The principality of Tver and the Novgorod Republic were annexed under the rule ...
Ivan III
The overthrow of the Horde yoke took place during the reign ...
Ivan IV
The first serfdom measure in Russian legislation was the introduction ...
"the rules of St. George's Day"
In the 1497 Code of Laws, it was (and) introduced ...
"the rule of St. George's Day"
Ivan IV ruled in ...
1533-1584 biennium.
The Chosen Rada was called ...
The reign of Ivan IV does NOT include:
- annexation of the Tver principality
- overthrow of the Mongol yoke
- adoption of the first all-Russian code of laws
- "standing" on the river. Eel
- the final enslavement of the peasants
- creation of a regular army
- creation of the Russian fleet
- adoption of the "Cathedral Code"
- introduction of the poll tax
Unification of Novgorod and Kiev under the rule of Oleg 882g
Baptism of Russia 988g, 990g
Defeat of the Polovtsi V. Monomakh 1103-1113yy
The development of the Moscow state in the 16th century. Ivan the Terrible.
The reign of Ivan IV does NOT include:
- annexation of the Novgorod Republic
- annexation of the Tver principality
- introduction of the "St. George's Day Rule"
- overthrow of the Mongol yoke
- adoption of the first all-Russian code of laws
- "standing" on the river. Eel
- the final enslavement of the peasants
- creation of a regular army
- creation of the Russian fleet
- adoption of the "Cathedral Code"
- introduction of the poll tax
IN early XVI in. the theory "Moscow - the third Rome" appeared, proposed by the Pskov monk
Philotheus
For the first time the wedding to the kingdom took place during the reign ...
Ivan IV
Convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor - 1549
The beginning of the oprichnina - 1565
The beginning of the reign of Ivan IV - 1533
Territories allocated in the 1550-1570s to a special lot with a special army and public administration, were called ...
Oprichnina
Restriction of the transition of peasants on St. George's Day as an all-Russian measure was first introduced
Code of Law 1497
The first Russian dated printed book, published in 1564 by Ivan Fedorov, was called
"Apostle"
Ermak's campaign in the 80s. XVI century laid the foundation for joining Russia ...
Western Siberia
Ivan IV ruled in ...
The estate was called ...
Land ownershipprovided on a terms of service
The convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor refers to the board ...
Ivan IV
The first wedding to the kingdom took place in _____ year.
Land tenure granted on the terms of service is called ...
Estate
The Chosen Rada was called ...
Unofficial government under Ivan IV
The beginning of the annexation of Siberia belongs to the board ...
Ivan IV
The beginning of the annexation of Siberia is associated with the name ...
Ermak
The famous Trinity icon was painted at the beginning of the 15th century by an artist ...
Andrey Rublev
The unofficial government, the Chosen Rada, created in the initial period of the reign of Ivan IV, included ...
Macarius, A. Kurbsky
The Zemsky Sobor was ...
Estates-representative body
Troubles in Russia
The cross-kissing record was given to the Tsar elected at the Zemsky Sobor in 1606
Vasily Shuisky
the beginning of the reign of V. Shuisky - 1606g
election to the kingdom of M. Romanov - 1613g
defeat of the uprising of I. Bolotnikov - 1607g
overthrow of V. Shuisky - 1610g
b. Godunov's death - 1605g
b. Godunov's board - 1598-1605yy
board of V. Shuisky - 1606-1610yy
the board of the "seven-boyars" - 1610-1612gg
reign of False Dmitry I - 1605-1606YY
creation of the Tushino camp - 1608g
the beginning of the reign of B. Godunov - 1598g
Liberation of Moscow from Polish interventionists - 1612g
The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov happened in ___ year
1606-1607
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected at the Zemsky Sobor in ___
Board of the First Romanovs
Legal consolidation of an indefinite search for fugitive peasants - 1649
The beginning of the reign of the first Romanovs - 1613
The uprising of the Cossacks and peasants led by Stepan Razin - 1670-1671
Nikon's renunciation of the patriarchate - 1658g
Adoption of the "Cathedral Code" - 1649g
The election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom - 1613
Accession to the throne of Alexei Mikhailovich - 1645 - 1676
The uprising of the archers and the beginning of the regency of Sophia - 1698 g
The accession of the Romanov dynasty - 1613 g
In 1654, the accession to Russia was completed ...
