social status- the social position of a person within a group or society, associated with certain of his rights and obligations.
Status types:
1) general(universal, basic) - a key status that determines the social position and importance of a person associated with certain rights and obligations. This can be the status of a person (“A person sounds proud”), a member of this society, a citizen (citizen of Russia), the status position of a person. For children, the primary status is age; similarly, in many societies, gender is the primary status. The core status forms the framework within which our goals are formed and our learning takes place.
2) prescribed(ascriptive) - statuses inherited from birth, for example, nationality, social origin, place of birth.
3) acquired(achieved) - statuses acquired by an individual in society, thanks to his own efforts, for example, professor, doctor, actor, student, policeman, pickpocket, etc.
Statuses can be formalized (for example, the director of a plant) and informal (the leader of a company of close friends), which depends on whether a particular function is performed within the framework of formalized or non-formalized social institutions. Explicit status is a status position activated in a certain social context, the most important for actions and interactions in this particular area. Hidden statuses are all other positions that the subject occupies, but which are not currently activated. It is through an explicit position that others identify the subject, presenting him to themselves as a partner, establishing interaction with him. Easier and more correct "identification" of the subject is facilitated by certain external attributes inherent in such an explicit position (for example, wearing a uniform). The life of each person consists of many social positions that he occupies not simultaneously, but alternately (for example, a baby - a child - a teenager - a mature person - an old man). In all such cases, we are talking about a successive change of status. When it comes to a professional context, about service, work, such a sequence is called a career.
There is a status hierarchy. The allocation of the main status self-determines a person socially. We must be able to orient ourselves, figure it out, decide which statuses are the most important for us, which ones are less significant. The ranking of statuses is determined by social prestige. Prestige is a hierarchy of statuses shared by society and enshrined in culture, public opinion. A balance of statuses is necessary in a society, otherwise it cannot function normally. Status has a significant impact on the perception of a person by others. One American researcher introduced the same man to students in several classes of his college. In one class, this man was introduced “as a student from Cambridge”, in the second - as a “laboratory assistant”, in the third - as a “teacher of psychology”, in the fourth - as a “Doctor of science from Cambridge”, in the last - as a “professor from Cambridge ". After the foreign guest left, the students were asked to estimate his height as accurately as possible. It turned out that as he climbed the ladder of academic ranks, the guest invariably "increased in height," so that the last group estimated his height to be 5 inches higher than the first. Meanwhile, the growth of the teacher, who walked with the guest and whose title did not change, was evaluated in exactly the same way in all classes.
64. Social role (French role) - it is the behavior expected of someone who has a certain social status. Social roles are a set of requirements imposed on an individual by society, as well as actions that a person who occupies a given status in the social system must perform. A person can have many roles. The status of children is usually subordinate to adults, and children are expected to be respectful towards the latter. The status of soldiers is different from that of civilians; the role of soldiers is associated with risk and fulfillment of the oath, which cannot be said about other groups of the population. The status of women is different from that of men, and therefore they are expected to behave differently from men. Each individual can have a large number of statuses, and others have the right to expect him to perform roles in accordance with these statuses. In this sense, status and role are two sides of the same phenomenon: if status is a set of rights, privileges and duties, then a role is an action within this set of rights and duties.
The social role consists of:
From role expectation (expectation) and
performance of this role (game).
Social roles can be: Institutionalized: the institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife) Conventional: accepted by agreement (a person may refuse to accept them).
