Which are distinguished by their increased activity. Types of character accentuations

Accentuation is the weak point of an individual's character.

La Rochefoucauld wrote: "Character weakness is the only flaw that cannot be corrected."

One of the classifications of personality types is determined by the typology of the German psychiatrist K. Leonhard. It is based on an assessment of a person's communication style with people around him and is associated with the concept of character accentuation.

According to this typology, there are:

· Hypertensive type, characterized by a constantly elevated mood. People of this type are cheerful, carefree, often frivolous and prone to hobbies of all kinds. They are incorrigible optimists who see everything in a rosy light. They are confident in themselves and their success, and therefore are inclined to take risks. Failures do not upset them at all or shallowly and not for long. They are sociable, easily make acquaintances, respond vividly to all events, versatile, but at the same time, they are usually superficial, restless, distracted. Irritability is often mixed with a constantly elevated mood, leading to angry outbursts, as a rule, short, shallow and not making a big impression on others. They boil easily and come off quickly. These are active natures. They are energetic, active, adventurous. They quickly and decisively carry out their projects.

· Hypothetical type. Hypothymics, like hyperthymics, are responsive, vividly and strongly react to everything that happens around them, but their mood tone is lowered. They feel little the joys of life, see everything in a gloomy light, are unhappy with everything, and above all with themselves. Often doing a job objectively well, they are not satisfied with it. They willingly talk about the aimlessness of existence, are prone to complaints about their health, to hypochondria.

· The distymous type is characterized by low contact, reticence, pessimism. People of this type are couch potatoes, lead a secluded life, tend to obey.

· Cycloid type. People of this type are characterized by fairly frequent mood swings. In a period of high spirits, they are sociable, and in a period of depression, they are withdrawn. During the period of spiritual uplift, they belong to the hyperthymic type of character, and during the recession to the distymous type.

· Excitable type is characterized by low contact, gloominess, boringness. People of this type have slower verbal and non-verbal responses. In a calm state, they are conscientious, neat, love children and animals. In a state of emotional excitement arising for quite trivial reasons, they are prone to abuse, conflicts, poorly controlling their behavior, and it is difficult to get along in a team due to low communication skills.

· The stuck type is a person of moderate sociability, prone to moralizing, boring. People of this type are touchy, suspicious, conflicted, have an increased sensitivity to social injustice... They are characterized by the desire to achieve high performance in any business, to make increased demands on themselves and others, discipline.

· Pedantic type. It stands out for excessive formalism in office zeal, grumbling, boring at work and at home. However, in communication, people of this type attract to themselves by an even mood, seriousness, reliability in business, conscientiousness and accuracy.

· Anxious type. People of this type are characterized by low contact, self-doubt, shyness, low background mood, indecision, long experience of failure. People of this type rarely enter into conflicts, seeking to rely on a strong personality in difficult situations. The attractive properties of these people are friendliness, self-criticism, and diligence.

· Emotive type. An essential trait of people with this type of character is the desire to communicate with friends, where they are well understood. They are extremely sensitive, touchy, although they carry resentments in themselves, are often depressed, tearful. Their attractive features: kindness, compassion, diligence, the ability to sincerely rejoice in other people's successes.

· Demonstrative type. People of this type are very communicative, strive for leadership, domination, thirst for power, praise. They are self-confident, selfish, easily adapt to people, prone to intrigue, bragging, hypocritical, selfish. Their positive features are artistry, courtesy, eccentricity of thinking, the ability to captivate other people and lead them along.

· Exalted type. He is characterized by high contact, talkativeness, amorousness, but at the same time such people can be conflicting. They are altruists, attentive to friends and relatives, have bright and sincere feelings, a well-developed artistic taste. Negative traits of their character are susceptibility to panic, despair, momentary moods.

· Extroverted type. Such people are distinguished by their openness to any information, willingness to listen and help anyone. Possess high degree sociability, compliant, executive. It is difficult for them to be organized at work and at home. Repulsive traits - frivolity, thoughtlessness of actions, a tendency to spread rumors, gossip.

· Introverted type. People of this type are characterized by low contact, isolation, isolation from reality, and a tendency to philosophize. Self-oriented, self-oriented inner world, their assessment of an object or event, and not of the object as such. They are prone to loneliness, enter into conflicts when trying to interfere in their personal life, are reserved, principled, prone to introspection, have strong convictions and life principles. Their actions are determined primarily by their internal attitude. They are overly stubborn in defending their views, even unrealistic ones. (Extraverted and introverted types belong to C. Jung's typology.)

The personality types introduced by Jung are not determined by the circumstances of a person's life. They are congenital.

Another classification of accentuated personalities was proposed and developed by the Soviet psychiatrist P.B. Gannushkin and then continued by the German psychiatrist K. Leonhard.

The following psychological types are distinguished according to it:

· Epileptoid. He is characterized by high energy, aggressiveness, love of order, thoroughness. He most often chooses a profession that is closer to him - a financier, an officer, a lawyer, since in the process of this work related to maintaining order, the very traits of his character are developing more and more. So, as a financier, the epileptoid is especially valuable, since this activity requires accounting and control, they require strict order, thoroughness and strict observance of the law, that is, all the qualities that an epileptoid possesses. If these qualities do not find a worthy constructive use, then the epileptoid can become a bureaucrat. It is typical for him to obey not the spirit, but the letter of the law, and an official document for him is obviously more important than a living person. In working with money, such people do not allow waste and do not take risks. The epileptoid will not make a dizzying career, but will slowly but surely move up the career ladder. As a boss, managing people, he will always be demanding and picky, both to himself and to others. He knows how to make quick decisions without dragging out time, but if there is time, he can “think over” everything in detail. He has an authoritarian leadership style, but at the same time he is subject to the influence of how it is accepted in society. If it is customary to lead democratically, then it is not difficult for him to rebuild in the spirit of the times.

· Paranoid. He is characterized by high energy, aggressiveness, purposefulness. If the work coincides with the main goal of this type, then he is always at work. It is difficult for him to work in teams, so the most successful for him is individual creative work. Creativity for him is not free self-expression, but a search for an answer to some great riddle or a solution to some major problem. It is such personalities that move the progress of all mankind, contribute to the development of the entire society. In collective work, the paranoid type is a generator of ideas that cannot be limited by any framework, except for setting the very goal of research. The results of work must be able to accept in the form in which he delivers them. It cannot be forced to issue reports or produce ready-made calculated results - this is a waste of time. For this it is better to use an epileptoid, which will refine the results of the paranoid.

· Hypertim. He is characterized by heightened mood, extroversion, high energetism. Due to the enormous activity, sociability and abilities of hypertim, it seems to him and those around him that he will be successful in any business. In the beginning, he can organize something, propose, start, but in the process of daily work he gets bored, and he switches to something else, leaving the previous one. Since he is always in sight, he is quickly promoted and promoted to leadership positions. Hypertime is often artistically gifted, and at the same time in different areas - music, painting, literature. His creative process - This is a haphazard splashing out of excess energy and talent. Usually he creates a little in all areas, without achieving outstanding success in any of them.

· Hysteroid. He is characterized by high energetism and demonstrativeness (the desire to be in the center of attention). He is a talented, versatile gifted person, especially in terms of artistic ability. Reincarnation is easy for him, he is very artistic. This is not a mental, but an artistic type, he thinks not abstractly and logically, but figuratively, therefore he is highly productive in artistic creation - fine arts and poetry. It is best for hysterics to work independently, outside the framework of the team, to engage in free creativity, because it is very difficult for them to get along in the team, since they are very conflicted - they demonstrate their superiority, interrupt, behave arrogantly.

