Ch. Aitmatov - the novel "Plakha". Three storylines are connected in the novel - the line of Avdiy Kallistratov, the line of the wolves Akbara and Tashchinar, the line of the Boston shepherd. The work begins with a description of a wolf family living peacefully in the Moyunkum savannah. They have the first cubs. But this prosperity ends when a person invades the life of the savannah. The original prey of wolves has always been saigas, but now people are destroying saigas in order to fulfill the plan for meat supplies. In the course of this operation, the wolf cubs Akbara and Tashchinara die. Then the cubs appear again, but people begin to build a road to the mining development, set fire to the reeds - the cubs die. And for the third time, the wolves fail to preserve their offspring. In the finale, we see a truly tragic story. The insidious, cruel, immoral man Bazarbai, having accidentally stumbled upon a wolf's den, steals all the wolf cubs of Akbar and Tashchinar only in order to sell them profitably later. On the way, he visits the shepherd Boston, and then leaves with his prey. And the wolves begin to circle around the Boston dwelling. Wanting to take revenge on the man, Akbara takes his cub. Several deaths become a solution to this situation: wolves, a small child, a son of Boston die (trying to save his son, Boston shoots at Akbar, who is carrying a child), as well as Bazarbai, who kidnapped the wolf cubs (Boston, in despair, kills him, considering him the culprit of his misfortune). The she-wolf Akbar embodies mother nature in the work, which rebelles against the person who destroys her.
Another plot line of the novel is the line of Avdiy Kallistratov, a “new-minded heretic” who was expelled from the theological seminary for his ideas. This hero is trying to save the world from cruelty, violence, evil. He embarks on the path of fighting drug addicts, trying to guide them on the true path, wants to help them repent, understand their own delusions. To do this, he, together with the "messengers", goes to the Asian steppes for cannabis, then he has to participate in the extermination of saigas. However, this path turns into the death of Obadiy - at first he is severely beaten, thrown from the train, and then they decide to get rid of him altogether - they crucify him on a clumsy saxaul. But the death of the hero for Aitmatov is self-sacrifice, the last words of Obadiy about the "salvation of human souls." And this image, of course, is deeply tragic for Aitmatov, because he bears responsibility in his soul for all human evil, tries to find the truth. So, it is doomed to death.
The image of Obadiah in the story reminds us of the image of Christ crucified for love, faith, good. Thus, the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe story is that the sinfulness of man lies at the heart of all moral, social, social cataclysms. This is what Aitmatov is talking about in the inserted legend, which conveys the story of Christ and Pontius Pilate, the procurator of Judea. “So, know, the ruler of Rome, the end of the world is not from me, not from natural Disasters, but from the hostility of people will come. From that hostility and those victories that you glorify in the enthusiasm for the state ... ”, - says Christ to the procurator before the death penalty.
The author's position in the novel is expressed very clearly, we acutely feel the writer's sense of anxiety for the dying nature, the dying generation, for the world drowning in vices. Ch. Aitmatov says that a society whose life is based on sinfulness, the achievement of material wealth, the devaluation of the concepts of "good" and "evil" - such a society is doomed to destruction.
Following a short, light, like a child's breath, daytime warming on the mountain slopes facing the sun, the weather soon changed imperceptibly - it was windy from the glaciers, and sharp early twilight was already creeping along the gorges everywhere, bringing the cold bluishness of the coming snowy night.
There was a lot of snow around. Along the entire length of the Issyk-Kul ridge, the mountains were littered with a blizzard that swept through these places a couple of days ago, like a fire that suddenly blazed out at the whim of a willful element. It's terrible what happened here - in the blizzard darkness the mountains disappeared, the sky disappeared, the entire former visible world disappeared. Then everything calmed down and the weather cleared up. Since then, with the pacification of the snowstorm, the mountains, bound by great drifts, stood in a numb, cold silence, alienated from everything in the world.
And only the ever-increasing and ever-arriving rumble of a large-tonnage helicopter, making its way at that late afternoon along the Uzun-Chat canyon to the ice pass Ala-Mongyu, smoky in the windy heights with swirling clouds, kept growing, getting closer, getting stronger with every minute, and finally triumphed - completely took possession of the space and swam with an overwhelming, explosive rumble over ridges, peaks inaccessible for anything but sound and light, high-altitude ice... Multiplied among rocks and creeks by repeated echoes, the roar overhead was approaching with such an inescapable and formidable force that it seemed a little more - and something terrible would happen, as then - during an earthquake ...