The influence of social role on personality development. The influence of the social role on the development of the individual is quite large. The development of personality is facilitated by its interaction with persons playing a number of roles, as well as its participation in the largest possible role repertoire. The more social roles an individual is able to play, the more adapted to life he is. Thus, the process of personality development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles. Equally important to any society is the prescribing of roles according to age. The adaptation of individuals to constantly changing ages and age statuses is an eternal problem. The individual does not have time to adapt to one age, as another one immediately approaches, with new statuses and new roles. As soon as a young man begins to cope with embarrassment and complexes of youth, he is already on the threshold of maturity; as soon as a person begins to show wisdom and experience, old age comes. Each age period is associated with favorable opportunities for the manifestation of human abilities, moreover, it prescribes new statuses and requirements for learning new roles. At a certain age, an individual may experience problems in adapting to new role status requirements. A child who is said to be older than his years, i.e., has reached the status inherent in the older age category, usually does not fully realize his potential childhood roles, which negatively affects the completeness of his socialization. Often such children feel lonely, flawed. At the same time, immature adult status is a combination of adult status with the attitudes and behaviors of childhood or adolescence. Such a person usually has conflicts in the performance of roles appropriate to her age. These two examples show an unfortunate adjustment to the age statuses prescribed by society. Learning a new role can go a long way in changing a person. In psychotherapy, there is even an appropriate method of behavior correction - image therapy (image - image). The patient is asked to enter new look, play a role, like in a play. At the same time, the function of responsibility is not borne by the person himself, but by his role, which sets new patterns of behavior. A person is forced to act differently, based on a new role. Despite the conventionality of this method, the effectiveness of its use was quite high, since the subject was given the opportunity to release repressed desires, if not in life, then at least during the game. The sociodramatic approach to the interpretation of human actions is widely known. Life is seen as a drama, each participant in which plays a specific role. Playing roles gives not only a psychotherapeutic, but also a developing effect.
In this lesson, we will try to determine who we are in society, how people around us can perceive us, how the process of distributing social roles and the emergence of statuses in a particular person takes place.
Theme: Social sphere
Lesson: Social roles and statuses
If you try to describe in words who you are, you get the following: you are an eighth grade student, a boy or a girl. You are an athlete and, for example, play football or swim. Are you a son or daughter, grandson or granddaughter. Are citizens of Russia. This chain by analogy is already clear. For yourself, you can define a huge series of statuses, because each of the statuses we have listed implies some information and a certain pattern of behavior, certain actions and certain expectations in relation to you.
Many of you probably love movies. At least each of you has seen at least one movie. All of them feature actors. And the question arises why the same person in different films can so easily transform into different people. In one film, he plays a positive character, in another - a negative one, and in the third film he is generally a neutral character, playing an episodic role, just showing himself, but from a completely different side.
Rice. 1. Yevgeny Leonov as Yegor Zaletaev in the film Don't Cry! ()
Rice. 2. Evgeny Leonov as "Associate Professor" Bely in the film "Gentlemen of Fortune" ()
Rice. 3. Evgeny Leonov as the King in the film "An Ordinary Miracle" ()
AT theatrical art it is believed that the ideal actor will be the person who is deprived of an independent personality. Such a person does not have his own views on life, he does not associate himself among the people around him. This person takes a work or script, reads about a character, draws himself into that image, runs it through himself, and then plays out that person's life. And then the effect of absolute perception is obtained, the viewer believes this character, worries about him, empathizes with him, cries and laughs with him, and even begins to believe in his reality. But it's just a game. This, on the one hand, is the happiness of a professional actor. On the other hand, the misfortune lies in the fact that a person deprived of personality, individuality, is, in fact, nobody.
In fact, all people play. The whole world is theater. The problem of a person is that he needs to determine for himself some kind of role and social status, which he will have to carry all his life, and not for an hour and a half of a film or a three hour performance. That is why a person's choice in life must be wise. In our life, the issues of self-identification and the search for the meaning of life are the most important.
A small group of students is a class. This is a formal group, since a class is a formal division. Accordingly, within the framework of this formal division, we grade students according to their social status. That is, there is the status of excellent students, who are sometimes unfairly called nerds; there is the status of losers, unfairly called a swamp. But life is good because any social status can be changed. It is good to be an excellent student: this means that the student knows a lot and is very hardworking. If a student, by the will of fate or because of his laziness, fell into the camp of a swamp, then he can overcome this social status, rise, because a person has the tools to do this.
There is a wide range of statuses: prescribed, attainable, mixed, personal, professional, economic, political, demographic, religious, and consanguineous, which fall into a variety of basic statuses.