Left-bank Ukraine
In the "Cathedral Code" was (oh, a) ...
Serfdom is finally formalized
"Cathedral Code" was adopted by the board ...
Alexey Mikhailovich
Church reform of the mid-17th century Was held...
Patriarch Nikon
The event of the "rebellious century" was
- the uprising led by Art. Razin
- salt and copper riots
- Moscow uprising in 1648
- Pskov and Novgorod uprisings of 1650
Pereyaslavskaya Rada in 1654 made an important decision on (about)
Accession of Ukraine to Russia
Contemporaries called the "rebellious century" ...
XVII century
Church reform of the mid-17th century led to ...
Splitting the Russian Orthodox Church
The board of the first Romanovs does NOT include:
- Livonian War
- the beginning of the annexation of Siberia
- introduction of the oprichnina
- annexation of the Kazan Khanate
- annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate
- annexation of the Novgorod Republic
- activities of the Chosen Rada
- overthrow of the Mongol yoke
- introduction of the "St. George's Day Rule"
- introduction of "reserved years"
In the years 1670-1671. there was an uprising led by
Stepan Razin
"Cathedral Code" was adopted in ...
Born at the turn of the 17th century. portrait painting was named ...
Icon
Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov got the nickname ...
"Quiet"
A new phenomenon in economic development Russia XVII in. It was...
The emergence of manufactories
In 1533, Vasily 3 dies, passing the throne to his eldest son Ivan. Ivan Vasilievich was 3 years old at that time. Until he came of age, he could not rule on his own, therefore the first years of his reign are characterized by the power of his mother (Elena Glinskaya) and the boyars.
Regency of Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538)
Elena Glinskaya in 1533 was 25 years old. To rule the country, Vasily 3 left the boyar council, but the actual power was in the hands of Elena Glinskaya, who mercilessly fought against everyone who could claim power. Her favorite, Prince Ovchina-Obolensky, carried out reprisals against some of the boyars of the council, and the rest did not resist Glinskaya's will.
Realizing that a three-year-old child on the throne is not what the country needs, and that the reign of her son Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible may be interrupted without actually starting, Elena decided to eliminate the brothers Vasily 3 so that there would be no contenders for the throne. Yuri Dmitrovsky was arrested and killed in a dungeon. Andrey Staritsky was accused of treason and executed.
The reign of Elena Glinskaya, as regent of Ivan 4, was quite productive. The country did not lose its power and influence in the international arena, and an important reform was carried out inside the country. In 1535, a monetary reform took place, according to which only the tsar could mint coins. There were 3 types of money at par:
- A penny (a horseman with a spear was depicted on it, hence the name).
- Money - equal to 0.5 kopecks.
- Polushka - equal to 0.25 kopecks.
In 1538 Elena Glinskaya dies. Guess. That it was a natural death is naive. A young and healthy woman dies at 30! Apparently, she was poisoned by the boyars who wanted power. Most historians who study the era of Ivan the Terrible agree on this opinion.
Boyar rule (1538-1547)
At the age of 8, Prince Ivan Vasilyevich became an orphan. Since 1538 Russia passed under the rule of the boyars, who acted as guardians over the juvenile king. It is important to understand here that the boyars were interested in personal gain, and not in the country and not in the juvenile king. In 1835-1547 this was the time of a cruel massacre for the throne, where the main opposing sides were 3 clans: Shuisky, Belsky, Glinsky. The struggle for power was bloody, and all this happened in front of a child. At the same time, there was a complete disintegration of the foundations of statehood and an insane devouring of the budget: the boyars, having received full power into their own hands, and realizing that this was for 1013 years, began to fill their pockets as best they could. In the best way they can demonstrate what was happening in Russia at that time, 2 sayings: "The treasury is not a poor widow, you cannot protect her" and "The pocket is dry, and the judge is deaf."
Ivan 4 was strongly impressed by elements of boyar cruelty and permissiveness, as well as a sense of his own weakness and limited power. Of course, when the young king received the throne, then there was a turn of consciousness by 180 degrees, and then he was already trying to prove everything that he was main person in the country.
The upbringing of Ivan the Terrible
The following factors influenced the upbringing of Ivan the Terrible:
- Early loss of parents. There were practically no close relatives either. Therefore, there really were no people who would strive to give a child the correct upbringing.