· Schizoid. He is characterized by low energetism, introversion (isolation). Most often, schizoids are engaged in exact sciences - mathematics or theoretical physics. They can be musicians gravitating towards classical music, composers composing complex, original music or music of a new style, abstract artists. All this happens with a favorable set of circumstances. If from childhood schizoids remained incomprehensible and not enough attention was paid to his abilities, then most often such a person will grow up as an eccentric or loser who is not understood by anyone, working in a low-profile job (watchman) and reading his own obscure books. But even as a professional scientist or musician, if it is impossible to conduct his research or create freely, he can go to the watchman and continue his activity there, because it is the main thing for him, and not the position he occupies in society. It is schizoids who are the creators of great discoveries.

· Psychasthenoid. He is characterized by weakness, low energy, insecurity. In his work, he is a good performer, a very obliging and accurate worker. It is not difficult for him to obey if the instructions of the superiors are logical and orderly. If he turns out to be subordinate to the leader, who constantly changes his decisions, opinions, orders, then in such a situation the psychasthenoid becomes nervous and in the end is forced to change her. He enjoys quiet, neat and unhurried work closer to home (librarian).

· Hypotim. He is characterized by weakness, low mood, increased sensitivity, anxiety, suspiciousness. In work, a sensitive hypo-team is not as important as the relationship at work, especially the attitude of the boss. Therefore, they can be very good, executive and devoted secretaries, typists, etc. However, usually hypotheses are not satisfied with their work, wherever they work, at the same time they do not want to change anything in their lives.

What should be learned first!

The types of personalities are determined, firstly, by the temperament and character of the individual, and secondly, by his organic characteristics and, finally, it is impossible to consider the personality of a person without taking into account the existing social relations, the existing system and socialization.

Character manifests itself in a person's behavior, in his attitude to the world and to himself, being a combination of the most stable, essential personality traits.

The considered types of character accentuations appear inconsistently. During upbringing and self-education, they are smoothed out, harmonized, since the structure of character is mobile, dynamic and changes throughout a person's life. In this regard, it is necessary to constantly study the conditions for the upbringing of the personality, take into account the existing deviations and timely carry out their psychocorrection, since a person can and must improve his characterological characteristics.

In the process of motivation labor activity leaders of organizations should consider psychological characteristics each individual, his type of character, temperament and behavior in the process of work. In my opinion, special attention should be paid here to the orientation of this or that personality towards an external or internal object (that is, extra- and introversion). The functional division of labor and the performance of production tasks largely depend on this. Managers should occasionally examine, through testing, the personality traits of their staff, along with their needs. Having knowledge about their staff will help managers to correctly build a line of conduct in different situations production activities.

The chances of success in work increase if a person has chosen a profession that matches his abilities, intellectual level, personal characteristics and interests, if he likes this job. If a person is forced to do work that is not interesting or even unpleasant to him, then this is a sure way to increased fatigue, dissatisfaction, and to a gradual deterioration in health and mental well-being.

Therefore, taking into account your inclinations and interests, your personal and typological preferences is an additional powerful factor in achieving success in work.

The workplace is characterized by increased demands and a variety of conflict situations, here too often difficult situations in which people find themselves due to the negative character traits of the boss or subordinate. Therefore, it is important to consider the various disadvantages that can be troublesome for each type. We are confident that knowing these pitfalls is essential for anyone who wants to best adapt to the requirements of their work. Of course, each of the typological profiles has many strengths and positives. And the more of them we can usefully use, not forgetting about the shortcomings, the more calmly and effectively we will interact with others.

Internal personality traits, through which external social influences are refracted in a specific way, are diverse. These are individual characteristics: 1) motivation of the leading desires and interests; 2) features of value orientations, beliefs, ideals, life goals, scenarios; 3) features of self-esteem, anxiety, neuroticism; 4) features of personality typology. The most significant typologies: typology of temperaments (typological features of the nervous system); constitutional typology (asthenics, athletes, picnics); personality typology depending on the style of information interaction with the environment; extroverts - introverts; mental - emotional type; sensory - intuitive type; perceiving (irrational) - decisive (rational) type and their relationships (16 psychosociotypes).

Any person from early childhood already has his own character, or rather, his own temperament, due to the innate dynamic properties of the nervous system, which determine the speed of response, the degree of emotional excitability, and the peculiarities of the individual's adaptation to the world. Temperaments, as innate styles of adaptation, are inextricably linked with human instincts. Instincts are a program of adaptation, self-preservation and procreation, a program of adaptation, self-preservation and procreation, a program of adaptation, self-preservation and procreation, a program of adaptation, fixed in the genetic code, and attitude towards oneself and others. Animals also have instincts as a genetic adaptation program, but human instincts are a qualitatively different adaptation program than that of animals. The instinct of self-preservation and the instinct of procreation are basic, they ensure the physical survival of humans and the human species. Specific human instincts - the research instinct and the instinct of freedom - provide the primary specialization of a person, and the instinct of domination and preservation of dignity ensure self-affirmation, self-preservation of a person in the psychosocial aspect. The altruistic instinct socializes the adaptive essence of all other instincts. Usually in a person one or more instincts are dominant, and the rest are less pronounced.

From the dominance of one or another instinct follows the primary difference between people in their type. There are 7 types of people according to the dominance of instinct.

Egophilic type - self-preservation dominates, from early childhood a tendency to increased caution, to an exacerbated biotic connection with the mother (the child does not let the mother leave him for a moment), a tendency to suspiciousness, intolerance to pain, anxiety about everything unknown, egocentricity. Their credo is “Safety and health above all”. The evolutionary expediency of having this type lies in the fact that, while preserving themselves, they are also the keepers of the gene pool of the genus. But the egophilic type can be one of the reasons for the formation of such a variant of the "heavy character", which is characterized by excessive egoism, suspicion, suspiciousness, hysteria, cowardice.

Genophilic type - the procreation instinct dominates, already in childhood the interests of this type of people are fixed on the family, and such a child is calm only when the whole family is together, everyone is healthy and everyone is in a good mood. And in their adult life their credo is “The interests of the family are above all. "My home is my fortress", for the sake of children and families are ready to sacrifice themselves.

Altruistic type - the instinct of altruism dominates, since childhood, kindness, caring for loved ones, the ability to give others the last, even what is necessary for him, is manifested. Selfless people who have devoted their lives to public interests, protecting the weak, helping the sick, the disabled are altruistic people. Their credo is “Kindness will save the world, kindness is above all”. Evolutionarily this type is necessary, they are the keepers of kindness, life, humanity.

Research type - the instinct of research dominates, from childhood heightened curiosity, the desire to get to the bottom of everything, endless questions "Why?" and are not content with superficial answers, they read a lot, do experiments. In the end, from such children, whatever they are fond of, enthusiastic, creative people grow up. Great travelers, inventors, scientists are people of this type. Their credo is "Creativity and progress are above all!" The evolutionary feasibility of this type is obvious.

Dominant type - the instinct of domination from childhood is manifested as the ability to organize a game, set a goal and show the will to achieve it, the ability to understand people and lead them, efficiency, later as a priority of status needs (careerism), an increase in the need to control others, a tendency to take into account the needs the entire team, while neglecting the interests of one, specific person. Their credo is “Business and order are above all; it will be good for everyone - it will be good for everyone. Leaders, leaders, politicians, organizers, but also "hard characters" tyrants, tyrants grow on the basis of this type.

Libertophilic type - the instinct of freedom dominates, already in the cradle a child of this type protests when he is swaddled, the propensity to protest against any restriction of his freedom grows with him. The desire for independence, stubbornness, tolerance for pain, deprivation, predisposition to risk, intolerance of routine, bureaucracy. The instincts of self-preservation and procreation are suppressed, which manifests itself in a tendency to leave the family. Their credo is “Freedom above all else”; they naturally limit the tendencies of the dominant type. They are the keepers of freedom, interests, individuality of everyone, and with this - the keepers of life.