In addition to them, there are a huge number of episodic, non-main statuses. These are the statuses of a pedestrian, a passer-by, a patient, a witness, a participant in a demonstration, a strike or a crowd, a reader, a listener, a TV viewer, etc. As a rule, these are temporary states. The rights and obligations of holders of such statuses are often not registered in any way. They are generally difficult to determine, say, in a passerby. But they are, although they affect not the main, but the secondary features of behavior, thinking and feeling. So, the status of a professor determines a lot in life. this person. And his temporary status of a passer-by or a patient, of course, is not. So the person has main(determining its vital activity) and minor(affecting the details of behavior) statuses. The first are significantly different from the second.
People have many statuses and belong to many social groups, whose prestige in society is not the same: businessmen are valued above plumbers or laborers; men have more social "weight" than women; belonging to a titular ethnic group in a state is not the same as belonging to a national minority, etc.
Over time in public opinion is developed, transmitted, supported, but, as a rule, no documents register a hierarchy of statuses and social groups, where some are valued and respected more than others.
A place in such an invisible hierarchy is called rank, which can be high, medium, or low. Hierarchy can exist between groups within the same society (intergroup) and between individuals within the same group (intragroup). And the place of a person in them is also expressed by the term "rank".
The mismatch of statuses causes a contradiction in the intergroup and intragroup hierarchy, which arises under two circumstances:
When an individual occupies a high rank in one group, and a low rank in the second;
When the rights and obligations of one person's status conflict with or interfere with the rights and obligations of another.
A highly paid official (high professional rank) will most likely also have a high family rank as a person who ensures the family's material well-being. But it does not automatically follow from this that he will have high ranks in other groups - among friends, relatives, colleagues.
Although statuses enter into social relations not directly, but only indirectly (through their carriers), they mainly determine the content and nature of social relations.
A person looks at the world and treats other people in accordance with his status. The poor despise the rich, and the rich despise the poor. Dog owners do not understand people who love cleanliness and order on lawns. A professional investigator, albeit unconsciously, divides people into potential criminals, law-abiding and witnesses. A Russian is more likely to show solidarity with a Russian than with a Jew or a Tatar, and vice versa.
Political, religious, demographic, economic, professional statuses of a person determine the intensity, duration, direction and content of people's social relations.
Society always invests certain expectations in a particular social status. All people somehow position themselves in life. If we return to the example of an excellent student, then he studies well, gets high grades, and does all his homework. In fact, there is an excellent student who gets only fives, and there is a person who positions himself as an excellent student, that is, as a person with a wide range of knowledge.
Sometimes a student may not get all fives in a quarter or a semester, but the attitude towards him after that will not change, because he has already determined a social role for himself. That is social role differs from social status in that the role is the expectations of others from the social status that a person has reached. The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He suggested the following four characteristics of any role.
a) Scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.
b) According to the method of obtaining. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achieved).
c) According to the degree of formalization. Activities can proceed both within strictly established limits, and arbitrarily.
e) By type of motivation. The motivation can be personal profit, public good, etc.
The scale of the role depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. So, for example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since a wide range of relationships is established between husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relationships are regulated regulations and in a certain sense are formal. The participants in this social interaction are interested in the most different sides each other's lives, their relationship is practically unlimited. In other cases, when the relationship is strictly defined by social roles (for example, the relationship of the seller and the buyer), the interaction can be carried out only on a specific occasion (in this case, purchases). Here the scope of the role is reduced to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.
How a role is acquired depends on how unavoidable the role is for the person. So, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and sex of a person and do not require much effort to acquire them. There can only be a problem of matching one's role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won in the course of a person's life and as a result of purposeful special efforts. For example, the role of a student, researcher, professor, etc. These are almost all roles associated with the profession and any achievements of a person.
Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relations of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relations between people with strict regulation of the rules of conduct; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others may combine both formal and informal relationships. Obviously, the relationship of the representative of the traffic police with the violator of the rules traffic should be determined by formal rules, and relationships between close people - by feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him. This happens when people interact for a while and the relationship becomes relatively stable.
Motivation depends on the needs and motives of a person. Different roles are due to different motives. Parents, caring for the welfare of their child, are guided, first of all, by a feeling of love and care; the leader works in the name of the cause, etc.
The most striking and typical social roles and statuses are the following:
1. Social roles and statuses determined by age. With age comes the formation of a person, his awareness of himself in the world around him, his changes in relation to others. The age ladder leaves a very significant imprint on the social status that a person carries in himself.