- The power of the boyars. From the most early years Ivan Vasilievich saw the strength of the boyars, saw their antics, rudeness, drunkenness, the struggle for power, and so on. Everything that the child cannot see, he not only saw, but also took part in it.
- Church literature. Big influence the future tsar had an archbishop, and later a metropolitan, Macarius. Thanks to this man, Ivan 4 studied church literature, carried away by moments about completeness royal power.
In the upbringing of Ivan, the contradictions between word and deed played an important role. For example, in all the books and speeches of Macarius, it was said about the fullness of the royal power, about its divine origin, but in reality, every day the child had to face the tyranny of the boyars, who did not even feed him dinner every evening. Or another example. Ivan 4, as a virgin tsar, was always taken to meetings, meetings with ambassadors and other state affairs. There he was treated like a king. The child was seated on the throne, everyone bowed at his feet, talked about admiration for his power. But everything changed as soon as the official part ended and the king returned to his chambers. There were no more bows, but there was the harshness of the boyars, their rudeness, sometimes even with an insult to a child. And such contradictions were everywhere. When a child grows up in an atmosphere, when one thing is said and another is done, it tears all templates and affects the psyche. This ultimately happened, because in such an atmosphere, how would an orphan know what is good and what is bad?
Ivan loved to read and by the age of 10 he could quote many excerpts from it. He took part in church services, sometimes even taking part in them as a singer. He played chess very well, composed music, knew how to write beautifully, and often used folk sayings in his speech. That is, the child was absolutely talented, and with parental education and love, he could become a full-fledged person. But in the absence of the latter, and with constant contradictions, the other side began to appear in him. Historians write that at the age of 12, the tsar threw cats and dogs from the roofs of mansions. At the age of 13, Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible ordered the dogs to tear apart Andrei Shuisky, who, drunk and in dirty clothes, lay on the bed of the late Vasily 3.
Self-government
Kingdom wedding
On January 16, 1547, the independent reign of Ivan the Terrible began. The 17-year-old youth was crowned to reign by Metropolitan Macarius. For the first time, the Grand Duke of Russia was named tsar. Therefore, we can say without exaggeration that Ivan 4 is the first Russian tsar. The coronation took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. On the head of Ivan 4 Vasilyevich was put the cap of Monomakh. Monomakh's hat and the title "Tsar" Russia becomes the successor Byzantine Empire, and the king thereby towered over the rest of the subjects, including the governors. The population, however, perceived the new title as a symbol of unlimited power, since not only the rulers of Byzantium, but also the rulers of the Golden Horde were called kings.
The official title of Ivan the Terrible after the coronation is king and grand Duke of all Russia.
Immediately after the beginning of independent reign, the king got married. On February 3, 1947, Ivan the Terrible married Anastasia Zakharyina (Romanova). This is an important event, since the Romanovs will soon form a new ruling dynasty, and the basis for this will be precisely the marriage of Anastasia with Ivan on February 3.
The autocrat's first shock
Having received power, without a regency council, Ivan 4 decided that this was the end of his torment, and now he is really the main person in the country with absolute power over others. The reality was different, and soon the young man realized this. The summer of 1547 turned out to be dry, and on June 21, a strong storm broke out. One of the churches caught fire and because of the strong wind the fire of a hundred quickly spread throughout the wooden Moscow. The fires continued on June 21-29.
As a result, 80 thousand of the capital's population were left homeless. Popular indignation was directed at the Glinskys, who were accused of witchcraft and starting a fire. When a distraught crowd raised an uprising in Moscow in 1547 and came to the tsar in the village of Vorobyovo, where the tsar and the metropolitan were hiding from the fires, Ivan the Terrible first saw the uprising and the power of the maddened crowd.
Fear entered my soul and trembling into my bones, and my spirit was humbled.
Ivan 4 Vasilievich
Once again, there was a contradiction - the king was sure of the infinity of his power, but he saw the power of nature that caused the fire, the power of people who raised the uprising.
State administration system
The system of government in Russia under the rule of Ivan the Terrible must be divided into 2 stages:
- The period after the reforms of the Chosen Rada.
- Oprichnina period.
After the reforms, the management system can be graphically depicted as follows.