Dignitophilic type - the instinct of preservation of dignity dominates. Already from childhood, such a child is able to catch irony, ridicule and is absolutely intolerant of any form of humiliation: this is the case when you can agree with a child only by convincing him, and only with affection. Such a person is ready to sacrifice his life, his freedom, his career, his professional interests, his family in the name of preserving his honor and dignity. Their credo is “There were no cowards and scoundrels in our family! Honor is above all! " The evolutionary expediency of having this type lies in the fact that they are the keepers of the honor and dignity of the individual, and with this - a life worthy of a person.

With the dominance of one instinct, one-sided and personality development tendencies. Stalin's instinct of domination reigned supreme, suppressing all other instincts except the instinct of self-preservation. Academician A. Sakharov was dominated by the instincts of altruism, freedom, preservation of dignity and research, which predetermined the creative potential, versatility of the personality. Naturally, then there was upbringing, environment and life, thoughts and personal choice, but much in a person's destiny begins with what dominant instinct was given to him by nature. Determine your dominant instinct using the test (Appendix to Chapter I).

The genetic program of development is harmonious: the dominant instinct corresponds to a certain temperament, a certain constitution of a physique, certain properties of the nervous system. Check your temperament with the Eysenck test (see the appendix to chapter I).

People of choleric temperament - active, purposeful, emotionally passionate, "unrestrained hot", courageous, uncompromising. They have a weakened instinct for self-preservation and dominate the instincts of dominance, preservation of dignity and research. By nature, they are destined to be warriors, pioneers, explorers, leaders, and in general, heroes and knights. They are lean in physique, sinewy, hardy, have a strong unbalanced ("unrestrained") nervous system, therefore, they are recklessly hasty in words and actions, are unrestrained in conflict, with mood swings and work capacity.

People of a sanguine temperament fast, easy to switch, outgoing, optimistic, compromising and flexible. They are dominated by the instinct of freedom, they are focused on risk, pace, quick results, freedom of action. And therefore, and on the corresponding fate, profession, as a rule, in the field of business, politics, service. Average physique and average height, a strong balanced mobile nervous system provide quick and deliberate reactions, constantly good mood, excellent adaptability to people, changing social situations, variability of interests, feelings, views.

People of phlegmatic temperament slow, withdrawn, patient, peaceful, stable. They are dominated by the altruistic instinct and the instincts of self-preservation, procreation. They are by nature intended to be creators, keepers, support of life. By constitution, they are broad-shouldered, broad-chested, of medium or small stature, they have a strong balanced inert nervous system that provides a balanced mood, constancy of feelings, attachments, interests, views, endurance, resistance to prolonged adversity, slowness, perseverance in work and if sanguine people get involved in wars , choleric people are at war, then cities and villages are being restored after the war by phlegmatic people.

People of melancholic temperament are prone to heightened feelings, reflections, increased sensitivity and fatigue, immersed in their world of experiences, thoughts, possessing high intellectual, creative, sometimes artistic abilities. These are thinkers, writers, artists, dreamers, contemplators, and just people with a complex sensitive nature. By constitution, they are more often asthenics - fragile, graceful, with a flat chest, narrow shoulders, elongated and thin limbs, have a weak nervous system, which in tense stressful situations (exam, competition, conflict, danger) often comes into a state of confusion, slowness, deterioration of the results of activity or its termination, stopper.

Depending on the temperament, a person is initially predisposed to the dominance of certain emotions: some are initially prone to interest, joy, surprise (sanguine temperament), others to anger, disgust, hostility (choleric temperament), and still others to sadness (melancholic).

Character is the result of a person's interaction with the world, a set of relatively stable acquired qualities that express a person's attitude towards himself, other people, things, society and are manifested in stable, habitual forms of behavior. It takes some effort to shape character; need a different person (parent, role model, role model); means of formation are needed - external educational means, cultural means, an external order, as well as internal means: self-talk, self-deception, own efforts of self-improvement.

In 20-50% of people, some character traits are so sharpened, overdeveloped to the detriment of other qualities, that there is a kind of "bias" of character, accentuation of character, as a result, worsening interaction with people, there are similar difficulties and conflicts. The severity of accentuations can be different: from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme options, when you have to think about whether there is a disease - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a morbid deformity of character (while maintaining the intelligence of a person), as a result, relationships with people around are sharply violated; psychopaths can even be socially dangerous to those around them. But unlike psychopathy, character accentuations do not appear constantly, over the years they can completely flatten out, approach the norm. Character accentuations are more common in adolescents and young men (50-80%) than in adults, since it is these periods of life that are the most critical periods for the formation of character, for the manifestation of their uniqueness, individuality. Then, over the years, accentuations can be smoothed out or, on the contrary, intensified, developing into neuroses or psychopathies. To determine accentuation, you can use the Schmischek test (see the appendix to chapter I).

Any quality of character, even the most remarkable, when it is overdeveloped, begins to acquire a certain negative connotation, complicate life for the person himself and his environment, and cause a "difficult", "difficult" character. So, even such a wonderful quality as cheerfulness, activity, with its overabundance, determines "difficult hyperthymic character ”. These are constantly cheerful, carefree, cheerful people who are constantly in a good mood, regardless of the circumstances of life ("pathological lucky"), increased activity, energy, but often aimed at inadequate goals (alcoholism, drugs, sexual relations, hooliganism). It is very difficult to maintain business relations with such people, since they do not keep promises, their interests are unstable, they hate comments, criticism, they have no boundaries between what is permissible and what is not permissible.

The following main types of character accentuation can be distinguished:

1. Hyperactive. The person is very energetic, independent, strives for leadership, risk, adventures. He does not respond to comments, there is no self-criticism. It is necessary to treat with restraint his unfounded optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Traits that are attractive to interlocutors: energy, thirst for activity, initiative, a sense of the new, optimism.

For the people around him, he does not like: frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude towards the duties assigned to him, irritability in the circle of close people. Conflict is possible with monotonous work, loneliness, in conditions of strict discipline, constant moralizing. This causes the person to become angry. Such a person shows himself well in work associated with constant communication. These are: organizational activity, service of everyday life, sports, theater. It is typical for him to often change professions and place of work.

2. Dysthymic (dysthymic). This type of people has a constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, reticence, pessimism. These people are burdened by noisy societies, they don't get close to colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts, more often they are a passive side in them. They value very much those people who are friends with them and tend to obey them. Those around them like seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness and justice in these people. But such traits as passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, “separation from the team” repel others from acquaintance and friendship with them.

Conflicts are observed in situations that require intense activity. For these people, a change in the usual way of life has a negative impact. These people do well in jobs that do not require a wide social circle. Under unfavorable conditions, they show a tendency to neurotic depression. This accentuation occurs more often in persons with a melancholic temperament.

3. Cycloid type (cyclothymic). Accentuation of character manifests itself in cyclically changing periods of ups and downs of mood. During the period of mood elevation, they manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, in the period of recession - with dysthymic. In the period of recession, they are acutely aware of troubles, including suicide. These frequent changes in mental states tire a person, make his behavior unpredictable, contradictory, inclined to change profession, place of work, interests.

This type of character is found in persons of choleric temperament.

4. Emotive (emotionality). This person is overly sensitive, vulnerable and deeply experiences the slightest trouble. He is overly sensitive to remarks, failures, so he often has a sad mood. He prefers a narrow circle of friends and relatives who would understand him perfectly.

He rarely enters into conflicts and plays a passive role in them. Resentment does not spill out, but keeps them to himself. People around him like his altruism, compassion, pity, expression of joy about other people's successes. He is very executive and has a high sense of duty.

Such a person is usually a good family man. But extreme sensuality, tearfulness repel the people around him.

He perceives conflicts with a loved one, death or illness of relatives tragically. He is contraindicated in injustice, rudeness, being surrounded by rude people. He achieves the most significant results in the field of art, medicine, parenting, caring for animals and plants.