Rice. 5. Representatives of three generations ()
On the other hand, a person realizes himself in the world around him, in accordance with this status and the corresponding social role. The child is expected to act in accordance with his social role: he is a son, a student, a football player, for example. And he lives according to his social experience: if he goes to a football match with adults, he can lose. But it will be a good lesson for the future, because the child will see how to play better and will accumulate experience. But when a loss happens to an older, more experienced player, it is perceived quite differently in terms of what the emotional effect is. It turns out that the age gradation is very important point in determining the social role and status of a person.
2. Another type of social gradation is determined by gender. If a person was born a boy, then from childhood he is taught to be a man: he is given not dolls, but cars, soldiers, a designer, that is, the so-called "men's gifts". The boy must grow up as a male protector, a male earner of family well-being in the future.
The same is true for a girl, but in this case there is a slightly different gradation. The girl is the future mother, the keeper of the hearth and, accordingly, she is given gifts that will help her successfully fulfill her social role in the future.
Prescribed and achieved statuses are fundamentally different, but they interact and complement each other. For example, it is much easier for a man to achieve the status of president or head of a firm than for a woman. One can argue about different possibilities for achieving high statuses by the son of a major leader, on the one hand, and the son of a peasant, on the other. The basic social position of the subject in society is partly prescribed, and partly achieved with the help of the abilities and aspirations of the subject himself. In many respects, the boundary between prescribed and achieved statuses is arbitrary, but their conceptual separation is necessary for study and management.
Since each person has a wide range of statuses, it means that he also has a lot of roles corresponding to this or that status. Therefore, in real life, there are often role conflicts. In the very general view two types of such conflicts can be distinguished: between roles or within the same role, when it includes incompatible, conflicting responsibilities of the individual. Social experience shows that only a few roles are free from internal tensions and conflicts, which can lead to refusal to fulfill role obligations, to psychological stress. There are several types of defense mechanisms by which role tension can be reduced. These include:
- "rationalization of roles", when a person unconsciously looks for the negative aspects of a desired but unattainable role in order to calm himself;
- "separation of roles" - involves a temporary withdrawal from life, turning off unwanted roles from the consciousness of the individual;
- "regulation of roles" - is a conscious, deliberate release from responsibility for the performance of a particular role.
Thus, in modern society, each individual uses the mechanisms of unconscious protection and conscious connection of social structures in order to avoid negative consequences role conflicts.
Even if we are aware of ourselves as people playing a particular social role, we understand what our social status is at certain periods of life, the search for ourselves remains the main thing in life.
In the next lesson, we will talk about nations and ethnic groups, we will study the term "interethnic relations", how they arise and develop. This lesson is important and will be useful for the subsequent study of the course of social studies.
Bibliography
1. Kravchenko A.I. Social science 8. - M.: Russian word.
2. Nikitin A.F. Social science 8. - M .: Bustard.
3. Bogolyubov L.N., Gorodetskaya N.I., Ivanova L.F. / Ed. Bogolyubova L.N., Ivanova L.F. Social science 8. - M.: Enlightenment.
Homework
1. What is the difference between social role and social status?
2. Give examples of social hierarchy.
3. * What social roles do you personally play? What statuses do you have? Express your thoughts in the form of an essay.
The individual interacts with different people and social groups. It rarely happens when he fully interacts only with members of one group, for example, a family, but at the same time he can be a member of a work collective, public organizations etc. Entering at the same time in many social groups, he occupies in each of them a corresponding position, due to the relationship with other members of the group. To analyze the degree of inclusion of an individual in various groups, as well as the positions that he occupies in each of them, the concepts of social status and are used.
Status (from lat. status - position, state) - position.
Social status is usually defined as the position of an individual or group in a social system that has features specific to that system. Each social status has a certain prestige.
All social statuses can be divided into two main types: those that are assigned to the individual by society or a group, regardless of his abilities and efforts, and those that the individual achieves through his own efforts.
There is a wide range of statuses: prescribed, attainable, mixed, personal, professional, economic, political, demographic, religious, and consanguineous, which fall into a variety of basic statuses.
