According to the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), which was developed at the end of the 20th century, foreign language proficiency is usually divided into 6 levels. In 2001, the Council of Europe decided to use the CEFR to assess linguistic competence in any language that is taught as a foreign language. According to the CEFR system, knowledge foreign language students are divided into 3 groups, each of which, in turn, is divided into 2 groups. This is how the CEFR English proficiency levels look like:
- A - Elementary possession (Basic User):
- A1 - Survival Level (Beginner and Elementary)
- A2 - Pre-threshold level (Waystage - Pre-Intermediate)
- B - Independent User:
- B1 - Threshold - Intermediate
- B2 - Threshold advanced level (Vantage - Upper-Intermediate)
- C - Proficiency (Proficient User):
- C1 - The level of professional proficiency (Effective Operational Proficiency - Advanced)
- C2 - The level of proficiency in perfection (Mastery - Proficiency)
In this table, you can familiarize yourself with all aspects of the English language that are studied at various levels of study. Columns with views are arranged vertically speech activity (Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing), the two outer columns show what grammatical material and vocabulary is studied at each stage. Levels of training are shown horizontally, from Beginner to Proficiency. At the intersection of the row and column, you can find a description of what skills and abilities are formed and developed at each stage.
With the help of the table, you can determine the level of your knowledge and find out what you will learn at each stage of study.
Click on the image to view the table of levels of English in Russian, or on a computer.
If you want to familiarize yourself with each level of education in more detail, then we bring to your attention articles on the levels of teaching English.
Hey! We very often use various kinds of abbreviations in informal communication on the Internet to speed up the process of information exchange. For example, instead of "Thank you", we write "ATP"; instead of "Please" and "Not at all" - "pzh" and "nz"; instead of "now" - just "schA". English correspondence with short sms messages also has its own abbreviations, which we will talk about today.
Abbreviations in english languageAbbreviations are used not because of illiteracy, but to save time and quickly convey your message, without forgetting the most important thing. With live communication, we can easily express a large amount of information quickly, spending a few seconds. When chatting on the Internet, even a short thought will take a minute or more to express. As a result, all the ideas that one wanted to highlight are often forgotten. In this case, various abbreviations come to the rescue.
Many abbreviations are already firmly entrenched in our speech, and sometimes we pronounce some words, not even suspecting that they are acronyms, that is, abbreviations that have become independent words in our language.
One of the most popular Internet acronyms today is the abbreviation "IMHO". Few people know that this is a tracing of the English abbreviation "IMHO", which stands for "In My Humble Opinion" - "In My Humble Opinion", that is, in a hare this abbreviation should look like "PMSM".
The functionality and convenience of the Internet is actively used for learning English, including for correspondence and communication with native speakers on forums and in chats. But if you are new to an English-speaking forum, then it will be difficult for you to understand what the participants are talking about, since they very often use abbreviations when writing sms on the Internet in English.
English abbreviations To make it easier for you to navigate in the English chat, and found, systematized and deciphered the most popular sms abbreviations. I divided abbreviations for correspondence into several groups:
The first group belongs to the category "As I hear, so I write":
- u \u003d you
- ur \u003d your (you)
- cu \u003d cya \u003d see you
- k \u003d ok (ok, okay)
- y \u003d why
- Any1 \u003d anyone
- gr8 \u003d great (large)
- 4u \u003d for you (for you)
- u2 \u003d you too
The third group - the most popular colloquial phrases in the English language, which are written in correspondence on the Internet and sms as abbreviations:
- np \u003d no problem (no problem)
- gf \u003d girlfriend
- tc \u003d take care
- bb \u003d bye bye (bye, see you soon)
- omg \u003d oh my god
Of course, these are not all abbreviations in English. To make it easier for you to learn or decipher them in chat, I have created a special table that you can download, print and hang in a prominent place.
Table "English abbreviations"
Many acronyms and acronyms from communication in 
The Internet has switched to real communication in English, so it will be useful to know them. For example, the words "gonna" and "wanna", which are often used in ordinary speech, sound like "going to" and "want to" in full. But they are already firmly entrenched in the English language in a condensed form.