5. Demonstrative (demonstrative). This person strives to be the center of attention and achieves his goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, illness, bragging, outfits, unusual hobbies, lies. He easily forgets about his unseemly actions. He has a pronounced high adaptability to people.

This person is attractive to others by his courtesy, perseverance, purposefulness, acting talent, the ability to captivate others, as well as his eccentricity. But he has traits that alienate people from him, and they contribute to the conflict: selfishness, unbridled actions, deceit, boastfulness, a tendency to intrigue, shirking from work. A conflict with such a person occurs when his interests are infringed, underestimated merits, overthrown from the "pedestal". These situations cause hysterical reactions in him.

Such a person is oppressed by a closed circle of communication, monotonous work. He can prove himself in work with constantly changing short-term contacts.

6. Excitable (excitability). These people have increased irritability, intemperance, gloominess, boringness, but flattering, servility (as a disguise), a tendency to rudeness and obscene language or silence, slowness in conversation are possible. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with their superiors, are quarrelsome in the team, in the family they are despotic and cruel. Outside of temper tantrums, these people are conscientious, tidy, and show love for children.

Others do not like their irritability, hot temper, inappropriate outbursts of anger and rage with assault, cruelty, weakened control over attraction. These people are well influenced physical work, athletic sports. They need to develop endurance, self-control. Due to quarrelsomeness, they often change their place of work.

7. Jammed (jammed). People with this type of accentuation "get stuck" on their feelings and thoughts. They cannot forget grievances and “settle scores” with their offenders. They have official and domestic intractability, a tendency to protracted squabbles. In a conflict, they are most often the active party and clearly define for themselves the circle of enemies and friends. They show lust for power - "the tediousness of a preacher."

The interlocutors like their desire to achieve high performance in any business, the manifestation of high demands on themselves, thirst for justice, adherence to principles, strong, stable views. But at the same time, people of this type have traits that repel those around them: resentment, suspicion, vindictiveness, ambition, arrogance, jealousy, a sense of justice inflated to fanaticism.

Conflict is possible when self-esteem is hurt, an unjust resentment, an obstacle to the achievement of ambitious goals.

These people perform well in work that gives them a sense of independence and the opportunity to express themselves.

8. Pedantic (pedantry). These people have expressed boringness in the form of "experiencing" the details, at the service they are able to torture visitors with formal requirements, exhaust the household with excessive accuracy.

For those around them, they are attractive for their conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, reliability in business and in feelings. But such people also have repulsive features; formalism, "chicanery", "boring", the desire to shift the adoption of an important decision to others.

Conflicts are possible in a situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, with an underestimation of their merits. They are prone to obsessions, psychosthenia.

For these people, professions that are not associated with great responsibility, "paper work", are preferable. They are not inclined to change jobs.

9. Anxious (anxiety). People of this type of accentuation are distinguished by a lowered background of mood, shyness, and self-doubt. They constantly fear for themselves, their loved ones, experience failure for a long time and doubt the correctness of their actions. They rarely enter into conflicts and play a passive role.

Conflicts are possible in situations of fear, threat, punishment, ridicule, unfair accusations.

Others like their friendliness, self-criticism and diligence. But fearfulness, suspiciousness due to defenselessness, sometimes serve as a target for jokes, are often "scapegoats."

Such people cannot be leaders, make responsible decisions, since they are characterized by endless experience, weighing.

10. Exalted (exalted). People with this type of accentuation have a very changeable mood, talkativeness, increased distraction to external events. Their emotions are pronounced and are reflected in amorousness.

Traits such as altruism, compassion, artistic taste, artistic talent, vividness of feelings and affection for friends are popular with the interlocutors. But excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, susceptibility to despair are not their best features. Failures and sorrowful events are perceived tragically, have a tendency to neurotic depression.

Their living environment is the arts, sports, professions associated with closeness to nature.

11. Introverted. People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low sociability, isolation. They are aloof from everyone and enter into communication with other people as needed, most often they are immersed in themselves, their thoughts. They are characterized by increased vulnerability, but they do not tell anything about themselves and do not share their experiences. Even to their close people, they are cold and restrained. Their behavior and logic are often not understood by those around them.

These people love solitude and prefer to be alone than in noisy company. They rarely enter into conflicts, only when trying to invade their inner world.

They are picky in choosing a spouse and are busy looking for their ideal. They have a strong emotional coldness and weak attachment to loved ones.

The people around them like them for their restraint, sedateness, thoughtfulness of actions, the presence of strong convictions and adherence to principles. But stubborn defense of their unreal interests, views and the presence of their own point of view, sharply different from the opinion of the majority, alienate people from them. Loneliness, obsession, impudence and rudeness of those around you enhance isolation.

Such people prefer work that does not require a wide circle of communication. They are prone to theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, science fiction, music.

12. Conformal (conformity). People of this type are highly sociable, talkative to talkativeness. Usually they do not have their own opinion and are very dependent, strive to be like everyone else and not stand out “from the crowd”.

These people are disorganized and prefer to obey, in communication with friends and in the family they give up leadership to others. Those around them like their willingness to listen to the "confession" of another, their diligence. But at the same time, these are people "without a king in their heads," subject to other people's influence. They do not think over their actions and have a great passion for entertainment. Conflicts are possible in a situation of forced loneliness, lack of control.

People with an extraverted type of accentuation tend to be hypomanic. These people have easy adaptability to new jobs and do an excellent job with their job responsibilities when the tasks and rules of conduct are clearly defined.

1. The author of a pedagogical system based on the principle of natural education ":

A) J.-J. Rousseau

B ) Plato

C) F. Frebel

2. Which of the great teachers of the past insisted on the predominant use of the "method of natural consequences" in raising a child, considering it the most effective?

A) J.-J. Rousseau

B) J. Locke

C) Ya.A. Komensky

A) J.-J. Rousseau

B) J. Locke

C) Ya.A. Komensky

D) I.G. Pestalozzi

four . What principle did J. Locke use as the basis for selecting the content of a child's education?

A) freedom

B) coercion

C) naturalness

D) utilitarianism

5. At what age did Ya.A. Komensky suggest starting the systematic education of the child?

A) from 12 years old

B) from 6 years old

C) from 10 years old

D) from 7 years old

5 .. Who among the following teachers first combined learning with productive work?

A) J.-J. Rousseau

B) I.G. Pestalozzi

C) Ya.A. Komensky

6. Which of the teachers was the first to substantiate the meaning native language in the initial education and upbringing of children?

A) K.D. Ushinsky

B) V.F. Odoevsky

IN) Ya.A. Komensky

7. Who first proposed the sound method of teaching children to read and write?

A) I.G. Pestalozzi

B) K.D. Ushinsky

A) Ya. A. Komensky

B) P.F. Lesgaft

IN) K.D. Ushinsky

9. Which of the named teachers first substantiated didactic principles and the rules?

A) J. Locke

B) Ya.A. Komensky

C) K.D. Ushinsky

10. Who owns the words; “Education is good only then, it goes ahead of development. Then it awakens and brings to life a whole range of functions that are in the stage of maturation, lying in the zone of proximal development?

A) P. N. Leontiev

B) L.S.Vygotsky

IN ) K.D. Ushinsky

11. The classification of teaching methods depending on the nature of the cognitive activity of students was developed

A) N.A. Sorokin, A.I. Dulov

B) ^ M.N. Skatkin, I. Ya. Lerner, M.I. Makhmutov

C) M.A. Danilov, B.P. Esipov

D) Yu.K. Babansky

12 Explanatory-illustrative, reproductive, research, problem heuristic teaching methods are highlighted in accordance with

A) with the specificity of assimilation of various types of content

B) with functions

C) with sources of knowledge

D) with a personality structure.