In addition to them, there are a huge number of episodic, non-main statuses. These are the statuses of a pedestrian, a passer-by, a patient, a witness, a participant in a demonstration, a strike or a crowd, a reader, a listener, a TV viewer, etc. As a rule, these are temporary states. The rights and obligations of holders of such statuses are often not registered in any way. They are generally difficult to determine, say, a passerby. But they are, although they affect not the main, but the secondary features of behavior, thinking and feeling. So, the status of a professor determines a lot in the life of a given person. And his temporary status as a passer-by or a patient? Of course not.
So, a person has basic (determining his life activity) and non-basic (affecting the details of behavior) statuses. The first are significantly different from the second.
Behind each status - permanent or temporary, basic or non-basic - there is a special social group or social category. Catholics, conservatives, engineers (basic statuses) form real groups.
For example, patients, pedestrians (non-basic statuses) form nominal groups or statistical categories. As a rule, carriers of non-basic statuses do not coordinate their behavior with each other and do not interact.
People have many statuses and belong to many social groups, the prestige of which in society is not the same: businessmen are valued above plumbers or laborers; men have more social "weight" than women; belonging to a titular ethnic group in a state is not the same as belonging to a national minority, etc.
Over time, public opinion is developed, transmitted, supported, but, as a rule, no documents register a hierarchy of statuses and social groups, where some are valued and respected more than others.
A place in such an invisible hierarchy is called a rank, which can be high, medium or low. Hierarchy can exist between groups within the same society (intergroup) and between individuals within the same group (intragroup). And the place of a person in them is also expressed by the term "rank".
The mismatch of statuses causes a contradiction in the intergroup and intragroup hierarchy, which arises under two circumstances:
1. when an individual occupies a high rank in one group, and a low rank in the second;
2. when the rights and obligations of the status of one person contradict or interfere with the fulfillment of the rights and obligations of another.
A highly paid official (high professional rank) will most likely also have a high family rank as a person who ensures the family's material well-being. But it does not automatically follow from this that he will have high ranks in other groups - among friends, relatives, colleagues.
Although statuses enter into social relations not directly, but only indirectly (through their carriers), they mainly determine the content and nature of social relations.
A person looks at the world and treats other people in accordance with his status. The poor despise the rich, and the rich despise the poor. Dog owners do not understand people who love cleanliness and order on lawns. A professional investigator, albeit unconsciously, divides people into potential criminals, law-abiding and witnesses. A Russian is more likely to show solidarity with a Russian than with a Jew or a Tatar, and vice versa.
Political, religious, demographic, economic, professional statuses of a person determine the intensity, duration, direction and content of people's social relations.
Role (French role) - an image embodied by an actor.
A social role is the behavior expected of someone who has a certain social status. Social roles are a set of requirements imposed on an individual by society, as well as actions that a person who occupies a given status in the social system must perform. A person can have many roles.
The status of children is usually subordinate to adults, and children are expected to be respectful towards the latter. The status of soldiers is different from that of civilians; the role of soldiers is associated with risk and fulfillment of the oath, which cannot be said about other groups of the population. The status of women is different from that of men, and therefore they are expected to behave differently from men. Each individual can have a large number of statuses, and others have the right to expect him to perform roles in accordance with these statuses. In this sense, status and role are two sides of the same phenomenon: if status is a set of rights, privileges and duties, then a role is an action within this set of rights and duties.
The social role consists of:
From role expectation (expectation) and
performance of this role (game).
Social roles can be institutionalized and conventional:
Institutionalized: the institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife),
Conventional: accepted by agreement (a person may refuse to accept them).
Cultural norms are acquired mainly through role training. For example, a person who masters the role of a military man joins the customs, moral norms and laws that are characteristic of the status of this role. Only a few norms are accepted by all members of society, the adoption of most norms depends on the status of a particular person. What is acceptable for one status is unacceptable for another. Thus, socialization as a process of learning the generally accepted ways and methods of action and interaction is the most important process of learning role-playing behavior, as a result of which the individual really becomes part of society.
