horseback,

I don't know on whom

Meet a friend

I will jump off - I will welcome.

3. Happy hoop,

At night a snake.

Answers:belt, hat, pants.

An interesting fact.Do you know the history of the origin of winged words and expressions? For example, today you can hear the words: "Do not bring me to white heat!" It turns out that we owe their origin to artisans-blacksmiths. They gradually heated the metal to such an extent that, while glowing, it turned from red to white. Then they gave it the desired shape with a hammer. The expression "hack to death" meant (and still means) "remember." And in the old days, a "nose" was called a tablet that illiterate people carried with them in order to make various notes and notches on it. "To hack into the nose" meant "to make nicks on the plank so as not to forget."

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