Methodology passing the exam changes every year. Specialists invent new ways to determine the level of knowledge of students, develop a list of questions, update their topics, change the number of compulsory subjects. This state of affairs is extremely alarming and frightening for future graduates, because they also need to know what to prepare for and what to expect from an exam that is important for their life.
In our article we will tell you the main stages of the passage USE in literature 2017 year, and also announce possible changes that will affect this exam.
the date of the
There is not much time left until the main school exams. The time is not far off, when “we only dream of peace,” and mountains of textbooks on various subjects are gathering on the desk. Of course, preparing for the exam takes a lot of free time, energy and nerves. The preliminary schedule of future exams has already been drawn up and looks like this:
- The early stage is March 24, 2017. The reserve day for the early stage is April 3, 2017.
- The main stage is June 13, 2017, and the reserve day is fixed for June 20, 2017.
Compulsory subjects taken out for the exam 2017
This is the most burning topic, rapidly passing from one student to another. Many schoolchildren are worried that the list of compulsory subjects will expand significantly and they will have to vegetate even more time for textbooks, instead of a well-deserved rest after classes.
To date, there is no final list of new compulsory subjects, because the officials had several disciplines under consideration: from history to physics.
- - required for admission to any university in the country.
- Mathematics - the exam is divided into two levels (basic and profile).
USE in literature: possible changes
Closer to 2018, the literature exam should be radically revised and some of its points will be fundamentally changed. In particular, the specialists intend to completely remove tasks with short answers, leaving only small compositions and one complete one.
However, it is still too early to sound the alarm and fear the end of the year in panic - the USE in literature in 2017 will come according to the usual scheme:
- 1 block - Semantic. Here, students are presented with a small excerpt of an epic or dramatic work with 7 questions on its content (short). In addition, the graduate must write a couple of mini-essays on a given topic.
- Block 2 - Lyric work with several questions to it, as well as two mini-compositions.
- Block 3 - An extended essay on any of the three assigned topics.
However, small changes will still occur. They will relate to the construction of questions - in a bias they will make on the knowledge of the realities of the text, and not on the knowledge of basic literary terms. It follows from this that it is not enough to have narrow knowledge in literature to pass the exam.
I also want to focus on one more feature of the literature exam - poems. As a rule, students hope that in the forms they will find a poem by a certain author from the school curriculum.
Nevertheless, based on the rules of the KIM, if a poet was included in the codifier, then any of his works can be submitted for analysis on the exam. This is a fairly correct approach, because during the final test, the graduate must show in a mini-essay how correctly he can analyze, without referring to the pages of textbooks.
Already in 2016, “non-school” poems could be found in many versions of KIMs, so in 2017 this move will definitely be repeated.
Final essay
For a good assessment on this block, it is not enough just to take and state your thoughts on paper. It is necessary to carefully consider each proposal, correctly formulate and express your opinion in an understandable and simple form. Spelling and punctuation errors attract the attention of reviewers, so they should be avoided.
In addition, each student should try to reveal the given topic completely, using not only his own life examples, but also arguments from the field of literature. The structure of the text should look like this: introduction, several arguments and examples, conclusion.
In order for the final essay to be of high quality, the graduate already has access to a list of works that have been submitted to the Unified State Examination in literature. After reading them, as well as reading additional information about the author, writing history, key points and other details, you will definitely write a decent work that deserves the highest praise.
Grading scale
In 2017, in order to pass the threshold for this exam, you need to score only 36 points. It is not so difficult to earn them - it is enough to solve 9 tasks (from 1 to 7, 10 and 11). On a five-point scale, the primary / test scores are as follows:
Preparation for the exam in literature
Any graduate would dream of seeing the coveted “Five” in the certificate, but not everyone can pass the exams for high marks. Only those who do not spare their own efforts and time, spends them on preparation, endlessly leafing through auxiliary literature, has every chance of getting “Excellent”. Preparation for the exam can be done in different ways:
- Pass the exam demo over and over again.