Consider some definitions of social role:
Fixing a separate position occupied by this or that individual in the system of social relations;
a function, a normatively approved pattern of behavior expected from everyone holding a given position;
a socially necessary type of activity and a way of behavior of the individual, which bear the seal of public assessment (approval, condemnation, etc.);
behavior of a person in accordance with his social status;
a generalized way of performing a certain social function, when certain actions are expected from a person;
stable stereotype of behavior in certain social situations;
a set of objective and subjective expectations (expectations) derived from the socio-political, economic or any other structure of society;
the social function of the individual, corresponding to the accepted ideas of people, depending on their status or position in society, in the system of interpersonal relations;
the system of expectations existing in society regarding the behavior of an individual occupying a certain position in his interaction with other individuals;
a system of specific expectations in relation to himself of an individual occupying a certain position, i.e., how he represents a model of his own behavior in interaction with other individuals;
open, observable behavior of an individual occupying a certain position;
an idea of the prescribed pattern of behavior that is expected and required of a person in a given situation;
prescribed actions characteristic of those who occupy a certain social position;
a set of norms that determine how a person of a given social position should behave.
Thus, the social role is interpreted as an expectation, type of activity, behavior, representation, stereotype, social function, and even a set of norms. We consider the social role as a function of the social status of the individual, implemented at the level of expectations, norms and sanctions in the social experience of a particular person.
The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, activities and relationships in which the individual is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are distinguished.
Social roles are associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, pupil, student, seller). These are standardized impersonal roles based on rights and obligations, regardless of who fills these roles. Allocate socio-demographic roles: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson ... Man and woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and involving specific ways of behavior, enshrined in social norms and customs.
Interpersonal roles are associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated on an emotional level (leader, offended, neglected, family idol, loved one, etc.).
In life, in interpersonal relations, each person acts in some kind of dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image familiar to others. It is extremely difficult to change the habitual image both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer the group exists, the more familiar the dominant social roles of each member of the group become for others and the more difficult it is to change the stereotype of behavior familiar to others.
The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons.
He suggested the following four characteristics of any role.
1. By scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.
2. According to the method of receipt. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achieved).
3. According to the degree of formalization. Activities can proceed both within strictly established limits, and arbitrarily.
4. By types of motivation. The motivation can be personal profit, public good, etc.
The scale of the role depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. So, for example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since a wide range of relationships is established between husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relations are regulated by normative acts and in a certain sense are formal. The participants in this social interaction are interested in the most diverse aspects of each other's lives, their relationships are practically unlimited. In other cases, when the relationship is strictly defined by social roles (for example, the relationship of the seller and the buyer), the interaction can be carried out only on a specific occasion (in this case, purchases). Here the scope of the role is reduced to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.
How a role is acquired depends on how unavoidable the role is for the person. So, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and sex of a person and do not require much effort to acquire them. There can only be a problem of matching one's role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won in the course of a person's life and as a result of purposeful special efforts. For example, the role of a student, researcher, professor, etc. These are almost all roles associated with the profession and any achievements of a person.
Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relations of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relations between people with strict regulation of the rules of conduct; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others may combine both formal and informal relationships. Obviously, the relationship of a traffic police representative with a violator of traffic rules should be determined by formal rules, and relationships between close people should be determined by feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him. This happens when people interact for a while and the relationship becomes relatively stable.
Motivation depends on the needs and motives of a person. Different roles are due to different motives. Parents, caring for the welfare of their child, are guided, first of all, by a feeling of love and care; the leader works in the name of the cause, etc.
The influence of the social role on the development of the individual is quite large. The development of personality is facilitated by its interaction with persons playing a number of roles, as well as its participation in the largest possible role repertoire. The more social roles an individual is able to play, the more adapted to life he is. Thus, the process of personality development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles.