13. The principle of structuring the content of education, in which the same content is periodically repeated, expanding with new information, connections and dependencies:

A) linear

B) concentric

B) spiral

D) mixed

14. The technology of problem education involves:

A) assimilation of knowledge in a finished form, without disclosing ways of proving its truth

B) study of educational material element by element in a logical sequence

in) focus on independent cognitive activity of students in search of new concepts and methods of action

d) equipping students in a short time with knowledge of the basics of science in a concentrated form

15. The ideas of developmental education were laid

a) ^ Zankov L., Davydov V., Halperin P., Talyzina N.

B) Likhachev B., Talyzina N., Makhmutov M., Danilov M.

c) Azarov Y., Zankov L., Makhmutov M., Danilov M.

D) Lerner I., Skatkin M., Makhmutov M., Danilov M.

16. The theoretical and practical foundations of cooperation pedagogy were first developed by scientists

B) Of Russia

in)England

D) France

17. The direction in pedagogy, which was developed in the United States in the late 50s - early 60s of the twentieth century; based on the personality-oriented nature of education and training, refusal to use the mark

A) pedagogy of non-violence;

B) pedagogy of cooperation;

IN) humanistic pedagogy;

D) pedagogy of compulsion.

18. The main direction of modernization russian education aims to implement:

A) creativity of teachers;

B) educational goals;

C) educational purposes;

D) personality-oriented educational process.

19. According to the Concept of specialized education at the senior level of general education, the approximate ratio of the volumes of basic subjects, profile subjects and elective courses is determined by the proportion:

IN) 50:30:20;

20. The main function of elective courses:

A) profiling;

B) vocational guidance;

C) organizational;

D) motivational

21. The theory of education is

A) a science that studies the ontological and epistemological foundations of education

B) a science that studies the problems of personality development

C) a science that identifies individual, age, group characteristics and the laws of development and behavior of people

D) section of pedagogy, revealing the essence, laws of education, its structural elements, concepts and systems

22 Fundamental to modern systems parenting is theory

A) psychoanalytic (A. Gesell, Z. Freud)

B) cognitive (J. Piaget, D. Dewey)

IN) behavioral (K. Lawrence, D. Watson)

D) humanistic (J.-J. Rousseau, V. Sukhomlinsky

23. If the teacher is a single subject of the educational process, and the student is only an "object", then this

B) personality-oriented

C) humanely - personal

D) free education

24. If technologies realize democracy, equality, partnership in the subject - subject relations of the teacher and the child, then these are technologies

B) personality - oriented

C) humanely - personal

D) cooperation

25. A program in which classes are conducted using the activity method, ie. knowledge is not given ready-made, and the child acts as a researcher called

A) "School-2000"

B) "M. Montessori"

D) "Origins"

26. Teaching in the Montessori system provides

A) lesson

IN) developmental environment, self-control materials

D) independent activity

27. According to the Montessori system, the "upbringing process" is

A) teacher guidance to the child

B) co-creation of a teacher and a child

IN) non-intervention of the teacher in the development of the child

D) systematic impact

28. Type educational institution, named after the ancient Greek philosophical school near Athens, founded by Aristotle,

A) lyceum;

B) gymnasium;

C) school;

D) college.

29. The science that studies the psychological laws of training and education is called

A) general psychology;

B) developmental psychology;

IN) pedagogical psychology;

D) all answers are correct.

30. Teaching as a factor of socialization, the assimilation of the connection between individual and social consciousness is considered in:

A) physiology;

B) biology;

C) psychology;

D) pedagogy.

31. Cognitive ability, which determines a person's readiness to assimilate and use knowledge and experience, as well as to behave intelligently in problem situations, is:

A) thinking;

B) intelligence;

C) heuristics;

D) adaptation

32. The systematic use of data from all human sciences, their consideration in the construction and implementation of the pedagogical process is the essence of

A) personal approach

B) a systematic approach

C) culturological approach

D) anthropological approach

33. The development of the human body is called:

a) ontogeny;

b) phylogeny;

c) sociogenesis;

d) anthropogenesis.

34. Actions aimed at analyzing the conditions of the situation and their correlation with their capabilities in order to correctly formulate the educational problem are called:

A) indicative;

B) performing;

C) control;

D) estimated

35. The selection and organization of the content of educational information, the design of students' activities, as well as their own teaching activities and behavior is the essence of ... the pedagogical function:

A) constructive;

B) organizational;

C) communicative;

D) gnostic.

36. The following intellectual mechanism acts as the dominant basis for the formation of skills and abilities:

A) the formation of associations;

B) imitation;

C) distinction and generalization;

D) insight (guess)

37. The leading activity of children of primary school age is

A) role play

B) teaching

C) communication in the system of socially useful activities

D) educational and professional

38. Research has shown that the main types of behavior aimed at achieving or avoiding success develop at age:

A) from 3 to 7 years old;

B) from 3 to 10 years old;

IN) from 3 to 13 years old;

D) from 3 to 16 years old

39. It has been established that material is better remembered if it:

A) is included in the conditions for achieving the goal;

B) included in the content of the main goal of the activity

C) is included in the ways to achieve the goal;

D) is presented in a free order

40. Understanding the relationship between the various elements of a given situation in order to find a solution to a specific problem is the ability to

A) generalization;

B) modeling;

IN) inference;

D) comparison.

41. The general concept denoting the process and result of the acquisition of individual experience by a biological system is:

a) reflex;

b) imprinting;

c) learning;

D) repetition

42. The simplest type of learning is:

A) addictive.

B) classical conditioning.

C) operational conditioning.

D) integrated learning.

44. The method of activating thought processes by jointly searching for a solution to a difficult problem in an atmosphere of relaxedness, ease, excluding criticism and self-criticism,

A) inversion;

B) discussion;

C) the method of heuristic questions;

D) "brain attack".

45. The type of thinking, in which the thought process is directly related to the perception of the surrounding reality and without it cannot be performed:

A) abstract logical;

B) theoretically shaped;

B) visual and effective;

D) pictorial

46. \u200b\u200bThe ability of a teacher to objectively evaluate his own mental states and behavior, to understand how other participants in the pedagogical process perceive him, is

A) reflection;

B) empathy;

C) identification

D) communicativeness.

47. The most effective style of behavior in conflict is

A) avoiding conflict

B) adaptation

C) confrontation, rivalry

D) the desire to solve the problem through compromise, cooperation

48. Determine the type of barrier in pedagogical communication, arising from the wrong attitude of the teacher to the student

A) physical barrier

B) socio-psychological barrier;

IN) the barrier of the wrong attitude of consciousness;

D) organizational and psychological barrier;

49 According to I.P. Pavlova, a strong, unbalanced and mobile type of the nervous system is characteristic of:

A) sanguine people;

B) phlegmatic people;

IN) choleric people;

D) melancholic.

50. The type of people who are distinguished by increased activity, sociability, a tendency to rash mischief and frequent change of hobbies:

A) dysthymic

B) cyclothymics

IN) hypertensives

51. The state of increasing emotional stress associated with a threat to the well-being of the individual is:

A) affect;

B) frustration;

C) mood;

D) stress.

52. What is the name of the state of rest, complete relaxation at the psychophysiological level?

A) relaxation;

B) reflection;

C) empathy,

D) initiation.

53 A state characterized by a decrease in activity, emotional passivity, indifference to the events of the surrounding reality, a weakening of motives and interests is called

A) depression;

B) apathy;

in) stress;

D) frustration.