During the Oprichnina period, the system was different.
A unique precedent was created when the state had 2 management systems at the same time. At the same time, Ivan 4 retained the title of tsar in each of these branches of government.
Domestic policy
The reign of Ivan the Terrible in terms of internal government of the country is divided into the stage of reforms of the Chosen Rada and the oprichnina. Moreover, these systems of governing the country were radically different from each other. All the work of the Rada boiled down to the fact that the tsar should have power, but in its implementation he should rely on the boyars. The oprichnina concentrated all power in the hands of the tsar and his system of government, and pushed the boyars into the background.
During the time of Ivan the Terrible, great changes took place in Russia. The following directions were reformed:
- Streamlining the law. The Code of Law of 1550 was adopted.
- Local government. The feeding system was finally canceled, when the boyars on the ground filled their pockets, and did not solve the problems of the region. As a result, the local nobility gained more power and Moscow a more successful tax collection system.
- Central management... The system of "Orders" has been implemented, which streamlined the authorities. In total, more than 10 orders were created, which covered all areas of activity domestic policy state.
- Army. A regular army was created, the core of which was made up of archers, gunners and Cossacks.
The desire to strengthen his power, as well as failures in the Livonian War, led to the fact that Ivan the Terrible created the Oprichnina (1565-1572). You can additionally familiarize yourself with this topic on our website, but for a general understanding it is important to note that as a result of it, the state actually went bankrupt. Tax increases and the development of Siberia began as steps that could attract additional money to the treasury.
Foreign policy
By the beginning of the independent reign of Ivan 4, Russia had significantly lost its political status, since the 11 years of the rule of the boyars, when they cared not about the country, but about their own wallet, affected. The table below shows the main directions foreign policy Ivan the Terrible and key tasks in each area.
East direction
Here the maximum success was achieved, although it did not start out the best way. In 1547 and 1549, military campaigns were organized against Kazan. Both of these campaigns ended in failure. But in 1552 the city managed to take it. In 1556 the Astrakhan Khanate was annexed, and in 1581 Yermak's campaign to Siberia began.
South direction
Campaigns to the Crimea were undertaken, but they were unsuccessful. The largest campaign took place in 1559. Proof that the campaigns were unsuccessful - in 1771 and 1572, the Crimean Khanate carried out raids on the young territories of Russia.
Western direction
To solve problems on the western borders of Russia in 1558, Ivan the Terrible begins the Livonian War. Until a certain time it seemed that they could end in success, but the first local failures in the war broke the Russian tsar. Blaming everyone around him for defeats, he started Oprichnina, which actually ruined the country and made it incapable of fighting. As a result of the war:
- In 1582, peace was signed with Poland. Russia lost Livonia and Polotsk.
- In 1583, peace was signed with Sweden. Russia lost the cities: Narva, Yam, Ivangorod and Koporye.
Results of the reign of Ivan 4
The results of the reign of Ivan the Terrible can be characterized as contradictory. On the one hand, there are indisputable signs of greatness - Russia has expanded to an enormous size, having gained access to the Baltic and caspian Sea... On the other hand, the country was economically in a depressing situation, despite the annexation of new territories.
Map
Map of Russia by the end of the 16th century
Comparison of Ivan 4 and Peter 1
Russian history is amazing - Ivan the Terrible is portrayed as a tyrant, usurper and just a sick person, and Peter I is portrayed as a great reformer, founder “ modern Russia". In fact, these two rulers are very similar to each other.
Education. Ivan the Terrible lost his parents early, and his upbringing went on its own - he did what he wanted. Peter 1 - did not like to study, but liked to study the army. The child was not touched - he did what he wanted.
Boyars. Both rulers grew up during a period of tough boyar squabbles for the throne, when a lot of blood was shed. Hence the hatred of both for the nobility, and hence the approach of people without a clan!
Habits. Today they are trying to denigrate Ivan 4, saying that he was almost an alcoholic, but the truth is that this is fully suitable for Peter. Let me remind you that it was Peter who created "the most joking and all-drinking cathedral."
The murder of a son. Ivan is accused of murdering his son (although it has already been proven that there was no murder, and his son was poisoned), but Peter 1 also sentenced his son to death. Moreover, he tortured him and Alexei died from torture in prison.