- Get acquainted with the questions using tests that are similar to those that will be submitted to the exam.
- Contact tutors.
Whichever of the proposed options you choose, you must remember that without a certain baggage of knowledge, none of them will work. Read more, analyze, try to write essays, and then you are guaranteed a successful exam.
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Questions 9.16 ...
The theme of "fathers and children" in Russian literature
In what works of Russian classics the theme of "fathers and children" is reflected, and in what ways do these works have something in common with "Quiet Don" by M. Sholokhov? A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (Molchalin lives in accordance with the code formulated by his father), A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" (father's behest "Take care of honor from a young age"), N. Gogol "Dead Souls" (Chichikov implements father's testament “Save a penny”), I. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”, L. Tolstoy “War and Peace”. The origins of the character and the spiritual world of the central image - the character; conflict between generations and ideologies; "Dialectics" of the relationship between "fathers and children"; general human issues; family and non-family ties; " private life»And the movement of history.
The theme of creativity in Russian literature
In what works of Russian writers the theme of creativity is touched upon and what brings them closer to M. Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita? A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (the author of the creation of his novel), N. Gogol "Dead Souls" ( lyrical digression the author about the writer: "Happy is the writer who ..."), S. Dovlatov "Suitcase", "Branch". Author's reflection on their own creativity; the problem of the relationship between the artist and the crowd, the artist and the authorities; “The drama of misunderstanding; affirmation of inspiration and freedom of creativity; the problem of skill; creativity as a special, "different" reality, not subordinate to the earthly being of man; tradition and innovation in creativity; means of embodying the artistic concept of the author.
Types of problematic heroes in Russian literature
In what works of Russian writers are contradictory, restless heroes presented and what brings them closer to Pechorin from M. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time"? F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" (Raskolnikov), I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" (Bazarov), M. Sholokhov " Quiet Don"(Melekhov). Socio-philosophical and moral problems; features of the conflict (external - internal); the tragic nature of the conflict between ideologies, social strata; psychologism as a means of creating a central image - a character; correlation of theoretical ideas and their practical expression; the idea of \u200b\u200bharmony of being, universal unity against the background of apparent contradiction; humanity, humanism as the main criterion for assessing the mental and practical activities of a person; author's position and forms of its expression.
Which Russian writer portrayed the hero-entrepreneurs? N. Gogol "Dead Souls" (Chichikov), I. Goncharov "Oblomov" (Stolz), A. Chekhov " The Cherry Orchard"(Lopakhin), L. Tolstoy" War and Peace "(Berg). With all the difference, in the characters of the named characters, one can distinguish features of similarity: movement towards a goal, efficiency, practical energy; rationality, selfishness, lack of "balance of practical sides with the subtle needs of the spirit"; lack of a social ideal; isolation on their own interests. The author's desire to "show the physiognomy of society", the search for a "hero of the time"; analysis of existing life forms; the author's "longing" for a harmonious personality that combines spiritual and practical energy, in which "mind and heart are together."
What works of Russian classics depict heroes like Prince Andrei and Pierre, and what brings them closer to the heroes of War and Peace? A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" (Bazarov), F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" (Raskolnikov). The main characters are the heroes of the "path"; characters are self-worth individuals; individual self-affirmation of a person is detrimental to his personality; "The world of the novels of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy<…> is based on mutually directed movement and interest in each other of the individual and the people ”(V. Nedzvetsky); search for answers to "eternal questions"; evolution; The "authority" of Napoleon for Onegin, Bolkonsky and Raskolnikov; movement towards "living life"; the originality of psychologism; love in the lives of heroes; the relationship between theory and "living life"; fusion of different characters in a nationwide style; methods and means of revealing the central images of characters.