At some critical moment, it happened - from a steep rocky slope, exposed by the winds, which turned out to be on the course of flight, a small talus started, trembling from a sonic boom, and immediately stopped, like charmed blood. This jolt to the unstable ground, however, was enough for several weighty stones, falling off the steepness, to roll downward, scattering more and more, spinning up, raising dust and rubble in their tracks, and at the very foot, like cannonballs, barberry also broke through the bushes through the bushes, they broke through the snowdrifts, reached the coast of the wolf's den, built here by the gray ones under the overhang of a cliff, in a crevice hidden behind the thickets near a small, half-frozen warm stream.
Akbar's wolf recoiled from the stones and snow falling from above and, backing into the darkness of the crevice, squeezed like a spring, rearing her scruff and looking ahead with her phosphorescent eyes, wildly burning in the semi-darkness, ready at any moment for a fight. But her fears were in vain. It is scary in the open steppe, when there is nowhere to go from the pursuing helicopter, when, overtaking, it relentlessly chases on the heels, stunning with the whistle of propellers and hitting with automatic bursts, when in the whole world there is no rescue from the helicopter, when there is no such gap where one could bury poor wolf's head - after all, the earth will not part to give shelter to the persecuted.
In the mountains, it is a different matter - here you can always gallop away, there is always where to hide, where to wait out the threat. The helicopter is not scary here, in the mountains the helicopter itself is scary. And yet fear is reckless, especially the already familiar, experienced. As the helicopter approached, the she-wolf whined loudly, gathered herself into a ball, pulled her head in, and nevertheless her nerves could not resist, she fell off - and Akbar howled furiously, seized by powerless, blind fear, and convulsively crawled on her belly to the exit, clanking her teeth angrily and desperately , ready to fight, without leaving the place, as if hoping to turn to flight the iron monster thundering over the gorge, with the appearance of which even stones began to fall from above, as in an earthquake.
To Akbar's panicky cries, her wolf - Tashchainar, who had been from the time the she-wolf became heavy, pushed into the hole for the most part not in a den, but in a calm among the thickets. Tashchaynar - Stonebreaker - so nicknamed by the surrounding shepherds for crushing jaws, crawled to her bed and rumbled soothingly, as if covering her body from misfortune. Squeezing sideways to him, snuggling closer and closer, the she-wolf continued to whine, plaintively appealing either to the unjust sky, or to someone unknown, or to her unfortunate fate, and for a long time still trembled with her whole body, could not control herself even after that, how the helicopter disappeared behind the mighty glacier Ala-Mongyu and became completely inaudible behind the clouds.
And in this mountainous silence, which reigned at once, like the collapse of cosmic silence, the she-wolf suddenly clearly heard in herself, or rather inside the womb, living tremors. So it was when Akbara, at the very beginning of her hunting life, somehow strangled a large hare from a throw: in the hare, in her belly, then the same movements of some invisible, hidden from the eyes of the creatures seemed to be, and this is a strange circumstance surprised and interested a young curious wolf, raising her ears in surprise, looking incredulously at her strangled victim. And it was so wonderful and incomprehensible that she even tried to start a game with those invisible bodies, just like a cat with a half-dead mouse. And now she herself found in her insides the same living burden - then those who were to be born in a week and a half or two, with a favorable coincidence of circumstances, made themselves felt. But so far, the born cubs were inseparable from the mother's womb, constituted a part of her being, and therefore they too experienced in the emerging, vague, uterine subconscious the same shock, the same despair as she herself. This was their first contact in absentia with outside world, with a hostile reality awaiting them. That is why they moved in the womb, responding in this way to maternal suffering. They, too, were scared, and that fear was transmitted to them by their mother's blood.
Listening to what was happening against her will in her revived womb, Akbara became agitated. The she-wolf's heart began to pound - it was filled with courage, the determination to certainly protect, protect from danger those whom she carried within herself. Now she would not hesitate to grapple with anyone. The great natural instinct of preserving offspring spoke in her. And then Akbara felt tenderness rush over her in a hot wave - the need to caress, warm future suckers, give them her milk as if they were already at hand. It was a foreboding of happiness. And she closed her eyes, groaned with bliss, from waiting for milk in swollen to redness, large, protruding in two rows along the belly, and languidly, slowly, slowly stretched her whole body, as far as the lair would allow, and, finally calming down, again moved to her gray mane Tashchaynaru. He was powerful, his skin was warm, thick and resilient. And even he, the gloomy Tashchaynar, caught what she, the wolf-mother, felt, and with some instinct understood what was happening in her womb, and, too, must have been moved by it. Putting his ear upright, Tashchinar raised his angular, ponderous head, and in the gloomy gaze of the cold pupils of his deep-set dark eyes, a shadow flashed, a vague pleasant premonition. And he restrained, snoring and coughing, expressing his kind disposition and readiness to obey the blue-eyed she-wolf and protect her unquestioningly, and began to diligently, tenderly lick Akbara's head, especially her shining blue eyes and nose, with a wide, warm, moist tongue. Akbara loved Tashchainar's tongue even when he flirted and leaned towards her, trembling with impatience, and his tongue, flaming with a stormy rush of blood, became elastic, fast and energetic, like a snake, although at first he pretended that it was her, by to a lesser extent, indifferent, and then, when in moments of calm and prosperity after a hearty meal, the tongue of her wolf was soft-moist.