54. Behavior that does not comply with the legal, moral, social and other norms accepted in society is

A) asocial

B) delinquent

IN) deviant

55. Behavior is contrary to social ideology, politics, universal truths - this is

A) asocial

B) delinquent

B) deviant

D) antisocial

56. Conduct is a crime provided for by legal legislation - it is

A) asocial

B) delinquent

B) deviant

D) antisocial

57. Behavior is associated with a violation of the norms of human community, social responsibilities, causing harm to others - this is

A) asocial

B) delinquent

B) deviant

D) antisocial

58. Prevention of possible violations of the rules of behavior by the child through suggestions can be traced in the model

A) educational and disciplinary

B) operational

C) personality-oriented

D) educational reflex

59. Art therapy is a rehabilitation technology based on the use of funds

A) horse riding

B) arts

C) sociocultural animation

D) physical education

60. Tourotherapy is a socio-cultural, rehabilitation technology, which is based on

A) t uristic and excursion activities

B) creative components based on work with plastic material

C) musical games, singing, playing musical instruments

a) J.-J. Russo

b ) Plato

c) F. Frebel

2. Which of the great teachers of the past insisted on the predominant use of the "method of natural consequences" in raising a child, considering it the most effective?

a) J.-J. Russo

a) J.-J. Russo

b) J. Locke

four . What principle did J. Locke use as the basis for selecting the content of a child's education?

a) freedom

b) coercion

c) naturalness

d) utilitarianism

5. At what age did you suggest starting the systematic education of the child?

b) from 6 years old

c) from 10 years old

5 .. Who among the following teachers first combined learning with productive work?

a) J.-J. Russo

6. Which of the teachers was the first to substantiate the importance of the native language in the initial teaching and upbringing of children?

7. Who first proposed the sound method of teaching children to read and write?

9. Which of the named teachers was the first to substantiate the didactic principles and rules?

a) J. Locke

10. Who owns the words; “Education is good only then, it goes ahead of development. Then it awakens and brings to life a whole range of functions that are in the stage of maturation, lying in the zone of proximal development?

11. The classification of teaching methods depending on the nature of the cognitive activity of students was developed

12 Explanatory-illustrative, reproductive, research, problem heuristic teaching methods are highlighted in accordance with

a) with the specificity of assimilation of various types of content

b) with functions

c) with sources of knowledge

d) with a personality structure.

13. The principle of structuring the content of education, in which the same content is periodically repeated, expanding with new information, connections and dependencies:

a) linear

b) concentric

c) spiral

d) mixed

14. The technology of problem education involves:

a) assimilation of knowledge in a finished form, without disclosing ways to prove their truth

b) study of educational material element by element in a logical sequence

in) focus on independent cognitive activity of students in search of new concepts and methods of action

d) equipping students in a short time with knowledge of the basics of science in a concentrated form

15. The ideas of developmental education were laid

16. The theoretical and practical foundations of cooperation pedagogy were first developed by scientists

b) Of Russia

in)England

d) France

17. The direction in pedagogy, which was developed in the United States in the late 50s - early 60s of the twentieth century; based on the personality-oriented nature of education and training, refusal to use the mark

a) pedagogy of non-violence;

b) pedagogy of cooperation;

in) humanistic pedagogy;

d) pedagogy of compulsion.

18. The main direction of modernization of Russian education is aimed at implementing:

a) creativity of teachers;

b) educational goals;

c) educational purposes;

d) personality-oriented educational process.

19. According to the Concept of specialized education at the senior level of general education, the approximate ratio of the volumes of basic subjects, specialized subjects and elective courses is determined by the proportion:

in) 50:30:20;

20. The main function of elective courses:

a) profiling;

b) vocational guidance;

c) organizational;

d) motivational

21. The theory of education is

a) a science that studies the ontological and epistemological foundations of education

b) a science that studies the problems of personality development

c) a science that identifies individual, age, group characteristics and the laws of development and behavior of people

d) a section of pedagogy that reveals the essence, patterns of education, its structural elements, concepts and systems

22 Fundamental in modern education systems is the theory

a) psychoanalytic (A. Gesell, Z. Freud)

b) cognitive (J. Piaget, D. Dewey)

in) behavioral (K. Lawrence, D. Watson)

d) humanistic (J.-J. Rousseau, V. Sukhomlinsky

23. If the teacher is a single subject of the educational process, and the student is only an "object", then this

b) personality-oriented

c) humanely - personal

d) free education

24. If technologies realize democracy, equality, partnership in the subject - subject relations of the teacher and the child, then these are technologies

b) personality - oriented

c) humanely - personal

d) cooperation

25. A program in which classes are conducted using the activity method, that is, knowledge is not given ready-made, and the child acts as a researcher is called

a) "School-2000"

b) M. Montessori "

d) "Origins"

26. Teaching in the Montessori system provides

a) occupation

in) developmental environment, self-control materials

d) independent activity

27. According to the Montessori system, the "upbringing process" is

a) teacher guidance to the child

b) co-creation of a teacher and a child

in) non-intervention of the teacher in the development of the child

d) systematic impact

28. The type of educational institution, which received its name from the ancient Greek philosophical school near Athens, founded by Aristotle,

a) lyceum;

b) gymnasium;

29. The science that studies the psychological laws of training and education is called

a) general psychology;

b) developmental psychology;

d) all answers are correct.

30. Teaching as a factor of socialization, the assimilation of the connection between individual and social consciousness is considered in:

a) physiology;

b) biology;

c) psychology;

d) pedagogy.

31. Cognitive ability, which determines a person's readiness to assimilate and use knowledge and experience, as well as to behave intelligently in problem situations, is:

a) thinking;

b) intelligence;

c) heuristics;

d) adaptation

32. The systematic use of data from all human sciences, their consideration in the construction and implementation of the pedagogical process is the essence of

a) personal approach

b) a systematic approach

c) culturological approach

d) anthropological approach

33. The development of the human body is called:

a) ontogeny;

b) phylogeny;

c) sociogenesis;

d) anthropogenesis.

34. Actions aimed at analyzing the conditions of the situation and their correlation with their capabilities in order to correctly formulate the educational problem are called:

a) indicative;

b) performing;

c) control;

d) estimated

35. The selection and organization of the content of educational information, the design of students' activities, as well as their own teaching activities and behavior is the essence of ... the pedagogical function:

a) constructive;

b) organizational;

c) communicative;

d) gnostic.

36. The following intellectual mechanism acts as the dominant basis for the formation of skills and abilities:

a) the formation of associations;

b) imitation;

c) distinction and generalization;

d) insight (guess)

37. The leading activity of children of primary school age is

a) role play

b) teaching

c) communication in the system of socially useful activities

d) educational and professional

38. Research has shown that the main types of behavior aimed at achieving or avoiding success develop at age:

a) from 3 to 7 years;

b) from 3 to 10 years;

in) from 3 to 13 years old;

d) from 3 to 16 years old

39. It has been established that material is better remembered if it:

a) is included in the conditions for achieving the goal;

b) included in the content of the main goal of the activity

c) is included in the ways to achieve the goal;

d) presented in a free order

40. Understanding the relationship between the various elements of a given situation in order to find a solution to a specific problem is the ability to

a) generalization;

b) modeling;

in) inference;

d) comparison.

41. The general concept denoting the process and result of the acquisition of individual experience by a biological system is:

a) reflex;

b) imprinting;

c) learning;

d) repetition

42. The simplest type of learning is:

a) addictive.

b) classical conditioning.

c) operational conditioning.

d) integrated learning.

44. The method of activating thought processes by jointly searching for a solution to a difficult problem in an atmosphere of relaxedness, ease, excluding criticism and self-criticism,

a) inversion;

b) discussion;

c) the method of heuristic questions;

d) "brain attack".

45. The type of thinking, in which the thought process is directly related to the perception of the surrounding reality and without it cannot be performed:

a) abstract-logical;

c) theoretically figurative;

b) visual and effective;

d) pictorial

46. \u200b\u200bThe ability of a teacher to objectively evaluate his own mental states and behavior, to understand how other participants in the pedagogical process perceive him, is

a) reflection;

b) empathy;

c) identification

d) communicativeness.