Which of the Russian writers addressed the topic “ little man»? A. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman" (Eugene) and "Stationmaster" (Samson Vyrin), M. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" (Maxim Maksimych), N. Gogol "The Overcoat" (Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin), F. Dostoevsky "Crime and punishment ”(Semyon Marmeladov). Justification for comparison: writers refer to the creation of the same type of problematic hero - a “little man” (socially offended, humiliated by society, crushed by poverty, offended); picture inner peace "Little man"; humanism as the basis of the author's position ("... and called for mercy to the fallen ...").
In the works of which writers the problem of "chameleonism" was touched upon, and in what way can their works be compared with the "Chameleon" by A. Chekhov? A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", N. Gogol "The Inspector General", A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" (a story about Famusov's uncle Maxim Petrovich, who managed to reverse an absolutely losing situation ("... fell, yes so that I almost knocked the back of my head ”) into a winning one for myself, deliberately falling twice more and receiving compensation for this“ chameleonism ”in the form of a special disposition of the cheered empress);
N. Gogol "The Inspector General" ("chameleonism" is manifested in the behavior of officials: what is socially superior, arouses servility and unaccountable fear; the fear of officials before the inspector organizes the course of events in the comedy);
A. Ostrovsky "The Thunderstorm" (Kabanikha's hypocrisy and hypocrisy "clogs the poor, but ate at all the household"; hiding behind religion and caring for others, suppresses the will; driven by the fear of losing his power over others). Justification for comparison: "chameleonism" as a way and form of human existence, who is ready to constantly, for the sake of circumstances, change his views to the opposite; deference and servility in relation to higher persons; veneration; the terrible power of frozen norms and ideas that induce a person to think and act according to the standard; author's debunking of false ideas; author's position.
Which of the Russian writers addressed the topic of "undergrowth" and what is the similarity of their portrayal? D. Fonvizin "Minor", A. Pushkin "Captain's daughter", I. Goncharov "Oblomov" (Oblomov's dream). Image of a noble family; signs of noble culture; peculiarities of upbringing (young Petrusha Grinev, like Mitrofanushka, drives pigeons on the roofs; a former French hairdresser and a Prussian soldier come to Russia to "teach", etc.).
The name of Mitrofanushka has become a household name (this is the name for young people who know nothing and do not want to know or do anything). The "undersized" Petrusha Grinev turns out to be the bearer of the best traditions of noble culture - self-esteem, honor, loyalty.
What brings the old woman Izergil closer to the heroes of the stories she told?
M. Gorky "The Old Woman Izergil". Izergil, as the heroine of a romantic work, bears in her character "the only beginning", which she considers the most valuable: she is sure that the content of her whole life was love for people. Such "single beginnings", brought to the maximum extent, are also carried by the heroes of the legends she told: Danko embodies the extreme degree of self-sacrifice in the name of love for people, Larra - extreme individualism. Telling about Larra and Danko, Izergil speaks about herself. Even the portrait of an old woman combines the features of both Danko and Larra. "I, like a sunbeam, was alive ..." - an obvious parallel with Danko; "Dry lips", "dry ... skin" - details that echo the features of Larra, whose "sun dried ... body, blood and bones." "Shadow" is a common motive in the description of Larra and Izergil. Loneliness is the common fate of Larra, and Izergil, and Danko. Individualism, taken to the extreme, indifference to the people she met on the way (a fisherman, a little Turk, etc.), bring Izergil closer to Larra, although the old woman herself cannot even think of such a closeness.
Which works of Russian classics depict personality types like Danko and Larra? M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil", F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", A.I. Kuprin "Olesya", V.V. Mayakovsky "A Cloud in Pants", L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", works of military prose of the second halfXX century. The egocentrism of Larra and his superiority over others prompts to recall the idea of \u200b\u200ba "superman" and the theory of "strong personality" by Raskolnikov, debunked by the author; Danko's altruism, his ability to withstand circumstances, a feat in the name of love for people, the image of a burning heart are to some extent reflected in Sonechka Marmeladova and Olesya; the lyrical hero of Mayakovsky is also similar to Danko ("... I / will pull out your soul, / trample it, / so big! - / and bloody ladies, like a banner"), as well as Pierre Bezukhov with his determination to "kill Napoleon" and "heroes of heroism" from the works of military prose of the second halfXX century.