And now the promised extended table:
Abbreviation | Full version | Transfer |
« As I hear, so I write« |
||
| r | are | there is |
| b | be | be |
| u | you | you |
| y | why | why |
| ur | your | You, your |
| n | and | and |
| k | ok | well |
| cu \u003d cya | see you | i'll see you |
| pls | please | you are welcome |
| gimme | give me | give me |
| thx | thanks | thank you |
Alphanumeric |
||
| be4 | before | before |
| some1 | someone | somebody |
| 2day | today | today |
| gr8 | great | large |
| w8 | wait | to wait |
| u2 | you too | you as well |
| 4u | for you | for you |
| str8 | straight | straight |
| 2u | to you | to you |
Abbreviations |
||
| bf | boyfriend | friend |
| ty | thank you | thank |
| brb | be right back | i'll be back soon |
| hru | how are you | how are you |
| btw | by the way | by the way |
| omg | oh my god | Oh my God |
| bbl | be back later | i will come later |
| tl | tender love | offer love |
| afaik | as far as I know | as far as I know |
| asl | age, sex, location | age, gender, location |
| b / t | between | between |
| lol | laughing out loud | laughing |
| xoxo | kisses and hugs | hugs and kisses |
| uw | you are welcome | Welcome |
| bb | bye bye or baby | bye or baby |
| ntmu | nice to meet you | very nice |
| np | no problem | no problem |
| asap | as soon as possible | as fast as possible |
| wb | welcome back | come back |
| tc | take care | take care of yourself |
| ttyl \u003d ttul \u003d t2ul | talk to you later | let's talk later |
| atm | at the moment | at the moment |
| lu \u003d luv u | love you | love you |
| rofl | rolling on the floor laughing | An analogue of our "pat table" from laughter |
| yolo | you only live once | there is only one life |
You may have noticed that some of these abbreviations were used by programmers to create emoticons in social networks and other virtual communication services. Perhaps you will find other abbreviations or other meanings, but I have tried to present the most common ones in English.
This concludes this interesting article and tell you bb-n-brb!
- All the rules, ATP!
- Pzhlst.
Example: MYOB \u003d mind your own business
Below you will find a whole list of English abbreviations (in sms, in social networks, forums). Study it thoroughly to understand what English-speaking interlocutors want from you.
As a preface: colloquial abbreviations in English
Of course, abbreviations english words it is advisable to use only in informal correspondence (private messages, chats). At the same time, a case is known when a 13-year-old girl wrote a school essay, almost entirely based on abbreviations of the English language. Here is an excerpt from it, try to read and understand the meaning of what is written:
My smmr hols wr CWOT. B4, we used 2go2 NY 2C my bro, his GF & thr 3: - kids FTF. ILNY, it's a gr8 plc.
Happened? Now read the "translation":
My summer hols (short for holidays) were a complete waste of time. Before, we used to go to NY (New York) to see my brother, his girlfriend and their 3 kids face to face. I love New York, it's a great place.
As you can see, English abbreviations in writing are built:
- on the use of numbers (4, 8)
- on letter names (R \u003d are, C \u003d see)
- on throwing out vowels (smmr \u003d summer)
- on acronyms - a kind of abbreviation formed by initial letters (ILNY \u003d I love New York).
So, let's move on to our dictionary of English abbreviations.
His Majesty Slang: transcript of English abbreviations
The article will indicate the translation of abbreviations from English into Russian. But where additional clarifications are required, we will give them too. Enjoy!
0 \u003d nothing
2 \u003d two, to, too (two, to, too)
2DAY \u003d today
2MORO / 2MROW \u003d tomorrow
2NITE / 2NYT \u003d tonight (tonight, tonight)
2U \u003d to you
4U \u003d for you (for you)
4E \u003d forever
AFAIK \u003d as far as I know (as far as I know)
ASAP \u003d as soon as possible (as soon as possible, as soon as possible)
ATB \u003d all the best (all the best)
B \u003d to be
B4 \u003d before (before, before)
B4N \u003d bye for now (bye, see you)
BAU \u003d business as usual (an idiom meaning that business continues as usualdespite the difficult situation)
BBL \u003d to be back later
BC \u003d because (because)
BF \u003d boyfriend (young man, boyfriend, boyfriend)
BK \u003d back (back, back)
BRB \u003d to be right back. For example, you are “chatting” with someone, but forced to move away for a while. BRB (will be back soon), - you write, and go about your business.
BRO \u003d brother
BTW \u003d by the way (by the way)
BYOB / BYO \u003d to bring your own booze, to bring your own bottle. It is indicated on the invitation in the event that the host of the party will not provide drinks for guests... By the way, the group System Of A Down has a song B.Y.O.B. (Bring Your Own Bombsinstead Bottle).
C \u003d to see
CIAO \u003d goodbye (goodbye, bye). This abbreviation for correspondence in English is derived from Italian Ciao(and it is pronounced that way - ciao).
COS / CUZ \u003d because (because)
CUL8R \u003d call you later / see you later
CUL \u003d see you later
CWOT \u003d complete waste of time
D8 \u003d date (date, date)
DNR \u003d dinner
EOD \u003d end of debate. Used by during the disputewhen you want to stop it: That’s it, EOD! (That's it, let's stop the argument!)
EZ \u003d easy (easy, simple, convenient)
F2F / FTF \u003d face to face
F8 \u003d fate
FYI \u003d for your information (for your information)
GF \u003d girlfriend
GMTA \u003d great minds think alike. Something like ours "Fools' thoughts converge" just the opposite 🙂
GR8 \u003d great (great, great, etc.)