Equally important to any society is the prescribing of roles according to age. The adaptation of individuals to constantly changing ages and age statuses is an eternal problem. The individual does not have time to adapt to one age, as another one immediately approaches, with new statuses and new roles. As soon as a young man begins to cope with embarrassment and complexes of youth, he is already on the threshold of maturity; as soon as a person begins to show wisdom and experience, old age comes. Each age period is associated with favorable opportunities for the manifestation of human abilities, moreover, it prescribes new statuses and requirements for learning new roles. At a certain age, an individual may experience problems in adapting to new role status requirements. A child who is said to be older than his years, i.e., has reached the status inherent in the older age category, usually does not fully realize his potential childhood roles, which negatively affects the completeness of his socialization. Often such children feel lonely, flawed. At the same time, immature adult status is a combination of adult status with the attitudes and behaviors of childhood or adolescence. Such a person usually has conflicts in the performance of roles appropriate to her age. These two examples show an unfortunate adjustment to the age statuses prescribed by society.
Learning a new role can go a long way in changing a person. In psychotherapy, there is even an appropriate method of behavior correction - image therapy (image - image). The patient is offered to enter into a new image, to play a role, as in a play. At the same time, the function of responsibility is not borne by the person himself, but by his role, which sets new patterns of behavior. A person is forced to act differently, based on a new role. Despite the conventionality of this method, the effectiveness of its use was quite high, since the subject was given the opportunity to release repressed desires, if not in life, then at least during the game. The sociodramatic approach to the interpretation of human actions is widely known. Life is seen as a drama, each participant in which plays a specific role. Playing roles gives not only a psychotherapeutic, but also a developing effect.
Selection topics: Statuses and roles of children examples. Did you also run from apartment to apartment as a child, ring the bell ... and run away?
You can lie on the bridge and watch the water flow. Or run, or wander through the swamp in red boots, or curl up in a ball and listen to the rain pounding on the roof. It is very easy to be happy. Tove Jansson "All About the Moomins"
In the first place should be the homeland and parents, then the children and the whole family, and then the rest of the relatives. Mark Tullius Cicero
I think that if we were led by women and children, we would achieve something. James Thurber
Children are more like their time than their parents
Nothing surprises when everything surprises: such is the peculiarity of the child. A. Rivarol
The world exists not for us to know it, but for us to educate ourselves in it. G. Lichtenberg
Teaching is just one of the petals of that flower called education. V. A. Sukhomlinsky
It is impossible to educate a courageous person if one does not put him in such conditions when he could show courage, no matter what - in restraint, in a direct open word, in some deprivation, in patience, in courage. A. S. Makarenko
The well-being of the entire nation depends on the proper upbringing of children. D. Locke
If you yield to a child, he will become your master; and in order to make him obey, you will have to negotiate with him every minute. J.-J. Rousseau
Thoughts are also born like living children, and they are also nurtured for a long time before being released into the world. Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin
As a child, I was a real prodigy: at the age of 3 I had the same level of intelligence as now.
Any land cannot give birth to any plant. Mark Tullius Cicero
The traditions of all dead generations weigh like a nightmare over the minds of the living. Karl Marx
The best mother is the one who can replace the father's children when he is gone. I. Goethe
Everything that happens is for the better, for making life more interesting and happier. Well, live: do not look back, do not think about the thoughts of Pavel, the son of Daria Farewell to Matyora by Valentin Rasputin
To love is to see a person as God intended him and his parents did not realize him. Marina Tsvetaeva
Education is the highest of blessings, but only when it is of the first class, otherwise it is good for nothing. R. Kipling
The educator must behave in such a way that every movement educates him, and must always know what he wants at the moment and what he does not want. If the educator does not know this, whom can he educate? A.S. Makarenko
The upbringing of a collectivist must be combined with the upbringing of a comprehensively developed, internally disciplined person, capable of feeling deeply, thinking clearly, and acting in an organized manner. N. K. Krupskaya
The purpose of dinner is nourishment, and the purpose of marriage is the family. If the purpose of dinner is to nourish the body, then he who suddenly eats two dinners may achieve great pleasure, but does not reach the goal, because both dinners will not be digested by the stomach. If the purpose of marriage is the family, then he who wants to have many wives and husbands may have much pleasure, but in no case will he have a family. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy
Mom, mom! Why is everyone calling me a bulldozer?! "Shut your mouth, you'll scratch the furniture!"
Passion blinds the most balanced minds. Alexandre Dumas father
He does not understand anything in women: he offers money to ladies from society, and devotes poems to corrupt women. And the most amazing thing is that it always succeeds. Kurt Tucholsky
The best thing we can give our children is to teach them to love themselves. Louise Hay
You go to a parent meeting and think for half the night: How did we study? No coolers, no blinds...