In this pair of fierce ones Akbar was the head, she was the mind, she had the right to conceive the hunt, and he was a faithful force, reliable, indefatigable, unswervingly fulfilling her will. This relationship has never been broken. Only once was there a strange, unexpected case when her wolf disappeared before dawn and returned with the strange smell of another female - the disgusting spirit of a shameless estrus, playing off and screaming males dozens of miles away, which caused her uncontrollable anger and irritation, and she immediately rejected him, unexpectedly dug her fangs deep into her shoulder and, as punishment, forced her to waddle for many days in a row. She kept the fool at a distance and, no matter how much he howled, she never responded, did not stop, as if he, Tashchinar, was not her wolf, as if he did not exist for her, and if he dared to approach her again to conquer and to please her, Akbara would have seriously measured her strength with him, it was no coincidence that she was the head, and he was with his feet in this gray pair.
The first part of the story "Plakha" by Aitmatov, tells about the she-wolf Akbar and her difficult life... Hunters were chasing her and another wolf in helicopters, Akbar managed to escape the chase, and the wolf and cubs died.
Obadiah - was the son of a priest, was also among the hunters. Obadiah pursued the goal of persuading the messengers for the marijuana to leave this bad business. Thus, he infiltrates the group and goes with them for marijuana. In this group there were people of all ages, the youngest was sixteen years old, and everyone was driving for easy money. So, having arrived at the place, they began to collect the forbidden fruit. It was easy to assemble, but time consuming. Having collected whole sacks, the group went to sell the extracted. The most difficult thing on their way is to go through customs. Obadiah meets with the most important of this company.
Having set up the illusion of fire, the messengers easily climbed onto the freight train. Some members of the group began to find fault with Avdiya, which led to a fight. Then Obadiya was simply thrown off the train.
When Obadiy came to his senses, his passport and money became worthless. At the station he was arrested for suspicious appearance... At the station, Avdiy meets Inga, they form a friendship.
Arriving in the city, his work is rejected, and practically ignored. Then main character goes to Inga, but does not find her there. After living for several days, he goes along with the hunters to kill animals. On the way, Obadiah begins to protest and object, saying that killing animals is a bad thing. So they hang him on the table and beat him, this is how Akbar's she-wolf finds him.
Bazarbai on his way home, finds little wolf cubs and takes them for himself, after selling them. This is where the problems of the whole village begin. She-wolf Akbar, noticing the loss, begins to drag chickens and kill animals, frightening everyone. Boston stood up against and threatened Bazarbai to return the animals. But the wolf and the she-wolf have already begun to attack people, so one day, they dragged away the son of Bostan. When they noticed it was too late, Akbara had already killed the baby. Seeing all this, Boston became very angry, taking a gun, went to Bazarbai and shot him. Then he went to surrender to the authorities.
This work teaches that you need to treat animals well, respect them. Otherwise you can get hurt. The story also teaches that one must always walk on an honest path, as Obadiah did. Even dying from evil hands, he did not lose faith in good. He was devoted to honesty and truth, which he valued most of all.
Read the summary of Plakh Aitmatov
Several lines in the plot intersect in the novel - the line of the wolf family Akbara and Tashchinar, the line of Avdiy Kallistratov, the line of the Boston shepherd. At the beginning of the novel, the focus of the reader is on the description of a family of wolves that live in the Moyunkum savannah. In summer, wolves give birth to their first offspring. But their peaceful life did not last long, soon people invaded the life of the savannah. Saigas were the main food for the wolves, but humans began to capture them to fulfill their meat supply plan.
With the onset of winter, the family went hunting, but they fell into a trap, only Tashchaynar and Akbar managed to survive. Fate again presented the wolves with offspring, but people decided to build a road and for this they set fire to the reeds, as a result of which all the wolves died. Wolves have offspring for the third time, but they die again. Soulless and immoral Bazarbai steals the young of Tashchaynar and Akbar with malice to sell. With his catch, he went to visit the shepherd Boston to visit him, and goes home with his catch.