Man and war in Russian literature
In what works of Russian classics the theme of man in war is heard and what brings these works closer to L. Tolstoy's novel “War and Peace”? V. Bykov "Sotnikov", V. Grossman "Life and Fate", M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", V. Kondratyev "Sashka" and others. Depiction of war as a human tragedy; problem moral choice; psychologism; deromantization, overcoming the parade of war and military exploits, anti-aestheticism; humanism; patriotism.
Satirical images in Russian literature
In what works of Russian writers are the customs of officials reflected, and what brings these works closer to N. Gogol's play "The Inspector General"? A. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", M. Saltykov-Shchedrin "The Story of a City", V. Mayakovsky "Lost Sitting", M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". Mechanism, "formalization" of the behavior of officials (Orenburg officials in the story "The Captain's Daughter"); incompatibility of the idea of \u200b\u200bstatehood and the idea of \u200b\u200bhumanity; bureaucracy; violation of moral laws; means of satirical typification (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, V. Mayakovsky, M. Bulgakov): hyperbole, grotesque, fantasy.
Man and nature in Russian literature
In which works of Russian writers are pictures of Russian nature displayed and what brings these works closer to the corresponding pages of "Eugene Onegin" by A. Pushkin? I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", L. Tolstoy "War and Peace", M. Sholokhov "The Quiet Don", V. Astafiev "Tsar-Fish", V. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera" and others. Correlation between natural and human life; psychological parallelism; landscape as a means of characterizing heroes; social landscape; philosophical landscape; natural philosophy; plot-forming function of the landscape; the symbolic meaning of the landscape.
Duel theme in Russian literature
Which Russian writer has addressed the topic of the duel? A. Pushkin "Shot" and "Eugene Onegin", M. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", A. Chekhov "Duel", A. Kuprin "Duel". The topic of a duel is interesting to writers primarily because it allows him to create an extreme situation in which social conflict and the character of the hero; a duel as a duel of dissimilar characters and as a duel of ideas; psychological analysis of the personality of the hero who passed the test of the duel.
The image of the city in Russian literature
In what works of Russian classics does the city become the subject of artistic depiction? A. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman", N. Gogol "The Overcoat" (Petersburg), F. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" (Kalinov), M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" (Yershalaim, Moscow) ... a) Petersburg - "dead", "the most fantastic city", endowed with a dark mystical power, oppressing the personality. The ceremonial Petersburg contrasts with its seamy side. This city is a special spiritual space where everything takes on symbolic and psychological significance.
b) Gogol's Petersburg is a world of incredible incidents, absurdities, everyday fiction.
c) The fictional city of Kalinov (Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm") is depicted in detail and in many ways. Kalinov is contradictory. On the one hand, this is a wonderful place on the banks of the Volga. On the other hand, life in a city dominated by "cruel customs" is terrible. The owners of the city are not able to subdue the beauty of nature.
d) Moscow of the 1920s. - the city where the rogue adventures of Woland and his retinue, who arrived with the "revision" of the new world, take place.
The city in the works of Russian writers is not a background against which the action unfolds, but one of the heroes of the novel; independent artistic image... The city is a metonymy of the state; a spatial image that has symbolic meaning.
The motive of sleep in Russian literature
What function does the dream of Pyotr Grinev perform (AS Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter") and which of the Russian writers turned to the depiction of dreams? V.A. Zhukovsky "Svetlana", A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" (Tatyana Larina's dream), I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" ("Oblomov's Dream"), N.G. Chernyshevsky "What is to be done?" (Dreams of Vera Pavlovna), F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" (Raskolnikov's dreams). Pyotr Grinev himself calls the dream he saw "prophetic." Many small details connect the dream with the real future: these are, for example, the "black beard" of the counselor, which will be first mentioned immediately after the description of the dream, and the words of the tramp addressed to the innkeeper ("now shut the ax behind your back: the forester walks" ), and the requirement to "kiss the hand" of the sovereign-muzhik as an oath. And just like in a dream, there are many dead bodies of people close to the hero. Grinev's dream is an allegory of future events, their prophetic scheme.