47. The most effective style of behavior in conflict is

a) avoiding conflict

b) adaptation

c) confrontation, rivalry

d) the desire to solve the problem through compromise, cooperation

48. Determine the type of barrier in pedagogical communication, arising from the wrong attitude of the teacher to the student

a) physical barrier

b) socio-psychological barrier;

in) the barrier of the wrong attitude of consciousness;

d) organizational and psychological barrier;

49 Po, a strong, unbalanced and mobile type of the nervous system is characteristic of:

a) sanguine people;

b) phlegmatic people;

in) choleric people;

d) melancholic.

50. The type of people who are distinguished by increased activity, sociability, a tendency to rash mischief and frequent change of hobbies:

a) dysthymic

b) cyclothymics

in) hypertensives

51. The state of increasing emotional stress associated with a threat to the well-being of the individual is:

c) mood;

d) stress.

52. What is the name of the state of rest, complete relaxation at the psychophysiological level?

a) relaxation;

b) reflection;

c) empathy,

d) initiation.

53 A state characterized by a decrease in activity, emotional passivity, indifference to the events of the surrounding reality, a weakening of motives and interests is called

a) depression;

b) apathy;

in) stress;

d) frustration.

54. Behavior that does not comply with the legal, moral, social and other norms accepted in society is

a) asocial

b) delinquent

in) deviant

55. Behavior is contrary to social ideology, politics, universal truths - this is

a) asocial

b) delinquent

c) deviant

d) antisocial

56. Conduct is a crime provided for by legal legislation - it is

a) asocial

b) delinquent

c) deviant

d) antisocial

57. Behavior is associated with a violation of the norms of human society, social responsibilities, causing harm to others - this is

a) asocial

b) delinquent

c) deviant

d) antisocial

58. Prevention of possible violations of the rules of behavior by the child through suggestions can be traced in the model

a) educational and disciplinary

b) operational

c) personality-oriented

d) educational reflex

59. Art therapy is a rehabilitation technology based on the use of funds

a) horse riding

b) arts

c) sociocultural animation

d) physical education

60. Tour therapy is a socio-cultural, rehabilitation technology, which is based on

a) t uristic and excursion activities

b) creative components based on work with plastic material

c) musical games, singing, playing musical instruments

Temperament Is a set of individual characteristics of a person that characterize the emotional and dynamic side of his activity (mental activity and behavior). Certain properties and characteristics of temperament can favor or counteract the formation of personality traits.

Temperament (lat. temperamentum - "the proper ratio of parts") - a stable combination of individual personality traits associated with dynamic, not content-related aspects of activity (Source: Wikipedia).

From a physiological point of view, temperament is due to the type of higher nervous activity human (type of GNI).

Depend on a person's temperament

• Assessment and control of activities.
• The speed of occurrence of mental processes (speed of thinking, perception, duration of attention).
• The intensity of mental processes (willpower, the strength of emotions).
• Pace, rhythm and acceleration of activity.
• Disciplinary actions.
• The focus of mental activity on certain objects (extraversion or introversion).

Does not belong to the type of person's temperament

• Character - determines how a person acts, acquired, subject to change.
• Abilities - determine with what speed, depth, lightness and strength he masters knowledge, skills, and abilities.

Temperament forms the basis for the development of a person's character, influences the ways of communication and human behavior.

Temperament is an innate individual trait of a person, he is not subject to change. A person with any type of temperament may or may not be capable. Temperament type does not affect a person's abilities, just some life tasks are easier to solve by a person of one type of temperament, others - of another.

Adults involved in the upbringing and education of a child need to take into account the type of temperament of the child so that the methods and techniques of upbringing and education used are effective and do not harm the child.

In psychology, 4 types of human temperament are distinguished: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic.

Sanguine (from the Latin "sangvis" blood) - balanced, sociable, practical, sustained.
Phlegmatic person (from the Greek "phlegm" - slime) - thoughtful, peaceful, reliable, diligent, taciturn.
Choleric (from the Greek "hole" - red-yellow bile) - impetuous, energetic, emotional, not restrained.
Melancholic (from the Greek "melain hole" - black bile) - anxious, uncommunicative, withdrawn, gloomy.

Psychological characteristics of types of temperament - advantages and disadvantages

Type of temperament CHOLERIC

Type of nervous system - unrestrained, strong, unbalanced, agile.

Choleric's advantages:

• differs in decisiveness, initiative, straightforwardness.
• Agile and fast.
• With enthusiasm he gets down to business, works on the rise, overcoming difficulties.
• Almost always resourceful in an argument.
• Forgiving and reckless.
• Possesses expressive facial expressions.
• The speech is lively, emotional.
• Choleric is able to quickly make decisions and act.
• Tirelessly strives for new things.
• Falls asleep and wakes up quickly, sleeps soundly.
• In a critical situation, he shows determination and pressure.
• Feelings quickly arise and manifest themselves vividly.

Choleric Disadvantages:

• Choleric is too hasty.
• The choleric type of temperament is characterized by sharp, impulsive movements, restlessness, imbalance, a tendency to hotness.
• Doesn't have patience.
• In relationships and in communication with people, he can be sharp and straightforward.
• A choleric person can provoke conflict situations.
• Stubborn, often capricious.
• A sharp rise and a rapid decline in activity are characteristic, i.e. choleric works in jerks.
• Sometimes he does not delve into the essence of the problem, glides over the surface, gets distracted.
• Prone to risky behavior.
• Choleric speech is fast, sometimes confused, passionate.
• Aggressive, very hot-tempered and unstable.
• The choleric person is prone to sudden changes in mood, nervous breakdowns.
• When his energy reserves are depleted, his mood drops dramatically.
• Intolerant of the mistakes and shortcomings of others.
• Touchy.

Choleric people need to learn to restrain themselves, not to be arrogant. They may be advised to count to ten before reacting to the situation.

Temperament type SANGUINIC

Type of nervous system - strong, balanced, agile.

Advantages of the Sanguine:

• Sanguine type of temperament differs in gaiety, energy, cheerfulness, responsiveness.
• The mood of a sanguine person tends to change frequently, but generally good mood prevails.
• Feelings of attachment, hostility, joy and grief arise quickly in sanguine people, but they are shallow.
• Quickly grasps everything new and interesting.
• Quickly switches from one activity to another.
• He takes his failures and troubles easily.
• Easily adapts to different life circumstances.
• Has good performance and endurance.
• He takes up any new business with enthusiasm.
• The sanguine person is distinguished by loud, hasty, but at the same time distinct speech, accompanied by. active gestures and expressive facial expressions.
• In dealing with new people, she does not feel fear and constraint.
• Maintains composure in stressful, critical situations.
• A sanguine person is able to defend himself reasonably and at the same time tries to normalize the situation.
• Wakes up quickly and falls asleep.
• Shows persistence in achieving the set task, goal.
• Good organizer.

Disadvantages of Sanguine:

• If a sanguine person loses interest in the business he has begun, then he leaves him without completing it.
• Sanguine people do not like monotonous work.
• They tend to overestimate both themselves and their capabilities.
• The sanguine type is characterized by instability in interests and inclinations.
• A person with a sanguine type of temperament is a burden to monotonous, everyday painstaking work.
• Haste in decisions, rash decisions, not collected.
• Unstable mood.
• It is difficult to develop volitional qualities.
• To achieve success in activities, sanguine people should not be scattered about trifles, they need to be purposeful, neat, diligent.

Type of temperament FLEGMATIC

Type of nervous system - inert, strong, balanced, inactive.