The wolves, having caught the trail, begin to walk around the Boston house. To avenge his children, Akbara steals his child. As a result, they died: the wolves, the son of Boston, a small child, Bazarbai (he is killed by the enraged Boston, who believed him to be the culprit of all these deaths). Having killed Bazarbai, Boston went to surrender to the authorities.
The next plot line of the work is the line of Avdiy Kallistratov, who was expelled from the theological seminary for his ideas. This hero against evil, arbitrariness, inhumanity and immorality. He wanted to guide everyone on the right path, help them understand their mistakes and make the right decision. But fate decided to dispose of in its own way. When Obadiy goes to the steppes for marijuana. A conflict arose between Avdiy and the leader of the brigade (anash was being collected for him). As a result of the conflict, he is severely beaten, thrown out of the train, and left to die on a crooked saxaul. Before his death, he heard his own voice, which was reading a prayer. In the morning his body was found by Akbar and Tashchinar. His death in the work can be regarded as self-sacrifice for the sake of other people, so that all human evil would find the truth.
Chingiz Aimatov's novel teaches to love nature. After all, the further well-being of a person's life will directly depend on the state of nature. If nature perishes, the whole world will perish.
Picture or drawing of Plakh
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Plaha (novel)
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Assessing this act, Ch. Aitmatov writes that thoughts themselves are a form of development, the only way for such ideas to exist.
After leaving the seminary, Avdiy got a job at a publishing house and went to the Moyunkum desert to write an article to describe the drug trade developed there. Already on the way, he meets his "fellow travelers" - Petrukha and Lyonka. Speaking for a long time with them, Avdiy Kallistratov comes to the conclusion that it is not these people who are to blame for breaking the rules, but the system:
And the more he delved into these sad stories, the more convinced he was that all this resembled some kind of undercurrent with the deceptive calmness of the surface of the sea of \u200b\u200blife and that, in addition to private and personal reasons that give rise to a tendency to vice, there are social reasons allowing the possibility of this kind diseases of youth. At first glance, these reasons were difficult to grasp - they resembled communicating blood vessels that spread the disease throughout the body. No matter how much you delve into these reasons on a personal level, there is little, if not no sense at all.
Arriving at the field for collecting cannabis, Obadiy meets with the she-wolf Akbar, whose image is the connecting thread of the whole novel. Despite the ability to kill a person, Akbara does not. After meeting with Grishan, in the train carriage, Avdiy calls on everyone to repent and throw out the bags of drugs, but he is beaten and thrown out of the train. Accidentally meeting former "comrades" arrested for drug trafficking, he tries to help them, but they do not recognize him as their own. Then Avdiy returns to Moscow and only at the invitation of Inga Fedorovna returns again to the Moyunkum desert, where he accepts Ober-Kandalov's offer to “hunt”.
The last hours of Obadiah are painful - not tolerating the killing of many animals "for the plan", he tries to prevent the slaughter, and drunken employers crucify him on saxaul. With the last words Obadiah, addressed to Akbar, will be: "You have come ...".
Part three
The third part describes the life of Boston, living in a difficult period of transition from socialist property to private. The story begins with a local drunkard stealing the cubs of Akbar's she-wolf and, despite all the persuasion, sells them for a drink. This story tells of the injustice that reigned at that time in these places. Boston has a difficult relationship with the local party organizer. Boston's fate ends tragically - he accidentally kills his own son.
Literature
- Ch. Aitmatov. Plaha. SPb .: Azbuka-classic 2004
Links
- Chingiz Aitmatov. Plakha. The end of the world from human evil
- Open lesson in 11th grade based on Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "Plakha"
- "Plakha" - musical parable by A. Kulygin Moscow State Musical Theater under the direction of Gennady Chikhachev. Stage Director - Hon. art worker of Russia, hon. artist of Russia Gennady Chikhachev. Avdiy - Konstantin Skripalev, Akbara - laureate international competition Elena Sokolova, Bromberg - Lyudmila Polyanskaya
Notes
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See what "Plaha (novel)" is in other dictionaries:
Cover of one of the first editions of the book Author: Chingiz Aitmatov Genre: Roman Original language: Russian Design: Hardcover, cherry color Publisher: Molodaya gvardiya ... Wikipedia
Years in XX century literature. 1986 in literature. 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 ← XIX century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 ... Wikipedia
Wikipedia has articles about other people with this surname, see Aitmatov. Chingiz Aitmatov Chyңgyz Aitmatov ... Wikipedia
Spanish literature originated with the formation spanish in the XII century. During the time of the Romans and Visigoths in Spain, they wrote in Latin. The history of Spanish literature is divided into four major periods: the period of inception, when talented ... ... Wikipedia
- (Espana) The official name of the Spanish State (Estado Espanol). I. General information I. state in the extreme southwest of Europe. Occupies 5/6 of the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic and Pitius Islands in ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
It arose with the formation of the Spanish language in the XII century. During the time of the Romans and Visigoths in Spain, they wrote in Latin. The history of Spanish literature is divided into four major periods: the period of inception, when talented writers try their hand ... ... Wikipedia
Heroes
First and second parts:
Third part:
All three parts:
- Akbara and Tashchainar - wolf couple.