Dreams have long been used in fiction to create a mysterious atmosphere, motivate the actions of characters, and convey their emotional state (psychologism). Since the days of ancient Russian literature, dreams have warned of dangers, served as signs, provided help, instructed, given rest and at the same time tempted, tested, presented with a choice. Dreams perform retrospective and prognostic functions, participate in the creation of the chronotope of the work. They incorporate all three times: they show pictures of the past, present and future, thereby pushing the space-time boundaries of the text. Dreams can function as memory. Thus, dreams in works fiction polyfunctional.
Theme national history in Russian literature
Which of the Russian poets addressed the topic of Russian history and in what way are their works comparable to the poem by A. Blok "On the Kulikovo Field"?
M. Lermontov "Borodino", S. Yesenin "Soviet Russia", A. Akhmatova "Requiem", A. Tvardovsky "Vasily Turkin". The involvement of heroes in the cycle of socio-historical events; a high sense of responsibility for everything that happens on earth; love to motherland; the theme of the historical path, belief in the power of Russia and the ability to rebirth; the unity of the lyric hero (heroine) and the homeland; the relationship between the path of the poet and the path of Russia; historical comprehension of the present; philosophy of history; the relationship between the past and the present of Russia; lyric hero (heroine): poet, warrior, patriot; historical parallels; artistic imagery.
The manual is intended for self-preparation of schoolchildren for the exam in literature. It includes material for preparing for tasks with a detailed answer in the amount of 5-10 sentences based on the presented text, as well as for an essay on a given topicformulated as a problematic question.
The manual reveals the technology of writing these types of written work, gives the tasks "Check yourself" (with answers) on all topics of the literature course that are part of the exam, as well as reference material, including the terms necessary for short answers to questions, and when performing tasks with a detailed answer. In addition, the manual contains a codifier of the elements of the USE content in literature; the criteria for checking and evaluating the performance of tasks.
The publication is designed for teachers, methodologists and high school students preparing for passing the exam on literature.
Examples.
What is the name of literary direction, in accordance with the rules of which D.I. Fonvizin "Minor" are the speaking names of the characters used?
IN " Captain's daughter"Pushkin describes the appearance of Pugachev as follows:" ... he was about forty years old, average growth, thin and broad-shouldered. His black beard showed gray, his lively big eyes kept running. " What is the name of such a description in the literature?
It is known that for the novel "Eugene Onegin" Pushkin invented special system dividing the text, based on grouping the same number of poetic lines into groups according to a certain principle: these are groups of 14 lines of the iambic tetrameter, consisting of three quatrains with different rhyming systems (cross, adjacent, encircling rhymes) and the final couplet. How did this division of the poetic text come to be called?
Content
Introduction
Preparation for the exam in literature: strategy and tactics
What knowledge is tested on the exam in literature
What is "Content Element Codifier"
How to repeat literary-theoretical concepts
test yourself
How to repeat literary works
test yourself
Preparation for tasks with a detailed answer
Evaluation criteria: for which points are reduced
Preparation for tasks 8-9 and 15-16
test yourself
Preparation for assignments 17.1, 17.2, 17.3
Classification of speech errors
Tasks
test yourself
Generalizing tasks
Option 1
Option 2
Brief Dictionary of Literary Terms
Answers
Applications
Attachment 1
Codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of training of graduates of educational institutions for the implementation of a unified state
literature exam
Appendix 2
Criteria for checking and evaluating the performance of tasks with a detailed answer.
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