Expansion of territories... During the reign of both, Russia expanded significantly geographically.
Economy. Both rulers brought the country to a complete decline, when the economy was in a terrible state. By the way, both rulers adored taxes and actively used them to fill the budget.
Atrocities. With Ivan the Terrible, everything is clear - a tyrant and a murderer - that's what the official history calls him, accusing the tsar of atrocities against ordinary citizens. But Peter 1 was of a similar nature - he beat people with sticks, personally tortured and killed archers for a riot. Suffice it to say that during the reign of Peter the Russian population decreased by more than 20%. And this is taking into account the capture of new territories.
The similarities between these two people are huge. Therefore, if you praise one and demonize the other, it may make sense to reconsider your views on history.
). It was a time of reform.
At the beginning of his reign, Ivan IV surrounded himself with far-sighted and intelligent people trusted. Among them were the nobleman Adashev, Metropolitan Macarius, the priest Sylvester, the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz Ivan Viskovaty. They entered history entitled " Chosen glad».
The term "Chosen Rada" was introduced by Prince Kurbsky. Prince Andrey Mikhailovich Kurbsky is an outstanding commander, one of the educated people of its time. He was a personal friend of Ivan IV, served him "faithfully". The historian N. M. Karamzin wrote about him: "Whether he fought near Tula, near Kazan, in the steppes of Bashkiria, in the fields of Livonia, everywhere the victory adorned his man with its laurels." For the feat near Kazan, Kurbsky received land in the suburbs and the rank of boyar.
The relatives of Tsar Ivan the Terrible from the Glinsky family earned universal hatred with their arrogance and arbitrariness. In the summer of 1547, after a huge fire in Moscow, a popular uprising broke out against them. Uncle of the king Yuri Glinsky was killed by a crowd on Cathedral Square in the Kremlin. Frightened Ivan took refuge in his country residence on Vorobyovs mountains ... The Glinsky estates were plundered, and they themselves fled from the capital. The authorities barely managed to restore order in the city.
The Moscow uprising shocked and frightened Tsar Ivan. He realized that he urgently needed advisers who would be able to prevent him from mistakes in time and explain the mechanisms supreme power... Not trusting the boyars, Ivan decided to resort to the help of people who were not too noble, but honest and who knew their job. So under the young Tsar Ivan IV, in addition to the Boyar Duma, a kind of "supreme council" arose - the Chosen Rada.
The Chosen Rada included metropolitan Macarius, orderly Alexey Adashev, the royal confessor priest Sylvester, head of the Ambassadorial order clerk Ivan Viskovaty, young governor prince Andrey Kurbsky and etc.
Members of the Chosen Rada were prominent figures of that era.
Alexey Fedorovich Adashev
Alexey Fedorovich Adashev is a Kostroma landowner. He was in charge of the tsar's archive, was the custodian of the state press, supervised the petty order, had the court rank of a sleeping bag, that is, he was one of the people closest to the tsar. The Russian historian N. M. Karamzin spoke of him like this: "The beauty of the century and humanity."
Sylvester
Sylvester is a priest of the Annunciation Cathedral in the Kremlin. Originally from Novgorod, he was an educated person, collected a rich library. He was one of the authors and compilers of the book on home economics - "Domostroya".
Metropolitan Macarius
Metropolitan Macarius took care of Ivan IV from childhood and had a beneficial influence on him. He did a lot to train the clergy. With his participation and with his blessing, the first printing house was opened in Moscow and the first printed book "Apostle" was published.
Under the Chosen Rada, a number of reforms were carried out in the country. Material from the site
At the end of the 50s. XVI century the attitude of the king towards the members of the Chosen Council changed. Adashev was sent by the governor to Livonia, where he soon died. Sylvester was exiled to the Solovetsky Monastery, where he died. Prince Kurbsky, fearing reprisals, fled the country and went into the service of polish king.
Historians believe that the main reason for the cooling of the tsar to his associates should be sought in the reforms that they began to implement. The transformations begun by the Chosen Rada proceeded slowly, and the results did not appear immediately. Ivan IV, as an impatient man, accused his companions of the fact that they did nothing for the state, but only tried to take away the power from him.
After the fall of the "Chosen Rada" began the second period of the reign of Ivan IV ( oprichnina). The centralization of power in the country began to be carried out through violence.