The plot and structure of the novel
The novel is divided into three parts, the first two of which describe the life of the former seminarian Avdiy Kallistratov, who lost his mother early and was raised by his father, a deacon. Having entered the seminary and faced with a lack of understanding by many priests of the question of the development of the idea of \u200b\u200bGod and the church, he asks a question to which he has not found an answer.
Assessing this act, Ch. Aitmatov writes that thoughts themselves are a form of development, the only way for such ideas to exist.
First and second parts
After leaving the seminary, Avdiy gets a job at the editorial office of a local newspaper and travels to the Moyunkum desert to write an article to describe the drug trade developed there. Already on the way he meets his "fellow travelers" - Petrukha and Lyonka. Speaking for a long time with them, Avdiy Kallistratov comes to the conclusion that it is not these people who are to blame for breaking the rules, but the system:
And the more he delved into these sad stories, the more convinced he was that it all resembled some kind of undercurrent with the deceptive calmness of the surface of the sea of \u200b\u200blife and that, in addition to private and personal reasons that give rise to a tendency to vice, there are social reasons that allow the possibility of this kind diseases of youth. At first glance, these reasons were difficult to grasp - they resembled communicating blood vessels that spread the disease throughout the body. No matter how much you delve into these reasons on a personal level, there is little, if not no sense at all.
Arriving at the field for collecting marijuana, Obadiy meets with the she-wolf Akbar, whose image is the connecting thread of the whole novel. Despite the ability to kill a person, Akbara does not. In the steppe, Avdiy Kallistratov meets with the leader of the cannabis pickers named Grishan, a slippery, quirky type with a criminal's wolf grip. Having arranged the illusion of a fire on the railway tracks, a gang of anashists stops the freight train. Having made their way into an empty carriage of a freight train following "empty", the messengers-anashists go to the nearest junction station. On the way, Obadiah calls on everyone to repent and throw away the bags of dried hemp, but drug addicts who have smoked "weed" brutally beat him and throw him out of the car at full speed. Having made a ride to the Zhalpak-Saz station, Avdiy meets at the transport police station the former "comrades" arrested for transporting hemp - the whole team, with the exception of Grishan. The Anashists do not recognize him, telling the police officer on duty that they do not know this person. The beaten Avdiy goes to the station hospital and there he meets the woman whom he has already seen in the steppe - Inga Fedorovna. Obadiah realized that he was madly in love with her. After being discharged from the hospital, he leaves for his city, but at the invitation of Inga Fedorovna he soon returns to Moyunkum. Arriving in Zhalpak-Saz, Avdiy learns that his beloved has left to settle the divorce proceedings with her ex-husband. Out of anguish, Avdiy does not find a place for himself, and in the waiting room of the station he is found by a certain Ober-Kandalov - former officer disciplinary battalion, dismissed from the army for immoral behavior (homosexual molestation of soldiers). When he was recruiting a team to hunt saigas in the Moynuum steppes, when he saw a lonely young man, he urged him to take part in the raid. To while away the time spent in a foreign area, Obadiah reluctantly agrees.
Finding himself in the midst of a semi-classified element - people with a very vague past and a very dubious present, Obadiah again makes speeches of repentance - he could not stand the killing of many animals "for the plan" - he tries to prevent the slaughter, and drunken employers crucify him on saxaul. The last words of Obadiah addressed to Akbar will be: "You have come ..."
Part three
The third part describes the life of Boston, living in a difficult period of transition from socialist property to private property. The story begins with a local drunkard Bazarbai stealing the cubs of Akbar's she-wolf. He escapes from a wolf chase in the Boston estate. Despite all the persuasions of Boston, who fears revenge from the wolves, sells the wolf cubs for booze. This story tells of the injustice that reigned at that time in these places. Boston has a difficult relationship with the local party organizer. The fate of Boston ends tragically - the she-wolf Akbar, yearning for wolf cubs, takes away Boston's little son, Kenjesh. Boston, shooting a she-wolf, kills his own son with her. Mad with grief, he goes to the house of the drunkard Bazarbai, shoots him and goes to surrender to the authorities.