Advantages of the Phlegmatic:

• Phlegmatic type of temperament distinguished by calmness, composure, prudence, caution, patience, perseverance, poise and endurance, as in ordinary lifeand in a stressful situation.
• Shows consistency and thoroughness in matters, as a result of which the work begun is carried through to the end.
• Phlegmatic people are persistent and persistent in achieving their goals.
• Phlegmatic people have no inclination to affect.
• Speech is calm, measured with pauses, without pronounced emotions, without gestures and facial expressions.
• Phlegmatic people are not very talkative.
• They are able to perform monotonous, long-term intense work.
• Everything counts and does not waste energy.
• In his work he adheres to the system.
• Phlegmatic people tend to adhere to a developed, habitual routine of life.
• Complies with the regime with ease.
• The phlegmatic type of temperament has good endurance, which easily allows him to restrain his impulses.
• Not vindictive.
• He is condescending to the barbs expressed against him.
• Characterized by constancy in relationships and interests, often monogamous.
• They love order and neatness in everything.
• Reason prevails among phlegmatic people over feeling.
• They have good contact with people of other temperaments.
• Has a good memory.
• Phlegmatic people are reliable people who are difficult to infuriate.
• The feelings of phlegmatic people are deep, but carefully hidden from prying eyes.

Disadvantages of Phlegmatic:

• Phlegmatic people are practically not susceptible to approval and censure in their address.
• They react poorly to external stimuli, so they cannot quickly respond to new situations.
• Phlegmatic people are stingy with emotions.
• The facial expressions and movements of the phlegmatic are inexpressive and slow.
• Comprehensive to the point of being boring.
• He starts working slowly and just as slowly switches from one case to another.
• Difficulty adapting to a new environment and slowly converging with new people.
• There are many stereotypes and templates in life.
• Unsourceful.

Phlegmatic people should develop the qualities that are lacking in him, such as: mobility, activity. Do not allow the manifestation of such qualities as: inertia and lethargy.

Temperament type MELANCHOLIK

Type of nervous system - weak, unbalanced, inactive.

Melancholic Advantages:

• Melancholic type of temperament is characterized by increased sensitivity.
• Melancholic people are capable of accepting approval and censure.
• Makes high demands on himself and on the people around him.
• They feel good about other people.
• Under favorable conditions, they are reserved and tactful.
• The emotional states and feelings of people of a melancholic type of temperament are distinguished by depth, duration and great strength.
• Melancholic people are characterized by constancy and depth, acute sensitivity to external influences.
• In a familiar and relaxed environment, people with a melancholic temperament feel calm and work very productively.

Disadvantages of Melancholic:

• Melancholic people are distinguished from other types by their high emotional sensitivity.
• They can hardly endure grief and resentment, outwardly this may not manifest itself in any way.
• They keep their thoughts and experiences to themselves.
• Melancholic people experience even minor setbacks greatly.
• The melancholic is very shy, shy, vulnerable, secretive, indecisive, unsure of himself and his strength.
• Always pessimistic, rarely laughs.
• At the slightest failure, he experiences a feeling of depression and confusion.
• Lost in unfamiliar surroundings.
• The melancholic is embarrassed when dealing with new people.
• Long adapts to the new team.
• Has a small circle of close people.
• Melancholic people have a tendency to loneliness, depression, suspicion, they withdraw and withdraw into themselves.
• They get tired quickly, it is necessary to pause in work.
• A melancholic type of temperament is characterized by a weak, quiet speech up to a whisper, impressionability to tearfulness, excessive touchiness and tearfulness.
• The slightest nuisance, a nervous environment at work can throw the melancholic off balance.
• Under unfavorable conditions, melancholic people are withdrawn, fearful, anxious.
• Melancholic is the only type of temperament characterized by slight vulnerability and resentment.
• The melancholic prefers to obey rules and authorities.
• On the eve of important events, he is always overly worried and worried.
• What the choleric person sweeps away on his way, the phlegmatic person will not notice, the sanguine person will bypass - it becomes an obstacle for the melancholic. He gets lost, gives up, it is at such moments that he needs sympathy and support from relatives and friends.

In terms of self-improvement and self-realization, melancholic people need to be more active, organizational, engage in sponsorship in order to feel their importance, confidence and increase their self-esteem. This is also facilitated by physical education and sports, gymnastics.

Temperament and profession: the influence of temperament on the choice of profession, recommendations for choosing a profession in accordance with the type of temperament, videos, types of temperaments of famous people.

Eye makeup: how to look younger, makeup mistakes that make us old.

Types of temperament and their characteristics Video - features of interpersonal relationships of people with different types of temperament

Friendship and love depending on the type of temperament

Sanguine- experiences sympathy easily, brightly and cheerfully. He starts novels easily, just as easily he can part with the object of love.

Choleric - is friends with a few, commands his soul mate, is strongly attached, prone to anger and jealousy, to a break from addiction.

Phlegmatic person - not inclined to express vivid feelings, calm, even attitude towards a partner, amorous, characterized by calm affection. It is almost impossible to hear words of declaration of love, compliments from him.

Melancholic - devoted to a partner, obeys him, is ashamed to open his feelings, often monogamous.

There are no good or bad temperaments. You can and should control your temperament.

Teaching about the types of temperament Pavlova I.P.

Psychologists argue that in life it is quite rare to meet bright representatives of one or another type of temperament, mainly in people traits of different types of temperament are combined, among which one predominates, the rest complement.

However, according to the research of I.P. Pavlova, only one specific type of higher nervous activity (HNV) corresponds to each type of temperament, which completely excludes the existence of a "mixed" type of temperament in humans.

Reliable, objective criteria for determining the type of temperament as a type of nervous system according to I.P. Pavlov.

• Metabolic rate.
• The speed of the course of human nervous processes.
• The power of emotion.
• Constructive features of the body structure (somatotype).

I.P. Pavlov argued that the basis human temperament - this is the ratio of the main features of mental activity and the properties of the nervous system (the speed and nature of the balance of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition).

I.P. Pavlov proved that higher nervous activity is based on three components:

• Strength - the individual retains high level working capacity during strenuous and prolonged work, does not respond to weak stimuli, recovers quickly. The person has stress resistance and endurance.
• Balance - in an exciting environment, the individual remains calm, easily suppresses his mobility and inadequate desires.
• The mobility of the processes of inhibition and excitation occurring in the nervous system - a person quickly reacts to changes in the situation, easily acquires new skills.

IP Pavlov correlated the types of nervous systems identified by him with psychological types of human temperament and discovered their complete similarity. As a result, we can conclude that temperament is a manifestation of the type of the nervous system in human activity and behavior.

It is the type of higher nervous activity that is the physiological basis of temperament.

The ratio of types of the nervous system and temperaments according to Pavlov I.P.

Sanguine type of temperament - strong, balanced, agile ("alive").

Phlegmatic type of temperament - strong, balanced, inert (sedentary) ("calm").

Choleric type of temperament - strong, unbalanced, mobile, with a predominance of excitement ("unrestrained").

Melancholic type of temperament - weak, unbalanced, inactive ("weak").

A person with a weak type of temperament, despite the weakness of the ongoing nervous processes, is able to achieve great success in studies, work and creative activity, and career.

Characteristics of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition in various types of temperament according to I.P. Pavlov.

Hippocrates' doctrine of types of temperament

Hippocrates (ancient Greek physician) understood temperament as anatomical, physiological and individual psychological characteristics of an individual. Hippocrates, and later Galen, spoke of temperament as a feature of personality behavior, in whose body one of the four "vital juices" predominates.

• In choleric people, yellow bile ("bile, poison") predominates, which makes him impulsive and unrestrained.
• In phlegmatic people, lymph ("phlegm") predominates, which makes a person calm, calm, and slow.
• In sanguine people, blood ("blood") predominates, which makes him cheerful and mobile.
• In melancholic people, black bile ("black bile") predominates, which makes him timid, fearful, sad.

Teachings on types of temperament Scheme

To parents about children:

Raising a child based on the type of temperament has a number of important features that every parent should be aware of.

the interior of the children's room, designed taking into account the psychological, emotional, age and behavioral characteristics of the child.

Speech development of children 5 - 6 years old: features, characteristics, games for the development of children's speech.

Literature on the topic "Psychological characteristics of the main types of temperament" for the course

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• The four temperaments in Herluf Bidstrup's comics