GTG \u003d got to go
HAND \u003d have a nice day
HB2U \u003d happy birthday to you
HOLS \u003d holidays
HRU \u003d how are you (how are you? How are you?)
HV \u003d to have
ICBW \u003d it could be worse (could be worse)
IDK \u003d I dont know (I don't know)
IDTS \u003d I don’t think so (I don’t think so, I don’t think so, I don’t agree)
ILU / Luv U \u003d I love you (I love you)
IMHO \u003d in my humble opinion (in my humble opinion). Expression migrated to our Internet for a long time in the form of transliteration IMHO.
IYKWIM \u003d if you know what I mean (if you know what I mean)
JK \u003d just kidding (just kidding, this is a joke)
KDS \u003d kids
KIT \u003d to keep in touch
KOTC \u003d kiss on the cheek
L8 \u003d late (late, recently, recently)
L8R \u003d later (later)
LMAO \u003d laughing my ass out (so ridiculous that he "otmeted" the fifth point for himself).
LOL \u003d laughing out loud (identical to the previous one). This popular English abbreviation is also borrowed by our Internet slang in the form of LOL transliteration.
LSKOL \u003d long slow kiss on the lips (French kiss)
LTNS \u003d long time no see (haven't seen each other for a long time)
Example from stickers for Viber
Luv U2 \u003d I love you too
M8 \u003d mate (buddy, friend, dude). Slang word mate- about the same as dude (dude, kid, etc.): Hey, mate, what’s up? (Hey man, how is it?)
MON \u003d the middle of nowhere (idiom meaning “very far away, in the middle of nowhere”)
MSG \u003d message (message, message)
MTE \u003d my thoughts exactly (you read my thoughts, I think exactly the same)
MU \u003d I miss you (miss you)
MUSM \u003d I miss you so much
MYOB \u003d mind your own business (mind your own business, do not meddle in other people's business)
N2S \u003d needless to say (needless to say, obviously ...)
NE1 \u003d anyone (anyone, anyone)
NO1 \u003d no one
NP \u003d no problem (no problem, no problem)
OIC \u003d oh, I see (I see; that's it). Used in a situation when you want to show the interlocutor that you understand the subject of the conversation.
PC & QT - peace and quiet (peace and quiet). The idiom most often used in the context of wanting a quieter life: All I want is a little peace and quiet (All I want is a little peace and quiet).
PCM \u003d please call me (please call me)
Pls \u003d please
PS \u003d parents
QT \u003d cutie
R \u003d are (verb form to be)
ROFL / ROTFL \u003d rolling of the floor laughing
RUOK \u003d are you ok? (are you ok? is everything ok?)
SIS \u003d sister
SKOOL \u003d school
SMMR \u003d summer
SOB \u003d stressed out bad
this is a video with subtitles.
SOM1 \u003d someone
TGIF \u003d thank God it’s Friday (Thank God today is Friday)
THX \u003d thanks (thanks)
THNQ \u003d thank you (thank you)
TTYL \u003d talk to you later (we'll talk later)
WAN2 \u003d to want to
WKND \u003d weekend
WR \u003d were (to be verb form)
WUCIWUG \u003d what you see is what you get (what you see is what you get)
The phrase was used for Heinz ketchup creative posters.
The expression has several meanings:
- The property of application programs or web interfaces in which the content is displayed during the editing process and looks as close as possible to the final product (more details).
- The definition used when the speaker wants to show that there is nothing hidden, there are no secrets or pitfalls.
Can be used as a definition honest and open person:
He is a what-you-see-is-what-you-get kind of person. (He is of the “what you see is what you get” type of person)
Also, the idiom can be used, for example, by sellers in a store, when they assure us that the product that we will buy is looks the same as in the shop window:
The product you are looking at is exactly what you get if you buy it. What you see is what you get. The ones in the box are just like this one. (If you buy this product, you will get exactly what you see now. The items in the boxes are exactly the same as this one).
X \u003d kiss (kiss)
XLNT \u003d excellent (excellent, excellent)
XOXO \u003d hugs and kisses (hugs and kisses). More precisely, "hugs and kisses" if you follow Internet trends 🙂
YR \u003d your / you’re (your / you + to be verb form)
ZZZ .. \u003d to sleep (to sleep) The abbreviation is used when a person wants to show the interlocutor that he is already sleeping / falling asleep with might and main.
Finally: how to understand modern abbreviations in English
As you can see, all English abbreviations on the Internet lend themselves to a certain logic, the principles of which we analyzed at the beginning of the article. Therefore, it is enough to “run through them with your eyes” several times, and you can easily use and, most importantly, understand them. CUL8R, M8 🙂