The family is a society in miniature, on the integrity of which the security of the entire large human society depends. Felix Adler
Learn to love as in childhood - just like that And without expecting anything.
Do not use the Word of God as a gag in marriage.
Housewives who keep losing or forgetting where they put their keys are usually women who do not want to accept their role as a housewife. Alfred Adler
Neither art nor wisdom can be achieved unless they are learned. Democritus
Raising a child requires more penetrating thinking, deeper wisdom than government. W. Channing
A family is a small enterprise that works on state orders and supplies the state with labor and soldiers. N. Kozlov
The great secret of education lies in the ability to ensure that bodily and mental exercises always serve as rest - one from the other. Jean Jacques Rousseau
Do not think that you are raising a child only when you talk to him, or teach him, or order him. You bring him up at every moment of your life, even when you are not at home. A.S. Makarenko
The relationship between parents and children is just as difficult and just as dramatic as the relationship between lovers. A. Morua
Education aims to make a person an independent being, that is, a being with free will. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Any social doctrine that tries to destroy the family is useless and, moreover, inapplicable. The family is the crystal of society. Victor Marie Hugo
A bad teacher teaches the truth, a good teacher teaches to find it. A. Diesterweg
Generally speaking, power does not corrupt people, but fools, when they are in power, corrupt power. The upbringing of a man or woman is tested by how they behave during a quarrel. George Bernard Shaw
A teacher must have an unusual amount of moral energy in order not to fall asleep under the lulling murmur of a monotonous teacher's life. K.D. Ushinsky
Light has long been called a stormy ocean: but happy is he who sails with a compass! And this is a matter of education. N. M. Karamzin
It is pointless on the part of the educator to talk about the curbing of passions if he gives free rein to any of his own passions: and his efforts will be fruitless to eradicate in his pupil the vice or obscene trait that he admits in himself. D. Locke
It is easier to bear sand and salt and a block of iron than a mindless man. Book of Wisdom of Jesus, son of Sirach
A teacher is an engineer of human souls. M. I. Kalinin
Loving children is what a chicken can do. But to be able to educate them is a great state affair that requires talent and a broad knowledge of life. M. Gorky
Did you also run from apartment to apartment as a child, ring the bell ... and run away?
If strictness leads to a cure for a bad inclination, then this result is often achieved by instilling another, even worse and more dangerous ailment of spiritual bruising. D. Locke
We would not believe in teaching, upbringing and education if it were driven only into school and cut off from a turbulent life. V. I. Lenin
Of all creations, the most beautiful is a man who has received a wonderful upbringing. Epictetus
The Creator united the entire human race with a chain of love. I often think that there is no such person in the world who would never have good feelings for another person and himself would not use someone's kindness; for we are all one family, coming from Adam. William Thackeray
Music is capable of exerting a certain influence on the ethical side of the soul; and since music has such properties, then, obviously, it should be included in the number of subjects for the education of young people. Aristotle
The child hates the one who hits. V. A. Sukhomlinsky
Education and only education is the goal of the school. I. Pestalozzi
I married the man I kissed for the first time. When I tell this to my children, they are simply speechless. Barbara Bush
The family starts with children. Alexander Herzen
Education is an ornament in happiness, and a refuge in misfortune. Aristotle
A respectful son is one who grieves his father and mother, except perhaps with his illness. Confucius
If children were not forced to work, they would not learn to read or write, or music, or gymnastics, or that which most strengthens virtue - shame. For shame is usually born from these occupations. Democritus
Before the meeting of the elders, do not talk too much and do not repeat the words in your petition. Book of Wisdom of Jesus, son of Sirach
We can fraternize with the same blood, but this does not make us kindred.
Love is tragic in this world and does not allow improvement, does not obey any norms. Love promises those who love death in this world, and not the dispensation of life. Nikolai Berdyaev - Statuses and roles of children examples.
If you want to spoil a person, start re-educating him.
A simple, uncouth person can be re-educated, but a person who imagines himself refined is incorrigible. W. Gaslitt